Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/eval.txt @ 32307:8d6f53a07ffd v9.0.1485
patch 9.0.1485: no functions for converting from/to UTF-16 index
Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/67672ef097dd708244ff042a8364994da2b91e75
Author: Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
Date: Mon Apr 24 21:09:54 2023 +0100
patch 9.0.1485: no functions for converting from/to UTF-16 index
Problem: no functions for converting from/to UTF-16 index.
Solution: Add UTF-16 flag to existing funtions and add strutf16len() and
utf16idx(). (Yegappan Lakshmanan, closes #12216)
author | Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> |
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date | Mon, 24 Apr 2023 22:15:05 +0200 |
parents | b2e8663e6dcc |
children | 2a17771529af |
rev | line source |
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32294 | 1 *eval.txt* For Vim version 9.0. Last change: 2023 Apr 15 |
1621 | 2 |
3 | |
4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar | |
7 | 5 |
6 | |
7 Expression evaluation *expression* *expr* *E15* *eval* | |
27321 | 8 *E1002* |
7 | 9 Using expressions is introduced in chapter 41 of the user manual |usr_41.txt|. |
10 | |
11 Note: Expression evaluation can be disabled at compile time. If this has been | |
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12 done, the features in this document are not available. See |+eval| and |
99 | 13 |no-eval-feature|. |
7 | 14 |
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15 This file is mainly about the backwards compatible (legacy) Vim script. For |
27036 | 16 specifics of Vim9 script, which can execute much faster, supports type |
17 checking and much more, see |vim9.txt|. Where the syntax or semantics differ | |
18 a remark is given. | |
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19 |
85 | 20 1. Variables |variables| |
21 1.1 Variable types | |
87 | 22 1.2 Function references |Funcref| |
161 | 23 1.3 Lists |Lists| |
99 | 24 1.4 Dictionaries |Dictionaries| |
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25 1.5 Blobs |Blobs| |
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26 1.6 More about variables |more-variables| |
85 | 27 2. Expression syntax |expression-syntax| |
28 3. Internal variable |internal-variables| | |
29 4. Builtin Functions |functions| | |
30 5. Defining functions |user-functions| | |
31 6. Curly braces names |curly-braces-names| | |
32 7. Commands |expression-commands| | |
33 8. Exception handling |exception-handling| | |
34 9. Examples |eval-examples| | |
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35 10. Vim script version |vimscript-version| |
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36 11. No +eval feature |no-eval-feature| |
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37 12. The sandbox |eval-sandbox| |
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38 13. Textlock |textlock| |
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39 |
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40 Testing support is documented in |testing.txt|. |
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41 Profiling is documented at |profiling|. |
7 | 42 |
43 ============================================================================== | |
44 1. Variables *variables* | |
45 | |
85 | 46 1.1 Variable types ~ |
27459 | 47 *E712* *E896* *E897* *E899* *E1098* |
48 *E1107* *E1135* *E1138* | |
17909 | 49 There are ten types of variables: |
1621 | 50 |
18831 | 51 *Number* *Integer* |
52 Number A 32 or 64 bit signed number. |expr-number| | |
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53 The number of bits is available in |v:numbersize|. |
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54 Examples: -123 0x10 0177 0o177 0b1011 |
99 | 55 |
1621 | 56 Float A floating point number. |floating-point-format| *Float* |
57 Examples: 123.456 1.15e-6 -1.1e3 | |
58 | |
99 | 59 String A NUL terminated string of 8-bit unsigned characters (bytes). |
1621 | 60 |expr-string| Examples: "ab\txx\"--" 'x-z''a,c' |
99 | 61 |
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62 List An ordered sequence of items, see |List| for details. |
99 | 63 Example: [1, 2, ['a', 'b']] |
55 | 64 |
370 | 65 Dictionary An associative, unordered array: Each entry has a key and a |
66 value. |Dictionary| | |
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67 Examples: |
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68 {'blue': "#0000ff", 'red': "#ff0000"} |
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69 #{blue: "#0000ff", red: "#ff0000"} |
370 | 70 |
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71 Funcref A reference to a function |Funcref|. |
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72 Example: function("strlen") |
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73 It can be bound to a dictionary and arguments, it then works |
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74 like a Partial. |
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75 Example: function("Callback", [arg], myDict) |
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76 |
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77 Special |v:false|, |v:true|, |v:none| and |v:null|. *Special* |
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78 |
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79 Job Used for a job, see |job_start()|. *Job* *Jobs* |
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80 |
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81 Channel Used for a channel, see |ch_open()|. *Channel* *Channels* |
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82 |
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83 Blob Binary Large Object. Stores any sequence of bytes. See |Blob| |
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84 for details |
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85 Example: 0zFF00ED015DAF |
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86 0z is an empty Blob. |
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87 |
55 | 88 The Number and String types are converted automatically, depending on how they |
89 are used. | |
7 | 90 |
91 Conversion from a Number to a String is by making the ASCII representation of | |
2581 | 92 the Number. Examples: |
93 Number 123 --> String "123" ~ | |
94 Number 0 --> String "0" ~ | |
95 Number -1 --> String "-1" ~ | |
2152 | 96 *octal* |
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97 Conversion from a String to a Number only happens in legacy Vim script, not in |
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98 Vim9 script. It is done by converting the first digits to a number. |
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99 Hexadecimal "0xf9", Octal "017" or "0o17", and Binary "0b10" |
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100 numbers are recognized |
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101 NOTE: when using |Vim9| script or |scriptversion-4| octal with a leading "0" |
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102 is not recognized. The 0o notation requires patch 8.2.0886. |
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103 If the String doesn't start with digits, the result is zero. |
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104 Examples: |
2581 | 105 String "456" --> Number 456 ~ |
106 String "6bar" --> Number 6 ~ | |
107 String "foo" --> Number 0 ~ | |
108 String "0xf1" --> Number 241 ~ | |
109 String "0100" --> Number 64 ~ | |
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110 String "0o100" --> Number 64 ~ |
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111 String "0b101" --> Number 5 ~ |
2581 | 112 String "-8" --> Number -8 ~ |
113 String "+8" --> Number 0 ~ | |
7 | 114 |
115 To force conversion from String to Number, add zero to it: > | |
116 :echo "0100" + 0 | |
782 | 117 < 64 ~ |
118 | |
119 To avoid a leading zero to cause octal conversion, or for using a different | |
120 base, use |str2nr()|. | |
7 | 121 |
15512 | 122 *TRUE* *FALSE* *Boolean* |
7 | 123 For boolean operators Numbers are used. Zero is FALSE, non-zero is TRUE. |
25619 | 124 You can also use |v:false| and |v:true|, in Vim9 script |false| and |true|. |
22171 | 125 When TRUE is returned from a function it is the Number one, FALSE is the |
126 number zero. | |
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127 |
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128 Note that in the command: > |
7 | 129 :if "foo" |
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130 :" NOT executed |
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131 "foo" is converted to 0, which means FALSE. If the string starts with a |
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132 non-zero number it means TRUE: > |
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133 :if "8foo" |
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134 :" executed |
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135 To test for a non-empty string, use empty(): > |
3893 | 136 :if !empty("foo") |
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137 |
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138 < *falsy* *truthy* |
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139 An expression can be used as a condition, ignoring the type and only using |
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140 whether the value is "sort of true" or "sort of false". Falsy is: |
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141 the number zero |
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142 empty string, blob, list or dictionary |
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143 Other values are truthy. Examples: |
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144 0 falsy |
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145 1 truthy |
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146 -1 truthy |
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147 0.0 falsy |
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148 0.1 truthy |
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149 '' falsy |
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150 'x' truthy |
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151 [] falsy |
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152 [0] truthy |
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153 {} falsy |
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154 #{x: 1} truthy |
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155 0z falsy |
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156 0z00 truthy |
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157 |
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158 *non-zero-arg* |
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159 Function arguments often behave slightly different from |TRUE|: If the |
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160 argument is present and it evaluates to a non-zero Number, |v:true| or a |
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161 non-empty String, then the value is considered to be TRUE. |
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162 Note that " " and "0" are also non-empty strings, thus considered to be TRUE. |
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163 A List, Dictionary or Float is not a Number or String, thus evaluate to FALSE. |
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164 |
27036 | 165 *E611* *E745* *E728* *E703* *E729* *E730* *E731* *E908* *E910* |
31430 | 166 *E913* *E974* *E975* *E976* *E1319* *E1320* *E1321* *E1322* |
167 *E1323* *E1324* | |
168 |List|, |Dictionary|, |Funcref|, |Job|, |Channel|, |Blob|, |Class| and | |
169 |object| types are not automatically converted. | |
85 | 170 |
1621 | 171 *E805* *E806* *E808* |
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172 When mixing Number and Float the Number is converted to Float. Otherwise |
1621 | 173 there is no automatic conversion of Float. You can use str2float() for String |
174 to Float, printf() for Float to String and float2nr() for Float to Number. | |
175 | |
27036 | 176 *E362* *E891* *E892* *E893* *E894* *E907* *E911* *E914* |
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177 When expecting a Float a Number can also be used, but nothing else. |
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178 |
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179 *no-type-checking* |
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180 You will not get an error if you try to change the type of a variable. |
85 | 181 |
182 | |
87 | 183 1.2 Function references ~ |
29290 | 184 *Funcref* *E695* *E718* *E1192* |
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185 A Funcref variable is obtained with the |function()| function, the |funcref()| |
29066 | 186 function, (in |Vim9| script) the name of a function, or created with the |
187 lambda expression |expr-lambda|. It can be used in an expression in the place | |
188 of a function name, before the parenthesis around the arguments, to invoke the | |
189 function it refers to. Example in |Vim9| script: > | |
190 | |
191 :var Fn = MyFunc | |
192 :echo Fn() | |
193 | |
194 Legacy script: > | |
55 | 195 :let Fn = function("MyFunc") |
196 :echo Fn() | |
114 | 197 < *E704* *E705* *E707* |
819 | 198 A Funcref variable must start with a capital, "s:", "w:", "t:" or "b:". You |
5340 | 199 can use "g:" but the following name must still start with a capital. You |
819 | 200 cannot have both a Funcref variable and a function with the same name. |
85 | 201 |
114 | 202 A special case is defining a function and directly assigning its Funcref to a |
203 Dictionary entry. Example: > | |
204 :function dict.init() dict | |
205 : let self.val = 0 | |
206 :endfunction | |
207 | |
208 The key of the Dictionary can start with a lower case letter. The actual | |
209 function name is not used here. Also see |numbered-function|. | |
210 | |
211 A Funcref can also be used with the |:call| command: > | |
212 :call Fn() | |
213 :call dict.init() | |
85 | 214 |
215 The name of the referenced function can be obtained with |string()|. > | |
119 | 216 :let func = string(Fn) |
85 | 217 |
218 You can use |call()| to invoke a Funcref and use a list variable for the | |
219 arguments: > | |
119 | 220 :let r = call(Fn, mylist) |
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221 < |
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222 *Partial* |
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223 A Funcref optionally binds a Dictionary and/or arguments. This is also called |
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224 a Partial. This is created by passing the Dictionary and/or arguments to |
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225 function() or funcref(). When calling the function the Dictionary and/or |
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226 arguments will be passed to the function. Example: > |
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227 |
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228 let Cb = function('Callback', ['foo'], myDict) |
14999 | 229 call Cb('bar') |
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230 |
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231 This will invoke the function as if using: > |
14999 | 232 call myDict.Callback('foo', 'bar') |
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233 |
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234 This is very useful when passing a function around, e.g. in the arguments of |
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235 |ch_open()|. |
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236 |
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237 Note that binding a function to a Dictionary also happens when the function is |
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238 a member of the Dictionary: > |
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239 |
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240 let myDict.myFunction = MyFunction |
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241 call myDict.myFunction() |
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242 |
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243 Here MyFunction() will get myDict passed as "self". This happens when the |
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244 "myFunction" member is accessed. When making assigning "myFunction" to |
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245 otherDict and calling it, it will be bound to otherDict: > |
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246 |
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247 let otherDict.myFunction = myDict.myFunction |
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248 call otherDict.myFunction() |
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249 |
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250 Now "self" will be "otherDict". But when the dictionary was bound explicitly |
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251 this won't happen: > |
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252 |
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253 let myDict.myFunction = function(MyFunction, myDict) |
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254 let otherDict.myFunction = myDict.myFunction |
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255 call otherDict.myFunction() |
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256 |
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257 Here "self" will be "myDict", because it was bound explicitly. |
85 | 258 |
259 | |
87 | 260 1.3 Lists ~ |
5814 | 261 *list* *List* *Lists* *E686* |
55 | 262 A List is an ordered sequence of items. An item can be of any type. Items |
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263 can be accessed by their index number. Items can be added and removed at any |
55 | 264 position in the sequence. |
265 | |
85 | 266 |
267 List creation ~ | |
268 *E696* *E697* | |
28379 | 269 A List is created with a comma-separated list of items in square brackets. |
85 | 270 Examples: > |
271 :let mylist = [1, two, 3, "four"] | |
272 :let emptylist = [] | |
55 | 273 |
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274 An item can be any expression. Using a List for an item creates a |
842 | 275 List of Lists: > |
85 | 276 :let nestlist = [[11, 12], [21, 22], [31, 32]] |
55 | 277 |
278 An extra comma after the last item is ignored. | |
279 | |
85 | 280 |
281 List index ~ | |
282 *list-index* *E684* | |
55 | 283 An item in the List can be accessed by putting the index in square brackets |
85 | 284 after the List. Indexes are zero-based, thus the first item has index zero. > |
285 :let item = mylist[0] " get the first item: 1 | |
55 | 286 :let item = mylist[2] " get the third item: 3 |
85 | 287 |
87 | 288 When the resulting item is a list this can be repeated: > |
85 | 289 :let item = nestlist[0][1] " get the first list, second item: 12 |
55 | 290 < |
85 | 291 A negative index is counted from the end. Index -1 refers to the last item in |
292 the List, -2 to the last but one item, etc. > | |
55 | 293 :let last = mylist[-1] " get the last item: "four" |
294 | |
85 | 295 To avoid an error for an invalid index use the |get()| function. When an item |
87 | 296 is not available it returns zero or the default value you specify: > |
85 | 297 :echo get(mylist, idx) |
298 :echo get(mylist, idx, "NONE") | |
299 | |
300 | |
301 List concatenation ~ | |
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302 *list-concatenation* |
85 | 303 Two lists can be concatenated with the "+" operator: > |
304 :let longlist = mylist + [5, 6] | |
119 | 305 :let mylist += [7, 8] |
85 | 306 |
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307 To prepend or append an item, turn the item into a list by putting [] around |
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308 it. To change a list in-place, refer to |list-modification| below. |
85 | 309 |
310 | |
311 Sublist ~ | |
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312 *sublist* |
55 | 313 A part of the List can be obtained by specifying the first and last index, |
314 separated by a colon in square brackets: > | |
85 | 315 :let shortlist = mylist[2:-1] " get List [3, "four"] |
55 | 316 |
317 Omitting the first index is similar to zero. Omitting the last index is | |
1156 | 318 similar to -1. > |
90 | 319 :let endlist = mylist[2:] " from item 2 to the end: [3, "four"] |
320 :let shortlist = mylist[2:2] " List with one item: [3] | |
321 :let otherlist = mylist[:] " make a copy of the List | |
85 | 322 |
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323 Notice that the last index is inclusive. If you prefer using an exclusive |
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324 index use the |slice()| method. |
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325 |
842 | 326 If the first index is beyond the last item of the List or the second item is |
327 before the first item, the result is an empty list. There is no error | |
328 message. | |
329 | |
330 If the second index is equal to or greater than the length of the list the | |
331 length minus one is used: > | |
829 | 332 :let mylist = [0, 1, 2, 3] |
333 :echo mylist[2:8] " result: [2, 3] | |
334 | |
270 | 335 NOTE: mylist[s:e] means using the variable "s:e" as index. Watch out for |
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336 using a single letter variable before the ":". Insert a space when needed: |
270 | 337 mylist[s : e]. |
338 | |
85 | 339 |
340 List identity ~ | |
99 | 341 *list-identity* |
85 | 342 When variable "aa" is a list and you assign it to another variable "bb", both |
343 variables refer to the same list. Thus changing the list "aa" will also | |
344 change "bb": > | |
345 :let aa = [1, 2, 3] | |
346 :let bb = aa | |
347 :call add(aa, 4) | |
348 :echo bb | |
114 | 349 < [1, 2, 3, 4] |
85 | 350 |
351 Making a copy of a list is done with the |copy()| function. Using [:] also | |
352 works, as explained above. This creates a shallow copy of the list: Changing | |
87 | 353 a list item in the list will also change the item in the copied list: > |
85 | 354 :let aa = [[1, 'a'], 2, 3] |
355 :let bb = copy(aa) | |
114 | 356 :call add(aa, 4) |
85 | 357 :let aa[0][1] = 'aaa' |
358 :echo aa | |
114 | 359 < [[1, aaa], 2, 3, 4] > |
85 | 360 :echo bb |
114 | 361 < [[1, aaa], 2, 3] |
85 | 362 |
87 | 363 To make a completely independent list use |deepcopy()|. This also makes a |
114 | 364 copy of the values in the list, recursively. Up to a hundred levels deep. |
85 | 365 |
366 The operator "is" can be used to check if two variables refer to the same | |
114 | 367 List. "isnot" does the opposite. In contrast "==" compares if two lists have |
87 | 368 the same value. > |
369 :let alist = [1, 2, 3] | |
370 :let blist = [1, 2, 3] | |
371 :echo alist is blist | |
114 | 372 < 0 > |
87 | 373 :echo alist == blist |
114 | 374 < 1 |
85 | 375 |
323 | 376 Note about comparing lists: Two lists are considered equal if they have the |
377 same length and all items compare equal, as with using "==". There is one | |
388 | 378 exception: When comparing a number with a string they are considered |
379 different. There is no automatic type conversion, as with using "==" on | |
380 variables. Example: > | |
381 echo 4 == "4" | |
323 | 382 < 1 > |
388 | 383 echo [4] == ["4"] |
323 | 384 < 0 |
385 | |
388 | 386 Thus comparing Lists is more strict than comparing numbers and strings. You |
1621 | 387 can compare simple values this way too by putting them in a list: > |
388 | 388 |
389 :let a = 5 | |
390 :let b = "5" | |
1621 | 391 :echo a == b |
388 | 392 < 1 > |
1621 | 393 :echo [a] == [b] |
388 | 394 < 0 |
323 | 395 |
85 | 396 |
397 List unpack ~ | |
398 | |
399 To unpack the items in a list to individual variables, put the variables in | |
400 square brackets, like list items: > | |
401 :let [var1, var2] = mylist | |
402 | |
403 When the number of variables does not match the number of items in the list | |
404 this produces an error. To handle any extra items from the list append ";" | |
405 and a variable name: > | |
406 :let [var1, var2; rest] = mylist | |
407 | |
408 This works like: > | |
409 :let var1 = mylist[0] | |
410 :let var2 = mylist[1] | |
95 | 411 :let rest = mylist[2:] |
85 | 412 |
413 Except that there is no error if there are only two items. "rest" will be an | |
414 empty list then. | |
415 | |
416 | |
417 List modification ~ | |
418 *list-modification* | |
87 | 419 To change a specific item of a list use |:let| this way: > |
85 | 420 :let list[4] = "four" |
421 :let listlist[0][3] = item | |
422 | |
87 | 423 To change part of a list you can specify the first and last item to be |
114 | 424 modified. The value must at least have the number of items in the range: > |
87 | 425 :let list[3:5] = [3, 4, 5] |
426 | |
85 | 427 Adding and removing items from a list is done with functions. Here are a few |
428 examples: > | |
429 :call insert(list, 'a') " prepend item 'a' | |
430 :call insert(list, 'a', 3) " insert item 'a' before list[3] | |
431 :call add(list, "new") " append String item | |
114 | 432 :call add(list, [1, 2]) " append a List as one new item |
85 | 433 :call extend(list, [1, 2]) " extend the list with two more items |
434 :let i = remove(list, 3) " remove item 3 | |
108 | 435 :unlet list[3] " idem |
85 | 436 :let l = remove(list, 3, -1) " remove items 3 to last item |
108 | 437 :unlet list[3 : ] " idem |
114 | 438 :call filter(list, 'v:val !~ "x"') " remove items with an 'x' |
439 | |
440 Changing the order of items in a list: > | |
87 | 441 :call sort(list) " sort a list alphabetically |
442 :call reverse(list) " reverse the order of items | |
5747 | 443 :call uniq(sort(list)) " sort and remove duplicates |
87 | 444 |
85 | 445 |
446 For loop ~ | |
447 | |
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448 The |:for| loop executes commands for each item in a List, String or Blob. |
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449 A variable is set to each item in sequence. Example with a List: > |
114 | 450 :for item in mylist |
451 : call Doit(item) | |
85 | 452 :endfor |
453 | |
454 This works like: > | |
455 :let index = 0 | |
456 :while index < len(mylist) | |
114 | 457 : let item = mylist[index] |
458 : :call Doit(item) | |
85 | 459 : let index = index + 1 |
460 :endwhile | |
461 | |
95 | 462 If all you want to do is modify each item in the list then the |map()| |
114 | 463 function will be a simpler method than a for loop. |
95 | 464 |
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465 Just like the |:let| command, |:for| also accepts a list of variables. This |
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466 requires the argument to be a List of Lists. > |
85 | 467 :for [lnum, col] in [[1, 3], [2, 8], [3, 0]] |
468 : call Doit(lnum, col) | |
469 :endfor | |
470 | |
471 This works like a |:let| command is done for each list item. Again, the types | |
472 must remain the same to avoid an error. | |
473 | |
114 | 474 It is also possible to put remaining items in a List variable: > |
85 | 475 :for [i, j; rest] in listlist |
476 : call Doit(i, j) | |
477 : if !empty(rest) | |
27903 | 478 : echo "remainder: " .. string(rest) |
85 | 479 : endif |
480 :endfor | |
481 | |
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482 For a Blob one byte at a time is used. |
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483 |
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484 For a String one character, including any composing characters, is used as a |
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485 String. Example: > |
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486 for c in text |
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487 echo 'This character is ' .. c |
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488 endfor |
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489 |
85 | 490 |
491 List functions ~ | |
114 | 492 *E714* |
85 | 493 Functions that are useful with a List: > |
87 | 494 :let r = call(funcname, list) " call a function with an argument list |
85 | 495 :if empty(list) " check if list is empty |
102 | 496 :let l = len(list) " number of items in list |
497 :let big = max(list) " maximum value in list | |
498 :let small = min(list) " minimum value in list | |
87 | 499 :let xs = count(list, 'x') " count nr of times 'x' appears in list |
500 :let i = index(list, 'x') " index of first 'x' in list | |
85 | 501 :let lines = getline(1, 10) " get ten text lines from buffer |
502 :call append('$', lines) " append text lines in buffer | |
95 | 503 :let list = split("a b c") " create list from items in a string |
504 :let string = join(list, ', ') " create string from list items | |
102 | 505 :let s = string(list) " String representation of list |
27903 | 506 :call map(list, '">> " .. v:val') " prepend ">> " to each item |
99 | 507 |
258 | 508 Don't forget that a combination of features can make things simple. For |
509 example, to add up all the numbers in a list: > | |
27903 | 510 :exe 'let sum = ' .. join(nrlist, '+') |
258 | 511 |
99 | 512 |
513 1.4 Dictionaries ~ | |
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514 *dict* *Dict* *Dictionaries* *Dictionary* |
99 | 515 A Dictionary is an associative array: Each entry has a key and a value. The |
114 | 516 entry can be located with the key. The entries are stored without a specific |
517 ordering. | |
99 | 518 |
519 | |
520 Dictionary creation ~ | |
114 | 521 *E720* *E721* *E722* *E723* |
28379 | 522 A Dictionary is created with a comma-separated list of entries in curly |
114 | 523 braces. Each entry has a key and a value, separated by a colon. Each key can |
524 only appear once. Examples: > | |
99 | 525 :let mydict = {1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three'} |
526 :let emptydict = {} | |
114 | 527 < *E713* *E716* *E717* |
99 | 528 A key is always a String. You can use a Number, it will be converted to a |
529 String automatically. Thus the String '4' and the number 4 will find the same | |
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530 entry. Note that the String '04' and the Number 04 are different, since the |
28777 | 531 Number will be converted to the String '4', leading zeros are dropped. The |
532 empty string can also be used as a key. | |
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533 |
29236 | 534 In |Vim9| script a literal key can be used if it consists only of alphanumeric |
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535 characters, underscore and dash, see |vim9-literal-dict|. |
17758 | 536 *literal-Dict* *#{}* |
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537 To avoid having to put quotes around every key the #{} form can be used in |
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538 legacy script. This does require the key to consist only of ASCII letters, |
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539 digits, '-' and '_'. Example: > |
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540 :let mydict = #{zero: 0, one_key: 1, two-key: 2, 333: 3} |
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541 Note that 333 here is the string "333". Empty keys are not possible with #{}. |
28777 | 542 In |Vim9| script the #{} form cannot be used because it can be confused with |
543 the start of a comment. | |
114 | 544 |
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545 A value can be any expression. Using a Dictionary for a value creates a |
99 | 546 nested Dictionary: > |
547 :let nestdict = {1: {11: 'a', 12: 'b'}, 2: {21: 'c'}} | |
548 | |
549 An extra comma after the last entry is ignored. | |
550 | |
551 | |
552 Accessing entries ~ | |
553 | |
554 The normal way to access an entry is by putting the key in square brackets: > | |
555 :let val = mydict["one"] | |
556 :let mydict["four"] = 4 | |
557 | |
114 | 558 You can add new entries to an existing Dictionary this way, unlike Lists. |
99 | 559 |
560 For keys that consist entirely of letters, digits and underscore the following | |
561 form can be used |expr-entry|: > | |
562 :let val = mydict.one | |
563 :let mydict.four = 4 | |
564 | |
565 Since an entry can be any type, also a List and a Dictionary, the indexing and | |
566 key lookup can be repeated: > | |
114 | 567 :echo dict.key[idx].key |
99 | 568 |
569 | |
570 Dictionary to List conversion ~ | |
571 | |
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572 You may want to loop over the entries in a dictionary. For this you need to |
99 | 573 turn the Dictionary into a List and pass it to |:for|. |
574 | |
575 Most often you want to loop over the keys, using the |keys()| function: > | |
576 :for key in keys(mydict) | |
27903 | 577 : echo key .. ': ' .. mydict[key] |
99 | 578 :endfor |
579 | |
580 The List of keys is unsorted. You may want to sort them first: > | |
581 :for key in sort(keys(mydict)) | |
582 | |
583 To loop over the values use the |values()| function: > | |
584 :for v in values(mydict) | |
27903 | 585 : echo "value: " .. v |
99 | 586 :endfor |
587 | |
588 If you want both the key and the value use the |items()| function. It returns | |
15131 | 589 a List in which each item is a List with two items, the key and the value: > |
1156 | 590 :for [key, value] in items(mydict) |
27903 | 591 : echo key .. ': ' .. value |
99 | 592 :endfor |
593 | |
594 | |
595 Dictionary identity ~ | |
161 | 596 *dict-identity* |
99 | 597 Just like Lists you need to use |copy()| and |deepcopy()| to make a copy of a |
598 Dictionary. Otherwise, assignment results in referring to the same | |
599 Dictionary: > | |
600 :let onedict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2} | |
601 :let adict = onedict | |
602 :let adict['a'] = 11 | |
603 :echo onedict['a'] | |
604 11 | |
605 | |
327 | 606 Two Dictionaries compare equal if all the key-value pairs compare equal. For |
607 more info see |list-identity|. | |
99 | 608 |
609 | |
610 Dictionary modification ~ | |
611 *dict-modification* | |
612 To change an already existing entry of a Dictionary, or to add a new entry, | |
613 use |:let| this way: > | |
614 :let dict[4] = "four" | |
615 :let dict['one'] = item | |
616 | |
108 | 617 Removing an entry from a Dictionary is done with |remove()| or |:unlet|. |
618 Three ways to remove the entry with key "aaa" from dict: > | |
619 :let i = remove(dict, 'aaa') | |
620 :unlet dict.aaa | |
621 :unlet dict['aaa'] | |
99 | 622 |
623 Merging a Dictionary with another is done with |extend()|: > | |
114 | 624 :call extend(adict, bdict) |
625 This extends adict with all entries from bdict. Duplicate keys cause entries | |
626 in adict to be overwritten. An optional third argument can change this. | |
119 | 627 Note that the order of entries in a Dictionary is irrelevant, thus don't |
628 expect ":echo adict" to show the items from bdict after the older entries in | |
629 adict. | |
99 | 630 |
631 Weeding out entries from a Dictionary can be done with |filter()|: > | |
1156 | 632 :call filter(dict, 'v:val =~ "x"') |
114 | 633 This removes all entries from "dict" with a value not matching 'x'. |
20552 | 634 This can also be used to remove all entries: > |
635 call filter(dict, 0) | |
102 | 636 |
31383 | 637 In some situations it is not allowed to remove or add entries to a Dictionary. |
638 Especially when iterating over all the entries. You will get *E1313* or | |
639 another error in that case. | |
640 | |
102 | 641 |
642 Dictionary function ~ | |
4159 | 643 *Dictionary-function* *self* *E725* *E862* |
102 | 644 When a function is defined with the "dict" attribute it can be used in a |
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645 special way with a dictionary. Example: > |
102 | 646 :function Mylen() dict |
114 | 647 : return len(self.data) |
102 | 648 :endfunction |
114 | 649 :let mydict = {'data': [0, 1, 2, 3], 'len': function("Mylen")} |
650 :echo mydict.len() | |
102 | 651 |
652 This is like a method in object oriented programming. The entry in the | |
653 Dictionary is a |Funcref|. The local variable "self" refers to the dictionary | |
31383 | 654 the function was invoked from. When using |Vim9| script you can use classes |
655 and objects, see `:class`. | |
102 | 656 |
114 | 657 It is also possible to add a function without the "dict" attribute as a |
658 Funcref to a Dictionary, but the "self" variable is not available then. | |
659 | |
819 | 660 *numbered-function* *anonymous-function* |
102 | 661 To avoid the extra name for the function it can be defined and directly |
662 assigned to a Dictionary in this way: > | |
114 | 663 :let mydict = {'data': [0, 1, 2, 3]} |
6741 | 664 :function mydict.len() |
114 | 665 : return len(self.data) |
102 | 666 :endfunction |
114 | 667 :echo mydict.len() |
668 | |
669 The function will then get a number and the value of dict.len is a |Funcref| | |
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670 that references this function. The function can only be used through a |
114 | 671 |Funcref|. It will automatically be deleted when there is no |Funcref| |
672 remaining that refers to it. | |
673 | |
674 It is not necessary to use the "dict" attribute for a numbered function. | |
102 | 675 |
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676 If you get an error for a numbered function, you can find out what it is with |
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677 a trick. Assuming the function is 42, the command is: > |
25836 | 678 :function g:42 |
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679 |
102 | 680 |
681 Functions for Dictionaries ~ | |
114 | 682 *E715* |
683 Functions that can be used with a Dictionary: > | |
102 | 684 :if has_key(dict, 'foo') " TRUE if dict has entry with key "foo" |
685 :if empty(dict) " TRUE if dict is empty | |
686 :let l = len(dict) " number of items in dict | |
687 :let big = max(dict) " maximum value in dict | |
688 :let small = min(dict) " minimum value in dict | |
689 :let xs = count(dict, 'x') " count nr of times 'x' appears in dict | |
690 :let s = string(dict) " String representation of dict | |
27903 | 691 :call map(dict, '">> " .. v:val') " prepend ">> " to each item |
99 | 692 |
693 | |
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694 1.5 Blobs ~ |
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695 *blob* *Blob* *Blobs* *E978* |
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696 A Blob is a binary object. It can be used to read an image from a file and |
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697 send it over a channel, for example. |
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698 |
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699 A Blob mostly behaves like a |List| of numbers, where each number has the |
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700 value of an 8-bit byte, from 0 to 255. |
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701 |
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702 |
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703 Blob creation ~ |
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704 |
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705 A Blob can be created with a |blob-literal|: > |
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706 :let b = 0zFF00ED015DAF |
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707 Dots can be inserted between bytes (pair of hex characters) for readability, |
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708 they don't change the value: > |
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709 :let b = 0zFF00.ED01.5DAF |
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710 |
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711 A blob can be read from a file with |readfile()| passing the {type} argument |
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712 set to "B", for example: > |
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713 :let b = readfile('image.png', 'B') |
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714 |
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715 A blob can be read from a channel with the |ch_readblob()| function. |
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716 |
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717 |
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718 Blob index ~ |
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719 *blob-index* *E979* |
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720 A byte in the Blob can be accessed by putting the index in square brackets |
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721 after the Blob. Indexes are zero-based, thus the first byte has index zero. > |
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722 :let myblob = 0z00112233 |
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723 :let byte = myblob[0] " get the first byte: 0x00 |
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724 :let byte = myblob[2] " get the third byte: 0x22 |
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725 |
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726 A negative index is counted from the end. Index -1 refers to the last byte in |
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727 the Blob, -2 to the last but one byte, etc. > |
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728 :let last = myblob[-1] " get the last byte: 0x33 |
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729 |
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730 To avoid an error for an invalid index use the |get()| function. When an item |
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731 is not available it returns -1 or the default value you specify: > |
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732 :echo get(myblob, idx) |
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733 :echo get(myblob, idx, 999) |
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734 |
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735 |
15615
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736 Blob iteration ~ |
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737 |
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738 The |:for| loop executes commands for each byte of a Blob. The loop variable is |
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739 set to each byte in the Blob. Example: > |
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740 :for byte in 0z112233 |
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741 : call Doit(byte) |
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742 :endfor |
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743 This calls Doit() with 0x11, 0x22 and 0x33. |
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744 |
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745 |
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746 Blob concatenation ~ |
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747 |
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748 Two blobs can be concatenated with the "+" operator: > |
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749 :let longblob = myblob + 0z4455 |
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750 :let myblob += 0z6677 |
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751 |
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752 To change a blob in-place see |blob-modification| below. |
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753 |
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|
754 |
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755 Part of a blob ~ |
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756 |
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757 A part of the Blob can be obtained by specifying the first and last index, |
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758 separated by a colon in square brackets: > |
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759 :let myblob = 0z00112233 |
15512 | 760 :let shortblob = myblob[1:2] " get 0z1122 |
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761 :let shortblob = myblob[2:-1] " get 0z2233 |
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762 |
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763 Omitting the first index is similar to zero. Omitting the last index is |
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764 similar to -1. > |
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765 :let endblob = myblob[2:] " from item 2 to the end: 0z2233 |
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766 :let shortblob = myblob[2:2] " Blob with one byte: 0z22 |
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767 :let otherblob = myblob[:] " make a copy of the Blob |
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768 |
15512 | 769 If the first index is beyond the last byte of the Blob or the second index is |
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770 before the first index, the result is an empty Blob. There is no error |
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771 message. |
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772 |
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773 If the second index is equal to or greater than the length of the list the |
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774 length minus one is used: > |
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775 :echo myblob[2:8] " result: 0z2233 |
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776 |
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777 |
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778 Blob modification ~ |
27537 | 779 *blob-modification* *E1182* *E1184* |
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780 To change a specific byte of a blob use |:let| this way: > |
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781 :let blob[4] = 0x44 |
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782 |
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783 When the index is just one beyond the end of the Blob, it is appended. Any |
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784 higher index is an error. |
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785 |
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786 To change a sequence of bytes the [:] notation can be used: > |
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787 let blob[1:3] = 0z445566 |
15512 | 788 The length of the replaced bytes must be exactly the same as the value |
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789 provided. *E972* |
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790 |
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791 To change part of a blob you can specify the first and last byte to be |
15512 | 792 modified. The value must have the same number of bytes in the range: > |
793 :let blob[3:5] = 0z334455 | |
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794 |
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795 You can also use the functions |add()|, |remove()| and |insert()|. |
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796 |
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797 |
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798 Blob identity ~ |
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799 |
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800 Blobs can be compared for equality: > |
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801 if blob == 0z001122 |
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802 And for equal identity: > |
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803 if blob is otherblob |
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804 < *blob-identity* *E977* |
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805 When variable "aa" is a Blob and you assign it to another variable "bb", both |
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806 variables refer to the same Blob. Then the "is" operator returns true. |
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807 |
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808 When making a copy using [:] or |copy()| the values are the same, but the |
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809 identity is different: > |
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810 :let blob = 0z112233 |
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811 :let blob2 = blob |
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812 :echo blob == blob2 |
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813 < 1 > |
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814 :echo blob is blob2 |
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815 < 1 > |
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816 :let blob3 = blob[:] |
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817 :echo blob == blob3 |
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818 < 1 > |
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819 :echo blob is blob3 |
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820 < 0 |
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821 |
15512 | 822 Making a copy of a Blob is done with the |copy()| function. Using [:] also |
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823 works, as explained above. |
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824 |
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825 |
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826 1.6 More about variables ~ |
85 | 827 *more-variables* |
7 | 828 If you need to know the type of a variable or expression, use the |type()| |
829 function. | |
830 | |
831 When the '!' flag is included in the 'viminfo' option, global variables that | |
832 start with an uppercase letter, and don't contain a lowercase letter, are | |
833 stored in the viminfo file |viminfo-file|. | |
834 | |
835 When the 'sessionoptions' option contains "global", global variables that | |
836 start with an uppercase letter and contain at least one lowercase letter are | |
837 stored in the session file |session-file|. | |
838 | |
839 variable name can be stored where ~ | |
840 my_var_6 not | |
841 My_Var_6 session file | |
842 MY_VAR_6 viminfo file | |
843 | |
844 | |
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845 In legacy script it is possible to form a variable name with curly braces, see |
7 | 846 |curly-braces-names|. |
847 | |
848 ============================================================================== | |
849 2. Expression syntax *expression-syntax* | |
27459 | 850 *E1143* |
7 | 851 Expression syntax summary, from least to most significant: |
852 | |
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853 |expr1| expr2 |
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854 expr2 ? expr1 : expr1 if-then-else |
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855 |
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856 |expr2| expr3 |
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857 expr3 || expr3 ... logical OR |
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858 |
43efa4f5a8ea
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859 |expr3| expr4 |
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860 expr4 && expr4 ... logical AND |
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861 |
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862 |expr4| expr5 |
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863 expr5 == expr5 equal |
7 | 864 expr5 != expr5 not equal |
865 expr5 > expr5 greater than | |
866 expr5 >= expr5 greater than or equal | |
867 expr5 < expr5 smaller than | |
868 expr5 <= expr5 smaller than or equal | |
869 expr5 =~ expr5 regexp matches | |
870 expr5 !~ expr5 regexp doesn't match | |
871 | |
872 expr5 ==? expr5 equal, ignoring case | |
873 expr5 ==# expr5 equal, match case | |
874 etc. As above, append ? for ignoring case, # for | |
875 matching case | |
876 | |
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877 expr5 is expr5 same |List|, |Dictionary| or |Blob| instance |
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878 expr5 isnot expr5 different |List|, |Dictionary| or |Blob| |
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879 instance |
79 | 880 |
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881 |expr5| expr6 << expr6 bitwise left shift |
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882 expr6 >> expr6 bitwise right shift |
7 | 883 |
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884 |expr6| expr7 |
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885 expr7 + expr7 ... number addition, list or blob concatenation |
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886 expr7 - expr7 ... number subtraction |
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887 expr7 . expr7 ... string concatenation |
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888 expr7 .. expr7 ... string concatenation |
7 | 889 |
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890 |expr7| expr8 |
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891 expr8 * expr8 ... number multiplication |
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892 expr8 / expr8 ... number division |
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893 expr8 % expr8 ... number modulo |
102 | 894 |
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895 |expr8| expr9 |
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896 <type>expr9 type check and conversion (|Vim9| only) |
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897 |
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898 |expr9| expr10 |
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899 ! expr9 logical NOT |
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900 - expr9 unary minus |
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901 + expr9 unary plus |
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902 |
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903 |expr10| expr11 |
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904 expr10[expr1] byte of a String or item of a |List| |
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905 expr10[expr1 : expr1] substring of a String or sublist of a |List| |
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906 expr10.name entry in a |Dictionary| |
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907 expr10(expr1, ...) function call with |Funcref| variable |
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908 expr10->name(expr1, ...) |method| call |
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909 |
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910 |expr11| number number constant |
26 | 911 "string" string constant, backslash is special |
99 | 912 'string' string constant, ' is doubled |
685 | 913 [expr1, ...] |List| |
914 {expr1: expr1, ...} |Dictionary| | |
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915 #{key: expr1, ...} legacy |Dictionary| |
7 | 916 &option option value |
917 (expr1) nested expression | |
918 variable internal variable | |
919 va{ria}ble internal variable with curly braces | |
920 $VAR environment variable | |
921 @r contents of register 'r' | |
922 function(expr1, ...) function call | |
923 func{ti}on(expr1, ...) function call with curly braces | |
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924 {args -> expr1} legacy lambda expression |
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925 (args) => expr1 Vim9 lambda expression |
7 | 926 |
927 | |
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928 "..." indicates that the operations in this level can be concatenated. |
7 | 929 Example: > |
930 &nu || &list && &shell == "csh" | |
931 | |
932 All expressions within one level are parsed from left to right. | |
933 | |
27459 | 934 Expression nesting is limited to 1000 levels deep (300 when build with MSVC) |
935 to avoid running out of stack and crashing. *E1169* | |
936 | |
7 | 937 |
27903 | 938 expr1 *expr1* *ternary* *falsy-operator* *??* *E109* |
7 | 939 ----- |
940 | |
27903 | 941 The ternary operator: expr2 ? expr1 : expr1 |
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942 The falsy operator: expr2 ?? expr1 |
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943 |
27903 | 944 Ternary operator ~ |
7 | 945 |
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946 In legacy script the expression before the '?' is evaluated to a number. If |
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947 it evaluates to |TRUE|, the result is the value of the expression between the |
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948 '?' and ':', otherwise the result is the value of the expression after the |
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949 ':'. |
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950 |
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951 In |Vim9| script the first expression must evaluate to a boolean, see |
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952 |vim9-boolean|. |
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953 |
7 | 954 Example: > |
955 :echo lnum == 1 ? "top" : lnum | |
956 | |
957 Since the first expression is an "expr2", it cannot contain another ?:. The | |
958 other two expressions can, thus allow for recursive use of ?:. | |
959 Example: > | |
960 :echo lnum == 1 ? "top" : lnum == 1000 ? "last" : lnum | |
961 | |
962 To keep this readable, using |line-continuation| is suggested: > | |
963 :echo lnum == 1 | |
964 :\ ? "top" | |
965 :\ : lnum == 1000 | |
966 :\ ? "last" | |
967 :\ : lnum | |
968 | |
1156 | 969 You should always put a space before the ':', otherwise it can be mistaken for |
970 use in a variable such as "a:1". | |
971 | |
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972 Falsy operator ~ |
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973 |
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974 This is also known as the "null coalescing operator", but that's too |
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975 complicated, thus we just call it the falsy operator. |
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976 |
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977 The expression before the '??' is evaluated. If it evaluates to |
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978 |truthy|, this is used as the result. Otherwise the expression after the '??' |
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979 is evaluated and used as the result. This is most useful to have a default |
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980 value for an expression that may result in zero or empty: > |
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981 echo theList ?? 'list is empty' |
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982 echo GetName() ?? 'unknown' |
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983 |
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984 These are similar, but not equal: > |
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985 expr2 ?? expr1 |
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986 expr2 ? expr2 : expr1 |
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987 In the second line "expr2" is evaluated twice. And in |Vim9| script the type |
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988 of expr2 before "?" must be a boolean. |
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989 |
7 | 990 |
991 expr2 and expr3 *expr2* *expr3* | |
992 --------------- | |
993 | |
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994 expr3 || expr3 .. logical OR *expr-barbar* |
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995 expr4 && expr4 .. logical AND *expr-&&* |
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996 |
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997 The "||" and "&&" operators take one argument on each side. |
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998 |
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999 In legacy script the arguments are (converted to) Numbers. |
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1000 |
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1001 In |Vim9| script the values must be boolean, see |vim9-boolean|. Use "!!" to |
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1002 convert any type to a boolean. |
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1003 |
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1004 The result is: |
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1005 input output ~ |
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1006 n1 n2 n1 || n2 n1 && n2 ~ |
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1007 |FALSE| |FALSE| |FALSE| |FALSE| |
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1008 |FALSE| |TRUE| |TRUE| |FALSE| |
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1009 |TRUE| |FALSE| |TRUE| |FALSE| |
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1010 |TRUE| |TRUE| |TRUE| |TRUE| |
7 | 1011 |
1012 The operators can be concatenated, for example: > | |
1013 | |
1014 &nu || &list && &shell == "csh" | |
1015 | |
1016 Note that "&&" takes precedence over "||", so this has the meaning of: > | |
1017 | |
1018 &nu || (&list && &shell == "csh") | |
1019 | |
1020 Once the result is known, the expression "short-circuits", that is, further | |
1021 arguments are not evaluated. This is like what happens in C. For example: > | |
1022 | |
1023 let a = 1 | |
1024 echo a || b | |
1025 | |
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1026 This is valid even if there is no variable called "b" because "a" is |TRUE|, |
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1027 so the result must be |TRUE|. Similarly below: > |
7 | 1028 |
1029 echo exists("b") && b == "yes" | |
1030 | |
1031 This is valid whether "b" has been defined or not. The second clause will | |
1032 only be evaluated if "b" has been defined. | |
1033 | |
1034 | |
27537 | 1035 expr4 *expr4* *E1153* |
7 | 1036 ----- |
1037 | |
1038 expr5 {cmp} expr5 | |
1039 | |
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1040 Compare two expr5 expressions. In legacy script the result is a 0 if it |
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1041 evaluates to false, or 1 if it evaluates to true. In |Vim9| script the result |
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1042 is |true| or |false|. |
7 | 1043 |
1621 | 1044 *expr-==* *expr-!=* *expr->* *expr->=* |
7 | 1045 *expr-<* *expr-<=* *expr-=~* *expr-!~* |
1046 *expr-==#* *expr-!=#* *expr->#* *expr->=#* | |
1047 *expr-<#* *expr-<=#* *expr-=~#* *expr-!~#* | |
1048 *expr-==?* *expr-!=?* *expr->?* *expr->=?* | |
1049 *expr-<?* *expr-<=?* *expr-=~?* *expr-!~?* | |
2908 | 1050 *expr-is* *expr-isnot* *expr-is#* *expr-isnot#* |
27321 | 1051 *expr-is?* *expr-isnot?* *E1072* |
7 | 1052 use 'ignorecase' match case ignore case ~ |
1053 equal == ==# ==? | |
1054 not equal != !=# !=? | |
1055 greater than > ># >? | |
1056 greater than or equal >= >=# >=? | |
1057 smaller than < <# <? | |
1058 smaller than or equal <= <=# <=? | |
1059 regexp matches =~ =~# =~? | |
1060 regexp doesn't match !~ !~# !~? | |
2908 | 1061 same instance is is# is? |
1062 different instance isnot isnot# isnot? | |
7 | 1063 |
1064 Examples: | |
1065 "abc" ==# "Abc" evaluates to 0 | |
1066 "abc" ==? "Abc" evaluates to 1 | |
1067 "abc" == "Abc" evaluates to 1 if 'ignorecase' is set, 0 otherwise | |
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1068 NOTE: In |Vim9| script 'ignorecase' is not used. |
7 | 1069 |
85 | 1070 *E691* *E692* |
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1071 A |List| can only be compared with a |List| and only "equal", "not equal", |
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1072 "is" and "isnot" can be used. This compares the values of the list, |
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1073 recursively. Ignoring case means case is ignored when comparing item values. |
79 | 1074 |
114 | 1075 *E735* *E736* |
685 | 1076 A |Dictionary| can only be compared with a |Dictionary| and only "equal", "not |
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1077 equal", "is" and "isnot" can be used. This compares the key/values of the |
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1078 |Dictionary| recursively. Ignoring case means case is ignored when comparing |
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1079 item values. |
114 | 1080 |
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1081 *E694* |
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1082 A |Funcref| can only be compared with a |Funcref| and only "equal", "not |
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1083 equal", "is" and "isnot" can be used. Case is never ignored. Whether |
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1084 arguments or a Dictionary are bound (with a partial) matters. The |
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1085 Dictionaries must also be equal (or the same, in case of "is") and the |
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1086 arguments must be equal (or the same). |
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1087 |
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1088 To compare Funcrefs to see if they refer to the same function, ignoring bound |
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1089 Dictionary and arguments, use |get()| to get the function name: > |
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1090 if get(Part1, 'name') == get(Part2, 'name') |
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1091 " Part1 and Part2 refer to the same function |
27321 | 1092 < *E1037* |
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1093 Using "is" or "isnot" with a |List|, |Dictionary| or |Blob| checks whether |
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1094 the expressions are referring to the same |List|, |Dictionary| or |Blob| |
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1095 instance. A copy of a |List| is different from the original |List|. When |
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1096 using "is" without a |List|, |Dictionary| or |Blob|, it is equivalent to |
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1097 using "equal", using "isnot" equivalent to using "not equal". Except that |
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1098 a different type means the values are different: > |
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1099 echo 4 == '4' |
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1100 1 |
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1101 echo 4 is '4' |
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1102 0 |
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1103 echo 0 is [] |
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1104 0 |
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1105 "is#"/"isnot#" and "is?"/"isnot?" can be used to match and ignore case. |
29756 | 1106 In |Vim9| script this doesn't work, two strings are never identical. |
79 | 1107 |
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1108 In legacy script, when comparing a String with a Number, the String is |
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1109 converted to a Number, and the comparison is done on Numbers. This means |
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1110 that: > |
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1111 echo 0 == 'x' |
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1112 1 |
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1113 because 'x' converted to a Number is zero. However: > |
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1114 echo [0] == ['x'] |
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1115 0 |
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1116 Inside a List or Dictionary this conversion is not used. |
7 | 1117 |
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1118 In |Vim9| script the types must match. |
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1119 |
7 | 1120 When comparing two Strings, this is done with strcmp() or stricmp(). This |
1121 results in the mathematical difference (comparing byte values), not | |
1122 necessarily the alphabetical difference in the local language. | |
1123 | |
1621 | 1124 When using the operators with a trailing '#', or the short version and |
1156 | 1125 'ignorecase' is off, the comparing is done with strcmp(): case matters. |
7 | 1126 |
1127 When using the operators with a trailing '?', or the short version and | |
1156 | 1128 'ignorecase' is set, the comparing is done with stricmp(): case is ignored. |
1129 | |
1130 'smartcase' is not used. | |
7 | 1131 |
1132 The "=~" and "!~" operators match the lefthand argument with the righthand | |
1133 argument, which is used as a pattern. See |pattern| for what a pattern is. | |
1134 This matching is always done like 'magic' was set and 'cpoptions' is empty, no | |
1135 matter what the actual value of 'magic' or 'cpoptions' is. This makes scripts | |
1136 portable. To avoid backslashes in the regexp pattern to be doubled, use a | |
1137 single-quote string, see |literal-string|. | |
1138 Since a string is considered to be a single line, a multi-line pattern | |
1139 (containing \n, backslash-n) will not match. However, a literal NL character | |
1140 can be matched like an ordinary character. Examples: | |
1141 "foo\nbar" =~ "\n" evaluates to 1 | |
1142 "foo\nbar" =~ "\\n" evaluates to 0 | |
1143 | |
1144 | |
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1145 expr5 *expr5* *bitwise-shift* |
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1146 ----- |
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1147 expr6 << expr6 bitwise left shift *expr-<<* |
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1148 expr6 >> expr6 bitwise right shift *expr->>* |
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1149 *E1282* *E1283* |
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1150 The "<<" and ">>" operators can be used to perform bitwise left or right shift |
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1151 of the left operand by the number of bits specified by the right operand. The |
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1152 operands are used as positive numbers. When shifting right with ">>" the |
29193 | 1153 topmost bit (sometimes called the sign bit) is cleared. If the right operand |
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1154 (shift amount) is more than the maximum number of bits in a number |
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1155 (|v:numbersize|) the result is zero. |
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1156 |
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1157 |
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1158 expr6 and expr7 *expr6* *expr7* *E1036* *E1051* |
7 | 1159 --------------- |
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1160 expr7 + expr7 Number addition, |List| or |Blob| concatenation *expr-+* |
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1161 expr7 - expr7 Number subtraction *expr--* |
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1162 expr7 . expr7 String concatenation *expr-.* |
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1163 expr7 .. expr7 String concatenation *expr-..* |
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1164 |
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1165 For |Lists| only "+" is possible and then both expr7 must be a list. The |
685 | 1166 result is a new list with the two lists Concatenated. |
79 | 1167 |
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1168 For String concatenation ".." is preferred, since "." is ambiguous, it is also |
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1169 used for |Dict| member access and floating point numbers. |
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1170 In |Vim9| script and when |vimscript-version| is 2 or higher, using "." is not |
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1171 allowed. |
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1172 |
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1173 In |Vim9| script the arguments of ".." are converted to String for simple |
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1174 types: Number, Float, Special and Bool. For other types |string()| should be |
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1175 used. |
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1176 |
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1177 expr8 * expr8 Number multiplication *expr-star* |
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1178 expr8 / expr8 Number division *expr-/* |
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1179 expr8 % expr8 Number modulo *expr-%* |
7 | 1180 |
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1181 In legacy script, for all operators except "." and "..", Strings are converted |
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1182 to Numbers. |
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1183 |
3214 | 1184 For bitwise operators see |and()|, |or()| and |xor()|. |
7 | 1185 |
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1186 Note the difference between "+" and ".." in legacy script: |
7 | 1187 "123" + "456" = 579 |
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1188 "123" .. "456" = "123456" |
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1189 |
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1190 Since '..' has the same precedence as '+' and '-', you need to read: > |
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1191 1 .. 90 + 90.0 |
1621 | 1192 As: > |
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1193 (1 .. 90) + 90.0 |
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1194 That works in legacy script, since the String "190" is automatically converted |
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1195 to the Number 190, which can be added to the Float 90.0. However: > |
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1196 1 .. 90 * 90.0 |
1621 | 1197 Should be read as: > |
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1198 1 .. (90 * 90.0) |
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1199 Since '..' has lower precedence than '*'. This does NOT work, since this |
1621 | 1200 attempts to concatenate a Float and a String. |
1201 | |
1202 When dividing a Number by zero the result depends on the value: | |
1203 0 / 0 = -0x80000000 (like NaN for Float) | |
1204 >0 / 0 = 0x7fffffff (like positive infinity) | |
1205 <0 / 0 = -0x7fffffff (like negative infinity) | |
1206 (before Vim 7.2 it was always 0x7fffffff) | |
27537 | 1207 In |Vim9| script dividing a number by zero is an error. *E1154* |
1621 | 1208 |
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1209 When 64-bit Number support is enabled: |
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1210 0 / 0 = -0x8000000000000000 (like NaN for Float) |
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1211 >0 / 0 = 0x7fffffffffffffff (like positive infinity) |
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1212 <0 / 0 = -0x7fffffffffffffff (like negative infinity) |
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1213 |
7 | 1214 When the righthand side of '%' is zero, the result is 0. |
1215 | |
685 | 1216 None of these work for |Funcref|s. |
79 | 1217 |
27321 | 1218 ".", ".." and "%" do not work for Float. *E804* *E1035* |
1621 | 1219 |
7 | 1220 |
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1221 expr8 *expr8* |
7 | 1222 ----- |
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1223 <type>expr9 |
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1224 |
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1225 This is only available in |Vim9| script, see |type-casting|. |
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1226 |
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1227 |
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1228 expr9 *expr9* |
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1229 ----- |
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1230 ! expr9 logical NOT *expr-!* |
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1231 - expr9 unary minus *expr-unary--* |
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1232 + expr9 unary plus *expr-unary-+* |
7 | 1233 |
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1234 For '!' |TRUE| becomes |FALSE|, |FALSE| becomes |TRUE| (one). |
7 | 1235 For '-' the sign of the number is changed. |
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1236 For '+' the number is unchanged. Note: "++" has no effect. |
7 | 1237 |
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1238 In legacy script a String will be converted to a Number first. Note that if |
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1239 the string does not start with a digit you likely don't get what you expect. |
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1240 |
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1241 In |Vim9| script an error is given when "-" or "+" is used and the type is not |
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1242 a number. |
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1243 |
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1244 In |Vim9| script "!" can be used for any type and the result is always a |
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1245 boolean. Use "!!" to convert any type to a boolean, according to whether the |
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1246 value is |falsy|. |
7 | 1247 |
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1248 These three can be repeated and mixed. Examples: |
7 | 1249 !-1 == 0 |
1250 !!8 == 1 | |
1251 --9 == 9 | |
1252 | |
1253 | |
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1254 expr10 *expr10* |
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1255 ------ |
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1256 This expression is either |expr11| or a sequence of the alternatives below, |
14637 | 1257 in any order. E.g., these are all possible: |
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1258 expr10[expr1].name |
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1259 expr10.name[expr1] |
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1260 expr10(expr1, ...)[expr1].name |
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1261 expr10->(expr1, ...)[expr1] |
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1262 Evaluation is always from left to right. |
14637 | 1263 |
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1264 expr10[expr1] item of String or |List| *expr-[]* *E111* |
27321 | 1265 *E909* *subscript* *E1062* |
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1266 In legacy Vim script: |
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1267 If expr10 is a Number or String this results in a String that contains the |
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1268 expr1'th single byte from expr10. expr10 is used as a String (a number is |
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1269 automatically converted to a String), expr1 as a Number. This doesn't |
21991 | 1270 recognize multibyte encodings, see `byteidx()` for an alternative, or use |
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1271 `split()` to turn the string into a list of characters. Example, to get the |
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1272 byte under the cursor: > |
823 | 1273 :let c = getline(".")[col(".") - 1] |
7 | 1274 |
27537 | 1275 In |Vim9| script: *E1147* *E1148* |
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1276 If expr10 is a String this results in a String that contains the expr1'th |
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1277 single character (including any composing characters) from expr10. To use byte |
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1278 indexes use |strpart()|. |
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1279 |
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1280 Index zero gives the first byte or character. Careful: text column numbers |
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1281 start with one! |
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1282 |
7 | 1283 If the length of the String is less than the index, the result is an empty |
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1284 String. A negative index always results in an empty string (reason: backward |
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1285 compatibility). Use [-1:] to get the last byte or character. |
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1286 In Vim9 script a negative index is used like with a list: count from the end. |
55 | 1287 |
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1288 If expr10 is a |List| then it results the item at index expr1. See |list-index| |
55 | 1289 for possible index values. If the index is out of range this results in an |
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1290 error. Example: > |
55 | 1291 :let item = mylist[-1] " get last item |
1292 | |
685 | 1293 Generally, if a |List| index is equal to or higher than the length of the |
1294 |List|, or more negative than the length of the |List|, this results in an | |
1295 error. | |
55 | 1296 |
99 | 1297 |
29290 | 1298 expr10[expr1a : expr1b] substring or |sublist| *expr-[:]* *substring* |
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1299 |
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1300 If expr10 is a String this results in the substring with the bytes or |
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1301 characters from expr1a to and including expr1b. expr10 is used as a String, |
21991 | 1302 expr1a and expr1b are used as a Number. |
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1303 |
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1304 In legacy Vim script the indexes are byte indexes. This doesn't recognize |
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1305 multibyte encodings, see |byteidx()| for computing the indexes. If expr10 is |
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1306 a Number it is first converted to a String. |
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1307 |
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1308 In Vim9 script the indexes are character indexes and include composing |
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1309 characters. To use byte indexes use |strpart()|. To use character indexes |
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1310 without including composing characters use |strcharpart()|. |
55 | 1311 |
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1312 The item at index expr1b is included, it is inclusive. For an exclusive index |
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1313 use the |slice()| function. |
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1314 |
55 | 1315 If expr1a is omitted zero is used. If expr1b is omitted the length of the |
1316 string minus one is used. | |
1317 | |
1318 A negative number can be used to measure from the end of the string. -1 is | |
1319 the last character, -2 the last but one, etc. | |
1320 | |
1321 If an index goes out of range for the string characters are omitted. If | |
1322 expr1b is smaller than expr1a the result is an empty string. | |
1323 | |
1324 Examples: > | |
1325 :let c = name[-1:] " last byte of a string | |
21991 | 1326 :let c = name[0:-1] " the whole string |
55 | 1327 :let c = name[-2:-2] " last but one byte of a string |
1328 :let s = line(".")[4:] " from the fifth byte to the end | |
1329 :let s = s[:-3] " remove last two bytes | |
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1330 < |
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1331 *slice* |
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1332 If expr10 is a |List| this results in a new |List| with the items indicated by |
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1333 the indexes expr1a and expr1b. This works like with a String, as explained |
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1334 just above. Also see |sublist| below. Examples: > |
55 | 1335 :let l = mylist[:3] " first four items |
1336 :let l = mylist[4:4] " List with one item | |
1337 :let l = mylist[:] " shallow copy of a List | |
1338 | |
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1339 If expr10 is a |Blob| this results in a new |Blob| with the bytes in the |
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1340 indexes expr1a and expr1b, inclusive. Examples: > |
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1341 :let b = 0zDEADBEEF |
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1342 :let bs = b[1:2] " 0zADBE |
15512 | 1343 :let bs = b[:] " copy of 0zDEADBEEF |
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1344 |
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1345 Using expr10[expr1] or expr10[expr1a : expr1b] on a |Funcref| results in an |
685 | 1346 error. |
1347 | |
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1348 Watch out for confusion between a namespace and a variable followed by a colon |
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1349 for a sublist: > |
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1350 mylist[n:] " uses variable n |
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1351 mylist[s:] " uses namespace s:, error! |
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1352 |
685 | 1353 |
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1354 expr10.name entry in a |Dictionary| *expr-entry* |
27537 | 1355 *E1203* *E1229* |
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1356 If expr10 is a |Dictionary| and it is followed by a dot, then the following |
685 | 1357 name will be used as a key in the |Dictionary|. This is just like: |
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1358 expr10[name]. |
99 | 1359 |
1360 The name must consist of alphanumeric characters, just like a variable name, | |
1361 but it may start with a number. Curly braces cannot be used. | |
1362 | |
1363 There must not be white space before or after the dot. | |
1364 | |
1365 Examples: > | |
1366 :let dict = {"one": 1, 2: "two"} | |
16808 | 1367 :echo dict.one " shows "1" |
1368 :echo dict.2 " shows "two" | |
1369 :echo dict .2 " error because of space before the dot | |
99 | 1370 |
1371 Note that the dot is also used for String concatenation. To avoid confusion | |
1372 always put spaces around the dot for String concatenation. | |
1373 | |
1374 | |
32004 | 1375 expr10(expr1, ...) |Funcref| function call *E1085* |
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1376 |
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1377 When expr10 is a |Funcref| type variable, invoke the function it refers to. |
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1378 |
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1379 |
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1380 expr10->name([args]) method call *method* *->* |
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1381 expr10->{lambda}([args]) |
27537 | 1382 *E260* *E276* *E1265* |
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1383 For methods that are also available as global functions this is the same as: > |
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1384 name(expr10 [, args]) |
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1385 There can also be methods specifically for the type of "expr10". |
102 | 1386 |
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1387 This allows for chaining, passing the value that one method returns to the |
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1388 next method: > |
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1389 mylist->filter(filterexpr)->map(mapexpr)->sort()->join() |
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1390 < |
17674
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1391 Example of using a lambda: > |
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1392 GetPercentage()->{x -> x * 100}()->printf('%d%%') |
17758 | 1393 < |
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1394 When using -> the |expr9| operators will be applied first, thus: > |
17765
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1395 -1.234->string() |
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1396 Is equivalent to: > |
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1397 (-1.234)->string() |
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1398 And NOT: > |
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1399 -(1.234->string()) |
27321 | 1400 |
1401 What comes after "->" can be a name, a simple expression (not containing any | |
27804 | 1402 parenthesis), or any expression in parentheses: > |
27321 | 1403 base->name(args) |
1404 base->some.name(args) | |
1405 base->alist[idx](args) | |
1406 base->(getFuncRef())(args) | |
1407 Note that in the last call the base is passed to the function resulting from | |
29533 | 1408 "(getFuncRef())", inserted before "args". *E1275* |
27321 | 1409 |
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1410 *E274* |
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1411 "->name(" must not contain white space. There can be white space before the |
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1412 "->" and after the "(", thus you can split the lines like this: > |
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1413 mylist |
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1414 \ ->filter(filterexpr) |
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1415 \ ->map(mapexpr) |
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1416 \ ->sort() |
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1417 \ ->join() |
17758 | 1418 |
1419 When using the lambda form there must be no white space between the } and the | |
1420 (. | |
1421 | |
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1422 |
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1423 *expr11* |
7 | 1424 number |
1425 ------ | |
12785 | 1426 number number constant *expr-number* |
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1427 |
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1428 *0x* *hex-number* *0o* *octal-number* *binary-number* |
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1429 Decimal, Hexadecimal (starting with 0x or 0X), Binary (starting with 0b or 0B) |
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1430 and Octal (starting with 0, 0o or 0O). |
7 | 1431 |
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1432 Assuming 64 bit numbers are used (see |v:numbersize|) an unsigned number is |
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1433 truncated to 0x7fffffffffffffff or 9223372036854775807. You can use -1 to get |
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1434 0xffffffffffffffff. |
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1435 |
1621 | 1436 *floating-point-format* |
1437 Floating point numbers can be written in two forms: | |
1438 | |
1439 [-+]{N}.{M} | |
6530 | 1440 [-+]{N}.{M}[eE][-+]{exp} |
1621 | 1441 |
1442 {N} and {M} are numbers. Both {N} and {M} must be present and can only | |
25619 | 1443 contain digits, except that in |Vim9| script in {N} single quotes between |
1444 digits are ignored. | |
1621 | 1445 [-+] means there is an optional plus or minus sign. |
1446 {exp} is the exponent, power of 10. | |
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1447 Only a decimal point is accepted, not a comma. No matter what the current |
1621 | 1448 locale is. |
1449 | |
1450 Examples: | |
1451 123.456 | |
1452 +0.0001 | |
1453 55.0 | |
1454 -0.123 | |
1455 1.234e03 | |
1456 1.0E-6 | |
1457 -3.1416e+88 | |
1458 | |
1459 These are INVALID: | |
1460 3. empty {M} | |
1461 1e40 missing .{M} | |
1462 | |
1463 Rationale: | |
1464 Before floating point was introduced, the text "123.456" was interpreted as | |
1465 the two numbers "123" and "456", both converted to a string and concatenated, | |
1466 resulting in the string "123456". Since this was considered pointless, and we | |
1698 | 1467 could not find it intentionally being used in Vim scripts, this backwards |
1621 | 1468 incompatibility was accepted in favor of being able to use the normal notation |
1469 for floating point numbers. | |
1470 | |
15131 | 1471 *float-pi* *float-e* |
1472 A few useful values to copy&paste: > | |
1473 :let pi = 3.14159265359 | |
1474 :let e = 2.71828182846 | |
1475 Or, if you don't want to write them in as floating-point literals, you can | |
1476 also use functions, like the following: > | |
1477 :let pi = acos(-1.0) | |
1478 :let e = exp(1.0) | |
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1479 < |
1621 | 1480 *floating-point-precision* |
1481 The precision and range of floating points numbers depends on what "double" | |
1482 means in the library Vim was compiled with. There is no way to change this at | |
1483 runtime. | |
1484 | |
1485 The default for displaying a |Float| is to use 6 decimal places, like using | |
1486 printf("%g", f). You can select something else when using the |printf()| | |
1487 function. Example: > | |
1488 :echo printf('%.15e', atan(1)) | |
1489 < 7.853981633974483e-01 | |
1490 | |
1491 | |
7 | 1492 |
6884 | 1493 string *string* *String* *expr-string* *E114* |
7 | 1494 ------ |
1495 "string" string constant *expr-quote* | |
1496 | |
1497 Note that double quotes are used. | |
1498 | |
1499 A string constant accepts these special characters: | |
1500 \... three-digit octal number (e.g., "\316") | |
1501 \.. two-digit octal number (must be followed by non-digit) | |
1502 \. one-digit octal number (must be followed by non-digit) | |
1503 \x.. byte specified with two hex numbers (e.g., "\x1f") | |
1504 \x. byte specified with one hex number (must be followed by non-hex char) | |
1505 \X.. same as \x.. | |
1506 \X. same as \x. | |
1621 | 1507 \u.... character specified with up to 4 hex numbers, stored according to the |
7 | 1508 current value of 'encoding' (e.g., "\u02a4") |
6840 | 1509 \U.... same as \u but allows up to 8 hex numbers. |
7 | 1510 \b backspace <BS> |
1511 \e escape <Esc> | |
25880 | 1512 \f formfeed 0x0C |
7 | 1513 \n newline <NL> |
1514 \r return <CR> | |
1515 \t tab <Tab> | |
1516 \\ backslash | |
1517 \" double quote | |
2152 | 1518 \<xxx> Special key named "xxx". e.g. "\<C-W>" for CTRL-W. This is for use |
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1519 in mappings, the 0x80 byte is escaped. |
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1520 To use the double quote character it must be escaped: "<M-\">". |
25880 | 1521 Don't use <Char-xxxx> to get a UTF-8 character, use \uxxxx as |
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1522 mentioned above. |
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1523 \<*xxx> Like \<xxx> but prepends a modifier instead of including it in the |
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1524 character. E.g. "\<C-w>" is one character 0x17 while "\<*C-w>" is four |
20603
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1525 bytes: 3 for the CTRL modifier and then character "W". |
7 | 1526 |
1156 | 1527 Note that "\xff" is stored as the byte 255, which may be invalid in some |
1528 encodings. Use "\u00ff" to store character 255 according to the current value | |
1529 of 'encoding'. | |
1530 | |
7 | 1531 Note that "\000" and "\x00" force the end of the string. |
1532 | |
1533 | |
15498
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1534 blob-literal *blob-literal* *E973* |
15454
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1535 ------------ |
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1536 |
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1537 Hexadecimal starting with 0z or 0Z, with an arbitrary number of bytes. |
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1538 The sequence must be an even number of hex characters. Example: > |
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1539 :let b = 0zFF00ED015DAF |
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1540 |
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1541 |
7 | 1542 literal-string *literal-string* *E115* |
1543 --------------- | |
26 | 1544 'string' string constant *expr-'* |
7 | 1545 |
1546 Note that single quotes are used. | |
1547 | |
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1548 This string is taken as it is. No backslashes are removed or have a special |
99 | 1549 meaning. The only exception is that two quotes stand for one quote. |
26 | 1550 |
1551 Single quoted strings are useful for patterns, so that backslashes do not need | |
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1552 to be doubled. These two commands are equivalent: > |
26 | 1553 if a =~ "\\s*" |
1554 if a =~ '\s*' | |
7 | 1555 |
1556 | |
31200 | 1557 interpolated-string *$quote* *interpolated-string* |
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1558 -------------------- |
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1559 $"string" interpolated string constant *expr-$quote* |
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1560 $'string' interpolated literal string constant *expr-$'* |
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1561 |
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1562 Interpolated strings are an extension of the |string| and |literal-string|, |
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1563 allowing the inclusion of Vim script expressions (see |expr1|). Any |
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1564 expression returning a value can be enclosed between curly braces. The value |
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1565 is converted to a string. All the text and results of the expressions |
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1566 are concatenated to make a new string. |
29533 | 1567 *E1278* *E1279* |
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1568 To include an opening brace '{' or closing brace '}' in the string content |
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1569 double it. For double quoted strings using a backslash also works. A single |
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1570 closing brace '}' will result in an error. |
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1571 |
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1572 Examples: > |
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1573 let your_name = input("What's your name? ") |
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1574 < What's your name? Peter ~ |
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1575 > |
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1576 echo |
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1577 echo $"Hello, {your_name}!" |
28843
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1578 < Hello, Peter! ~ |
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1579 > |
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|
1580 echo $"The square root of {{9}} is {sqrt(9)}" |
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1581 < The square root of {9} is 3.0 ~ |
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1582 |
32307
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1583 *string-offset-encoding* |
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1584 A string consists of multiple characters. How the characters are stored |
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1585 depends on 'encoding'. Most common is UTF-8, which uses one byte for ASCII |
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1586 characters, two bytes for other latin characters and more bytes for other |
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1587 characters. |
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1588 |
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1589 A string offset can count characters or bytes. Other programs may use |
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1590 UTF-16 encoding (16-bit words) and an offset of UTF-16 words. Some functions |
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1591 use byte offsets, usually for UTF-8 encoding. Other functions use character |
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1592 offsets, in which case the encoding doesn't matter. |
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1593 |
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1594 The different offsets for the string "a©😊" are below: |
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1595 |
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1596 UTF-8 offsets: |
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1597 [0]: 61, [1]: C2, [2]: A9, [3]: F0, [4]: 9F, [5]: 98, [6]: 8A |
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1598 UTF-16 offsets: |
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1599 [0]: 0061, [1]: 00A9, [2]: D83D, [3]: DE0A |
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1600 UTF-32 (character) offsets: |
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1601 [0]: 00000061, [1]: 000000A9, [2]: 0001F60A |
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1602 |
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1603 You can use the "g8" and "ga" commands on a character to see the |
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1604 decimal/hex/octal values. |
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1605 |
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1606 The functions |byteidx()|, |utf16idx()| and |charidx()| can be used to convert |
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1607 between these indices. The functions |strlen()|, |strutf16len()| and |
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1608 |strcharlen()| return the number of bytes, UTF-16 code units and characters in |
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1609 a string respectively. |
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1610 |
7 | 1611 option *expr-option* *E112* *E113* |
1612 ------ | |
1613 &option option value, local value if possible | |
1614 &g:option global option value | |
1615 &l:option local option value | |
1616 | |
1617 Examples: > | |
27903 | 1618 echo "tabstop is " .. &tabstop |
7 | 1619 if &insertmode |
1620 | |
1621 Any option name can be used here. See |options|. When using the local value | |
1622 and there is no buffer-local or window-local value, the global value is used | |
1623 anyway. | |
1624 | |
1625 | |
1156 | 1626 register *expr-register* *@r* |
7 | 1627 -------- |
1628 @r contents of register 'r' | |
1629 | |
1630 The result is the contents of the named register, as a single string. | |
1631 Newlines are inserted where required. To get the contents of the unnamed | |
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1632 register use @" or @@. See |registers| for an explanation of the available |
336 | 1633 registers. |
1634 | |
1635 When using the '=' register you get the expression itself, not what it | |
1636 evaluates to. Use |eval()| to evaluate it. | |
7 | 1637 |
1638 | |
27537 | 1639 nesting *expr-nesting* *E110* |
7 | 1640 ------- |
1641 (expr1) nested expression | |
1642 | |
1643 | |
1644 environment variable *expr-env* | |
1645 -------------------- | |
1646 $VAR environment variable | |
1647 | |
1648 The String value of any environment variable. When it is not defined, the | |
1649 result is an empty string. | |
16604
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1650 |
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1651 The functions `getenv()` and `setenv()` can also be used and work for |
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1652 environment variables with non-alphanumeric names. |
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1653 The function `environ()` can be used to get a Dict with all environment |
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1654 variables. |
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1655 |
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1656 |
7 | 1657 *expr-env-expand* |
1658 Note that there is a difference between using $VAR directly and using | |
1659 expand("$VAR"). Using it directly will only expand environment variables that | |
1660 are known inside the current Vim session. Using expand() will first try using | |
1661 the environment variables known inside the current Vim session. If that | |
1662 fails, a shell will be used to expand the variable. This can be slow, but it | |
1663 does expand all variables that the shell knows about. Example: > | |
6180 | 1664 :echo $shell |
1665 :echo expand("$shell") | |
1666 The first one probably doesn't echo anything, the second echoes the $shell | |
7 | 1667 variable (if your shell supports it). |
1668 | |
1669 | |
27459 | 1670 internal variable *expr-variable* *E1015* *E1089* |
7 | 1671 ----------------- |
1672 variable internal variable | |
1673 See below |internal-variables|. | |
1674 | |
1675 | |
170 | 1676 function call *expr-function* *E116* *E118* *E119* *E120* |
7 | 1677 ------------- |
1678 function(expr1, ...) function call | |
1679 See below |functions|. | |
1680 | |
1681 | |
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1682 lambda expression *expr-lambda* *lambda* |
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1683 ----------------- |
32004 | 1684 {args -> expr1} legacy lambda expression *E451* |
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1685 (args) => expr1 |Vim9| lambda expression |
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1686 |
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1687 A lambda expression creates a new unnamed function which returns the result of |
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1688 evaluating |expr1|. Lambda expressions differ from |user-functions| in |
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1689 the following ways: |
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1690 |
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1691 1. The body of the lambda expression is an |expr1| and not a sequence of |Ex| |
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1692 commands. |
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1693 2. The prefix "a:" should not be used for arguments. E.g.: > |
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1694 :let F = {arg1, arg2 -> arg1 - arg2} |
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1695 :echo F(5, 2) |
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1696 < 3 |
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1697 |
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1698 The arguments are optional. Example: > |
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1699 :let F = {-> 'error function'} |
24387 | 1700 :echo F('ignored') |
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1701 < error function |
24387 | 1702 |
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1703 The |Vim9| lambda does not only use a different syntax, it also adds type |
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1704 checking and can be split over multiple lines, see |vim9-lambda|. |
24387 | 1705 |
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1706 *closure* |
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1707 Lambda expressions can access outer scope variables and arguments. This is |
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1708 often called a closure. Example where "i" and "a:arg" are used in a lambda |
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1709 while they already exist in the function scope. They remain valid even after |
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1710 the function returns: > |
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1711 :function Foo(arg) |
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1712 : let i = 3 |
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1713 : return {x -> x + i - a:arg} |
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1714 :endfunction |
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1715 :let Bar = Foo(4) |
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1716 :echo Bar(6) |
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1717 < 5 |
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1718 |
20552 | 1719 Note that the variables must exist in the outer scope before the lambda is |
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1720 defined for this to work. See also |:func-closure|. |
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1721 |
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1722 Lambda and closure support can be checked with: > |
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1723 if has('lambda') |
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1724 |
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1725 Examples for using a lambda expression with |sort()|, |map()| and |filter()|: > |
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1726 :echo map([1, 2, 3], {idx, val -> val + 1}) |
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1727 < [2, 3, 4] > |
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1728 :echo sort([3,7,2,1,4], {a, b -> a - b}) |
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1729 < [1, 2, 3, 4, 7] |
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1730 |
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1731 The lambda expression is also useful for Channel, Job and timer: > |
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1732 :let timer = timer_start(500, |
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1733 \ {-> execute("echo 'Handler called'", "")}, |
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1734 \ {'repeat': 3}) |
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1735 < Handler called |
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1736 Handler called |
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1737 Handler called |
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1738 |
25161 | 1739 Note that it is possible to cause memory to be used and not freed if the |
1740 closure is referenced by the context it depends on: > | |
1741 function Function() | |
1742 let x = 0 | |
1743 let F = {-> x} | |
1744 endfunction | |
1745 The closure uses "x" from the function scope, and "F" in that same scope | |
1746 refers to the closure. This cycle results in the memory not being freed. | |
1747 Recommendation: don't do this. | |
1748 | |
1749 Notice how execute() is used to execute an Ex command. That's ugly though. | |
24387 | 1750 In Vim9 script you can use a command block, see |inline-function|. |
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1751 |
30202 | 1752 Although you can use the loop variable of a `for` command, it must still exist |
1753 when the closure is called, otherwise you get an error. *E1302* | |
1754 | |
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1755 Lambda expressions have internal names like '<lambda>42'. If you get an error |
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1756 for a lambda expression, you can find what it is with the following command: > |
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1757 :function <lambda>42 |
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1758 See also: |numbered-function| |
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1759 |
7 | 1760 ============================================================================== |
27321 | 1761 3. Internal variable *internal-variables* *E461* *E1001* |
2596 | 1762 |
7 | 1763 An internal variable name can be made up of letters, digits and '_'. But it |
27036 | 1764 cannot start with a digit. In legacy script it is also possible to use curly |
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1765 braces, see |curly-braces-names|. |
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1766 |
27036 | 1767 In legacy script an internal variable is created with the ":let" command |
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1768 |:let|. An internal variable is explicitly destroyed with the ":unlet" |
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1769 command |:unlet|. |
87 | 1770 Using a name that is not an internal variable or refers to a variable that has |
1771 been destroyed results in an error. | |
7 | 1772 |
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1773 In |Vim9| script `:let` is not used and variables work differently, see |:var|. |
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1774 |
20856 | 1775 *variable-scope* |
7 | 1776 There are several name spaces for variables. Which one is to be used is |
1777 specified by what is prepended: | |
1778 | |
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1779 (nothing) In a function: local to the function; |
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1780 in a legacy script: global; |
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1781 in a |Vim9| script: local to the script |
7 | 1782 |buffer-variable| b: Local to the current buffer. |
1783 |window-variable| w: Local to the current window. | |
819 | 1784 |tabpage-variable| t: Local to the current tab page. |
7 | 1785 |global-variable| g: Global. |
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1786 |local-variable| l: Local to a function (only in a legacy function) |
7 | 1787 |script-variable| s: Local to a |:source|'ed Vim script. |
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1788 |function-argument| a: Function argument (only in a legacy function). |
5815 | 1789 |vim-variable| v: Global, predefined by Vim. |
7 | 1790 |
685 | 1791 The scope name by itself can be used as a |Dictionary|. For example, to |
1792 delete all script-local variables: > | |
133 | 1793 :for k in keys(s:) |
1794 : unlet s:[k] | |
1795 :endfor | |
20856 | 1796 |
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1797 Note: in Vim9 script variables can also be local to a block of commands, see |
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1798 |vim9-scopes|. |
4358 | 1799 *buffer-variable* *b:var* *b:* |
7 | 1800 A variable name that is preceded with "b:" is local to the current buffer. |
1801 Thus you can have several "b:foo" variables, one for each buffer. | |
1802 This kind of variable is deleted when the buffer is wiped out or deleted with | |
1803 |:bdelete|. | |
1804 | |
1805 One local buffer variable is predefined: | |
4264 | 1806 *b:changedtick* *changetick* |
7 | 1807 b:changedtick The total number of changes to the current buffer. It is |
1808 incremented for each change. An undo command is also a change | |
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1809 in this case. Resetting 'modified' when writing the buffer is |
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1810 also counted. |
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1811 This can be used to perform an action only when the buffer has |
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1812 changed. Example: > |
7 | 1813 :if my_changedtick != b:changedtick |
1621 | 1814 : let my_changedtick = b:changedtick |
1815 : call My_Update() | |
7 | 1816 :endif |
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1817 < You cannot change or delete the b:changedtick variable. |
32294 | 1818 If you need more information about the change see |
1819 |listener_add()|. | |
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1820 |
4358 | 1821 *window-variable* *w:var* *w:* |
7 | 1822 A variable name that is preceded with "w:" is local to the current window. It |
1823 is deleted when the window is closed. | |
1824 | |
4437 | 1825 *tabpage-variable* *t:var* *t:* |
819 | 1826 A variable name that is preceded with "t:" is local to the current tab page, |
1827 It is deleted when the tab page is closed. {not available when compiled | |
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1828 without the |+windows| feature} |
819 | 1829 |
4358 | 1830 *global-variable* *g:var* *g:* |
26847 | 1831 Inside functions and in |Vim9| script global variables are accessed with "g:". |
1832 Omitting this will access a variable local to a function or script. "g:" | |
1833 can also be used in any other place if you like. | |
7 | 1834 |
4358 | 1835 *local-variable* *l:var* *l:* |
7 | 1836 Inside functions local variables are accessed without prepending anything. |
1156 | 1837 But you can also prepend "l:" if you like. However, without prepending "l:" |
1838 you may run into reserved variable names. For example "count". By itself it | |
1839 refers to "v:count". Using "l:count" you can have a local variable with the | |
1840 same name. | |
7 | 1841 |
1842 *script-variable* *s:var* | |
26847 | 1843 In a legacy Vim script variables starting with "s:" can be used. They cannot |
1844 be accessed from outside of the scripts, thus are local to the script. | |
1845 In |Vim9| script the "s:" prefix can be omitted, variables are script-local by | |
1846 default. | |
7 | 1847 |
1848 They can be used in: | |
1849 - commands executed while the script is sourced | |
1850 - functions defined in the script | |
1851 - autocommands defined in the script | |
1852 - functions and autocommands defined in functions and autocommands which were | |
1853 defined in the script (recursively) | |
1854 - user defined commands defined in the script | |
1855 Thus not in: | |
1856 - other scripts sourced from this one | |
1857 - mappings | |
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1858 - menus |
7 | 1859 - etc. |
1860 | |
1156 | 1861 Script variables can be used to avoid conflicts with global variable names. |
1862 Take this example: > | |
7 | 1863 |
1864 let s:counter = 0 | |
1865 function MyCounter() | |
1866 let s:counter = s:counter + 1 | |
1867 echo s:counter | |
1868 endfunction | |
1869 command Tick call MyCounter() | |
1870 | |
1871 You can now invoke "Tick" from any script, and the "s:counter" variable in | |
1872 that script will not be changed, only the "s:counter" in the script where | |
1873 "Tick" was defined is used. | |
1874 | |
1875 Another example that does the same: > | |
1876 | |
1877 let s:counter = 0 | |
1878 command Tick let s:counter = s:counter + 1 | echo s:counter | |
1879 | |
1880 When calling a function and invoking a user-defined command, the context for | |
9 | 1881 script variables is set to the script where the function or command was |
7 | 1882 defined. |
1883 | |
1884 The script variables are also available when a function is defined inside a | |
1885 function that is defined in a script. Example: > | |
1886 | |
1887 let s:counter = 0 | |
1888 function StartCounting(incr) | |
1889 if a:incr | |
1890 function MyCounter() | |
1891 let s:counter = s:counter + 1 | |
1892 endfunction | |
1893 else | |
1894 function MyCounter() | |
1895 let s:counter = s:counter - 1 | |
1896 endfunction | |
1897 endif | |
1898 endfunction | |
1899 | |
1900 This defines the MyCounter() function either for counting up or counting down | |
1901 when calling StartCounting(). It doesn't matter from where StartCounting() is | |
1902 called, the s:counter variable will be accessible in MyCounter(). | |
1903 | |
1904 When the same script is sourced again it will use the same script variables. | |
1905 They will remain valid as long as Vim is running. This can be used to | |
1906 maintain a counter: > | |
1907 | |
1908 if !exists("s:counter") | |
1909 let s:counter = 1 | |
1910 echo "script executed for the first time" | |
1911 else | |
1912 let s:counter = s:counter + 1 | |
27903 | 1913 echo "script executed " .. s:counter .. " times now" |
7 | 1914 endif |
1915 | |
1916 Note that this means that filetype plugins don't get a different set of script | |
1917 variables for each buffer. Use local buffer variables instead |b:var|. | |
1918 | |
1919 | |
15131 | 1920 PREDEFINED VIM VARIABLES *vim-variable* *v:var* *v:* |
27321 | 1921 *E963* *E1063* |
15131 | 1922 Some variables can be set by the user, but the type cannot be changed. |
7 | 1923 |
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1924 *v:argv* *argv-variable* |
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1925 v:argv The command line arguments Vim was invoked with. This is a |
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1926 list of strings. The first item is the Vim command. |
28010 | 1927 See |v:progpath| for the command with full path. |
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1928 |
189 | 1929 *v:beval_col* *beval_col-variable* |
1930 v:beval_col The number of the column, over which the mouse pointer is. | |
1931 This is the byte index in the |v:beval_lnum| line. | |
1932 Only valid while evaluating the 'balloonexpr' option. | |
1933 | |
1934 *v:beval_bufnr* *beval_bufnr-variable* | |
1935 v:beval_bufnr The number of the buffer, over which the mouse pointer is. Only | |
1936 valid while evaluating the 'balloonexpr' option. | |
1937 | |
1938 *v:beval_lnum* *beval_lnum-variable* | |
1939 v:beval_lnum The number of the line, over which the mouse pointer is. Only | |
1940 valid while evaluating the 'balloonexpr' option. | |
1941 | |
1942 *v:beval_text* *beval_text-variable* | |
374 | 1943 v:beval_text The text under or after the mouse pointer. Usually a word as |
1944 it is useful for debugging a C program. 'iskeyword' applies, | |
1945 but a dot and "->" before the position is included. When on a | |
1946 ']' the text before it is used, including the matching '[' and | |
189 | 1947 word before it. When on a Visual area within one line the |
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1948 highlighted text is used. Also see |<cexpr>|. |
189 | 1949 Only valid while evaluating the 'balloonexpr' option. |
1950 | |
1951 *v:beval_winnr* *beval_winnr-variable* | |
1952 v:beval_winnr The number of the window, over which the mouse pointer is. Only | |
2709 | 1953 valid while evaluating the 'balloonexpr' option. The first |
1954 window has number zero (unlike most other places where a | |
1955 window gets a number). | |
189 | 1956 |
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1957 *v:beval_winid* *beval_winid-variable* |
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1958 v:beval_winid The |window-ID| of the window, over which the mouse pointer |
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1959 is. Otherwise like v:beval_winnr. |
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1960 |
844 | 1961 *v:char* *char-variable* |
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1962 v:char Argument for evaluating 'formatexpr' and used for the typed |
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1963 character when using <expr> in an abbreviation |:map-<expr>|. |
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1964 It is also used by the |InsertCharPre| and |InsertEnter| events. |
844 | 1965 |
7 | 1966 *v:charconvert_from* *charconvert_from-variable* |
1967 v:charconvert_from | |
1968 The name of the character encoding of a file to be converted. | |
1969 Only valid while evaluating the 'charconvert' option. | |
1970 | |
1971 *v:charconvert_to* *charconvert_to-variable* | |
1972 v:charconvert_to | |
1973 The name of the character encoding of a file after conversion. | |
1974 Only valid while evaluating the 'charconvert' option. | |
1975 | |
1976 *v:cmdarg* *cmdarg-variable* | |
1977 v:cmdarg This variable is used for two purposes: | |
1978 1. The extra arguments given to a file read/write command. | |
1979 Currently these are "++enc=" and "++ff=". This variable is | |
1980 set before an autocommand event for a file read/write | |
1981 command is triggered. There is a leading space to make it | |
1982 possible to append this variable directly after the | |
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1983 read/write command. Note: The "+cmd" argument isn't |
7 | 1984 included here, because it will be executed anyway. |
1985 2. When printing a PostScript file with ":hardcopy" this is | |
1986 the argument for the ":hardcopy" command. This can be used | |
1987 in 'printexpr'. | |
1988 | |
1989 *v:cmdbang* *cmdbang-variable* | |
1990 v:cmdbang Set like v:cmdarg for a file read/write command. When a "!" | |
1991 was used the value is 1, otherwise it is 0. Note that this | |
1992 can only be used in autocommands. For user commands |<bang>| | |
1993 can be used. | |
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1994 *v:collate* *collate-variable* |
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1995 v:collate The current locale setting for collation order of the runtime |
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1996 environment. This allows Vim scripts to be aware of the |
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1997 current locale encoding. Technical: it's the value of |
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1998 LC_COLLATE. When not using a locale the value is "C". |
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1999 This variable can not be set directly, use the |:language| |
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2000 command. |
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2001 See |multi-lang|. |
7 | 2002 |
31028 | 2003 *v:colornames* |
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2004 v:colornames A dictionary that maps color names to hex color strings. These |
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2005 color names can be used with the |highlight-guifg|, |
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2006 |highlight-guibg|, and |highlight-guisp| parameters. Updating |
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2007 an entry in v:colornames has no immediate effect on the syntax |
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2008 highlighting. The highlight commands (probably in a |
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2009 colorscheme script) need to be re-evaluated in order to use |
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2010 the updated color values. For example: > |
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2011 |
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2012 :let v:colornames['fuscia'] = '#cf3ab4' |
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2013 :let v:colornames['mauve'] = '#915f6d' |
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2014 :highlight Normal guifg=fuscia guibg=mauve |
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2015 < |
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|
2016 This cannot be used to override the |cterm-colors| but it can |
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2017 be used to override other colors. For example, the X11 colors |
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2018 defined in the `colors/lists/default.vim` (previously defined |
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2019 in |rgb.txt|). When defining new color names in a plugin, the |
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2020 recommended practice is to set a color entry only when it does |
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2021 not already exist. For example: > |
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2022 |
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2023 :call extend(v:colornames, { |
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2024 \ 'fuscia': '#cf3ab4', |
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2025 \ 'mauve': '#915f6d, |
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2026 \ }, 'keep') |
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2027 < |
26100 | 2028 Using |extend()| with the 'keep' option updates each color only |
26057
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2029 if it did not exist in |v:colornames|. Doing so allows the |
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2030 user to choose the precise color value for a common name |
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2031 by setting it in their |.vimrc|. |
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2032 |
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2033 It is possible to remove entries from this dictionary but |
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2034 doing so is NOT recommended, because it is disruptive to |
26057
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2035 other scripts. It is also unlikely to achieve the desired |
26100 | 2036 result because the |:colorscheme| and |:highlight| commands will |
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2037 both automatically load all `colors/lists/default.vim` color |
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2038 scripts. |
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|
2039 |
6909 | 2040 *v:completed_item* *completed_item-variable* |
2041 v:completed_item | |
2042 |Dictionary| containing the |complete-items| for the most | |
2043 recently completed word after |CompleteDone|. The | |
2044 |Dictionary| is empty if the completion failed. | |
29501
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2045 Note: Plugins can modify the value to emulate the builtin |
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2046 |CompleteDone| event behavior. |
6909 | 2047 |
7 | 2048 *v:count* *count-variable* |
2049 v:count The count given for the last Normal mode command. Can be used | |
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2050 to get the count before a mapping. Read-only. Example: > |
27903 | 2051 :map _x :<C-U>echo "the count is " .. v:count<CR> |
7 | 2052 < Note: The <C-U> is required to remove the line range that you |
2053 get when typing ':' after a count. | |
2033
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2054 When there are two counts, as in "3d2w", they are multiplied, |
de5a43c5eedc
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2055 just like what happens in the command, "d6w" for the example. |
667 | 2056 Also used for evaluating the 'formatexpr' option. |
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2057 "count" also works, for backwards compatibility, unless |
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2058 |scriptversion| is 3 or higher. |
7 | 2059 |
2060 *v:count1* *count1-variable* | |
2061 v:count1 Just like "v:count", but defaults to one when no count is | |
2062 used. | |
2063 | |
2064 *v:ctype* *ctype-variable* | |
2065 v:ctype The current locale setting for characters of the runtime | |
2066 environment. This allows Vim scripts to be aware of the | |
2067 current locale encoding. Technical: it's the value of | |
2068 LC_CTYPE. When not using a locale the value is "C". | |
2069 This variable can not be set directly, use the |:language| | |
2070 command. | |
2071 See |multi-lang|. | |
2072 | |
2073 *v:dying* *dying-variable* | |
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2074 v:dying Normally zero. When a deadly signal is caught it's set to |
7 | 2075 one. When multiple signals are caught the number increases. |
2076 Can be used in an autocommand to check if Vim didn't | |
2077 terminate normally. {only works on Unix} | |
2078 Example: > | |
2079 :au VimLeave * if v:dying | echo "\nAAAAaaaarrrggghhhh!!!\n" | endif | |
2226
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2080 < Note: if another deadly signal is caught when v:dying is one, |
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2081 VimLeave autocommands will not be executed. |
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2082 |
23048
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2083 *v:exiting* *exiting-variable* |
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2084 v:exiting Vim exit code. Normally zero, non-zero when something went |
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|
2085 wrong. The value is v:null before invoking the |VimLeavePre| |
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2086 and |VimLeave| autocmds. See |:q|, |:x| and |:cquit|. |
ad674a98058a
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2087 Example: > |
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2088 :au VimLeave * echo "Exit value is " .. v:exiting |
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2089 < |
17833
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2090 *v:echospace* *echospace-variable* |
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|
2091 v:echospace Number of screen cells that can be used for an `:echo` message |
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|
2092 in the last screen line before causing the |hit-enter-prompt|. |
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|
2093 Depends on 'showcmd', 'ruler' and 'columns'. You need to |
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2094 check 'cmdheight' for whether there are full-width lines |
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2095 available above the last line. |
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2096 |
7 | 2097 *v:errmsg* *errmsg-variable* |
2098 v:errmsg Last given error message. It's allowed to set this variable. | |
2099 Example: > | |
2100 :let v:errmsg = "" | |
2101 :silent! next | |
2102 :if v:errmsg != "" | |
2103 : ... handle error | |
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2104 < "errmsg" also works, for backwards compatibility, unless |
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2105 |scriptversion| is 3 or higher. |
7 | 2106 |
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2107 *v:errors* *errors-variable* *assert-return* |
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2108 v:errors Errors found by assert functions, such as |assert_true()|. |
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2109 This is a list of strings. |
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2110 The assert functions append an item when an assert fails. |
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2111 The return value indicates this: a one is returned if an item |
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2112 was added to v:errors, otherwise zero is returned. |
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2113 To remove old results make it empty: > |
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2114 :let v:errors = [] |
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2115 < If v:errors is set to anything but a list it is made an empty |
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2116 list by the assert function. |
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2117 |
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2118 *v:event* *event-variable* |
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2119 v:event Dictionary containing information about the current |
19303 | 2120 |autocommand|. See the specific event for what it puts in |
2121 this dictionary. | |
20115 | 2122 The dictionary is emptied when the |autocommand| finishes, |
2123 please refer to |dict-identity| for how to get an independent | |
2124 copy of it. Use |deepcopy()| if you want to keep the | |
2125 information after the event triggers. Example: > | |
2126 au TextYankPost * let g:foo = deepcopy(v:event) | |
2127 < | |
7 | 2128 *v:exception* *exception-variable* |
2129 v:exception The value of the exception most recently caught and not | |
2130 finished. See also |v:throwpoint| and |throw-variables|. | |
2131 Example: > | |
2132 :try | |
2133 : throw "oops" | |
2134 :catch /.*/ | |
17571 | 2135 : echo "caught " .. v:exception |
7 | 2136 :endtry |
2137 < Output: "caught oops". | |
2138 | |
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2139 *v:false* *false-variable* |
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2140 v:false A Number with value zero. Used to put "false" in JSON. See |
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|
2141 |json_encode()|. |
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|
2142 When used as a string this evaluates to "v:false". > |
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2143 echo v:false |
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2144 < v:false ~ |
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2145 That is so that eval() can parse the string back to the same |
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|
2146 value. Read-only. |
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2147 In |Vim9| script "false" can be used which has a boolean type. |
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2148 |
179 | 2149 *v:fcs_reason* *fcs_reason-variable* |
2150 v:fcs_reason The reason why the |FileChangedShell| event was triggered. | |
2151 Can be used in an autocommand to decide what to do and/or what | |
2152 to set v:fcs_choice to. Possible values: | |
2153 deleted file no longer exists | |
2154 conflict file contents, mode or timestamp was | |
2155 changed and buffer is modified | |
2156 changed file contents has changed | |
2157 mode mode of file changed | |
2158 time only file timestamp changed | |
2159 | |
2160 *v:fcs_choice* *fcs_choice-variable* | |
2161 v:fcs_choice What should happen after a |FileChangedShell| event was | |
2162 triggered. Can be used in an autocommand to tell Vim what to | |
2163 do with the affected buffer: | |
2164 reload Reload the buffer (does not work if | |
2165 the file was deleted). | |
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2166 edit Reload the buffer and detect the |
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2167 values for options such as |
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2168 'fileformat', 'fileencoding', 'binary' |
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2169 (does not work if the file was |
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2170 deleted). |
179 | 2171 ask Ask the user what to do, as if there |
2172 was no autocommand. Except that when | |
2173 only the timestamp changed nothing | |
2174 will happen. | |
2175 <empty> Nothing, the autocommand should do | |
2176 everything that needs to be done. | |
2177 The default is empty. If another (invalid) value is used then | |
2178 Vim behaves like it is empty, there is no warning message. | |
2179 | |
24569 | 2180 *v:fname* *fname-variable* |
25161 | 2181 v:fname When evaluating 'includeexpr': the file name that was |
2182 detected. Empty otherwise. | |
24569 | 2183 |
7 | 2184 *v:fname_in* *fname_in-variable* |
579 | 2185 v:fname_in The name of the input file. Valid while evaluating: |
7 | 2186 option used for ~ |
2187 'charconvert' file to be converted | |
2188 'diffexpr' original file | |
2189 'patchexpr' original file | |
2190 'printexpr' file to be printed | |
593 | 2191 And set to the swap file name for |SwapExists|. |
7 | 2192 |
2193 *v:fname_out* *fname_out-variable* | |
2194 v:fname_out The name of the output file. Only valid while | |
2195 evaluating: | |
2196 option used for ~ | |
2197 'charconvert' resulting converted file (*) | |
2198 'diffexpr' output of diff | |
2199 'patchexpr' resulting patched file | |
2200 (*) When doing conversion for a write command (e.g., ":w | |
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2201 file") it will be equal to v:fname_in. When doing conversion |
7 | 2202 for a read command (e.g., ":e file") it will be a temporary |
2203 file and different from v:fname_in. | |
2204 | |
2205 *v:fname_new* *fname_new-variable* | |
2206 v:fname_new The name of the new version of the file. Only valid while | |
2207 evaluating 'diffexpr'. | |
2208 | |
2209 *v:fname_diff* *fname_diff-variable* | |
2210 v:fname_diff The name of the diff (patch) file. Only valid while | |
2211 evaluating 'patchexpr'. | |
2212 | |
2213 *v:folddashes* *folddashes-variable* | |
2214 v:folddashes Used for 'foldtext': dashes representing foldlevel of a closed | |
2215 fold. | |
29 | 2216 Read-only in the |sandbox|. |fold-foldtext| |
7 | 2217 |
2218 *v:foldlevel* *foldlevel-variable* | |
2219 v:foldlevel Used for 'foldtext': foldlevel of closed fold. | |
29 | 2220 Read-only in the |sandbox|. |fold-foldtext| |
7 | 2221 |
2222 *v:foldend* *foldend-variable* | |
2223 v:foldend Used for 'foldtext': last line of closed fold. | |
29 | 2224 Read-only in the |sandbox|. |fold-foldtext| |
7 | 2225 |
2226 *v:foldstart* *foldstart-variable* | |
2227 v:foldstart Used for 'foldtext': first line of closed fold. | |
29 | 2228 Read-only in the |sandbox|. |fold-foldtext| |
7 | 2229 |
5460 | 2230 *v:hlsearch* *hlsearch-variable* |
12785 | 2231 v:hlsearch Variable that indicates whether search highlighting is on. |
6413 | 2232 Setting it makes sense only if 'hlsearch' is enabled which |
2233 requires |+extra_search|. Setting this variable to zero acts | |
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2234 like the |:nohlsearch| command, setting it to one acts like > |
5460 | 2235 let &hlsearch = &hlsearch |
6918 | 2236 < Note that the value is restored when returning from a |
2237 function. |function-search-undo|. | |
2238 | |
11 | 2239 *v:insertmode* *insertmode-variable* |
2240 v:insertmode Used for the |InsertEnter| and |InsertChange| autocommand | |
2241 events. Values: | |
2242 i Insert mode | |
2243 r Replace mode | |
2244 v Virtual Replace mode | |
2245 | |
102 | 2246 *v:key* *key-variable* |
685 | 2247 v:key Key of the current item of a |Dictionary|. Only valid while |
102 | 2248 evaluating the expression used with |map()| and |filter()|. |
2249 Read-only. | |
2250 | |
7 | 2251 *v:lang* *lang-variable* |
2252 v:lang The current locale setting for messages of the runtime | |
2253 environment. This allows Vim scripts to be aware of the | |
2254 current language. Technical: it's the value of LC_MESSAGES. | |
2255 The value is system dependent. | |
2256 This variable can not be set directly, use the |:language| | |
2257 command. | |
2258 It can be different from |v:ctype| when messages are desired | |
2259 in a different language than what is used for character | |
2260 encoding. See |multi-lang|. | |
2261 | |
2262 *v:lc_time* *lc_time-variable* | |
2263 v:lc_time The current locale setting for time messages of the runtime | |
2264 environment. This allows Vim scripts to be aware of the | |
2265 current language. Technical: it's the value of LC_TIME. | |
2266 This variable can not be set directly, use the |:language| | |
2267 command. See |multi-lang|. | |
2268 | |
2269 *v:lnum* *lnum-variable* | |
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2270 v:lnum Line number for the 'foldexpr' |fold-expr|, 'formatexpr' and |
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2271 'indentexpr' expressions, tab page number for 'guitablabel' |
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2272 and 'guitabtooltip'. Only valid while one of these |
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2273 expressions is being evaluated. Read-only when in the |
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2274 |sandbox|. |
7 | 2275 |
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2276 *v:maxcol* *maxcol-variable* |
27036 | 2277 v:maxcol Maximum line length. Depending on where it is used it can be |
27804 | 2278 screen columns, characters or bytes. The value currently is |
2279 2147483647 on all systems. | |
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2280 |
1029 | 2281 *v:mouse_win* *mouse_win-variable* |
2282 v:mouse_win Window number for a mouse click obtained with |getchar()|. | |
2283 First window has number 1, like with |winnr()|. The value is | |
2284 zero when there was no mouse button click. | |
2285 | |
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2286 *v:mouse_winid* *mouse_winid-variable* |
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2287 v:mouse_winid Window ID for a mouse click obtained with |getchar()|. |
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2288 The value is zero when there was no mouse button click. |
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2289 |
1029 | 2290 *v:mouse_lnum* *mouse_lnum-variable* |
2291 v:mouse_lnum Line number for a mouse click obtained with |getchar()|. | |
2292 This is the text line number, not the screen line number. The | |
2293 value is zero when there was no mouse button click. | |
2294 | |
2295 *v:mouse_col* *mouse_col-variable* | |
2296 v:mouse_col Column number for a mouse click obtained with |getchar()|. | |
2297 This is the screen column number, like with |virtcol()|. The | |
2298 value is zero when there was no mouse button click. | |
2299 | |
15512 | 2300 *v:none* *none-variable* *None* |
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2301 v:none An empty String. Used to put an empty item in JSON. See |
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2302 |json_encode()|. |
21499 | 2303 This can also be used as a function argument to use the |
2304 default value, see |none-function_argument|. | |
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2305 When used as a number this evaluates to zero. |
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2306 When used as a string this evaluates to "v:none". > |
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2307 echo v:none |
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2308 < v:none ~ |
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2309 That is so that eval() can parse the string back to the same |
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2310 value. Read-only. |
28010 | 2311 Note that using `== v:none` and `!= v:none` will often give |
2312 an error. Instead, use `is v:none` and `isnot v:none` . | |
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2313 |
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2314 *v:null* *null-variable* |
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2315 v:null An empty String. Used to put "null" in JSON. See |
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2316 |json_encode()|. |
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2317 When used as a number this evaluates to zero. |
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2318 When used as a string this evaluates to "v:null". > |
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2319 echo v:null |
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2320 < v:null ~ |
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2321 That is so that eval() can parse the string back to the same |
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2322 value. Read-only. |
28010 | 2323 In |Vim9| script `null` can be used without "v:". |
2324 In some places `v:null` and `null` can be used for a List, | |
2325 Dict, Job, etc. that is not set. That is slightly different | |
2326 than an empty List, Dict, etc. | |
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2327 |
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2328 *v:numbermax* *numbermax-variable* |
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2329 v:numbermax Maximum value of a number. |
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2330 |
23737 | 2331 *v:numbermin* *numbermin-variable* |
24911 | 2332 v:numbermin Minimum value of a number (negative). |
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2333 |
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2334 *v:numbersize* *numbersize-variable* |
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2335 v:numbersize Number of bits in a Number. This is normally 64, but on some |
19523 | 2336 systems it may be 32. |
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2337 |
1733 | 2338 *v:oldfiles* *oldfiles-variable* |
2339 v:oldfiles List of file names that is loaded from the |viminfo| file on | |
2340 startup. These are the files that Vim remembers marks for. | |
2341 The length of the List is limited by the ' argument of the | |
2342 'viminfo' option (default is 100). | |
5618 | 2343 When the |viminfo| file is not used the List is empty. |
1733 | 2344 Also see |:oldfiles| and |c_#<|. |
2345 The List can be modified, but this has no effect on what is | |
2346 stored in the |viminfo| file later. If you use values other | |
2347 than String this will cause trouble. | |
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2348 {only when compiled with the |+viminfo| feature} |
1733 | 2349 |
6935 | 2350 *v:option_new* |
2351 v:option_new New value of the option. Valid while executing an |OptionSet| | |
2352 autocommand. | |
2353 *v:option_old* | |
2354 v:option_old Old value of the option. Valid while executing an |OptionSet| | |
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2355 autocommand. Depending on the command used for setting and the |
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2356 kind of option this is either the local old value or the |
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2357 global old value. |
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2358 *v:option_oldlocal* |
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2359 v:option_oldlocal |
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2360 Old local value of the option. Valid while executing an |
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2361 |OptionSet| autocommand. |
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2362 *v:option_oldglobal* |
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2363 v:option_oldglobal |
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2364 Old global value of the option. Valid while executing an |
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2365 |OptionSet| autocommand. |
6935 | 2366 *v:option_type* |
2367 v:option_type Scope of the set command. Valid while executing an | |
2368 |OptionSet| autocommand. Can be either "global" or "local" | |
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2369 *v:option_command* |
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2370 v:option_command |
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2371 Command used to set the option. Valid while executing an |
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2372 |OptionSet| autocommand. |
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2373 value option was set via ~ |
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|
2374 "setlocal" |:setlocal| or ":let l:xxx" |
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2375 "setglobal" |:setglobal| or ":let g:xxx" |
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2376 "set" |:set| or |:let| |
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|
2377 "modeline" |modeline| |
1490 | 2378 *v:operator* *operator-variable* |
2379 v:operator The last operator given in Normal mode. This is a single | |
2380 character except for commands starting with <g> or <z>, | |
2381 in which case it is two characters. Best used alongside | |
2382 |v:prevcount| and |v:register|. Useful if you want to cancel | |
2383 Operator-pending mode and then use the operator, e.g.: > | |
2384 :omap O <Esc>:call MyMotion(v:operator)<CR> | |
2385 < The value remains set until another operator is entered, thus | |
2386 don't expect it to be empty. | |
2387 v:operator is not set for |:delete|, |:yank| or other Ex | |
2388 commands. | |
2389 Read-only. | |
2390 | |
7 | 2391 *v:prevcount* *prevcount-variable* |
2392 v:prevcount The count given for the last but one Normal mode command. | |
2393 This is the v:count value of the previous command. Useful if | |
1490 | 2394 you want to cancel Visual or Operator-pending mode and then |
2395 use the count, e.g.: > | |
7 | 2396 :vmap % <Esc>:call MyFilter(v:prevcount)<CR> |
2397 < Read-only. | |
2398 | |
170 | 2399 *v:profiling* *profiling-variable* |
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|
2400 v:profiling Normally zero. Set to one after using ":profile start". |
170 | 2401 See |profiling|. |
2402 | |
7 | 2403 *v:progname* *progname-variable* |
2404 v:progname Contains the name (with path removed) with which Vim was | |
3492 | 2405 invoked. Allows you to do special initialisations for |view|, |
2406 |evim| etc., or any other name you might symlink to Vim. | |
7 | 2407 Read-only. |
2408 | |
5780 | 2409 *v:progpath* *progpath-variable* |
17758 | 2410 v:progpath Contains the command with which Vim was invoked, in a form |
2411 that when passed to the shell will run the same Vim executable | |
2412 as the current one (if $PATH remains unchanged). | |
2413 Useful if you want to message a Vim server using a | |
5780 | 2414 |--remote-expr|. |
5782 | 2415 To get the full path use: > |
2416 echo exepath(v:progpath) | |
17758 | 2417 < If the command has a relative path it will be expanded to the |
2418 full path, so that it still works after `:cd`. Thus starting | |
2419 "./vim" results in "/home/user/path/to/vim/src/vim". | |
2420 On Linux and other systems it will always be the full path. | |
2421 On Mac it may just be "vim" and using exepath() as mentioned | |
2422 above should be used to get the full path. | |
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2423 On MS-Windows the executable may be called "vim.exe", but the |
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2424 ".exe" is not added to v:progpath. |
5780 | 2425 Read-only. |
2426 | |
7 | 2427 *v:register* *register-variable* |
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2428 v:register The name of the register in effect for the current normal mode |
3492 | 2429 command (regardless of whether that command actually used a |
2430 register). Or for the currently executing normal mode mapping | |
2431 (use this in custom commands that take a register). | |
2432 If none is supplied it is the default register '"', unless | |
2433 'clipboard' contains "unnamed" or "unnamedplus", then it is | |
2434 '*' or '+'. | |
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2435 Also see |getreg()| and |setreg()| |
7 | 2436 |
540 | 2437 *v:scrollstart* *scrollstart-variable* |
2438 v:scrollstart String describing the script or function that caused the | |
2439 screen to scroll up. It's only set when it is empty, thus the | |
2440 first reason is remembered. It is set to "Unknown" for a | |
2441 typed command. | |
2442 This can be used to find out why your script causes the | |
2443 hit-enter prompt. | |
2444 | |
7 | 2445 *v:servername* *servername-variable* |
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2446 v:servername The resulting registered |client-server-name| if any. |
7 | 2447 Read-only. |
2448 | |
12785 | 2449 |
1621 | 2450 v:searchforward *v:searchforward* *searchforward-variable* |
2451 Search direction: 1 after a forward search, 0 after a | |
2452 backward search. It is reset to forward when directly setting | |
2453 the last search pattern, see |quote/|. | |
2454 Note that the value is restored when returning from a | |
2455 function. |function-search-undo|. | |
2456 Read-write. | |
2457 | |
7 | 2458 *v:shell_error* *shell_error-variable* |
2459 v:shell_error Result of the last shell command. When non-zero, the last | |
2460 shell command had an error. When zero, there was no problem. | |
2461 This only works when the shell returns the error code to Vim. | |
2462 The value -1 is often used when the command could not be | |
2463 executed. Read-only. | |
2464 Example: > | |
2465 :!mv foo bar | |
2466 :if v:shell_error | |
2467 : echo 'could not rename "foo" to "bar"!' | |
2468 :endif | |
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2469 < "shell_error" also works, for backwards compatibility, unless |
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2470 |scriptversion| is 3 or higher. |
7 | 2471 |
26100 | 2472 *v:sizeofint* *sizeofint-variable* |
2473 v:sizeofint Number of bytes in an int. Depends on how Vim was compiled. | |
2474 This is only useful for deciding whether a test will give the | |
2475 expected result. | |
2476 | |
2477 *v:sizeoflong* *sizeoflong-variable* | |
2478 v:sizeoflong Number of bytes in a long. Depends on how Vim was compiled. | |
2479 This is only useful for deciding whether a test will give the | |
2480 expected result. | |
2481 | |
2482 *v:sizeofpointer* *sizeofpointer-variable* | |
2483 v:sizeofpointer Number of bytes in a pointer. Depends on how Vim was compiled. | |
2484 This is only useful for deciding whether a test will give the | |
2485 expected result. | |
2486 | |
7 | 2487 *v:statusmsg* *statusmsg-variable* |
2488 v:statusmsg Last given status message. It's allowed to set this variable. | |
2489 | |
579 | 2490 *v:swapname* *swapname-variable* |
2491 v:swapname Only valid when executing |SwapExists| autocommands: Name of | |
2492 the swap file found. Read-only. | |
2493 | |
2494 *v:swapchoice* *swapchoice-variable* | |
2495 v:swapchoice |SwapExists| autocommands can set this to the selected choice | |
2496 for handling an existing swap file: | |
2497 'o' Open read-only | |
2498 'e' Edit anyway | |
2499 'r' Recover | |
2500 'd' Delete swapfile | |
2501 'q' Quit | |
2502 'a' Abort | |
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2503 The value should be a single-character string. An empty value |
579 | 2504 results in the user being asked, as would happen when there is |
2505 no SwapExists autocommand. The default is empty. | |
2506 | |
590 | 2507 *v:swapcommand* *swapcommand-variable* |
625 | 2508 v:swapcommand Normal mode command to be executed after a file has been |
590 | 2509 opened. Can be used for a |SwapExists| autocommand to have |
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2510 another Vim open the file and jump to the right place. For |
590 | 2511 example, when jumping to a tag the value is ":tag tagname\r". |
716 | 2512 For ":edit +cmd file" the value is ":cmd\r". |
590 | 2513 |
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2514 *v:t_TYPE* *v:t_bool* *t_bool-variable* |
15512 | 2515 v:t_bool Value of |Boolean| type. Read-only. See: |type()| |
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2516 *v:t_channel* *t_channel-variable* |
15512 | 2517 v:t_channel Value of |Channel| type. Read-only. See: |type()| |
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2518 *v:t_dict* *t_dict-variable* |
15512 | 2519 v:t_dict Value of |Dictionary| type. Read-only. See: |type()| |
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2520 *v:t_float* *t_float-variable* |
15512 | 2521 v:t_float Value of |Float| type. Read-only. See: |type()| |
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2522 *v:t_func* *t_func-variable* |
15512 | 2523 v:t_func Value of |Funcref| type. Read-only. See: |type()| |
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2524 *v:t_job* *t_job-variable* |
15512 | 2525 v:t_job Value of |Job| type. Read-only. See: |type()| |
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2526 *v:t_list* *t_list-variable* |
15512 | 2527 v:t_list Value of |List| type. Read-only. See: |type()| |
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2528 *v:t_none* *t_none-variable* |
15512 | 2529 v:t_none Value of |None| type. Read-only. See: |type()| |
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2530 *v:t_number* *t_number-variable* |
15512 | 2531 v:t_number Value of |Number| type. Read-only. See: |type()| |
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2532 *v:t_string* *t_string-variable* |
15512 | 2533 v:t_string Value of |String| type. Read-only. See: |type()| |
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2534 *v:t_blob* *t_blob-variable* |
15512 | 2535 v:t_blob Value of |Blob| type. Read-only. See: |type()| |
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2536 *v:t_class* *t_class-variable* |
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2537 v:t_class Value of |class| type. Read-only. See: |type()| |
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2538 *v:t_object* *t_object-variable* |
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2539 v:t_object Value of |object| type. Read-only. See: |type()| |
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2540 |
7 | 2541 *v:termresponse* *termresponse-variable* |
2542 v:termresponse The escape sequence returned by the terminal for the |t_RV| | |
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2543 termcap entry. It is set when Vim receives an escape sequence |
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2544 that starts with ESC [ or CSI, then '>' or '?' and ends in a |
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2545 'c', with only digits and ';' in between. |
7 | 2546 When this option is set, the TermResponse autocommand event is |
2547 fired, so that you can react to the response from the | |
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2548 terminal. You can use |terminalprops()| to see what Vim |
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2549 figured out about the terminal. |
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2550 The response from a new xterm is: "<Esc>[> Pp ; Pv ; Pc c". Pp |
7 | 2551 is the terminal type: 0 for vt100 and 1 for vt220. Pv is the |
2552 patch level (since this was introduced in patch 95, it's | |
26708 | 2553 always 95 or higher). Pc is always zero. |
2554 If Pv is 141 or higher then Vim will try to request terminal | |
2555 codes. This only works with xterm |xterm-codes|. | |
7 | 2556 {only when compiled with |+termresponse| feature} |
2557 | |
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2558 *v:termblinkresp* |
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2559 v:termblinkresp The escape sequence returned by the terminal for the |t_RC| |
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2560 termcap entry. This is used to find out whether the terminal |
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2561 cursor is blinking. This is used by |term_getcursor()|. |
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2562 |
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2563 *v:termstyleresp* |
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2564 v:termstyleresp The escape sequence returned by the terminal for the |t_RS| |
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2565 termcap entry. This is used to find out what the shape of the |
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2566 cursor is. This is used by |term_getcursor()|. |
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2567 |
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2568 *v:termrbgresp* |
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2569 v:termrbgresp The escape sequence returned by the terminal for the |t_RB| |
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2570 termcap entry. This is used to find out what the terminal |
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2571 background color is, see 'background'. |
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2572 |
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2573 *v:termrfgresp* |
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2574 v:termrfgresp The escape sequence returned by the terminal for the |t_RF| |
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2575 termcap entry. This is used to find out what the terminal |
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2576 foreground color is. |
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2577 |
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2578 *v:termu7resp* |
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2579 v:termu7resp The escape sequence returned by the terminal for the |t_u7| |
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2580 termcap entry. This is used to find out what the terminal |
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2581 does with ambiguous width characters, see 'ambiwidth'. |
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2582 |
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2583 *v:testing* *testing-variable* |
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2584 v:testing Must be set before using `test_garbagecollect_now()`. |
11160 | 2585 Also, when set certain error messages won't be shown for 2 |
12785 | 2586 seconds. (e.g. "'dictionary' option is empty") |
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2587 |
7 | 2588 *v:this_session* *this_session-variable* |
2589 v:this_session Full filename of the last loaded or saved session file. See | |
2590 |:mksession|. It is allowed to set this variable. When no | |
2591 session file has been saved, this variable is empty. | |
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|
2592 "this_session" also works, for backwards compatibility, unless |
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2593 |scriptversion| is 3 or higher |
7 | 2594 |
2595 *v:throwpoint* *throwpoint-variable* | |
2596 v:throwpoint The point where the exception most recently caught and not | |
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2597 finished was thrown. Not set when commands are typed. See |
7 | 2598 also |v:exception| and |throw-variables|. |
2599 Example: > | |
2600 :try | |
2601 : throw "oops" | |
2602 :catch /.*/ | |
2603 : echo "Exception from" v:throwpoint | |
2604 :endtry | |
2605 < Output: "Exception from test.vim, line 2" | |
2606 | |
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2607 *v:true* *true-variable* |
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2608 v:true A Number with value one. Used to put "true" in JSON. See |
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2609 |json_encode()|. |
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2610 When used as a string this evaluates to "v:true". > |
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2611 echo v:true |
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2612 < v:true ~ |
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2613 That is so that eval() can parse the string back to the same |
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2614 value. Read-only. |
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2615 In |Vim9| script "true" can be used which has a boolean type. |
102 | 2616 *v:val* *val-variable* |
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2617 v:val Value of the current item of a |List| or |Dictionary|. Only |
685 | 2618 valid while evaluating the expression used with |map()| and |
102 | 2619 |filter()|. Read-only. |
2620 | |
7 | 2621 *v:version* *version-variable* |
2622 v:version Version number of Vim: Major version number times 100 plus | |
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2623 minor version number. Version 5.0 is 500. Version 5.1 |
7 | 2624 is 501. Read-only. "version" also works, for backwards |
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2625 compatibility, unless |scriptversion| is 3 or higher. |
7 | 2626 Use |has()| to check if a certain patch was included, e.g.: > |
5786 | 2627 if has("patch-7.4.123") |
7 | 2628 < Note that patch numbers are specific to the version, thus both |
2629 version 5.0 and 5.1 may have a patch 123, but these are | |
2630 completely different. | |
2631 | |
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2632 *v:versionlong* *versionlong-variable* |
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2633 v:versionlong Like v:version, but also including the patchlevel in the last |
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2634 four digits. Version 8.1 with patch 123 has value 8010123. |
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2635 This can be used like this: > |
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2636 if v:versionlong >= 8010123 |
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2637 < However, if there are gaps in the list of patches included |
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2638 this will not work well. This can happen if a recent patch |
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2639 was included into an older version, e.g. for a security fix. |
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2640 Use the has() function to make sure the patch is actually |
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2641 included. |
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2642 |
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2643 *v:vim_did_enter* *vim_did_enter-variable* |
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2644 v:vim_did_enter Zero until most of startup is done. It is set to one just |
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2645 before |VimEnter| autocommands are triggered. |
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2646 |
7 | 2647 *v:warningmsg* *warningmsg-variable* |
2648 v:warningmsg Last given warning message. It's allowed to set this variable. | |
2649 | |
2609 | 2650 *v:windowid* *windowid-variable* |
2651 v:windowid When any X11 based GUI is running or when running in a | |
2652 terminal and Vim connects to the X server (|-X|) this will be | |
2616 | 2653 set to the window ID. |
2654 When an MS-Windows GUI is running this will be set to the | |
2655 window handle. | |
2656 Otherwise the value is zero. | |
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2657 Note: for windows inside Vim use |winnr()| or |win_getid()|, |
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2658 see |window-ID|. |
2609 | 2659 |
7 | 2660 ============================================================================== |
2661 4. Builtin Functions *functions* | |
2662 | |
2663 See |function-list| for a list grouped by what the function is used for. | |
2664 | |
26777
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2665 The alphabetic list of all builtin functions and details are in a separate |
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2666 help file: |builtin-functions|. |
7 | 2667 |
2668 ============================================================================== | |
2669 5. Defining functions *user-functions* | |
2670 | |
2671 New functions can be defined. These can be called just like builtin | |
30085 | 2672 functions. The function takes arguments, executes a sequence of Ex commands |
2673 and can return a value. | |
2674 | |
2675 You can find most information about defining functions in |userfunc.txt|. | |
2676 For Vim9 functions, which execute much faster, support type checking and more, | |
2677 see |vim9.txt|. | |
794 | 2678 |
7 | 2679 ============================================================================== |
2680 6. Curly braces names *curly-braces-names* | |
2681 | |
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2682 In most places where you can use a variable, you can use a "curly braces name" |
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2683 variable. This is a regular variable name with one or more expressions |
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2684 wrapped in braces {} like this: > |
7 | 2685 my_{adjective}_variable |
2686 | |
26769
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2687 This only works in legacy Vim script, not in |Vim9| script. |
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2688 |
7 | 2689 When Vim encounters this, it evaluates the expression inside the braces, puts |
2690 that in place of the expression, and re-interprets the whole as a variable | |
2691 name. So in the above example, if the variable "adjective" was set to | |
2692 "noisy", then the reference would be to "my_noisy_variable", whereas if | |
2693 "adjective" was set to "quiet", then it would be to "my_quiet_variable". | |
2694 | |
2695 One application for this is to create a set of variables governed by an option | |
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2696 value. For example, the statement > |
7 | 2697 echo my_{&background}_message |
2698 | |
2699 would output the contents of "my_dark_message" or "my_light_message" depending | |
2700 on the current value of 'background'. | |
2701 | |
2702 You can use multiple brace pairs: > | |
2703 echo my_{adverb}_{adjective}_message | |
2704 ..or even nest them: > | |
2705 echo my_{ad{end_of_word}}_message | |
2706 where "end_of_word" is either "verb" or "jective". | |
2707 | |
2708 However, the expression inside the braces must evaluate to a valid single | |
236 | 2709 variable name, e.g. this is invalid: > |
7 | 2710 :let foo='a + b' |
2711 :echo c{foo}d | |
2712 .. since the result of expansion is "ca + bd", which is not a variable name. | |
2713 | |
2714 *curly-braces-function-names* | |
2715 You can call and define functions by an evaluated name in a similar way. | |
2716 Example: > | |
2717 :let func_end='whizz' | |
2718 :call my_func_{func_end}(parameter) | |
2719 | |
2720 This would call the function "my_func_whizz(parameter)". | |
2721 | |
3410
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|
2722 This does NOT work: > |
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2723 :let i = 3 |
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|
2724 :let @{i} = '' " error |
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|
2725 :echo @{i} " error |
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|
2726 |
7 | 2727 ============================================================================== |
2728 7. Commands *expression-commands* | |
2729 | |
26769
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2730 Note: in |Vim9| script `:let` is not used. `:var` is used for variable |
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changeset
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2731 declarations and assignments do not use a command. |vim9-declaration| |
20856 | 2732 |
7 | 2733 :let {var-name} = {expr1} *:let* *E18* |
2734 Set internal variable {var-name} to the result of the | |
2735 expression {expr1}. The variable will get the type | |
2736 from the {expr}. If {var-name} didn't exist yet, it | |
2737 is created. | |
2738 | |
27459 | 2739 :let {var-name}[{idx}] = {expr1} *E689* *E1141* |
85 | 2740 Set a list item to the result of the expression |
2741 {expr1}. {var-name} must refer to a list and {idx} | |
2742 must be a valid index in that list. For nested list | |
2743 the index can be repeated. | |
1621 | 2744 This cannot be used to add an item to a |List|. |
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changeset
|
2745 This cannot be used to set a byte in a String. You |
1621 | 2746 can do that like this: > |
27903 | 2747 :let var = var[0:2] .. 'X' .. var[4:] |
15454
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2748 < When {var-name} is a |Blob| then {idx} can be the |
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2749 length of the blob, in which case one byte is |
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|
2750 appended. |
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|
2751 |
27537 | 2752 *E711* *E719* *E1165* *E1166* *E1183* |
114 | 2753 :let {var-name}[{idx1}:{idx2}] = {expr1} *E708* *E709* *E710* |
685 | 2754 Set a sequence of items in a |List| to the result of |
2755 the expression {expr1}, which must be a list with the | |
87 | 2756 correct number of items. |
2757 {idx1} can be omitted, zero is used instead. | |
2758 {idx2} can be omitted, meaning the end of the list. | |
2759 When the selected range of items is partly past the | |
2760 end of the list, items will be added. | |
2761 | |
27321 | 2762 *:let+=* *:let-=* *:letstar=* *:let/=* *:let%=* |
2763 *:let.=* *:let..=* *E734* *E985* *E1019* | |
114 | 2764 :let {var} += {expr1} Like ":let {var} = {var} + {expr1}". |
2765 :let {var} -= {expr1} Like ":let {var} = {var} - {expr1}". | |
15790
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2766 :let {var} *= {expr1} Like ":let {var} = {var} * {expr1}". |
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2767 :let {var} /= {expr1} Like ":let {var} = {var} / {expr1}". |
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2768 :let {var} %= {expr1} Like ":let {var} = {var} % {expr1}". |
114 | 2769 :let {var} .= {expr1} Like ":let {var} = {var} . {expr1}". |
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2770 :let {var} ..= {expr1} Like ":let {var} = {var} .. {expr1}". |
114 | 2771 These fail if {var} was not set yet and when the type |
2772 of {var} and {expr1} don't fit the operator. | |
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2773 `.=` is not supported with Vim script version 2 and |
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2774 later, see |vimscript-version|. |
114 | 2775 |
2776 | |
7 | 2777 :let ${env-name} = {expr1} *:let-environment* *:let-$* |
2778 Set environment variable {env-name} to the result of | |
2779 the expression {expr1}. The type is always String. | |
17758 | 2780 |
2781 On some systems making an environment variable empty | |
2782 causes it to be deleted. Many systems do not make a | |
2783 difference between an environment variable that is not | |
2784 set and an environment variable that is empty. | |
2785 | |
114 | 2786 :let ${env-name} .= {expr1} |
2787 Append {expr1} to the environment variable {env-name}. | |
2788 If the environment variable didn't exist yet this | |
2789 works like "=". | |
7 | 2790 |
2791 :let @{reg-name} = {expr1} *:let-register* *:let-@* | |
2792 Write the result of the expression {expr1} in register | |
2793 {reg-name}. {reg-name} must be a single letter, and | |
2794 must be the name of a writable register (see | |
2795 |registers|). "@@" can be used for the unnamed | |
2796 register, "@/" for the search pattern. | |
2797 If the result of {expr1} ends in a <CR> or <NL>, the | |
2798 register will be linewise, otherwise it will be set to | |
2799 characterwise. | |
2800 This can be used to clear the last search pattern: > | |
2801 :let @/ = "" | |
2802 < This is different from searching for an empty string, | |
2803 that would match everywhere. | |
2804 | |
114 | 2805 :let @{reg-name} .= {expr1} |
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diff
changeset
|
2806 Append {expr1} to register {reg-name}. If the |
114 | 2807 register was empty it's like setting it to {expr1}. |
2808 | |
1156 | 2809 :let &{option-name} = {expr1} *:let-option* *:let-&* |
7 | 2810 Set option {option-name} to the result of the |
68 | 2811 expression {expr1}. A String or Number value is |
2812 always converted to the type of the option. | |
7 | 2813 For an option local to a window or buffer the effect |
2814 is just like using the |:set| command: both the local | |
555 | 2815 value and the global value are changed. |
68 | 2816 Example: > |
27903 | 2817 :let &path = &path .. ',/usr/local/include' |
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2818 < This also works for terminal codes in the form t_xx. |
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|
2819 But only for alphanumerical names. Example: > |
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|
2820 :let &t_k1 = "\<Esc>[234;" |
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|
2821 < When the code does not exist yet it will be created as |
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|
2822 a terminal key code, there is no error. |
7 | 2823 |
114 | 2824 :let &{option-name} .= {expr1} |
2825 For a string option: Append {expr1} to the value. | |
2826 Does not insert a comma like |:set+=|. | |
2827 | |
2828 :let &{option-name} += {expr1} | |
2829 :let &{option-name} -= {expr1} | |
2830 For a number or boolean option: Add or subtract | |
2831 {expr1}. | |
2832 | |
7 | 2833 :let &l:{option-name} = {expr1} |
114 | 2834 :let &l:{option-name} .= {expr1} |
2835 :let &l:{option-name} += {expr1} | |
2836 :let &l:{option-name} -= {expr1} | |
7 | 2837 Like above, but only set the local value of an option |
2838 (if there is one). Works like |:setlocal|. | |
2839 | |
2840 :let &g:{option-name} = {expr1} | |
114 | 2841 :let &g:{option-name} .= {expr1} |
2842 :let &g:{option-name} += {expr1} | |
2843 :let &g:{option-name} -= {expr1} | |
7 | 2844 Like above, but only set the global value of an option |
2845 (if there is one). Works like |:setglobal|. | |
27459 | 2846 *E1093* |
85 | 2847 :let [{name1}, {name2}, ...] = {expr1} *:let-unpack* *E687* *E688* |
685 | 2848 {expr1} must evaluate to a |List|. The first item in |
68 | 2849 the list is assigned to {name1}, the second item to |
2850 {name2}, etc. | |
2851 The number of names must match the number of items in | |
685 | 2852 the |List|. |
68 | 2853 Each name can be one of the items of the ":let" |
2854 command as mentioned above. | |
2855 Example: > | |
2856 :let [s, item] = GetItem(s) | |
114 | 2857 < Detail: {expr1} is evaluated first, then the |
2858 assignments are done in sequence. This matters if | |
2859 {name2} depends on {name1}. Example: > | |
2860 :let x = [0, 1] | |
2861 :let i = 0 | |
2862 :let [i, x[i]] = [1, 2] | |
2863 :echo x | |
2864 < The result is [0, 2]. | |
2865 | |
2866 :let [{name1}, {name2}, ...] .= {expr1} | |
2867 :let [{name1}, {name2}, ...] += {expr1} | |
2868 :let [{name1}, {name2}, ...] -= {expr1} | |
2869 Like above, but append/add/subtract the value for each | |
685 | 2870 |List| item. |
68 | 2871 |
19968 | 2872 :let [{name}, ..., ; {lastname}] = {expr1} *E452* |
685 | 2873 Like |:let-unpack| above, but the |List| may have more |
114 | 2874 items than there are names. A list of the remaining |
2875 items is assigned to {lastname}. If there are no | |
2876 remaining items {lastname} is set to an empty list. | |
68 | 2877 Example: > |
2878 :let [a, b; rest] = ["aval", "bval", 3, 4] | |
2879 < | |
114 | 2880 :let [{name}, ..., ; {lastname}] .= {expr1} |
2881 :let [{name}, ..., ; {lastname}] += {expr1} | |
2882 :let [{name}, ..., ; {lastname}] -= {expr1} | |
2883 Like above, but append/add/subtract the value for each | |
685 | 2884 |List| item. |
2596 | 2885 |
17450
509542f1fffb
patch 8.1.1723: heredoc assignment has no room for new features
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17433
diff
changeset
|
2886 *:let=<<* *:let-heredoc* |
27459 | 2887 *E990* *E991* *E172* *E221* *E1145* |
28491
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patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2888 :let {var-name} =<< [trim] [eval] {endmarker} |
16704
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16664
diff
changeset
|
2889 text... |
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16664
diff
changeset
|
2890 text... |
18343 | 2891 {endmarker} |
21093 | 2892 Set internal variable {var-name} to a |List| |
2893 containing the lines of text bounded by the string | |
28491
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
28405
diff
changeset
|
2894 {endmarker}. |
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2895 |
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2896 If "eval" is not specified, then each line of text is |
28777 | 2897 used as a |literal-string|, except that single quotes |
29290 | 2898 does not need to be doubled. |
28777 | 2899 If "eval" is specified, then any Vim expression in the |
2900 form {expr} is evaluated and the result replaces the | |
31200 | 2901 expression, like with |interpolated-string|. |
28491
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2902 Example where $HOME is expanded: > |
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2903 let lines =<< trim eval END |
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2904 some text |
28777 | 2905 See the file {$HOME}/.vimrc |
28491
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2906 more text |
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2907 END |
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2908 < There can be multiple Vim expressions in a single line |
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2909 but an expression cannot span multiple lines. If any |
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2910 expression evaluation fails, then the assignment fails. |
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2911 |
18343 | 2912 {endmarker} must not contain white space. |
2913 {endmarker} cannot start with a lower case character. | |
2914 The last line should end only with the {endmarker} | |
2915 string without any other character. Watch out for | |
2916 white space after {endmarker}! | |
16704
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16664
diff
changeset
|
2917 |
17172
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2918 Without "trim" any white space characters in the lines |
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2919 of text are preserved. If "trim" is specified before |
18343 | 2920 {endmarker}, then indentation is stripped so you can |
2921 do: > | |
17172
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2922 let text =<< trim END |
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2923 if ok |
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2924 echo 'done' |
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2925 endif |
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2926 END |
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2927 < Results in: ["if ok", " echo 'done'", "endif"] |
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2928 The marker must line up with "let" and the indentation |
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2929 of the first line is removed from all the text lines. |
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2930 Specifically: all the leading indentation exactly |
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2931 matching the leading indentation of the first |
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2932 non-empty text line is stripped from the input lines. |
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2933 All leading indentation exactly matching the leading |
6990c1160ea5
patch 8.1.1585: :let-heredoc does not trim enough
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17161
diff
changeset
|
2934 indentation before `let` is stripped from the line |
18343 | 2935 containing {endmarker}. Note that the difference |
2936 between space and tab matters here. | |
16704
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2937 |
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16664
diff
changeset
|
2938 If {var-name} didn't exist yet, it is created. |
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16664
diff
changeset
|
2939 Cannot be followed by another command, but can be |
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16664
diff
changeset
|
2940 followed by a comment. |
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16664
diff
changeset
|
2941 |
18343 | 2942 To avoid line continuation to be applied, consider |
2943 adding 'C' to 'cpoptions': > | |
2944 set cpo+=C | |
2945 let var =<< END | |
2946 \ leading backslash | |
2947 END | |
2948 set cpo-=C | |
2949 < | |
16704
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2950 Examples: > |
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2951 let var1 =<< END |
18343 | 2952 Sample text 1 |
2953 Sample text 2 | |
2954 Sample text 3 | |
2955 END | |
16704
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2956 |
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2957 let data =<< trim DATA |
18343 | 2958 1 2 3 4 |
2959 5 6 7 8 | |
16704
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16664
diff
changeset
|
2960 DATA |
28491
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patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2961 |
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
28405
diff
changeset
|
2962 let code =<< trim eval CODE |
28777 | 2963 let v = {10 + 20} |
2964 let h = "{$HOME}" | |
2965 let s = "{Str1()} abc {Str2()}" | |
2966 let n = {MyFunc(3, 4)} | |
28491
769599ee9f06
patch 8.2.4770: cannot easily mix expression and heredoc
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2967 CODE |
16704
a927fdf9a4b0
patch 8.1.1354: getting a list of text lines is clumsy
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16664
diff
changeset
|
2968 < |
2596 | 2969 *E121* |
9877
7da89d9c744b
commit https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/58b853460add42098ab08017df9e030fb14fd34b
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
9861
diff
changeset
|
2970 :let {var-name} .. List the value of variable {var-name}. Multiple |
123 | 2971 variable names may be given. Special names recognized |
2972 here: *E738* | |
777 | 2973 g: global variables |
2974 b: local buffer variables | |
2975 w: local window variables | |
819 | 2976 t: local tab page variables |
777 | 2977 s: script-local variables |
2978 l: local function variables | |
123 | 2979 v: Vim variables. |
20856 | 2980 This does not work in Vim9 script. |vim9-declaration| |
7 | 2981 |
55 | 2982 :let List the values of all variables. The type of the |
2983 variable is indicated before the value: | |
2984 <nothing> String | |
2985 # Number | |
856 | 2986 * Funcref |
20856 | 2987 This does not work in Vim9 script. |vim9-declaration| |
7 | 2988 |
27321 | 2989 :unl[et][!] {name} ... *:unlet* *:unl* *E108* *E795* *E1081* |
148 | 2990 Remove the internal variable {name}. Several variable |
2991 names can be given, they are all removed. The name | |
685 | 2992 may also be a |List| or |Dictionary| item. |
7 | 2993 With [!] no error message is given for non-existing |
2994 variables. | |
685 | 2995 One or more items from a |List| can be removed: > |
108 | 2996 :unlet list[3] " remove fourth item |
2997 :unlet list[3:] " remove fourth item to last | |
685 | 2998 < One item from a |Dictionary| can be removed at a time: > |
108 | 2999 :unlet dict['two'] |
3000 :unlet dict.two | |
1668 | 3001 < This is especially useful to clean up used global |
3002 variables and script-local variables (these are not | |
3003 deleted when the script ends). Function-local | |
3004 variables are automatically deleted when the function | |
3005 ends. | |
31671 | 3006 In |Vim9| script variables declared in a function or |
3007 script cannot be removed. | |
7 | 3008 |
13923
e4d5726e1678
patch 8.0.1832: cannot use :unlet for an environment variable
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
13821
diff
changeset
|
3009 :unl[et] ${env-name} ... *:unlet-environment* *:unlet-$* |
e4d5726e1678
patch 8.0.1832: cannot use :unlet for an environment variable
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
13821
diff
changeset
|
3010 Remove environment variable {env-name}. |
e4d5726e1678
patch 8.0.1832: cannot use :unlet for an environment variable
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
13821
diff
changeset
|
3011 Can mix {name} and ${env-name} in one :unlet command. |
e4d5726e1678
patch 8.0.1832: cannot use :unlet for an environment variable
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
13821
diff
changeset
|
3012 No error message is given for a non-existing |
e4d5726e1678
patch 8.0.1832: cannot use :unlet for an environment variable
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
13821
diff
changeset
|
3013 variable, also without !. |
e4d5726e1678
patch 8.0.1832: cannot use :unlet for an environment variable
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
13821
diff
changeset
|
3014 If the system does not support deleting an environment |
17079
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17053
diff
changeset
|
3015 variable, it is made empty. |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17053
diff
changeset
|
3016 |
27321 | 3017 *:cons* *:const* *E1018* |
17079
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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17053
diff
changeset
|
3018 :cons[t] {var-name} = {expr1} |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
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17053
diff
changeset
|
3019 :cons[t] [{name1}, {name2}, ...] = {expr1} |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
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17053
diff
changeset
|
3020 :cons[t] [{name}, ..., ; {lastname}] = {expr1} |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
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diff
changeset
|
3021 :cons[t] {var-name} =<< [trim] {marker} |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
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diff
changeset
|
3022 text... |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
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diff
changeset
|
3023 text... |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
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diff
changeset
|
3024 {marker} |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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17053
diff
changeset
|
3025 Similar to |:let|, but additionally lock the variable |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17053
diff
changeset
|
3026 after setting the value. This is the same as locking |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17053
diff
changeset
|
3027 the variable with |:lockvar| just after |:let|, thus: > |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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17053
diff
changeset
|
3028 :const x = 1 |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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17053
diff
changeset
|
3029 < is equivalent to: > |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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17053
diff
changeset
|
3030 :let x = 1 |
21847
fb74a3387694
patch 8.2.1473: items in a list given to :const can still be modified
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
21825
diff
changeset
|
3031 :lockvar! x |
22298
07e48ee8c3bb
patch 8.2.1698: cannot lock a variable in legacy Vim script like in Vim9
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
22232
diff
changeset
|
3032 < NOTE: in Vim9 script `:const` works differently, see |
07e48ee8c3bb
patch 8.2.1698: cannot lock a variable in legacy Vim script like in Vim9
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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22232
diff
changeset
|
3033 |vim9-const| |
07e48ee8c3bb
patch 8.2.1698: cannot lock a variable in legacy Vim script like in Vim9
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
22232
diff
changeset
|
3034 This is useful if you want to make sure the variable |
21847
fb74a3387694
patch 8.2.1473: items in a list given to :const can still be modified
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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21825
diff
changeset
|
3035 is not modified. If the value is a List or Dictionary |
fb74a3387694
patch 8.2.1473: items in a list given to :const can still be modified
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
21825
diff
changeset
|
3036 literal then the items also cannot be changed: > |
fb74a3387694
patch 8.2.1473: items in a list given to :const can still be modified
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
21825
diff
changeset
|
3037 const ll = [1, 2, 3] |
fb74a3387694
patch 8.2.1473: items in a list given to :const can still be modified
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
21825
diff
changeset
|
3038 let ll[1] = 5 " Error! |
25880 | 3039 < Nested references are not locked: > |
21847
fb74a3387694
patch 8.2.1473: items in a list given to :const can still be modified
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
21825
diff
changeset
|
3040 let lvar = ['a'] |
fb74a3387694
patch 8.2.1473: items in a list given to :const can still be modified
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
21825
diff
changeset
|
3041 const lconst = [0, lvar] |
fb74a3387694
patch 8.2.1473: items in a list given to :const can still be modified
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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21825
diff
changeset
|
3042 let lconst[0] = 2 " Error! |
fb74a3387694
patch 8.2.1473: items in a list given to :const can still be modified
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diff
changeset
|
3043 let lconst[1][0] = 'b' " OK |
fb74a3387694
patch 8.2.1473: items in a list given to :const can still be modified
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3044 < *E995* |
17131
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patch 8.1.1565: MS-Windows: no sound support
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3045 |:const| does not allow to for changing a variable: > |
17079
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17053
diff
changeset
|
3046 :let x = 1 |
00ffed9bbb65
patch 8.1.1539: not easy to define a variable and lock it
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17053
diff
changeset
|
3047 :const x = 2 " Error! |
17109
cc5d4b4bae83
patch 8.1.1554: docs and tests for :const can be improved
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3048 < *E996* |
cc5d4b4bae83
patch 8.1.1554: docs and tests for :const can be improved
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3049 Note that environment variables, option values and |
cc5d4b4bae83
patch 8.1.1554: docs and tests for :const can be improved
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17085
diff
changeset
|
3050 register values cannot be used here, since they cannot |
cc5d4b4bae83
patch 8.1.1554: docs and tests for :const can be improved
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
17085
diff
changeset
|
3051 be locked. |
cc5d4b4bae83
patch 8.1.1554: docs and tests for :const can be improved
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3052 |
17433 | 3053 :cons[t] |
3054 :cons[t] {var-name} | |
3055 If no argument is given or only {var-name} is given, | |
3056 the behavior is the same as |:let|. | |
3057 | |
148 | 3058 :lockv[ar][!] [depth] {name} ... *:lockvar* *:lockv* |
3059 Lock the internal variable {name}. Locking means that | |
3060 it can no longer be changed (until it is unlocked). | |
3061 A locked variable can be deleted: > | |
3062 :lockvar v | |
24278 | 3063 :let v = 'asdf' " fails! |
3064 :unlet v " works | |
27459 | 3065 < *E741* *E940* *E1118* *E1119* *E1120* *E1121* *E1122* |
148 | 3066 If you try to change a locked variable you get an |
10908
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patch 8.0.0343: b:changedtick can be unlocked
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
10895
diff
changeset
|
3067 error message: "E741: Value is locked: {name}". |
6b6abffbdf59
patch 8.0.0343: b:changedtick can be unlocked
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
10895
diff
changeset
|
3068 If you try to lock or unlock a built-in variable you |
6b6abffbdf59
patch 8.0.0343: b:changedtick can be unlocked
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
10895
diff
changeset
|
3069 get an error message: "E940: Cannot lock or unlock |
6b6abffbdf59
patch 8.0.0343: b:changedtick can be unlocked
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3070 variable {name}". |
148 | 3071 |
685 | 3072 [depth] is relevant when locking a |List| or |
3073 |Dictionary|. It specifies how deep the locking goes: | |
22298
07e48ee8c3bb
patch 8.2.1698: cannot lock a variable in legacy Vim script like in Vim9
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3074 0 Lock the variable {name} but not its |
07e48ee8c3bb
patch 8.2.1698: cannot lock a variable in legacy Vim script like in Vim9
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3075 value. |
685 | 3076 1 Lock the |List| or |Dictionary| itself, |
148 | 3077 cannot add or remove items, but can |
3078 still change their values. | |
3079 2 Also lock the values, cannot change | |
685 | 3080 the items. If an item is a |List| or |
3081 |Dictionary|, cannot add or remove | |
148 | 3082 items, but can still change the |
3083 values. | |
685 | 3084 3 Like 2 but for the |List| / |
3085 |Dictionary| in the |List| / | |
3086 |Dictionary|, one level deeper. | |
3087 The default [depth] is 2, thus when {name} is a |List| | |
3088 or |Dictionary| the values cannot be changed. | |
22298
07e48ee8c3bb
patch 8.2.1698: cannot lock a variable in legacy Vim script like in Vim9
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3089 |
07e48ee8c3bb
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Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
3090 Example with [depth] 0: > |
07e48ee8c3bb
patch 8.2.1698: cannot lock a variable in legacy Vim script like in Vim9
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3091 let mylist = [1, 2, 3] |
07e48ee8c3bb
patch 8.2.1698: cannot lock a variable in legacy Vim script like in Vim9
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parents:
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changeset
|
3092 lockvar 0 mylist |
25880 | 3093 let mylist[0] = 77 " OK |
3094 call add(mylist, 4] " OK | |
22298
07e48ee8c3bb
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changeset
|
3095 let mylist = [7, 8, 9] " Error! |
07e48ee8c3bb
patch 8.2.1698: cannot lock a variable in legacy Vim script like in Vim9
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diff
changeset
|
3096 < *E743* |
148 | 3097 For unlimited depth use [!] and omit [depth]. |
3098 However, there is a maximum depth of 100 to catch | |
3099 loops. | |
3100 | |
685 | 3101 Note that when two variables refer to the same |List| |
3102 and you lock one of them, the |List| will also be | |
819 | 3103 locked when used through the other variable. |
3104 Example: > | |
148 | 3105 :let l = [0, 1, 2, 3] |
3106 :let cl = l | |
3107 :lockvar l | |
3108 :let cl[1] = 99 " won't work! | |
3109 < You may want to make a copy of a list to avoid this. | |
3110 See |deepcopy()|. | |
3111 | |
3112 | |
27537 | 3113 :unlo[ckvar][!] [depth] {name} ... *:unlockvar* *:unlo* *E1246* |
148 | 3114 Unlock the internal variable {name}. Does the |
3115 opposite of |:lockvar|. | |
3116 | |
31139 | 3117 If {name} does not exist: |
3118 - In |Vim9| script an error is given. | |
3119 - In legacy script this is silently ignored. | |
3120 | |
16944 | 3121 :if {expr1} *:if* *:end* *:endif* *:en* *E171* *E579* *E580* |
28010 | 3122 :en[dif] Execute the commands until the next matching `:else` |
3123 or `:endif` if {expr1} evaluates to non-zero. | |
27903 | 3124 Although the short forms work, it is recommended to |
28010 | 3125 always use `:endif` to avoid confusion and to make |
3126 auto-indenting work properly. | |
7 | 3127 |
3128 From Vim version 4.5 until 5.0, every Ex command in | |
28010 | 3129 between the `:if` and `:endif` is ignored. These two |
7 | 3130 commands were just to allow for future expansions in a |
7659
07f11de5efca
commit https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/85084ef1e999dcf50e8d466106a33bac24a0febb
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
7653
diff
changeset
|
3131 backward compatible way. Nesting was allowed. Note |
28010 | 3132 that any `:else` or `:elseif` was ignored, the `else` |
7 | 3133 part was not executed either. |
3134 | |
3135 You can use this to remain compatible with older | |
3136 versions: > | |
3137 :if version >= 500 | |
3138 : version-5-specific-commands | |
3139 :endif | |
3140 < The commands still need to be parsed to find the | |
28010 | 3141 `endif`. Sometimes an older Vim has a problem with a |
3142 new command. For example, `:silent` is recognized as | |
3143 a `:substitute` command. In that case `:execute` can | |
7 | 3144 avoid problems: > |
3145 :if version >= 600 | |
3146 : execute "silent 1,$delete" | |
3147 :endif | |
3148 < | |
28010 | 3149 In |Vim9| script `:endif` cannot be shortened, to |
3150 improve script readability. | |
3151 NOTE: The `:append` and `:insert` commands don't work | |
3152 properly in between `:if` and `:endif`. | |
7 | 3153 |
3154 *:else* *:el* *E581* *E583* | |
28010 | 3155 :el[se] Execute the commands until the next matching `:else` |
3156 or `:endif` if they previously were not being | |
7 | 3157 executed. |
28010 | 3158 In |Vim9| script `:else` cannot be shortened, to |
3159 improve script readability. | |
7 | 3160 |
3161 *:elseif* *:elsei* *E582* *E584* | |
28010 | 3162 :elsei[f] {expr1} Short for `:else` `:if`, with the addition that there |
3163 is no extra `:endif`. | |
3164 In |Vim9| script `:elseif` cannot be shortened, to | |
3165 improve script readability. | |
7 | 3166 |
3167 :wh[ile] {expr1} *:while* *:endwhile* *:wh* *:endw* | |
114 | 3168 *E170* *E585* *E588* *E733* |
28010 | 3169 :endw[hile] Repeat the commands between `:while` and `:endwhile`, |
7 | 3170 as long as {expr1} evaluates to non-zero. |
3171 When an error is detected from a command inside the | |
28010 | 3172 loop, execution continues after the `endwhile`. |
75 | 3173 Example: > |
3174 :let lnum = 1 | |
3175 :while lnum <= line("$") | |
3176 :call FixLine(lnum) | |
3177 :let lnum = lnum + 1 | |
3178 :endwhile | |
3179 < | |
28010 | 3180 In |Vim9| script `:while` and `:endwhile` cannot be |
3181 shortened, to improve script readability. | |
3182 NOTE: The `:append` and `:insert` commands don't work | |
3183 properly inside a `:while` and `:for` loop. | |
75 | 3184 |
15615
536fca2cee19
patch 8.1.0815: dialog for file changed outside of Vim not tested
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
15579
diff
changeset
|
3185 :for {var} in {object} *:for* *E690* *E732* |
75 | 3186 :endfo[r] *:endfo* *:endfor* |
28010 | 3187 Repeat the commands between `:for` and `:endfor` for |
28843
cd68a630f0d0
Update runtime files and translations
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
28777
diff
changeset
|
3188 each item in {object}. {object} can be a |List|, |
cd68a630f0d0
Update runtime files and translations
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
28777
diff
changeset
|
3189 a |Blob| or a |String|. *E1177* |
26769
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
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parents:
26708
diff
changeset
|
3190 |
30972227ac8d
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parents:
26708
diff
changeset
|
3191 Variable {var} is set to the value of each item. |
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3192 In |Vim9| script the loop variable must not have been |
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
26708
diff
changeset
|
3193 declared yet, unless when it is a |
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
26708
diff
changeset
|
3194 global/window/tab/buffer variable. |
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3195 |
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3196 When an error is detected for a command inside the |
28010 | 3197 loop, execution continues after the `endfor`. |
15615
536fca2cee19
patch 8.1.0815: dialog for file changed outside of Vim not tested
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
15579
diff
changeset
|
3198 Changing {object} inside the loop affects what items |
536fca2cee19
patch 8.1.0815: dialog for file changed outside of Vim not tested
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3199 are used. Make a copy if this is unwanted: > |
79 | 3200 :for item in copy(mylist) |
15615
536fca2cee19
patch 8.1.0815: dialog for file changed outside of Vim not tested
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3201 < |
26769
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
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parents:
26708
diff
changeset
|
3202 When {object} is a |List| and not making a copy, in |
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
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parents:
26708
diff
changeset
|
3203 legacy script Vim stores a reference to the next item |
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
26708
diff
changeset
|
3204 in the |List| before executing the commands with the |
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
26708
diff
changeset
|
3205 current item. Thus the current item can be removed |
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3206 without effect. Removing any later item means it will |
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3207 not be found. Thus the following example works (an |
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
26708
diff
changeset
|
3208 inefficient way to make a |List| empty): > |
2033
de5a43c5eedc
Update documentation files.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@zimbu.org>
parents:
1998
diff
changeset
|
3209 for item in mylist |
de5a43c5eedc
Update documentation files.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@zimbu.org>
parents:
1998
diff
changeset
|
3210 call remove(mylist, 0) |
de5a43c5eedc
Update documentation files.
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parents:
1998
diff
changeset
|
3211 endfor |
15615
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3212 < Note that reordering the |List| (e.g., with sort() or |
87 | 3213 reverse()) may have unexpected effects. |
26769
30972227ac8d
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3214 In |Vim9| script the index is used. If an item before |
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
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diff
changeset
|
3215 the current one is deleted the next item will be |
30972227ac8d
patch 8.2.3913: help for expressions does not mention Vim9 syntax
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diff
changeset
|
3216 skipped. |
75 | 3217 |
15615
536fca2cee19
patch 8.1.0815: dialog for file changed outside of Vim not tested
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diff
changeset
|
3218 When {object} is a |Blob|, Vim always makes a copy to |
536fca2cee19
patch 8.1.0815: dialog for file changed outside of Vim not tested
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3219 iterate over. Unlike with |List|, modifying the |
536fca2cee19
patch 8.1.0815: dialog for file changed outside of Vim not tested
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3220 |Blob| does not affect the iteration. |
536fca2cee19
patch 8.1.0815: dialog for file changed outside of Vim not tested
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diff
changeset
|
3221 |
29996 | 3222 When {object} is a |String| each item is a string with |
3223 one character, plus any combining characters. | |
3224 | |
28010 | 3225 In |Vim9| script `:endfor` cannot be shortened, to |
3226 improve script readability. | |
3227 | |
75 | 3228 :for [{var1}, {var2}, ...] in {listlist} |
27459 | 3229 :endfo[r] *E1140* |
28010 | 3230 Like `:for` above, but each item in {listlist} must be |
75 | 3231 a list, of which each item is assigned to {var1}, |
3232 {var2}, etc. Example: > | |
3233 :for [lnum, col] in [[1, 3], [2, 5], [3, 8]] | |
3234 :echo getline(lnum)[col] | |
3235 :endfor | |
3236 < | |
7 | 3237 *:continue* *:con* *E586* |
28010 | 3238 :con[tinue] When used inside a `:while` or `:for` loop, jumps back |
75 | 3239 to the start of the loop. |
28010 | 3240 If it is used after a `:try` inside the loop but |
3241 before the matching `:finally` (if present), the | |
3242 commands following the `:finally` up to the matching | |
3243 `:endtry` are executed first. This process applies to | |
3244 all nested `:try`s inside the loop. The outermost | |
3245 `:endtry` then jumps back to the start of the loop. | |
3246 | |
3247 In |Vim9| script `:cont` is the shortest form, to | |
3248 improve script readability. | |
7 | 3249 *:break* *:brea* *E587* |
28010 | 3250 :brea[k] When used inside a `:while` or `:for` loop, skips to |
3251 the command after the matching `:endwhile` or | |
3252 `:endfor`. | |
3253 If it is used after a `:try` inside the loop but | |
3254 before the matching `:finally` (if present), the | |
3255 commands following the `:finally` up to the matching | |
3256 `:endtry` are executed first. This process applies to | |
3257 all nested `:try`s inside the loop. The outermost | |
3258 `:endtry` then jumps to the command after the loop. | |
3259 | |
3260 In |Vim9| script `:break` cannot be shortened, to | |
3261 improve script readability. | |
7 | 3262 |
27321 | 3263 :try *:try* *:endt* *:endtry* |
3264 *E600* *E601* *E602* *E1032* | |
7 | 3265 :endt[ry] Change the error handling for the commands between |
28010 | 3266 `:try` and `:endtry` including everything being |
3267 executed across `:source` commands, function calls, | |
7 | 3268 or autocommand invocations. |
3269 | |
3270 When an error or interrupt is detected and there is | |
28010 | 3271 a `:finally` command following, execution continues |
3272 after the `:finally`. Otherwise, or when the | |
3273 `:endtry` is reached thereafter, the next | |
3274 (dynamically) surrounding `:try` is checked for | |
3275 a corresponding `:finally` etc. Then the script | |
19523 | 3276 processing is terminated. Whether a function |
3277 definition has an "abort" argument does not matter. | |
7 | 3278 Example: > |
19523 | 3279 try | call Unknown() | finally | echomsg "cleanup" | endtry |
3280 echomsg "not reached" | |
7 | 3281 < |
3282 Moreover, an error or interrupt (dynamically) inside | |
28010 | 3283 `:try` and `:endtry` is converted to an exception. It |
3284 can be caught as if it were thrown by a `:throw` | |
3285 command (see `:catch`). In this case, the script | |
7 | 3286 processing is not terminated. |
3287 | |
3288 The value "Vim:Interrupt" is used for an interrupt | |
3289 exception. An error in a Vim command is converted | |
3290 to a value of the form "Vim({command}):{errmsg}", | |
3291 other errors are converted to a value of the form | |
3292 "Vim:{errmsg}". {command} is the full command name, | |
3293 and {errmsg} is the message that is displayed if the | |
3294 error exception is not caught, always beginning with | |
3295 the error number. | |
3296 Examples: > | |
19523 | 3297 try | sleep 100 | catch /^Vim:Interrupt$/ | endtry |
3298 try | edit | catch /^Vim(edit):E\d\+/ | echo "error" | endtry | |
7 | 3299 < |
28010 | 3300 In |Vim9| script `:endtry` cannot be shortened, to |
3301 improve script readability. | |
3302 | |
27321 | 3303 *:cat* *:catch* |
3304 *E603* *E604* *E605* *E654* *E1033* | |
28010 | 3305 :cat[ch] /{pattern}/ The following commands until the next `:catch`, |
3306 `:finally`, or `:endtry` that belongs to the same | |
3307 `:try` as the `:catch` are executed when an exception | |
7 | 3308 matching {pattern} is being thrown and has not yet |
28010 | 3309 been caught by a previous `:catch`. Otherwise, these |
7 | 3310 commands are skipped. |
3311 When {pattern} is omitted all errors are caught. | |
3312 Examples: > | |
16019
096b8ccd855e
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|
3313 :catch /^Vim:Interrupt$/ " catch interrupts (CTRL-C) |
096b8ccd855e
patch 8.1.1015: quickfix buffer shows up in list, can't get buffer number
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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diff
changeset
|
3314 :catch /^Vim\%((\a\+)\)\=:E/ " catch all Vim errors |
096b8ccd855e
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diff
changeset
|
3315 :catch /^Vim\%((\a\+)\)\=:/ " catch errors and interrupts |
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3316 :catch /^Vim(write):/ " catch all errors in :write |
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3317 :catch /^Vim\%((\a\+)\)\=:E123:/ " catch error E123 |
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3318 :catch /my-exception/ " catch user exception |
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3319 :catch /.*/ " catch everything |
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3320 :catch " same as /.*/ |
7 | 3321 < |
3322 Another character can be used instead of / around the | |
3323 {pattern}, so long as it does not have a special | |
3324 meaning (e.g., '|' or '"') and doesn't occur inside | |
27321 | 3325 {pattern}. *E1067* |
5814 | 3326 Information about the exception is available in |
3327 |v:exception|. Also see |throw-variables|. | |
7 | 3328 NOTE: It is not reliable to ":catch" the TEXT of |
3329 an error message because it may vary in different | |
3330 locales. | |
28010 | 3331 In |Vim9| script `:catch` cannot be shortened, to |
3332 improve script readability. | |
7 | 3333 |
3334 *:fina* *:finally* *E606* *E607* | |
28010 | 3335 :fina[lly] The following commands until the matching `:endtry` |
7 | 3336 are executed whenever the part between the matching |
28010 | 3337 `:try` and the `:finally` is left: either by falling |
3338 through to the `:finally` or by a `:continue`, | |
3339 `:break`, `:finish`, or `:return`, or by an error or | |
3340 interrupt or exception (see `:throw`). | |
3341 | |
3342 In |Vim9| script `:finally` cannot be shortened, to | |
3343 improve script readability and avoid confusion with | |
3344 `:final`. | |
7 | 3345 |
27459 | 3346 *:th* *:throw* *E608* *E1129* |
7 | 3347 :th[row] {expr1} The {expr1} is evaluated and thrown as an exception. |
28010 | 3348 If the ":throw" is used after a `:try` but before the |
3349 first corresponding `:catch`, commands are skipped | |
3350 until the first `:catch` matching {expr1} is reached. | |
3351 If there is no such `:catch` or if the ":throw" is | |
3352 used after a `:catch` but before the `:finally`, the | |
3353 commands following the `:finally` (if present) up to | |
3354 the matching `:endtry` are executed. If the `:throw` | |
3355 is after the `:finally`, commands up to the `:endtry` | |
7 | 3356 are skipped. At the ":endtry", this process applies |
28010 | 3357 again for the next dynamically surrounding `:try` |
7 | 3358 (which may be found in a calling function or sourcing |
28010 | 3359 script), until a matching `:catch` has been found. |
7 | 3360 If the exception is not caught, the command processing |
3361 is terminated. | |
3362 Example: > | |
3363 :try | throw "oops" | catch /^oo/ | echo "caught" | endtry | |
2725 | 3364 < Note that "catch" may need to be on a separate line |
3365 for when an error causes the parsing to skip the whole | |
3366 line and not see the "|" that separates the commands. | |
7 | 3367 |
28010 | 3368 In |Vim9| script `:throw` cannot be shortened, to |
3369 improve script readability. | |
3370 | |
7 | 3371 *:ec* *:echo* |
3372 :ec[ho] {expr1} .. Echoes each {expr1}, with a space in between. The | |
3373 first {expr1} starts on a new line. | |
3374 Also see |:comment|. | |
3375 Use "\n" to start a new line. Use "\r" to move the | |
3376 cursor to the first column. | |
28010 | 3377 Uses the highlighting set by the `:echohl` command. |
7 | 3378 Cannot be followed by a comment. |
3379 Example: > | |
3380 :echo "the value of 'shell' is" &shell | |
1156 | 3381 < *:echo-redraw* |
3382 A later redraw may make the message disappear again. | |
3383 And since Vim mostly postpones redrawing until it's | |
3384 finished with a sequence of commands this happens | |
3385 quite often. To avoid that a command from before the | |
28010 | 3386 `:echo` causes a redraw afterwards (redraws are often |
1156 | 3387 postponed until you type something), force a redraw |
28010 | 3388 with the `:redraw` command. Example: > |
7 | 3389 :new | redraw | echo "there is a new window" |
3390 < | |
3391 *:echon* | |
3392 :echon {expr1} .. Echoes each {expr1}, without anything added. Also see | |
3393 |:comment|. | |
28010 | 3394 Uses the highlighting set by the `:echohl` command. |
7 | 3395 Cannot be followed by a comment. |
3396 Example: > | |
3397 :echon "the value of 'shell' is " &shell | |
3398 < | |
28010 | 3399 Note the difference between using `:echo`, which is a |
3400 Vim command, and `:!echo`, which is an external shell | |
7 | 3401 command: > |
3402 :!echo % --> filename | |
3403 < The arguments of ":!" are expanded, see |:_%|. > | |
3404 :!echo "%" --> filename or "filename" | |
3405 < Like the previous example. Whether you see the double | |
3406 quotes or not depends on your 'shell'. > | |
3407 :echo % --> nothing | |
3408 < The '%' is an illegal character in an expression. > | |
3409 :echo "%" --> % | |
3410 < This just echoes the '%' character. > | |
3411 :echo expand("%") --> filename | |
3412 < This calls the expand() function to expand the '%'. | |
3413 | |
3414 *:echoh* *:echohl* | |
3415 :echoh[l] {name} Use the highlight group {name} for the following | |
28010 | 3416 `:echo`, `:echon` and `:echomsg` commands. Also used |
3417 for the `input()` prompt. Example: > | |
7 | 3418 :echohl WarningMsg | echo "Don't panic!" | echohl None |
3419 < Don't forget to set the group back to "None", | |
3420 otherwise all following echo's will be highlighted. | |
3421 | |
3422 *:echom* *:echomsg* | |
3423 :echom[sg] {expr1} .. Echo the expression(s) as a true message, saving the | |
3424 message in the |message-history|. | |
3425 Spaces are placed between the arguments as with the | |
28010 | 3426 `:echo` command. But unprintable characters are |
7 | 3427 displayed, not interpreted. |
28010 | 3428 The parsing works slightly different from `:echo`, |
3429 more like `:execute`. All the expressions are first | |
1156 | 3430 evaluated and concatenated before echoing anything. |
15219
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3431 If expressions does not evaluate to a Number or |
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3432 String, string() is used to turn it into a string. |
28010 | 3433 Uses the highlighting set by the `:echohl` command. |
7 | 3434 Example: > |
3435 :echomsg "It's a Zizzer Zazzer Zuzz, as you can plainly see." | |
1156 | 3436 < See |:echo-redraw| to avoid the message disappearing |
3437 when the screen is redrawn. | |
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3438 |
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3439 *:echow* *:echowin* *:echowindow* |
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3440 :[N]echow[indow] {expr1} .. |
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3441 Like |:echomsg| but when the messages popup window is |
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3442 available the message is displayed there. This means |
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3443 it will show for three seconds and avoid a |
29996 | 3444 |hit-enter| prompt. If you want to hide it before |
3445 that, press Esc in Normal mode (when it would | |
30202 | 3446 otherwise beep). If it disappears too soon you can |
3447 use `:messages` to see the text. | |
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3448 When [N] is given then the window will show up for |
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3449 this number of seconds. The last `:echowindow` with a |
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3450 count matters, it is used once only. |
29966
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3451 The message window is available when Vim was compiled |
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3452 with the +timer and the +popupwin features. |
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3453 |
7 | 3454 *:echoe* *:echoerr* |
3455 :echoe[rr] {expr1} .. Echo the expression(s) as an error message, saving the | |
3456 message in the |message-history|. When used in a | |
3457 script or function the line number will be added. | |
3458 Spaces are placed between the arguments as with the | |
28010 | 3459 `:echomsg` command. When used inside a try conditional, |
7 | 3460 the message is raised as an error exception instead |
3461 (see |try-echoerr|). | |
3462 Example: > | |
3463 :echoerr "This script just failed!" | |
28010 | 3464 < If you just want a highlighted message use `:echohl`. |
7 | 3465 And to get a beep: > |
3466 :exe "normal \<Esc>" | |
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3467 |
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3468 :echoc[onsole] {expr1} .. *:echoc* *:echoconsole* |
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3469 Intended for testing: works like `:echomsg` but when |
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3470 running in the GUI and started from a terminal write |
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3471 the text to stdout. |
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3472 |
18639 | 3473 *:eval* |
3474 :eval {expr} Evaluate {expr} and discard the result. Example: > | |
3475 :eval Getlist()->Filter()->append('$') | |
3476 | |
3477 < The expression is supposed to have a side effect, | |
3478 since the resulting value is not used. In the example | |
3479 the `append()` call appends the List with text to the | |
3480 buffer. This is similar to `:call` but works with any | |
3481 expression. | |
27537 | 3482 In |Vim9| script an expression without an effect will |
3483 result in error *E1207* . This should help noticing | |
3484 mistakes. | |
18639 | 3485 |
3486 The command can be shortened to `:ev` or `:eva`, but | |
3487 these are hard to recognize and therefore not to be | |
3488 used. | |
3489 | |
19523 | 3490 The command cannot be followed by "|" and another |
3491 command, since "|" is seen as part of the expression. | |
3492 | |
18639 | 3493 |
7 | 3494 *:exe* *:execute* |
3495 :exe[cute] {expr1} .. Executes the string that results from the evaluation | |
2152 | 3496 of {expr1} as an Ex command. |
3497 Multiple arguments are concatenated, with a space in | |
23466 | 3498 between. To avoid the extra space use the ".." |
2152 | 3499 operator to concatenate strings into one argument. |
3500 {expr1} is used as the processed command, command line | |
3501 editing keys are not recognized. | |
7 | 3502 Cannot be followed by a comment. |
3503 Examples: > | |
2152 | 3504 :execute "buffer" nextbuf |
24103 | 3505 :execute "normal" count .. "w" |
7 | 3506 < |
3507 ":execute" can be used to append a command to commands | |
3508 that don't accept a '|'. Example: > | |
3509 :execute '!ls' | echo "theend" | |
3510 | |
3511 < ":execute" is also a nice way to avoid having to type | |
3512 control characters in a Vim script for a ":normal" | |
3513 command: > | |
3514 :execute "normal ixxx\<Esc>" | |
3515 < This has an <Esc> character, see |expr-string|. | |
3516 | |
1621 | 3517 Be careful to correctly escape special characters in |
3518 file names. The |fnameescape()| function can be used | |
1661 | 3519 for Vim commands, |shellescape()| for |:!| commands. |
3520 Examples: > | |
24103 | 3521 :execute "e " .. fnameescape(filename) |
3522 :execute "!ls " .. shellescape(filename, 1) | |
1621 | 3523 < |
7 | 3524 Note: The executed string may be any command-line, but |
5763 | 3525 starting or ending "if", "while" and "for" does not |
3526 always work, because when commands are skipped the | |
3527 ":execute" is not evaluated and Vim loses track of | |
3528 where blocks start and end. Also "break" and | |
3529 "continue" should not be inside ":execute". | |
3530 This example does not work, because the ":execute" is | |
3531 not evaluated and Vim does not see the "while", and | |
3532 gives an error for finding an ":endwhile": > | |
3533 :if 0 | |
3534 : execute 'while i > 5' | |
3535 : echo "test" | |
3536 : endwhile | |
3537 :endif | |
7 | 3538 < |
3539 It is allowed to have a "while" or "if" command | |
3540 completely in the executed string: > | |
3541 :execute 'while i < 5 | echo i | let i = i + 1 | endwhile' | |
3542 < | |
3543 | |
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3544 *:exe-comment* |
7 | 3545 ":execute", ":echo" and ":echon" cannot be followed by |
3546 a comment directly, because they see the '"' as the | |
3547 start of a string. But, you can use '|' followed by a | |
3548 comment. Example: > | |
3549 :echo "foo" | "this is a comment | |
3550 | |
3551 ============================================================================== | |
3552 8. Exception handling *exception-handling* | |
3553 | |
3554 The Vim script language comprises an exception handling feature. This section | |
3555 explains how it can be used in a Vim script. | |
3556 | |
3557 Exceptions may be raised by Vim on an error or on interrupt, see | |
3558 |catch-errors| and |catch-interrupt|. You can also explicitly throw an | |
3559 exception by using the ":throw" command, see |throw-catch|. | |
3560 | |
3561 | |
3562 TRY CONDITIONALS *try-conditionals* | |
3563 | |
3564 Exceptions can be caught or can cause cleanup code to be executed. You can | |
3565 use a try conditional to specify catch clauses (that catch exceptions) and/or | |
3566 a finally clause (to be executed for cleanup). | |
3567 A try conditional begins with a |:try| command and ends at the matching | |
3568 |:endtry| command. In between, you can use a |:catch| command to start | |
3569 a catch clause, or a |:finally| command to start a finally clause. There may | |
3570 be none or multiple catch clauses, but there is at most one finally clause, | |
3571 which must not be followed by any catch clauses. The lines before the catch | |
3572 clauses and the finally clause is called a try block. > | |
3573 | |
3574 :try | |
1621 | 3575 : ... |
3576 : ... TRY BLOCK | |
3577 : ... | |
7 | 3578 :catch /{pattern}/ |
1621 | 3579 : ... |
3580 : ... CATCH CLAUSE | |
3581 : ... | |
7 | 3582 :catch /{pattern}/ |
1621 | 3583 : ... |
3584 : ... CATCH CLAUSE | |
3585 : ... | |
7 | 3586 :finally |
1621 | 3587 : ... |
3588 : ... FINALLY CLAUSE | |
3589 : ... | |
7 | 3590 :endtry |
3591 | |
3592 The try conditional allows to watch code for exceptions and to take the | |
3593 appropriate actions. Exceptions from the try block may be caught. Exceptions | |
3594 from the try block and also the catch clauses may cause cleanup actions. | |
3595 When no exception is thrown during execution of the try block, the control | |
3596 is transferred to the finally clause, if present. After its execution, the | |
3597 script continues with the line following the ":endtry". | |
3598 When an exception occurs during execution of the try block, the remaining | |
3599 lines in the try block are skipped. The exception is matched against the | |
3600 patterns specified as arguments to the ":catch" commands. The catch clause | |
3601 after the first matching ":catch" is taken, other catch clauses are not | |
3602 executed. The catch clause ends when the next ":catch", ":finally", or | |
3603 ":endtry" command is reached - whatever is first. Then, the finally clause | |
3604 (if present) is executed. When the ":endtry" is reached, the script execution | |
3605 continues in the following line as usual. | |
3606 When an exception that does not match any of the patterns specified by the | |
3607 ":catch" commands is thrown in the try block, the exception is not caught by | |
3608 that try conditional and none of the catch clauses is executed. Only the | |
3609 finally clause, if present, is taken. The exception pends during execution of | |
3610 the finally clause. It is resumed at the ":endtry", so that commands after | |
3611 the ":endtry" are not executed and the exception might be caught elsewhere, | |
3612 see |try-nesting|. | |
3613 When during execution of a catch clause another exception is thrown, the | |
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3614 remaining lines in that catch clause are not executed. The new exception is |
7 | 3615 not matched against the patterns in any of the ":catch" commands of the same |
3616 try conditional and none of its catch clauses is taken. If there is, however, | |
3617 a finally clause, it is executed, and the exception pends during its | |
3618 execution. The commands following the ":endtry" are not executed. The new | |
3619 exception might, however, be caught elsewhere, see |try-nesting|. | |
3620 When during execution of the finally clause (if present) an exception is | |
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3621 thrown, the remaining lines in the finally clause are skipped. If the finally |
7 | 3622 clause has been taken because of an exception from the try block or one of the |
3623 catch clauses, the original (pending) exception is discarded. The commands | |
3624 following the ":endtry" are not executed, and the exception from the finally | |
3625 clause is propagated and can be caught elsewhere, see |try-nesting|. | |
3626 | |
3627 The finally clause is also executed, when a ":break" or ":continue" for | |
3628 a ":while" loop enclosing the complete try conditional is executed from the | |
3629 try block or a catch clause. Or when a ":return" or ":finish" is executed | |
3630 from the try block or a catch clause of a try conditional in a function or | |
3631 sourced script, respectively. The ":break", ":continue", ":return", or | |
3632 ":finish" pends during execution of the finally clause and is resumed when the | |
3633 ":endtry" is reached. It is, however, discarded when an exception is thrown | |
3634 from the finally clause. | |
3635 When a ":break" or ":continue" for a ":while" loop enclosing the complete | |
3636 try conditional or when a ":return" or ":finish" is encountered in the finally | |
3637 clause, the rest of the finally clause is skipped, and the ":break", | |
3638 ":continue", ":return" or ":finish" is executed as usual. If the finally | |
3639 clause has been taken because of an exception or an earlier ":break", | |
3640 ":continue", ":return", or ":finish" from the try block or a catch clause, | |
3641 this pending exception or command is discarded. | |
3642 | |
3643 For examples see |throw-catch| and |try-finally|. | |
3644 | |
3645 | |
31028 | 3646 NESTING OF TRY CONDITIONALS *try-nesting* |
7 | 3647 |
3648 Try conditionals can be nested arbitrarily. That is, a complete try | |
3649 conditional can be put into the try block, a catch clause, or the finally | |
3650 clause of another try conditional. If the inner try conditional does not | |
3651 catch an exception thrown in its try block or throws a new exception from one | |
3652 of its catch clauses or its finally clause, the outer try conditional is | |
3653 checked according to the rules above. If the inner try conditional is in the | |
3654 try block of the outer try conditional, its catch clauses are checked, but | |
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3655 otherwise only the finally clause is executed. It does not matter for |
7 | 3656 nesting, whether the inner try conditional is directly contained in the outer |
3657 one, or whether the outer one sources a script or calls a function containing | |
3658 the inner try conditional. | |
3659 | |
3660 When none of the active try conditionals catches an exception, just their | |
3661 finally clauses are executed. Thereafter, the script processing terminates. | |
3662 An error message is displayed in case of an uncaught exception explicitly | |
3663 thrown by a ":throw" command. For uncaught error and interrupt exceptions | |
3664 implicitly raised by Vim, the error message(s) or interrupt message are shown | |
3665 as usual. | |
3666 | |
3667 For examples see |throw-catch|. | |
3668 | |
3669 | |
3670 EXAMINING EXCEPTION HANDLING CODE *except-examine* | |
3671 | |
3672 Exception handling code can get tricky. If you are in doubt what happens, set | |
3673 'verbose' to 13 or use the ":13verbose" command modifier when sourcing your | |
3674 script file. Then you see when an exception is thrown, discarded, caught, or | |
3675 finished. When using a verbosity level of at least 14, things pending in | |
3676 a finally clause are also shown. This information is also given in debug mode | |
3677 (see |debug-scripts|). | |
3678 | |
3679 | |
3680 THROWING AND CATCHING EXCEPTIONS *throw-catch* | |
3681 | |
3682 You can throw any number or string as an exception. Use the |:throw| command | |
3683 and pass the value to be thrown as argument: > | |
3684 :throw 4711 | |
3685 :throw "string" | |
3686 < *throw-expression* | |
3687 You can also specify an expression argument. The expression is then evaluated | |
3688 first, and the result is thrown: > | |
3689 :throw 4705 + strlen("string") | |
3690 :throw strpart("strings", 0, 6) | |
3691 | |
3692 An exception might be thrown during evaluation of the argument of the ":throw" | |
3693 command. Unless it is caught there, the expression evaluation is abandoned. | |
3694 The ":throw" command then does not throw a new exception. | |
3695 Example: > | |
3696 | |
3697 :function! Foo(arg) | |
3698 : try | |
3699 : throw a:arg | |
3700 : catch /foo/ | |
3701 : endtry | |
3702 : return 1 | |
3703 :endfunction | |
3704 : | |
3705 :function! Bar() | |
3706 : echo "in Bar" | |
3707 : return 4710 | |
3708 :endfunction | |
3709 : | |
3710 :throw Foo("arrgh") + Bar() | |
3711 | |
3712 This throws "arrgh", and "in Bar" is not displayed since Bar() is not | |
3713 executed. > | |
3714 :throw Foo("foo") + Bar() | |
3715 however displays "in Bar" and throws 4711. | |
3716 | |
3717 Any other command that takes an expression as argument might also be | |
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diff
changeset
|
3718 abandoned by an (uncaught) exception during the expression evaluation. The |
7 | 3719 exception is then propagated to the caller of the command. |
3720 Example: > | |
3721 | |
3722 :if Foo("arrgh") | |
3723 : echo "then" | |
3724 :else | |
3725 : echo "else" | |
3726 :endif | |
3727 | |
3728 Here neither of "then" or "else" is displayed. | |
3729 | |
3730 *catch-order* | |
3731 Exceptions can be caught by a try conditional with one or more |:catch| | |
3732 commands, see |try-conditionals|. The values to be caught by each ":catch" | |
3733 command can be specified as a pattern argument. The subsequent catch clause | |
3734 gets executed when a matching exception is caught. | |
3735 Example: > | |
3736 | |
3737 :function! Foo(value) | |
3738 : try | |
3739 : throw a:value | |
3740 : catch /^\d\+$/ | |
3741 : echo "Number thrown" | |
3742 : catch /.*/ | |
3743 : echo "String thrown" | |
3744 : endtry | |
3745 :endfunction | |
3746 : | |
3747 :call Foo(0x1267) | |
3748 :call Foo('string') | |
3749 | |
3750 The first call to Foo() displays "Number thrown", the second "String thrown". | |
3751 An exception is matched against the ":catch" commands in the order they are | |
3752 specified. Only the first match counts. So you should place the more | |
3753 specific ":catch" first. The following order does not make sense: > | |
3754 | |
3755 : catch /.*/ | |
3756 : echo "String thrown" | |
3757 : catch /^\d\+$/ | |
3758 : echo "Number thrown" | |
3759 | |
3760 The first ":catch" here matches always, so that the second catch clause is | |
3761 never taken. | |
3762 | |
3763 *throw-variables* | |
3764 If you catch an exception by a general pattern, you may access the exact value | |
3765 in the variable |v:exception|: > | |
3766 | |
3767 : catch /^\d\+$/ | |
3768 : echo "Number thrown. Value is" v:exception | |
3769 | |
3770 You may also be interested where an exception was thrown. This is stored in | |
3771 |v:throwpoint|. Note that "v:exception" and "v:throwpoint" are valid for the | |
3772 exception most recently caught as long it is not finished. | |
3773 Example: > | |
3774 | |
3775 :function! Caught() | |
3776 : if v:exception != "" | |
27903 | 3777 : echo 'Caught "' . v:exception .. '" in ' .. v:throwpoint |
7 | 3778 : else |
3779 : echo 'Nothing caught' | |
3780 : endif | |
3781 :endfunction | |
3782 : | |
3783 :function! Foo() | |
3784 : try | |
3785 : try | |
3786 : try | |
3787 : throw 4711 | |
3788 : finally | |
3789 : call Caught() | |
3790 : endtry | |
3791 : catch /.*/ | |
3792 : call Caught() | |
3793 : throw "oops" | |
3794 : endtry | |
3795 : catch /.*/ | |
3796 : call Caught() | |
3797 : finally | |
3798 : call Caught() | |
3799 : endtry | |
3800 :endfunction | |
3801 : | |
3802 :call Foo() | |
3803 | |
3804 This displays > | |
3805 | |
3806 Nothing caught | |
3807 Caught "4711" in function Foo, line 4 | |
3808 Caught "oops" in function Foo, line 10 | |
3809 Nothing caught | |
3810 | |
3811 A practical example: The following command ":LineNumber" displays the line | |
3812 number in the script or function where it has been used: > | |
3813 | |
3814 :function! LineNumber() | |
3815 : return substitute(v:throwpoint, '.*\D\(\d\+\).*', '\1', "") | |
3816 :endfunction | |
3817 :command! LineNumber try | throw "" | catch | echo LineNumber() | endtry | |
3818 < | |
3819 *try-nested* | |
3820 An exception that is not caught by a try conditional can be caught by | |
3821 a surrounding try conditional: > | |
3822 | |
3823 :try | |
3824 : try | |
3825 : throw "foo" | |
3826 : catch /foobar/ | |
3827 : echo "foobar" | |
3828 : finally | |
3829 : echo "inner finally" | |
3830 : endtry | |
3831 :catch /foo/ | |
3832 : echo "foo" | |
3833 :endtry | |
3834 | |
3835 The inner try conditional does not catch the exception, just its finally | |
3836 clause is executed. The exception is then caught by the outer try | |
3837 conditional. The example displays "inner finally" and then "foo". | |
3838 | |
3839 *throw-from-catch* | |
3840 You can catch an exception and throw a new one to be caught elsewhere from the | |
3841 catch clause: > | |
3842 | |
3843 :function! Foo() | |
3844 : throw "foo" | |
3845 :endfunction | |
3846 : | |
3847 :function! Bar() | |
3848 : try | |
3849 : call Foo() | |
3850 : catch /foo/ | |
3851 : echo "Caught foo, throw bar" | |
3852 : throw "bar" | |
3853 : endtry | |
3854 :endfunction | |
3855 : | |
3856 :try | |
3857 : call Bar() | |
3858 :catch /.*/ | |
3859 : echo "Caught" v:exception | |
3860 :endtry | |
3861 | |
3862 This displays "Caught foo, throw bar" and then "Caught bar". | |
3863 | |
3864 *rethrow* | |
3865 There is no real rethrow in the Vim script language, but you may throw | |
3866 "v:exception" instead: > | |
3867 | |
3868 :function! Bar() | |
3869 : try | |
3870 : call Foo() | |
3871 : catch /.*/ | |
3872 : echo "Rethrow" v:exception | |
3873 : throw v:exception | |
3874 : endtry | |
3875 :endfunction | |
3876 < *try-echoerr* | |
3877 Note that this method cannot be used to "rethrow" Vim error or interrupt | |
3878 exceptions, because it is not possible to fake Vim internal exceptions. | |
3879 Trying so causes an error exception. You should throw your own exception | |
3880 denoting the situation. If you want to cause a Vim error exception containing | |
3881 the original error exception value, you can use the |:echoerr| command: > | |
3882 | |
3883 :try | |
3884 : try | |
3885 : asdf | |
3886 : catch /.*/ | |
3887 : echoerr v:exception | |
3888 : endtry | |
3889 :catch /.*/ | |
3890 : echo v:exception | |
3891 :endtry | |
3892 | |
3893 This code displays | |
3894 | |
1621 | 3895 Vim(echoerr):Vim:E492: Not an editor command: asdf ~ |
7 | 3896 |
3897 | |
3898 CLEANUP CODE *try-finally* | |
3899 | |
3900 Scripts often change global settings and restore them at their end. If the | |
3901 user however interrupts the script by pressing CTRL-C, the settings remain in | |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3902 an inconsistent state. The same may happen to you in the development phase of |
7 | 3903 a script when an error occurs or you explicitly throw an exception without |
3904 catching it. You can solve these problems by using a try conditional with | |
3905 a finally clause for restoring the settings. Its execution is guaranteed on | |
3906 normal control flow, on error, on an explicit ":throw", and on interrupt. | |
3907 (Note that errors and interrupts from inside the try conditional are converted | |
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diff
changeset
|
3908 to exceptions. When not caught, they terminate the script after the finally |
7 | 3909 clause has been executed.) |
3910 Example: > | |
3911 | |
3912 :try | |
3913 : let s:saved_ts = &ts | |
3914 : set ts=17 | |
3915 : | |
3916 : " Do the hard work here. | |
3917 : | |
3918 :finally | |
3919 : let &ts = s:saved_ts | |
3920 : unlet s:saved_ts | |
3921 :endtry | |
3922 | |
3923 This method should be used locally whenever a function or part of a script | |
3924 changes global settings which need to be restored on failure or normal exit of | |
3925 that function or script part. | |
3926 | |
3927 *break-finally* | |
3928 Cleanup code works also when the try block or a catch clause is left by | |
3929 a ":continue", ":break", ":return", or ":finish". | |
3930 Example: > | |
3931 | |
3932 :let first = 1 | |
3933 :while 1 | |
3934 : try | |
3935 : if first | |
3936 : echo "first" | |
3937 : let first = 0 | |
3938 : continue | |
3939 : else | |
3940 : throw "second" | |
3941 : endif | |
3942 : catch /.*/ | |
3943 : echo v:exception | |
3944 : break | |
3945 : finally | |
3946 : echo "cleanup" | |
3947 : endtry | |
3948 : echo "still in while" | |
3949 :endwhile | |
3950 :echo "end" | |
3951 | |
3952 This displays "first", "cleanup", "second", "cleanup", and "end". > | |
3953 | |
3954 :function! Foo() | |
3955 : try | |
3956 : return 4711 | |
3957 : finally | |
3958 : echo "cleanup\n" | |
3959 : endtry | |
3960 : echo "Foo still active" | |
3961 :endfunction | |
3962 : | |
3963 :echo Foo() "returned by Foo" | |
3964 | |
3965 This displays "cleanup" and "4711 returned by Foo". You don't need to add an | |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
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3966 extra ":return" in the finally clause. (Above all, this would override the |
7 | 3967 return value.) |
3968 | |
3969 *except-from-finally* | |
3970 Using either of ":continue", ":break", ":return", ":finish", or ":throw" in | |
3971 a finally clause is possible, but not recommended since it abandons the | |
3972 cleanup actions for the try conditional. But, of course, interrupt and error | |
3973 exceptions might get raised from a finally clause. | |
3974 Example where an error in the finally clause stops an interrupt from | |
3975 working correctly: > | |
3976 | |
3977 :try | |
3978 : try | |
3979 : echo "Press CTRL-C for interrupt" | |
3980 : while 1 | |
3981 : endwhile | |
3982 : finally | |
3983 : unlet novar | |
3984 : endtry | |
3985 :catch /novar/ | |
3986 :endtry | |
3987 :echo "Script still running" | |
3988 :sleep 1 | |
3989 | |
3990 If you need to put commands that could fail into a finally clause, you should | |
3991 think about catching or ignoring the errors in these commands, see | |
3992 |catch-errors| and |ignore-errors|. | |
3993 | |
3994 | |
3995 CATCHING ERRORS *catch-errors* | |
3996 | |
3997 If you want to catch specific errors, you just have to put the code to be | |
3998 watched in a try block and add a catch clause for the error message. The | |
3999 presence of the try conditional causes all errors to be converted to an | |
4000 exception. No message is displayed and |v:errmsg| is not set then. To find | |
4001 the right pattern for the ":catch" command, you have to know how the format of | |
4002 the error exception is. | |
4003 Error exceptions have the following format: > | |
4004 | |
4005 Vim({cmdname}):{errmsg} | |
4006 or > | |
4007 Vim:{errmsg} | |
4008 | |
4009 {cmdname} is the name of the command that failed; the second form is used when | |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
4010 the command name is not known. {errmsg} is the error message usually produced |
7 | 4011 when the error occurs outside try conditionals. It always begins with |
4012 a capital "E", followed by a two or three-digit error number, a colon, and | |
4013 a space. | |
4014 | |
4015 Examples: | |
4016 | |
4017 The command > | |
4018 :unlet novar | |
4019 normally produces the error message > | |
4020 E108: No such variable: "novar" | |
4021 which is converted inside try conditionals to an exception > | |
4022 Vim(unlet):E108: No such variable: "novar" | |
4023 | |
4024 The command > | |
4025 :dwim | |
4026 normally produces the error message > | |
4027 E492: Not an editor command: dwim | |
4028 which is converted inside try conditionals to an exception > | |
4029 Vim:E492: Not an editor command: dwim | |
4030 | |
4031 You can catch all ":unlet" errors by a > | |
4032 :catch /^Vim(unlet):/ | |
4033 or all errors for misspelled command names by a > | |
4034 :catch /^Vim:E492:/ | |
4035 | |
4036 Some error messages may be produced by different commands: > | |
4037 :function nofunc | |
4038 and > | |
4039 :delfunction nofunc | |
4040 both produce the error message > | |
4041 E128: Function name must start with a capital: nofunc | |
4042 which is converted inside try conditionals to an exception > | |
4043 Vim(function):E128: Function name must start with a capital: nofunc | |
4044 or > | |
4045 Vim(delfunction):E128: Function name must start with a capital: nofunc | |
4046 respectively. You can catch the error by its number independently on the | |
4047 command that caused it if you use the following pattern: > | |
4048 :catch /^Vim(\a\+):E128:/ | |
4049 | |
4050 Some commands like > | |
4051 :let x = novar | |
4052 produce multiple error messages, here: > | |
4053 E121: Undefined variable: novar | |
4054 E15: Invalid expression: novar | |
4055 Only the first is used for the exception value, since it is the most specific | |
4056 one (see |except-several-errors|). So you can catch it by > | |
4057 :catch /^Vim(\a\+):E121:/ | |
4058 | |
4059 You can catch all errors related to the name "nofunc" by > | |
4060 :catch /\<nofunc\>/ | |
4061 | |
4062 You can catch all Vim errors in the ":write" and ":read" commands by > | |
4063 :catch /^Vim(\(write\|read\)):E\d\+:/ | |
4064 | |
4065 You can catch all Vim errors by the pattern > | |
4066 :catch /^Vim\((\a\+)\)\=:E\d\+:/ | |
4067 < | |
4068 *catch-text* | |
4069 NOTE: You should never catch the error message text itself: > | |
4070 :catch /No such variable/ | |
6647 | 4071 only works in the English locale, but not when the user has selected |
7 | 4072 a different language by the |:language| command. It is however helpful to |
4073 cite the message text in a comment: > | |
4074 :catch /^Vim(\a\+):E108:/ " No such variable | |
4075 | |
4076 | |
4077 IGNORING ERRORS *ignore-errors* | |
4078 | |
4079 You can ignore errors in a specific Vim command by catching them locally: > | |
4080 | |
4081 :try | |
4082 : write | |
4083 :catch | |
4084 :endtry | |
4085 | |
4086 But you are strongly recommended NOT to use this simple form, since it could | |
4087 catch more than you want. With the ":write" command, some autocommands could | |
4088 be executed and cause errors not related to writing, for instance: > | |
4089 | |
4090 :au BufWritePre * unlet novar | |
4091 | |
4092 There could even be such errors you are not responsible for as a script | |
4093 writer: a user of your script might have defined such autocommands. You would | |
4094 then hide the error from the user. | |
4095 It is much better to use > | |
4096 | |
4097 :try | |
4098 : write | |
4099 :catch /^Vim(write):/ | |
4100 :endtry | |
4101 | |
4102 which only catches real write errors. So catch only what you'd like to ignore | |
4103 intentionally. | |
4104 | |
4105 For a single command that does not cause execution of autocommands, you could | |
4106 even suppress the conversion of errors to exceptions by the ":silent!" | |
4107 command: > | |
4108 :silent! nunmap k | |
4109 This works also when a try conditional is active. | |
4110 | |
4111 | |
4112 CATCHING INTERRUPTS *catch-interrupt* | |
4113 | |
4114 When there are active try conditionals, an interrupt (CTRL-C) is converted to | |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
4115 the exception "Vim:Interrupt". You can catch it like every exception. The |
7 | 4116 script is not terminated, then. |
4117 Example: > | |
4118 | |
4119 :function! TASK1() | |
4120 : sleep 10 | |
4121 :endfunction | |
4122 | |
4123 :function! TASK2() | |
4124 : sleep 20 | |
4125 :endfunction | |
4126 | |
4127 :while 1 | |
4128 : let command = input("Type a command: ") | |
4129 : try | |
4130 : if command == "" | |
4131 : continue | |
4132 : elseif command == "END" | |
4133 : break | |
4134 : elseif command == "TASK1" | |
4135 : call TASK1() | |
4136 : elseif command == "TASK2" | |
4137 : call TASK2() | |
4138 : else | |
4139 : echo "\nIllegal command:" command | |
4140 : continue | |
4141 : endif | |
4142 : catch /^Vim:Interrupt$/ | |
4143 : echo "\nCommand interrupted" | |
4144 : " Caught the interrupt. Continue with next prompt. | |
4145 : endtry | |
4146 :endwhile | |
4147 | |
4148 You can interrupt a task here by pressing CTRL-C; the script then asks for | |
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parents:
9861
diff
changeset
|
4149 a new command. If you press CTRL-C at the prompt, the script is terminated. |
7 | 4150 |
4151 For testing what happens when CTRL-C would be pressed on a specific line in | |
4152 your script, use the debug mode and execute the |>quit| or |>interrupt| | |
4153 command on that line. See |debug-scripts|. | |
4154 | |
4155 | |
4156 CATCHING ALL *catch-all* | |
4157 | |
4158 The commands > | |
4159 | |
4160 :catch /.*/ | |
4161 :catch // | |
4162 :catch | |
4163 | |
4164 catch everything, error exceptions, interrupt exceptions and exceptions | |
4165 explicitly thrown by the |:throw| command. This is useful at the top level of | |
4166 a script in order to catch unexpected things. | |
4167 Example: > | |
4168 | |
4169 :try | |
4170 : | |
4171 : " do the hard work here | |
4172 : | |
4173 :catch /MyException/ | |
4174 : | |
4175 : " handle known problem | |
4176 : | |
4177 :catch /^Vim:Interrupt$/ | |
4178 : echo "Script interrupted" | |
4179 :catch /.*/ | |
27903 | 4180 : echo "Internal error (" .. v:exception .. ")" |
4181 : echo " - occurred at " .. v:throwpoint | |
7 | 4182 :endtry |
4183 :" end of script | |
4184 | |
4185 Note: Catching all might catch more things than you want. Thus, you are | |
4186 strongly encouraged to catch only for problems that you can really handle by | |
4187 specifying a pattern argument to the ":catch". | |
4188 Example: Catching all could make it nearly impossible to interrupt a script | |
4189 by pressing CTRL-C: > | |
4190 | |
4191 :while 1 | |
4192 : try | |
4193 : sleep 1 | |
4194 : catch | |
4195 : endtry | |
4196 :endwhile | |
4197 | |
4198 | |
4199 EXCEPTIONS AND AUTOCOMMANDS *except-autocmd* | |
4200 | |
4201 Exceptions may be used during execution of autocommands. Example: > | |
4202 | |
4203 :autocmd User x try | |
4204 :autocmd User x throw "Oops!" | |
4205 :autocmd User x catch | |
4206 :autocmd User x echo v:exception | |
4207 :autocmd User x endtry | |
4208 :autocmd User x throw "Arrgh!" | |
4209 :autocmd User x echo "Should not be displayed" | |
4210 : | |
4211 :try | |
4212 : doautocmd User x | |
4213 :catch | |
4214 : echo v:exception | |
4215 :endtry | |
4216 | |
4217 This displays "Oops!" and "Arrgh!". | |
4218 | |
4219 *except-autocmd-Pre* | |
4220 For some commands, autocommands get executed before the main action of the | |
4221 command takes place. If an exception is thrown and not caught in the sequence | |
4222 of autocommands, the sequence and the command that caused its execution are | |
4223 abandoned and the exception is propagated to the caller of the command. | |
4224 Example: > | |
4225 | |
4226 :autocmd BufWritePre * throw "FAIL" | |
4227 :autocmd BufWritePre * echo "Should not be displayed" | |
4228 : | |
4229 :try | |
4230 : write | |
4231 :catch | |
4232 : echo "Caught:" v:exception "from" v:throwpoint | |
4233 :endtry | |
4234 | |
4235 Here, the ":write" command does not write the file currently being edited (as | |
4236 you can see by checking 'modified'), since the exception from the BufWritePre | |
4237 autocommand abandons the ":write". The exception is then caught and the | |
4238 script displays: > | |
4239 | |
4240 Caught: FAIL from BufWrite Auto commands for "*" | |
4241 < | |
4242 *except-autocmd-Post* | |
4243 For some commands, autocommands get executed after the main action of the | |
4244 command has taken place. If this main action fails and the command is inside | |
4245 an active try conditional, the autocommands are skipped and an error exception | |
4246 is thrown that can be caught by the caller of the command. | |
4247 Example: > | |
4248 | |
4249 :autocmd BufWritePost * echo "File successfully written!" | |
4250 : | |
4251 :try | |
4252 : write /i/m/p/o/s/s/i/b/l/e | |
4253 :catch | |
4254 : echo v:exception | |
4255 :endtry | |
4256 | |
4257 This just displays: > | |
4258 | |
4259 Vim(write):E212: Can't open file for writing (/i/m/p/o/s/s/i/b/l/e) | |
4260 | |
4261 If you really need to execute the autocommands even when the main action | |
4262 fails, trigger the event from the catch clause. | |
4263 Example: > | |
4264 | |
4265 :autocmd BufWritePre * set noreadonly | |
4266 :autocmd BufWritePost * set readonly | |
4267 : | |
4268 :try | |
4269 : write /i/m/p/o/s/s/i/b/l/e | |
4270 :catch | |
4271 : doautocmd BufWritePost /i/m/p/o/s/s/i/b/l/e | |
4272 :endtry | |
4273 < | |
4274 You can also use ":silent!": > | |
4275 | |
4276 :let x = "ok" | |
4277 :let v:errmsg = "" | |
4278 :autocmd BufWritePost * if v:errmsg != "" | |
4279 :autocmd BufWritePost * let x = "after fail" | |
4280 :autocmd BufWritePost * endif | |
4281 :try | |
4282 : silent! write /i/m/p/o/s/s/i/b/l/e | |
4283 :catch | |
4284 :endtry | |
4285 :echo x | |
4286 | |
4287 This displays "after fail". | |
4288 | |
4289 If the main action of the command does not fail, exceptions from the | |
4290 autocommands will be catchable by the caller of the command: > | |
4291 | |
4292 :autocmd BufWritePost * throw ":-(" | |
4293 :autocmd BufWritePost * echo "Should not be displayed" | |
4294 : | |
4295 :try | |
4296 : write | |
4297 :catch | |
4298 : echo v:exception | |
4299 :endtry | |
4300 < | |
4301 *except-autocmd-Cmd* | |
4302 For some commands, the normal action can be replaced by a sequence of | |
4303 autocommands. Exceptions from that sequence will be catchable by the caller | |
4304 of the command. | |
4305 Example: For the ":write" command, the caller cannot know whether the file | |
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changeset
|
4306 had actually been written when the exception occurred. You need to tell it in |
7 | 4307 some way. > |
4308 | |
4309 :if !exists("cnt") | |
4310 : let cnt = 0 | |
4311 : | |
4312 : autocmd BufWriteCmd * if &modified | |
4313 : autocmd BufWriteCmd * let cnt = cnt + 1 | |
4314 : autocmd BufWriteCmd * if cnt % 3 == 2 | |
4315 : autocmd BufWriteCmd * throw "BufWriteCmdError" | |
4316 : autocmd BufWriteCmd * endif | |
4317 : autocmd BufWriteCmd * write | set nomodified | |
4318 : autocmd BufWriteCmd * if cnt % 3 == 0 | |
4319 : autocmd BufWriteCmd * throw "BufWriteCmdError" | |
4320 : autocmd BufWriteCmd * endif | |
4321 : autocmd BufWriteCmd * echo "File successfully written!" | |
4322 : autocmd BufWriteCmd * endif | |
4323 :endif | |
4324 : | |
4325 :try | |
4326 : write | |
4327 :catch /^BufWriteCmdError$/ | |
4328 : if &modified | |
4329 : echo "Error on writing (file contents not changed)" | |
4330 : else | |
4331 : echo "Error after writing" | |
4332 : endif | |
4333 :catch /^Vim(write):/ | |
4334 : echo "Error on writing" | |
4335 :endtry | |
4336 | |
4337 When this script is sourced several times after making changes, it displays | |
4338 first > | |
4339 File successfully written! | |
4340 then > | |
4341 Error on writing (file contents not changed) | |
4342 then > | |
4343 Error after writing | |
4344 etc. | |
4345 | |
4346 *except-autocmd-ill* | |
4347 You cannot spread a try conditional over autocommands for different events. | |
4348 The following code is ill-formed: > | |
4349 | |
4350 :autocmd BufWritePre * try | |
4351 : | |
4352 :autocmd BufWritePost * catch | |
4353 :autocmd BufWritePost * echo v:exception | |
4354 :autocmd BufWritePost * endtry | |
4355 : | |
4356 :write | |
4357 | |
4358 | |
4359 EXCEPTION HIERARCHIES AND PARAMETERIZED EXCEPTIONS *except-hier-param* | |
4360 | |
4361 Some programming languages allow to use hierarchies of exception classes or to | |
4362 pass additional information with the object of an exception class. You can do | |
4363 similar things in Vim. | |
4364 In order to throw an exception from a hierarchy, just throw the complete | |
4365 class name with the components separated by a colon, for instance throw the | |
4366 string "EXCEPT:MATHERR:OVERFLOW" for an overflow in a mathematical library. | |
4367 When you want to pass additional information with your exception class, add | |
4368 it in parentheses, for instance throw the string "EXCEPT:IO:WRITEERR(myfile)" | |
4369 for an error when writing "myfile". | |
4370 With the appropriate patterns in the ":catch" command, you can catch for | |
4371 base classes or derived classes of your hierarchy. Additional information in | |
4372 parentheses can be cut out from |v:exception| with the ":substitute" command. | |
4373 Example: > | |
4374 | |
4375 :function! CheckRange(a, func) | |
4376 : if a:a < 0 | |
27903 | 4377 : throw "EXCEPT:MATHERR:RANGE(" .. a:func .. ")" |
7 | 4378 : endif |
4379 :endfunction | |
4380 : | |
4381 :function! Add(a, b) | |
4382 : call CheckRange(a:a, "Add") | |
4383 : call CheckRange(a:b, "Add") | |
4384 : let c = a:a + a:b | |
4385 : if c < 0 | |
4386 : throw "EXCEPT:MATHERR:OVERFLOW" | |
4387 : endif | |
4388 : return c | |
4389 :endfunction | |
4390 : | |
4391 :function! Div(a, b) | |
4392 : call CheckRange(a:a, "Div") | |
4393 : call CheckRange(a:b, "Div") | |
4394 : if (a:b == 0) | |
4395 : throw "EXCEPT:MATHERR:ZERODIV" | |
4396 : endif | |
4397 : return a:a / a:b | |
4398 :endfunction | |
4399 : | |
4400 :function! Write(file) | |
4401 : try | |
1621 | 4402 : execute "write" fnameescape(a:file) |
7 | 4403 : catch /^Vim(write):/ |
27903 | 4404 : throw "EXCEPT:IO(" .. getcwd() .. ", " .. a:file .. "):WRITEERR" |
7 | 4405 : endtry |
4406 :endfunction | |
4407 : | |
4408 :try | |
4409 : | |
28517 | 4410 : " something with arithmetic and I/O |
7 | 4411 : |
4412 :catch /^EXCEPT:MATHERR:RANGE/ | |
4413 : let function = substitute(v:exception, '.*(\(\a\+\)).*', '\1', "") | |
4414 : echo "Range error in" function | |
4415 : | |
4416 :catch /^EXCEPT:MATHERR/ " catches OVERFLOW and ZERODIV | |
4417 : echo "Math error" | |
4418 : | |
4419 :catch /^EXCEPT:IO/ | |
4420 : let dir = substitute(v:exception, '.*(\(.\+\),\s*.\+).*', '\1', "") | |
4421 : let file = substitute(v:exception, '.*(.\+,\s*\(.\+\)).*', '\1', "") | |
4422 : if file !~ '^/' | |
27903 | 4423 : let file = dir .. "/" .. file |
7 | 4424 : endif |
27903 | 4425 : echo 'I/O error for "' .. file .. '"' |
7 | 4426 : |
4427 :catch /^EXCEPT/ | |
4428 : echo "Unspecified error" | |
4429 : | |
4430 :endtry | |
4431 | |
4432 The exceptions raised by Vim itself (on error or when pressing CTRL-C) use | |
4433 a flat hierarchy: they are all in the "Vim" class. You cannot throw yourself | |
4434 exceptions with the "Vim" prefix; they are reserved for Vim. | |
4435 Vim error exceptions are parameterized with the name of the command that | |
4436 failed, if known. See |catch-errors|. | |
4437 | |
4438 | |
4439 PECULIARITIES | |
4440 *except-compat* | |
4441 The exception handling concept requires that the command sequence causing the | |
4442 exception is aborted immediately and control is transferred to finally clauses | |
4443 and/or a catch clause. | |
4444 | |
4445 In the Vim script language there are cases where scripts and functions | |
4446 continue after an error: in functions without the "abort" flag or in a command | |
4447 after ":silent!", control flow goes to the following line, and outside | |
4448 functions, control flow goes to the line following the outermost ":endwhile" | |
4449 or ":endif". On the other hand, errors should be catchable as exceptions | |
4450 (thus, requiring the immediate abortion). | |
4451 | |
4452 This problem has been solved by converting errors to exceptions and using | |
4453 immediate abortion (if not suppressed by ":silent!") only when a try | |
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4454 conditional is active. This is no restriction since an (error) exception can |
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4455 be caught only from an active try conditional. If you want an immediate |
7 | 4456 termination without catching the error, just use a try conditional without |
4457 catch clause. (You can cause cleanup code being executed before termination | |
4458 by specifying a finally clause.) | |
4459 | |
4460 When no try conditional is active, the usual abortion and continuation | |
4461 behavior is used instead of immediate abortion. This ensures compatibility of | |
4462 scripts written for Vim 6.1 and earlier. | |
4463 | |
4464 However, when sourcing an existing script that does not use exception handling | |
4465 commands (or when calling one of its functions) from inside an active try | |
4466 conditional of a new script, you might change the control flow of the existing | |
4467 script on error. You get the immediate abortion on error and can catch the | |
4468 error in the new script. If however the sourced script suppresses error | |
4469 messages by using the ":silent!" command (checking for errors by testing | |
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4470 |v:errmsg| if appropriate), its execution path is not changed. The error is |
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4471 not converted to an exception. (See |:silent|.) So the only remaining cause |
7 | 4472 where this happens is for scripts that don't care about errors and produce |
4473 error messages. You probably won't want to use such code from your new | |
4474 scripts. | |
4475 | |
4476 *except-syntax-err* | |
4477 Syntax errors in the exception handling commands are never caught by any of | |
4478 the ":catch" commands of the try conditional they belong to. Its finally | |
4479 clauses, however, is executed. | |
4480 Example: > | |
4481 | |
4482 :try | |
4483 : try | |
4484 : throw 4711 | |
4485 : catch /\(/ | |
4486 : echo "in catch with syntax error" | |
4487 : catch | |
4488 : echo "inner catch-all" | |
4489 : finally | |
4490 : echo "inner finally" | |
4491 : endtry | |
4492 :catch | |
27903 | 4493 : echo 'outer catch-all caught "' .. v:exception .. '"' |
7 | 4494 : finally |
4495 : echo "outer finally" | |
4496 :endtry | |
4497 | |
4498 This displays: > | |
4499 inner finally | |
4500 outer catch-all caught "Vim(catch):E54: Unmatched \(" | |
4501 outer finally | |
4502 The original exception is discarded and an error exception is raised, instead. | |
4503 | |
4504 *except-single-line* | |
4505 The ":try", ":catch", ":finally", and ":endtry" commands can be put on | |
4506 a single line, but then syntax errors may make it difficult to recognize the | |
4507 "catch" line, thus you better avoid this. | |
4508 Example: > | |
4509 :try | unlet! foo # | catch | endtry | |
4510 raises an error exception for the trailing characters after the ":unlet!" | |
4511 argument, but does not see the ":catch" and ":endtry" commands, so that the | |
4512 error exception is discarded and the "E488: Trailing characters" message gets | |
4513 displayed. | |
4514 | |
4515 *except-several-errors* | |
4516 When several errors appear in a single command, the first error message is | |
25402 | 4517 usually the most specific one and therefore converted to the error exception. |
7 | 4518 Example: > |
4519 echo novar | |
4520 causes > | |
4521 E121: Undefined variable: novar | |
4522 E15: Invalid expression: novar | |
4523 The value of the error exception inside try conditionals is: > | |
4524 Vim(echo):E121: Undefined variable: novar | |
4525 < *except-syntax-error* | |
4526 But when a syntax error is detected after a normal error in the same command, | |
4527 the syntax error is used for the exception being thrown. | |
4528 Example: > | |
4529 unlet novar # | |
4530 causes > | |
4531 E108: No such variable: "novar" | |
4532 E488: Trailing characters | |
4533 The value of the error exception inside try conditionals is: > | |
4534 Vim(unlet):E488: Trailing characters | |
4535 This is done because the syntax error might change the execution path in a way | |
4536 not intended by the user. Example: > | |
4537 try | |
4538 try | unlet novar # | catch | echo v:exception | endtry | |
4539 catch /.*/ | |
4540 echo "outer catch:" v:exception | |
4541 endtry | |
4542 This displays "outer catch: Vim(unlet):E488: Trailing characters", and then | |
4543 a "E600: Missing :endtry" error message is given, see |except-single-line|. | |
4544 | |
4545 ============================================================================== | |
4546 9. Examples *eval-examples* | |
4547 | |
1156 | 4548 Printing in Binary ~ |
7 | 4549 > |
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4550 :" The function Nr2Bin() returns the binary string representation of a number. |
1156 | 4551 :func Nr2Bin(nr) |
7 | 4552 : let n = a:nr |
4553 : let r = "" | |
4554 : while n | |
27903 | 4555 : let r = '01'[n % 2] .. r |
1156 | 4556 : let n = n / 2 |
7 | 4557 : endwhile |
4558 : return r | |
4559 :endfunc | |
4560 | |
1156 | 4561 :" The function String2Bin() converts each character in a string to a |
4562 :" binary string, separated with dashes. | |
4563 :func String2Bin(str) | |
7 | 4564 : let out = '' |
1156 | 4565 : for ix in range(strlen(a:str)) |
27903 | 4566 : let out = out .. '-' .. Nr2Bin(char2nr(a:str[ix])) |
1156 | 4567 : endfor |
4568 : return out[1:] | |
7 | 4569 :endfunc |
4570 | |
4571 Example of its use: > | |
1156 | 4572 :echo Nr2Bin(32) |
4573 result: "100000" > | |
4574 :echo String2Bin("32") | |
4575 result: "110011-110010" | |
4576 | |
4577 | |
4578 Sorting lines ~ | |
4579 | |
4580 This example sorts lines with a specific compare function. > | |
4581 | |
4582 :func SortBuffer() | |
4583 : let lines = getline(1, '$') | |
4584 : call sort(lines, function("Strcmp")) | |
4585 : call setline(1, lines) | |
7 | 4586 :endfunction |
4587 | |
1156 | 4588 As a one-liner: > |
4589 :call setline(1, sort(getline(1, '$'), function("Strcmp"))) | |
4590 | |
4591 | |
4592 scanf() replacement ~ | |
7 | 4593 *sscanf* |
4594 There is no sscanf() function in Vim. If you need to extract parts from a | |
4595 line, you can use matchstr() and substitute() to do it. This example shows | |
4596 how to get the file name, line number and column number out of a line like | |
4597 "foobar.txt, 123, 45". > | |
4598 :" Set up the match bit | |
4599 :let mx='\(\f\+\),\s*\(\d\+\),\s*\(\d\+\)' | |
4600 :"get the part matching the whole expression | |
4601 :let l = matchstr(line, mx) | |
4602 :"get each item out of the match | |
4603 :let file = substitute(l, mx, '\1', '') | |
4604 :let lnum = substitute(l, mx, '\2', '') | |
4605 :let col = substitute(l, mx, '\3', '') | |
4606 | |
4607 The input is in the variable "line", the results in the variables "file", | |
4608 "lnum" and "col". (idea from Michael Geddes) | |
4609 | |
1156 | 4610 |
4611 getting the scriptnames in a Dictionary ~ | |
4612 *scriptnames-dictionary* | |
32061 | 4613 The `:scriptnames` command can be used to get a list of all script files that |
4614 have been sourced. There is also the `getscriptinfo()` function, but the | |
4615 information returned is not exactly the same. In case you need to manipulate | |
32294 | 4616 the list, this code can be used as a base: > |
4617 | |
4618 # Create or update scripts dictionary, indexed by SNR, and return it. | |
4619 def Scripts(scripts: dict<string> = {}): dict<string> | |
4620 for info in getscriptinfo() | |
4621 if scripts->has_key(info.sid) | |
4622 continue | |
4623 endif | |
4624 scripts[info.sid] = info.name | |
4625 endfor | |
4626 return scripts | |
4627 enddef | |
1156 | 4628 |
7 | 4629 ============================================================================== |
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4630 10. Vim script versions *vimscript-version* *vimscript-versions* |
16380 | 4631 *scriptversion* |
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4632 Over time many features have been added to Vim script. This includes Ex |
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4633 commands, functions, variable types, etc. Each individual feature can be |
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4634 checked with the |has()| and |exists()| functions. |
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4635 |
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4636 Sometimes old syntax of functionality gets in the way of making Vim better. |
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4637 When support is taken away this will break older Vim scripts. To make this |
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4638 explicit the |:scriptversion| command can be used. When a Vim script is not |
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4639 compatible with older versions of Vim this will give an explicit error, |
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4640 instead of failing in mysterious ways. |
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4641 |
27537 | 4642 When using a legacy function, defined with `:function`, in |Vim9| script then |
4643 scriptversion 4 is used. | |
4644 | |
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4645 *scriptversion-1* > |
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4646 :scriptversion 1 |
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4647 < This is the original Vim script, same as not using a |:scriptversion| |
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4648 command. Can be used to go back to old syntax for a range of lines. |
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4649 Test for support with: > |
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4650 has('vimscript-1') |
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4651 |
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4652 < *scriptversion-2* > |
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4653 :scriptversion 2 |
16808 | 4654 < String concatenation with "." is not supported, use ".." instead. |
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4655 This avoids the ambiguity using "." for Dict member access and |
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4656 floating point numbers. Now ".5" means the number 0.5. |
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4657 |
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4658 *scriptversion-3* > |
16380 | 4659 :scriptversion 3 |
4660 < All |vim-variable|s must be prefixed by "v:". E.g. "version" doesn't | |
4661 work as |v:version| anymore, it can be used as a normal variable. | |
4662 Same for some obvious names as "count" and others. | |
4663 | |
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4664 Test for support with: > |
16380 | 4665 has('vimscript-3') |
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4666 < |
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4667 *scriptversion-4* > |
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4668 :scriptversion 4 |
20665
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4669 < Numbers with a leading zero are not recognized as octal. "0o" or "0O" |
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4670 is still recognized as octal. With the |
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4671 previous version you get: > |
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4672 echo 017 " displays 15 (octal) |
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4673 echo 0o17 " displays 15 (octal) |
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4674 echo 018 " displays 18 (decimal) |
18080
a6d218f99ff7
patch 8.1.2035: recognizing octal numbers is confusing
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
18053
diff
changeset
|
4675 < with script version 4: > |
20665
6ff992bf4c82
patch 8.2.0886: cannot use octal numbers in scriptversion 4
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
20649
diff
changeset
|
4676 echo 017 " displays 17 (decimal) |
6ff992bf4c82
patch 8.2.0886: cannot use octal numbers in scriptversion 4
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
20649
diff
changeset
|
4677 echo 0o17 " displays 15 (octal) |
6ff992bf4c82
patch 8.2.0886: cannot use octal numbers in scriptversion 4
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
20649
diff
changeset
|
4678 echo 018 " displays 18 (decimal) |
18080
a6d218f99ff7
patch 8.1.2035: recognizing octal numbers is confusing
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
18053
diff
changeset
|
4679 < Also, it is possible to use single quotes inside numbers to make them |
a6d218f99ff7
patch 8.1.2035: recognizing octal numbers is confusing
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
18053
diff
changeset
|
4680 easier to read: > |
a6d218f99ff7
patch 8.1.2035: recognizing octal numbers is confusing
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
18053
diff
changeset
|
4681 echo 1'000'000 |
a6d218f99ff7
patch 8.1.2035: recognizing octal numbers is confusing
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
18053
diff
changeset
|
4682 < The quotes must be surrounded by digits. |
a6d218f99ff7
patch 8.1.2035: recognizing octal numbers is confusing
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
18053
diff
changeset
|
4683 |
a6d218f99ff7
patch 8.1.2035: recognizing octal numbers is confusing
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
18053
diff
changeset
|
4684 Test for support with: > |
a6d218f99ff7
patch 8.1.2035: recognizing octal numbers is confusing
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
18053
diff
changeset
|
4685 has('vimscript-4') |
16223
abb67309c1ca
patch 8.1.1116: cannot enforce a Vim script style
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16219
diff
changeset
|
4686 |
abb67309c1ca
patch 8.1.1116: cannot enforce a Vim script style
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16219
diff
changeset
|
4687 ============================================================================== |
abb67309c1ca
patch 8.1.1116: cannot enforce a Vim script style
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16219
diff
changeset
|
4688 11. No +eval feature *no-eval-feature* |
7 | 4689 |
4690 When the |+eval| feature was disabled at compile time, none of the expression | |
4691 evaluation commands are available. To prevent this from causing Vim scripts | |
4692 to generate all kinds of errors, the ":if" and ":endif" commands are still | |
4693 recognized, though the argument of the ":if" and everything between the ":if" | |
4694 and the matching ":endif" is ignored. Nesting of ":if" blocks is allowed, but | |
4695 only if the commands are at the start of the line. The ":else" command is not | |
4696 recognized. | |
4697 | |
4698 Example of how to avoid executing commands when the |+eval| feature is | |
4699 missing: > | |
4700 | |
4701 :if 1 | |
4702 : echo "Expression evaluation is compiled in" | |
4703 :else | |
4704 : echo "You will _never_ see this message" | |
4705 :endif | |
4706 | |
16971
e18b1c654d09
Update runtime files - Add typescript syntax and indent.
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16944
diff
changeset
|
4707 To execute a command only when the |+eval| feature is disabled can be done in |
e18b1c654d09
Update runtime files - Add typescript syntax and indent.
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16944
diff
changeset
|
4708 two ways. The simplest is to exit the script (or Vim) prematurely: > |
e18b1c654d09
Update runtime files - Add typescript syntax and indent.
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16944
diff
changeset
|
4709 if 1 |
e18b1c654d09
Update runtime files - Add typescript syntax and indent.
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16944
diff
changeset
|
4710 echo "commands executed with +eval" |
e18b1c654d09
Update runtime files - Add typescript syntax and indent.
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
4711 finish |
e18b1c654d09
Update runtime files - Add typescript syntax and indent.
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16944
diff
changeset
|
4712 endif |
e18b1c654d09
Update runtime files - Add typescript syntax and indent.
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16944
diff
changeset
|
4713 args " command executed without +eval |
e18b1c654d09
Update runtime files - Add typescript syntax and indent.
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16944
diff
changeset
|
4714 |
e18b1c654d09
Update runtime files - Add typescript syntax and indent.
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16944
diff
changeset
|
4715 If you do not want to abort loading the script you can use a trick, as this |
e18b1c654d09
Update runtime files - Add typescript syntax and indent.
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
16944
diff
changeset
|
4716 example shows: > |
11414
c95c5ddc3b0d
patch 8.0.0591: changes to eval functionality not documented
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
11407
diff
changeset
|
4717 |
c95c5ddc3b0d
patch 8.0.0591: changes to eval functionality not documented
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
11407
diff
changeset
|
4718 silent! while 0 |
c95c5ddc3b0d
patch 8.0.0591: changes to eval functionality not documented
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
11407
diff
changeset
|
4719 set history=111 |
c95c5ddc3b0d
patch 8.0.0591: changes to eval functionality not documented
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
11407
diff
changeset
|
4720 silent! endwhile |
c95c5ddc3b0d
patch 8.0.0591: changes to eval functionality not documented
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
11407
diff
changeset
|
4721 |
c95c5ddc3b0d
patch 8.0.0591: changes to eval functionality not documented
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
11407
diff
changeset
|
4722 When the |+eval| feature is available the command is skipped because of the |
c95c5ddc3b0d
patch 8.0.0591: changes to eval functionality not documented
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
11407
diff
changeset
|
4723 "while 0". Without the |+eval| feature the "while 0" is an error, which is |
c95c5ddc3b0d
patch 8.0.0591: changes to eval functionality not documented
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
11407
diff
changeset
|
4724 silently ignored, and the command is executed. |
11347 | 4725 |
7 | 4726 ============================================================================== |
27036 | 4727 12. The sandbox *eval-sandbox* *sandbox* |
7 | 4728 |
2350
06feaf4fe36a
Rename some "python3" symbols to "py3", as the command name.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
2345
diff
changeset
|
4729 The 'foldexpr', 'formatexpr', 'includeexpr', 'indentexpr', 'statusline' and |
06feaf4fe36a
Rename some "python3" symbols to "py3", as the command name.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
2345
diff
changeset
|
4730 'foldtext' options may be evaluated in a sandbox. This means that you are |
06feaf4fe36a
Rename some "python3" symbols to "py3", as the command name.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
2345
diff
changeset
|
4731 protected from these expressions having nasty side effects. This gives some |
06feaf4fe36a
Rename some "python3" symbols to "py3", as the command name.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
2345
diff
changeset
|
4732 safety for when these options are set from a modeline. It is also used when |
06feaf4fe36a
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Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
2345
diff
changeset
|
4733 the command from a tags file is executed and for CTRL-R = in the command line. |
29 | 4734 The sandbox is also used for the |:sandbox| command. |
27036 | 4735 *E48* |
7 | 4736 These items are not allowed in the sandbox: |
4737 - changing the buffer text | |
14347 | 4738 - defining or changing mapping, autocommands, user commands |
7 | 4739 - setting certain options (see |option-summary|) |
1156 | 4740 - setting certain v: variables (see |v:var|) *E794* |
7 | 4741 - executing a shell command |
4742 - reading or writing a file | |
4743 - jumping to another buffer or editing a file | |
625 | 4744 - executing Python, Perl, etc. commands |
29 | 4745 This is not guaranteed 100% secure, but it should block most attacks. |
4746 | |
4747 *:san* *:sandbox* | |
401 | 4748 :san[dbox] {cmd} Execute {cmd} in the sandbox. Useful to evaluate an |
29 | 4749 option that may have been set from a modeline, e.g. |
4750 'foldexpr'. | |
4751 | |
634 | 4752 *sandbox-option* |
4753 A few options contain an expression. When this expression is evaluated it may | |
790 | 4754 have to be done in the sandbox to avoid a security risk. But the sandbox is |
634 | 4755 restrictive, thus this only happens when the option was set from an insecure |
4756 location. Insecure in this context are: | |
843 | 4757 - sourcing a .vimrc or .exrc in the current directory |
634 | 4758 - while executing in the sandbox |
4759 - value coming from a modeline | |
14347 | 4760 - executing a function that was defined in the sandbox |
634 | 4761 |
4762 Note that when in the sandbox and saving an option value and restoring it, the | |
4763 option will still be marked as it was set in the sandbox. | |
4764 | |
4765 ============================================================================== | |
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abb67309c1ca
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|
4766 13. Textlock *textlock* |
634 | 4767 |
4768 In a few situations it is not allowed to change the text in the buffer, jump | |
4769 to another window and some other things that might confuse or break what Vim | |
4770 is currently doing. This mostly applies to things that happen when Vim is | |
9877
7da89d9c744b
commit https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/58b853460add42098ab08017df9e030fb14fd34b
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
9861
diff
changeset
|
4771 actually doing something else. For example, evaluating the 'balloonexpr' may |
634 | 4772 happen any moment the mouse cursor is resting at some position. |
4773 | |
4774 This is not allowed when the textlock is active: | |
4775 - changing the buffer text | |
4776 - jumping to another buffer or window | |
4777 - editing another file | |
4778 - closing a window or quitting Vim | |
4779 - etc. | |
4780 | |
7 | 4781 |
14421 | 4782 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |