Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/vim9.txt @ 27634:9fe2fed9bb4b
Update runtime files. (closes #9741)
Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/92f645bef7bb817822d115291fe584b15647d577
Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
Date: Fri Feb 11 13:29:40 2022 +0000
Update runtime files. (closes https://github.com/vim/vim/issues/9741)
author | Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> |
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date | Fri, 11 Feb 2022 14:45:03 +0100 |
parents | 179c118424a6 |
children | 1712b102d642 |
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1 *vim9.txt* For Vim version 8.2. Last change: 2022 Feb 11 |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar |
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5 |
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6 |
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7 Vim9 script commands and expressions. *Vim9* *vim9* |
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8 |
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9 Most expression help is in |eval.txt|. This file is about the new syntax and |
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10 features in Vim9 script. |
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11 |
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12 |
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13 |
23466 | 14 1. What is Vim9 script? |Vim9-script| |
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15 2. Differences |vim9-differences| |
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16 3. New style functions |fast-functions| |
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17 4. Types |vim9-types| |
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18 5. Namespace, Import and Export |vim9script| |
22328 | 19 6. Future work: classes |vim9-classes| |
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20 |
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21 9. Rationale |vim9-rationale| |
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22 |
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23 ============================================================================== |
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24 |
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25 1. What is Vim9 script? *Vim9-script* |
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26 |
20241 | 27 Vim script has been growing over time, while preserving backwards |
28 compatibility. That means bad choices from the past often can't be changed | |
20965 | 29 and compatibility with Vi restricts possible solutions. Execution is quite |
20241 | 30 slow, each line is parsed every time it is executed. |
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31 |
20241 | 32 The main goal of Vim9 script is to drastically improve performance. This is |
33 accomplished by compiling commands into instructions that can be efficiently | |
34 executed. An increase in execution speed of 10 to 100 times can be expected. | |
35 | |
36 A secondary goal is to avoid Vim-specific constructs and get closer to | |
37 commonly used programming languages, such as JavaScript, TypeScript and Java. | |
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38 |
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39 The performance improvements can only be achieved by not being 100% backwards |
20552 | 40 compatible. For example, making function arguments available in the |
41 "a:" dictionary adds quite a lot of overhead. In a Vim9 function this | |
42 dictionary is not available. Other differences are more subtle, such as how | |
43 errors are handled. | |
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44 |
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45 The Vim9 script syntax and semantics are used in: |
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46 - a function defined with the `:def` command |
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47 - a script file where the first command is `vim9script` |
22328 | 48 - an autocommand defined in the context of the above |
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49 - a command prefixed with the `vim9cmd` command modifier |
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50 |
23573 | 51 When using `:function` in a Vim9 script file the legacy syntax is used, with |
52 the highest |scriptversion|. However, this can be confusing and is therefore | |
53 discouraged. | |
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54 |
20241 | 55 Vim9 script and legacy Vim script can be mixed. There is no requirement to |
22328 | 56 rewrite old scripts, they keep working as before. You may want to use a few |
57 `:def` functions for code that needs to be fast. | |
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58 |
27537 | 59 :vim9[cmd] {cmd} *:vim9* *:vim9cmd* *E1164* |
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60 Execute {cmd} using Vim9 script syntax and semantics. |
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61 Useful when typing a command and in a legacy script or |
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62 function. |
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63 |
27537 | 64 :leg[acy] {cmd} *:leg* *:legacy* *E1189* *E1234* |
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65 Execute {cmd} using legacy script syntax and semantics. Only |
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66 useful in a Vim9 script or a :def function. |
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67 Note that {cmd} cannot use local variables, since it is parsed |
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68 with legacy expression syntax. |
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69 |
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70 ============================================================================== |
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71 |
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72 2. Differences from legacy Vim script *vim9-differences* |
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73 |
22441 | 74 Overview ~ |
27537 | 75 *E1146* |
22441 | 76 Brief summary of the differences you will most often encounter when using Vim9 |
77 script and `:def` functions; details are below: | |
78 - Comments start with #, not ": > | |
23573 | 79 echo "hello" # comment |
22441 | 80 - Using a backslash for line continuation is hardly ever needed: > |
23573 | 81 echo "hello " |
22441 | 82 .. yourName |
83 .. ", how are you?" | |
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84 - White space is required in many places to improve readability. |
27459 | 85 - Assign values without `:let` *E1126* , declare variables with `:var`: > |
23573 | 86 var count = 0 |
22441 | 87 count += 3 |
88 - Constants can be declared with `:final` and `:const`: > | |
23573 | 89 final matches = [] # add matches |
22441 | 90 const names = ['Betty', 'Peter'] # cannot be changed |
91 - `:final` cannot be used as an abbreviation of `:finally`. | |
92 - Variables and functions are script-local by default. | |
93 - Functions are declared with argument types and return type: > | |
94 def CallMe(count: number, message: string): bool | |
95 - Call functions without `:call`: > | |
23573 | 96 writefile(['done'], 'file.txt') |
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97 - You cannot use old Ex commands `:xit`, `:t`, `:k`, `:append`, `:change`, |
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98 `:insert`, `:open`, and `:s` or `:d` with only flags. |
25973 | 99 - You cannot use curly-braces names. |
22441 | 100 - A range before a command must be prefixed with a colon: > |
23573 | 101 :%s/this/that |
25700 | 102 - Executing a register with "@r" does not work, you can prepend a colon or use |
103 `:exe`: > | |
104 :exe @a | |
23573 | 105 - Unless mentioned specifically, the highest |scriptversion| is used. |
27162 | 106 - When defining an expression mapping, the expression will be evaluated in the |
107 context of the script where it was defined. | |
22441 | 108 |
109 | |
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110 Comments starting with # ~ |
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111 |
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112 In legacy Vim script comments start with double quote. In Vim9 script |
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113 comments start with #. > |
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114 # declarations |
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115 var count = 0 # number of occurrences |
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116 |
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117 The reason is that a double quote can also be the start of a string. In many |
21825 | 118 places, especially halfway through an expression with a line break, it's hard |
119 to tell what the meaning is, since both a string and a comment can be followed | |
120 by arbitrary text. To avoid confusion only # comments are recognized. This | |
121 is the same as in shell scripts and Python programs. | |
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122 |
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123 In Vi # is a command to list text with numbers. In Vim9 script you can use |
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124 `:number` for that. > |
27036 | 125 :101 number |
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126 |
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127 To improve readability there must be a space between a command and the # |
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128 that starts a comment: > |
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129 var name = value # comment |
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130 var name = value# error! |
27537 | 131 < *E1170* |
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132 Do not start a comment with #{, it looks like the legacy dictionary literal |
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133 and produces an error where this might be confusing. #{{ or #{{{ are OK, |
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134 these can be used to start a fold. |
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135 |
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136 In legacy Vim script # is also used for the alternate file name. In Vim9 |
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137 script you need to use %% instead. Instead of ## use %%% (stands for all |
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138 arguments). |
20115 | 139 |
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140 |
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141 Vim9 functions ~ |
27459 | 142 *E1099* |
20241 | 143 A function defined with `:def` is compiled. Execution is many times faster, |
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144 often 10 to 100 times. |
20241 | 145 |
20552 | 146 Many errors are already found when compiling, before the function is executed. |
20241 | 147 The syntax is strict, to enforce code that is easy to read and understand. |
148 | |
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149 Compilation is done when any of these is encountered: |
23164 | 150 - the first time the function is called |
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151 - when the `:defcompile` command is encountered in the script after the |
21991 | 152 function was defined |
153 - `:disassemble` is used for the function. | |
154 - a function that is compiled calls the function or uses it as a function | |
25700 | 155 reference (so that the argument and return types can be checked) |
27537 | 156 *E1091* *E1191* |
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157 If compilation fails it is not tried again on the next call, instead this |
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158 error is given: "E1091: Function is not compiled: {name}". |
24569 | 159 Compilation will fail when encountering a user command that has not been |
160 created yet. In this case you can call `execute()` to invoke it at runtime. > | |
161 def MyFunc() | |
162 execute('DefinedLater') | |
163 enddef | |
20552 | 164 |
165 `:def` has no options like `:function` does: "range", "abort", "dict" or | |
23164 | 166 "closure". A `:def` function always aborts on an error (unless `:silent!` was |
26708 | 167 used for the command or the error was caught a `:try` block), does not get a |
168 range passed cannot be a "dict" function, and can always be a closure. | |
25700 | 169 *vim9-no-dict-function* |
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170 Later classes will be added, which replaces the "dict function" mechanism. |
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171 For now you will need to pass the dictionary explicitly: > |
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172 def DictFunc(d: dict<any>, arg: string) |
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173 echo d[arg] |
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174 enddef |
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175 var d = {item: 'value', func: DictFunc} |
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176 d.func(d, 'item') |
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177 |
25836 | 178 You can call a legacy dict function though: > |
179 func Legacy() dict | |
180 echo self.value | |
181 endfunc | |
182 def CallLegacy() | |
183 var d = {func: Legacy, value: 'text'} | |
184 d.func() | |
185 enddef | |
27537 | 186 < *E1096* *E1174* *E1175* |
20241 | 187 The argument types and return type need to be specified. The "any" type can |
188 be used, type checking will then be done at runtime, like with legacy | |
189 functions. | |
27459 | 190 *E1106* |
21825 | 191 Arguments are accessed by name, without "a:", just like any other language. |
192 There is no "a:" dictionary or "a:000" list. | |
27537 | 193 *vim9-variable-arguments* *E1055* *E1160* *E1180* |
20241 | 194 Variable arguments are defined as the last argument, with a name and have a |
21825 | 195 list type, similar to TypeScript. For example, a list of numbers: > |
22171 | 196 def MyFunc(...itemlist: list<number>) |
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197 for item in itemlist |
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198 ... |
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199 |
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200 When a function argument is optional (it has a default value) passing `v:none` |
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201 as the argument results in using the default value. This is useful when you |
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202 want to specify a value for an argument that comes after an argument that |
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203 should use its default value. Example: > |
25973 | 204 def MyFunc(one = 'one', last = 'last') |
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205 ... |
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206 enddef |
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207 MyFunc(v:none, 'LAST') # first argument uses default value 'one' |
24408
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208 < |
27537 | 209 *vim9-ignored-argument* *E1181* |
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210 The argument "_" (an underscore) can be used to ignore the argument. This is |
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211 most useful in callbacks where you don't need it, but do need to give an |
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212 argument to match the call. E.g. when using map() two arguments are passed, |
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213 the key and the value, to ignore the key: > |
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214 map(myList, (_, v) => v * 2) |
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215 There is no error for using the "_" argument multiple times. No type needs to |
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216 be given. |
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217 |
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218 |
20241 | 219 Functions and variables are script-local by default ~ |
20856 | 220 *vim9-scopes* |
20115 | 221 When using `:function` or `:def` to specify a new function at the script level |
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222 in a Vim9 script, the function is local to the script. Like prefixing "s:" in |
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223 legacy script. To define a global function or variable the "g:" prefix must |
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224 be used. For functions in a script that is to be imported and in an autoload |
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225 script "export" needs to be used. > |
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226 def ThisFunction() # script-local |
22171 | 227 def g:ThatFunction() # global |
27623 | 228 export def Function() # for import and import autoload |
27321 | 229 < *E1058* *E1075* |
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230 When using `:function` or `:def` to specify a nested function inside a `:def` |
26438 | 231 function and no namespace was given, this nested function is local to the code |
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232 block it is defined in. It is not possible to define a script-local function. |
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233 It is possible to define a global function by using the "g:" prefix. |
20115 | 234 |
235 When referring to a function and no "s:" or "g:" prefix is used, Vim will | |
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236 search for the function: |
22565 | 237 - in the function scope, in block scopes |
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238 - in the script scope, possibly imported |
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239 |
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240 Since a script-local function reference can be used without "s:" the name must |
24278 | 241 start with an upper case letter even when using the "s:" prefix. In legacy |
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242 script "s:funcref" could be used, because it could not be referred to with |
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243 "funcref". In Vim9 script it can, therefore "s:Funcref" must be used to avoid |
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244 that the name interferes with builtin functions. |
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245 *vim9-s-namespace* |
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246 The use of the "s:" prefix is not supported at the Vim9 script level. All |
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247 functions and variables without a prefix are script-local. |
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248 In :def functions the use of "s:" is optional. This is because in legacy |
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249 script the "s:" might be needed. Disallowing the use of "s:" only in a :def |
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250 function in Vim9 script would be a bit confusing. |
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251 In legacy functions the use of "s:" for script items is required, as before. |
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252 |
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253 In all cases the function must be defined before used. That is when it is |
22723 | 254 called, when `:defcompile` causes it to be compiled, or when code that calls |
255 it is being compiled (to figure out the return type). | |
20241 | 256 |
21676 | 257 The result is that functions and variables without a namespace can usually be |
20241 | 258 found in the script, either defined there or imported. Global functions and |
21676 | 259 variables could be defined anywhere (good luck finding out where!). |
27459 | 260 *E1102* |
21825 | 261 Global functions can still be defined and deleted at nearly any time. In |
20317 | 262 Vim9 script script-local functions are defined once when the script is sourced |
20552 | 263 and cannot be deleted or replaced. |
20115 | 264 |
23305 | 265 When compiling a function and a function call is encountered for a function |
266 that is not (yet) defined, the |FuncUndefined| autocommand is not triggered. | |
267 You can use an autoload function if needed, or call a legacy function and have | |
268 |FuncUndefined| triggered there. | |
269 | |
20115 | 270 |
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271 Reloading a Vim9 script clears functions and variables by default ~ |
27537 | 272 *vim9-reload* *E1149* *E1150* |
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273 When loading a legacy Vim script a second time nothing is removed, the |
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274 commands will replace existing variables and functions and create new ones. |
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275 |
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276 When loading a Vim9 script a second time all existing script-local functions |
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277 and variables are deleted, thus you start with a clean slate. This is useful |
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278 if you are developing a plugin and want to try a new version. If you renamed |
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279 something you don't have to worry about the old name still hanging around. |
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280 |
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281 If you do want to keep items, use: > |
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282 vim9script noclear |
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283 |
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284 You want to use this in scripts that use a `finish` command to bail out at |
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285 some point when loaded again. E.g. when a buffer local option is set: > |
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286 vim9script noclear |
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287 setlocal completefunc=SomeFunc |
27623 | 288 if exists('*g:SomeFunc') |
289 finish | |
290 endif | |
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291 def g:SomeFunc() |
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292 .... |
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293 |
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294 |
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295 Variable declarations with :var, :final and :const ~ |
27459 | 296 *vim9-declaration* *:var* |
297 *E1017* *E1020* *E1054* *E1087* *E1108* *E1124* | |
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298 Local variables need to be declared with `:var`. Local constants need to be |
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299 declared with `:final` or `:const`. We refer to both as "variables" in this |
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300 section. |
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301 |
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302 Variables can be local to a script, function or code block: > |
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303 vim9script |
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304 var script_var = 123 |
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305 def SomeFunc() |
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306 var func_var = script_var |
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307 if cond |
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308 var block_var = func_var |
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309 ... |
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310 |
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311 The variables are only visible in the block where they are defined and nested |
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312 blocks. Once the block ends the variable is no longer accessible: > |
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313 if cond |
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314 var inner = 5 |
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315 else |
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316 var inner = 0 |
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317 endif |
22171 | 318 echo inner # Error! |
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319 |
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320 The declaration must be done earlier: > |
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321 var inner: number |
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322 if cond |
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323 inner = 5 |
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324 else |
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325 inner = 0 |
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326 endif |
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327 echo inner |
27459 | 328 < *E1025* *E1128* |
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329 To intentionally hide a variable from code that follows, a block can be |
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330 used: > |
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331 { |
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332 var temp = 'temp' |
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333 ... |
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334 } |
22171 | 335 echo temp # Error! |
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336 |
25402 | 337 This is especially useful in a user command: > |
338 | |
339 command -range Rename { | |
25619 | 340 var save = @a |
341 @a = 'some expression' | |
342 echo 'do something with ' .. @a | |
343 @a = save | |
344 } | |
25402 | 345 |
346 And with autocommands: > | |
347 | |
348 au BufWritePre *.go { | |
25619 | 349 var save = winsaveview() |
350 silent! exe ':%! some formatting command' | |
351 winrestview(save) | |
352 } | |
25402 | 353 |
354 Although using a :def function probably works better. | |
27537 | 355 *E1022* *E1103* *E1130* *E1131* *E1133* |
356 *E1134* *E1235* | |
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357 Declaring a variable with a type but without an initializer will initialize to |
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358 false (for bool), empty (for string, list, dict, etc.) or zero (for number, |
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359 any, etc.). This matters especially when using the "any" type, the value will |
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360 default to the number zero. |
27321 | 361 *E1016* *E1052* *E1066* |
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362 In Vim9 script `:let` cannot be used. An existing variable is assigned to |
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363 without any command. The same for global, window, tab, buffer and Vim |
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364 variables, because they are not really declared. Those can also be deleted |
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365 with `:unlet`. |
27537 | 366 *E1178* |
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367 `:lockvar` does not work on local variables. Use `:const` and `:final` |
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368 instead. |
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369 |
25619 | 370 The `exists()` and `exists_compiled()` functions do not work on local variables |
371 or arguments. | |
27537 | 372 *E1006* *E1041* *E1167* *E1168* *E1213* |
24024 | 373 Variables, functions and function arguments cannot shadow previously defined |
374 or imported variables and functions in the same script file. | |
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375 Variables may shadow Ex commands, rename the variable if needed. |
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376 |
24387 | 377 Global variables must be prefixed with "g:", also at the script level. > |
19968 | 378 vim9script |
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379 var script_local = 'text' |
21499 | 380 g:global = 'value' |
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381 var Funcref = g:ThatFunction |
19968 | 382 |
27492 | 383 Global functions must be prefixed with "g:": > |
24387 | 384 vim9script |
385 def g:GlobalFunc(): string | |
386 return 'text' | |
387 enddef | |
27492 | 388 echo g:GlobalFunc() |
24387 | 389 The "g:" prefix is not needed for auto-load functions. |
390 | |
25619 | 391 *vim9-function-defined-later* |
392 Although global functions can be called without the "g:" prefix, they must | |
393 exist when compiled. By adding the "g:" prefix the function can be defined | |
394 later. Example: > | |
395 def CallPluginFunc() | |
396 if exists('g:loaded_plugin') | |
397 g:PluginFunc() | |
398 endif | |
399 enddef | |
400 | |
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401 If you do it like this, you get an error at compile time that "PluginFunc" |
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402 does not exist, even when "g:loaded_plugin" does not exist: > |
25619 | 403 def CallPluginFunc() |
404 if exists('g:loaded_plugin') | |
405 PluginFunc() # Error - function not found | |
406 endif | |
407 enddef | |
408 | |
409 You can use exists_compiled() to avoid the error, but then the function would | |
410 not be called, even when "g:loaded_plugin" is defined later: > | |
411 def CallPluginFunc() | |
412 if exists_compiled('g:loaded_plugin') | |
413 PluginFunc() # Function may never be called | |
414 endif | |
415 enddef | |
416 | |
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417 Since `&opt = value` is now assigning a value to option "opt", ":&" cannot be |
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418 used to repeat a `:substitute` command. |
24468 | 419 *vim9-unpack-ignore* |
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420 For an unpack assignment the underscore can be used to ignore a list item, |
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421 similar to how a function argument can be ignored: > |
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422 [a, _, c] = theList |
24468 | 423 To ignore any remaining items: > |
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424 [a, b; _] = longList |
27537 | 425 < *E1163* |
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426 Declaring more than one variable at a time, using the unpack notation, is |
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427 possible. Each variable can have a type or infer it from the value: > |
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428 var [v1: number, v2] = GetValues() |
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429 Use this only when there is a list with values, declaring one variable per |
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430 line is much easier to read and change later. |
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431 |
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432 |
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433 Constants ~ |
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434 *vim9-const* *vim9-final* |
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435 How constants work varies between languages. Some consider a variable that |
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436 can't be assigned another value a constant. JavaScript is an example. Others |
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437 also make the value immutable, thus when a constant uses a list, the list |
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438 cannot be changed. In Vim9 we can use both. |
27321 | 439 *E1021* |
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440 `:const` is used for making both the variable and the value a constant. Use |
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441 this for composite structures that you want to make sure will not be modified. |
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442 Example: > |
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443 const myList = [1, 2] |
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444 myList = [3, 4] # Error! |
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445 myList[0] = 9 # Error! |
24024 | 446 myList->add(3) # Error! |
27459 | 447 < *:final* *E1125* |
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448 `:final` is used for making only the variable a constant, the value can be |
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449 changed. This is well known from Java. Example: > |
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450 final myList = [1, 2] |
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451 myList = [3, 4] # Error! |
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452 myList[0] = 9 # OK |
24024 | 453 myList->add(3) # OK |
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454 |
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455 It is common to write constants as ALL_CAPS, but you don't have to. |
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456 |
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457 The constant only applies to the value itself, not what it refers to. > |
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458 final females = ["Mary"] |
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459 const NAMES = [["John", "Peter"], females] |
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460 NAMES[0] = ["Jack"] # Error! |
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461 NAMES[0][0] = "Jack" # Error! |
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462 NAMES[1] = ["Emma"] # Error! |
23573 | 463 NAMES[1][0] = "Emma" # OK, now females[0] == "Emma" |
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464 |
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465 |
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466 Omitting :call and :eval ~ |
27537 | 467 *E1190* |
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468 Functions can be called without `:call`: > |
22171 | 469 writefile(lines, 'file') |
19303 | 470 Using `:call` is still possible, but this is discouraged. |
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471 |
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472 A method call without `eval` is possible, so long as the start is an |
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473 identifier or can't be an Ex command. For a function either "(" or "->" must |
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474 be following, without a line break. Examples: > |
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475 myList->add(123) |
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476 g:myList->add(123) |
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477 [1, 2, 3]->Process() |
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478 {a: 1, b: 2}->Process() |
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479 "foobar"->Process() |
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480 ("foobar")->Process() |
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481 'foobar'->Process() |
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482 ('foobar')->Process() |
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483 |
21825 | 484 In the rare case there is ambiguity between a function name and an Ex command, |
21676 | 485 prepend ":" to make clear you want to use the Ex command. For example, there |
486 is both the `:substitute` command and the `substitute()` function. When the | |
487 line starts with `substitute(` this will use the function. Prepend a colon to | |
488 use the command instead: > | |
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489 :substitute(pattern (replacement ( |
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490 |
25402 | 491 If the expression starts with "!" this is interpreted as a shell command, not |
492 negation of a condition. Thus this is a shell command: > | |
493 !shellCommand->something | |
25700 | 494 Put the expression in parentheses to use the "!" for negation: > |
25402 | 495 (!expression)->Method() |
496 | |
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497 Note that while variables need to be defined before they can be used, |
21825 | 498 functions can be called before being defined. This is required to allow |
499 for cyclic dependencies between functions. It is slightly less efficient, | |
19556
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500 since the function has to be looked up by name. And a typo in the function |
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501 name will only be found when the function is called. |
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502 |
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patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
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503 |
19968 | 504 Omitting function() ~ |
505 | |
506 A user defined function can be used as a function reference in an expression | |
507 without `function()`. The argument types and return type will then be checked. | |
508 The function must already have been defined. > | |
509 | |
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510 var Funcref = MyFunction |
19968 | 511 |
512 When using `function()` the resulting type is "func", a function with any | |
25161 | 513 number of arguments and any return type (including void). The function can be |
26708 | 514 defined later if the argument is in quotes. |
19968 | 515 |
516 | |
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517 Lambda using => instead of -> ~ |
24387 | 518 *vim9-lambda* |
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519 In legacy script there can be confusion between using "->" for a method call |
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520 and for a lambda. Also, when a "{" is found the parser needs to figure out if |
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521 it is the start of a lambda or a dictionary, which is now more complicated |
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522 because of the use of argument types. |
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523 |
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524 To avoid these problems Vim9 script uses a different syntax for a lambda, |
24888
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patch 8.2.2982: Vim9: future commands are not reserved yet
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525 which is similar to JavaScript: > |
23318
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526 var Lambda = (arg) => expression |
27537 | 527 var Lambda = (arg): type => expression |
528 < *E1157* | |
23358
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529 No line break is allowed in the arguments of a lambda up to and including the |
25056 | 530 "=>" (so that Vim can tell the difference between an expression in parentheses |
24911 | 531 and lambda arguments). This is OK: > |
23318
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532 filter(list, (k, v) => |
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533 v > 0) |
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534 This does not work: > |
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535 filter(list, (k, v) |
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536 => v > 0) |
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537 This also does not work: > |
23318
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538 filter(list, (k, |
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539 v) => v > 0) |
23392
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540 But you can use a backslash to concatenate the lines before parsing: > |
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541 filter(list, (k, |
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542 \ v) |
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543 \ => v > 0) |
27537 | 544 < *vim9-lambda-arguments* *E1172* |
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patch 8.2.2744: Vim9: no way to explicitly ignore an argument
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545 In legacy script a lambda could be called with any number of extra arguments, |
96e0b898d5b4
patch 8.2.2744: Vim9: no way to explicitly ignore an argument
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546 there was no way to warn for not using them. In Vim9 script the number of |
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547 arguments must match. If you do want to accept any arguments, or any further |
96e0b898d5b4
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548 arguments, use "..._", which makes the function accept |
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549 |vim9-variable-arguments|. Example: > |
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patch 8.2.2744: Vim9: no way to explicitly ignore an argument
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|
550 var Callback = (..._) => 'anything' |
96e0b898d5b4
patch 8.2.2744: Vim9: no way to explicitly ignore an argument
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551 echo Callback(1, 2, 3) # displays "anything" |
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patch 8.2.2744: Vim9: no way to explicitly ignore an argument
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552 |
27537 | 553 < *inline-function* *E1171* |
23318
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554 Additionally, a lambda can contain statements in {}: > |
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555 var Lambda = (arg) => { |
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|
556 g:was_called = 'yes' |
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557 return expression |
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558 } |
24387 | 559 This can be useful for a timer, for example: > |
560 var count = 0 | |
561 var timer = timer_start(500, (_) => { | |
562 count += 1 | |
563 echom 'Handler called ' .. count | |
564 }, {repeat: 3}) | |
565 | |
24272
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patch 8.2.2677: Vim9: cannot use only some of the default arguments
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changeset
|
566 The ending "}" must be at the start of a line. It can be followed by other |
cabed216cc2f
patch 8.2.2677: Vim9: cannot use only some of the default arguments
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567 characters, e.g.: > |
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568 var d = mapnew(dict, (k, v): string => { |
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569 return 'value' |
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570 }) |
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571 No command can follow the "{", only a comment can be used there. |
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572 |
27321 | 573 *command-block* *E1026* |
26612
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patch 8.2.3835: the inline-function example does not work
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574 The block can also be used for defining a user command. Inside the block Vim9 |
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patch 8.2.3835: the inline-function example does not work
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575 syntax will be used. |
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576 |
26591 | 577 If the statements include a dictionary, its closing bracket must not be |
578 written at the start of a line. Otherwise, it would be parsed as the end of | |
579 the block. This does not work: > | |
580 command NewCommand { | |
26612
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581 g:mydict = { |
26591 | 582 'key': 'value', |
583 } # ERROR: will be recognized as the end of the block | |
584 } | |
585 Put the '}' after the last item to avoid this: > | |
586 command NewCommand { | |
26612
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587 g:mydict = { |
26591 | 588 'key': 'value' } |
589 } | |
590 | |
24272
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591 Rationale: The "}" cannot be after a command because it would require parsing |
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|
592 the commands to find it. For consistency with that no command can follow the |
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593 "{". Unfortunately this means using "() => { command }" does not work, line |
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|
594 breaks are always required. |
23318
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|
595 |
23737 | 596 *vim9-curly* |
23358
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597 To avoid the "{" of a dictionary literal to be recognized as a statement block |
24024 | 598 wrap it in parentheses: > |
23358
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599 var Lambda = (arg) => ({key: 42}) |
23318
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Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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600 |
23737 | 601 Also when confused with the start of a command block: > |
602 ({ | |
603 key: value | |
604 })->method() | |
605 | |
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606 |
19999
844c7646f61b
patch 8.2.0555: Vim9: line continuation is not always needed
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607 Automatic line continuation ~ |
27459 | 608 *vim9-line-continuation* *E1097* |
19999
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patch 8.2.0555: Vim9: line continuation is not always needed
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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609 In many cases it is obvious that an expression continues on the next line. In |
23392
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patch 8.2.2239: Vim9: concatenating lines with backslash is inconvenient
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|
610 those cases there is no need to prefix the line with a backslash (see |
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|
611 |line-continuation|). For example, when a list spans multiple lines: > |
22391
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|
612 var mylist = [ |
19999
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patch 8.2.0555: Vim9: line continuation is not always needed
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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|
613 'one', |
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patch 8.2.0555: Vim9: line continuation is not always needed
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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614 'two', |
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Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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615 ] |
20011
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patch 8.2.0561: Vim9: cannot split function call in multiple lines
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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|
616 And when a dict spans multiple lines: > |
22936
00b0275ffe7f
patch 8.2.2015: Vim9: literal dict #{} is not like any other language
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|
617 var mydict = { |
20011
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618 one: 1, |
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|
619 two: 2, |
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620 } |
24888
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621 With a function call: > |
22391
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622 var result = Func( |
20011
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|
623 arg1, |
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624 arg2 |
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625 ) |
628011800942
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626 |
20982
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patch 8.2.1042: Vim9: cannot put an operator on the next line
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|
627 For binary operators in expressions not in [], {} or () a line break is |
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patch 8.2.1042: Vim9: cannot put an operator on the next line
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|
628 possible just before or after the operator. For example: > |
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629 var text = lead |
20982
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630 .. middle |
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631 .. end |
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632 var total = start + |
23573 | 633 end - |
20013
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patch 8.2.0562: Vim9: cannot split an expression into multiple lines
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634 correction |
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635 var result = positive |
20982
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636 ? PosFunc(arg) |
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637 : NegFunc(arg) |
20013
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638 |
21499 | 639 For a method call using "->" and a member using a dot, a line break is allowed |
640 before it: > | |
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|
641 var result = GetBuilder() |
20965 | 642 ->BuilderSetWidth(333) |
643 ->BuilderSetHeight(777) | |
644 ->BuilderBuild() | |
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Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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645 var result = MyDict |
21499 | 646 .member |
20965 | 647 |
23392
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|
648 For commands that have an argument that is a list of commands, the | character |
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649 at the start of the line indicates line continuation: > |
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650 autocmd BufNewFile *.match if condition |
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651 | echo 'match' |
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652 | endif |
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653 |
25973 | 654 Note that this means that in heredoc the first line cannot start with a bar: > |
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655 var lines =<< trim END |
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656 | this doesn't work |
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657 END |
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658 Either use an empty line at the start or do not use heredoc. Or temporarily |
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659 add the "C" flag to 'cpoptions': > |
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660 set cpo+=C |
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661 var lines =<< trim END |
25973 | 662 | this works |
24888
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663 END |
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664 set cpo-=C |
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665 If the heredoc is inside a function 'cpoptions' must be set before :def and |
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666 restored after the :enddef. |
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667 |
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668 In places where line continuation with a backslash is still needed, such as |
25161 | 669 splitting up a long Ex command, comments can start with '#\ ': > |
670 syn region Text | |
24888
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671 \ start='foo' |
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672 #\ comment |
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673 \ end='bar' |
25161 | 674 Like with legacy script '"\ ' is used. This is also needed when line |
675 continuation is used without a backslash and a line starts with a bar: > | |
676 au CursorHold * echom 'BEFORE bar' | |
677 #\ some comment | |
678 | echom 'AFTER bar' | |
679 < | |
680 *E1050* | |
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patch 8.2.1042: Vim9: cannot put an operator on the next line
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|
681 To make it possible for the operator at the start of the line to be |
24888
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682 recognized, it is required to put a colon before a range. This example will |
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683 add "start" and print: > |
22391
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patch 8.2.1744: Vim9: using ":const!" is weird
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684 var result = start |
20982
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685 + print |
21250 | 686 Like this: > |
22391
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687 var result = start + print |
21250 | 688 |
20982
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689 This will assign "start" and print a line: > |
22391
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690 var result = start |
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patch 8.2.1042: Vim9: cannot put an operator on the next line
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691 :+ print |
19999
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patch 8.2.0555: Vim9: line continuation is not always needed
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692 |
27321 | 693 After the range an Ex command must follow. Without the colon you can call a |
694 function without `:call`, but after a range you do need it: > | |
695 MyFunc() | |
696 :% call MyFunc() | |
697 | |
23047 | 698 Note that the colon is not required for the |+cmd| argument: > |
699 edit +6 fname | |
700 | |
20015
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patch 8.2.0563: Vim9: cannot split a function line
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changeset
|
701 It is also possible to split a function header over multiple lines, in between |
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patch 8.2.0563: Vim9: cannot split a function line
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|
702 arguments: > |
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patch 8.2.0563: Vim9: cannot split a function line
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703 def MyFunc( |
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patch 8.2.0563: Vim9: cannot split a function line
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704 text: string, |
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patch 8.2.0563: Vim9: cannot split a function line
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705 separator = '-' |
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706 ): string |
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|
707 |
23305 | 708 Since a continuation line cannot be easily recognized the parsing of commands |
23318
c76240efdf02
patch 8.2.2204: Vim9: using -> both for method and lambda is confusing
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
709 has been made stricter. E.g., because of the error in the first line, the |
23305 | 710 second line is seen as a separate command: > |
711 popup_create(some invalid expression, { | |
712 exit_cb: Func}) | |
713 Now "exit_cb: Func})" is actually a valid command: save any changes to the | |
714 file "_cb: Func})" and exit. To avoid this kind of mistake in Vim9 script | |
715 there must be white space between most command names and the argument. | |
27459 | 716 *E1144* |
23305 | 717 |
23666 | 718 However, the argument of a command that is a command won't be recognized. For |
719 example, after "windo echo expr" a line break inside "expr" will not be seen. | |
720 | |
23305 | 721 |
21250 | 722 Notes: |
723 - "enddef" cannot be used at the start of a continuation line, it ends the | |
724 current function. | |
725 - No line break is allowed in the LHS of an assignment. Specifically when | |
726 unpacking a list |:let-unpack|. This is OK: > | |
22171 | 727 [var1, var2] = |
21250 | 728 Func() |
729 < This does not work: > | |
22171 | 730 [var1, |
21250 | 731 var2] = |
732 Func() | |
733 - No line break is allowed in between arguments of an `:echo`, `:execute` and | |
734 similar commands. This is OK: > | |
22171 | 735 echo [1, |
21250 | 736 2] [3, |
737 4] | |
738 < This does not work: > | |
22171 | 739 echo [1, 2] |
21250 | 740 [3, 4] |
24888
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741 - In some cases it is difficult for Vim to parse a command, especially when |
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|
742 commands are used as an argument to another command, such as `windo`. In |
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patch 8.2.2982: Vim9: future commands are not reserved yet
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743 those cases the line continuation with a backslash has to be used. |
19999
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patch 8.2.0555: Vim9: line continuation is not always needed
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744 |
24569 | 745 |
746 White space ~ | |
27537 | 747 *E1004* *E1068* *E1069* *E1074* *E1127* *E1202* |
24569 | 748 Vim9 script enforces proper use of white space. This is no longer allowed: > |
749 var name=234 # Error! | |
750 var name= 234 # Error! | |
751 var name =234 # Error! | |
752 There must be white space before and after the "=": > | |
753 var name = 234 # OK | |
754 White space must also be put before the # that starts a comment after a | |
755 command: > | |
756 var name = 234# Error! | |
757 var name = 234 # OK | |
758 | |
759 White space is required around most operators. | |
760 | |
761 White space is required in a sublist (list slice) around the ":", except at | |
762 the start and end: > | |
763 otherlist = mylist[v : count] # v:count has a different meaning | |
764 otherlist = mylist[:] # make a copy of the List | |
765 otherlist = mylist[v :] | |
766 otherlist = mylist[: v] | |
767 | |
768 White space is not allowed: | |
769 - Between a function name and the "(": > | |
770 Func (arg) # Error! | |
771 Func | |
772 \ (arg) # Error! | |
773 Func | |
774 (arg) # Error! | |
775 Func(arg) # OK | |
776 Func( | |
777 arg) # OK | |
778 Func( | |
779 arg # OK | |
780 ) | |
27537 | 781 < *E1205* |
25700 | 782 White space is not allowed in a `:set` command between the option name and a |
783 following "&", "!", "<", "=", "+=", "-=" or "^=". | |
25402 | 784 |
24569 | 785 |
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786 No curly braces expansion ~ |
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787 |
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|
788 |curly-braces-names| cannot be used. |
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789 |
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|
790 |
27537 | 791 Command modifiers are not ignored ~ |
792 *E1176* | |
793 Using a command modifier for a command that does not use it gives an error. | |
794 | |
795 | |
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patch 8.2.2015: Vim9: literal dict #{} is not like any other language
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|
796 Dictionary literals ~ |
27321 | 797 *vim9-literal-dict* *E1014* |
22936
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patch 8.2.2015: Vim9: literal dict #{} is not like any other language
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changeset
|
798 Traditionally Vim has supported dictionary literals with a {} syntax: > |
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patch 8.2.2015: Vim9: literal dict #{} is not like any other language
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|
799 let dict = {'key': value} |
00b0275ffe7f
patch 8.2.2015: Vim9: literal dict #{} is not like any other language
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|
800 |
23088
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patch 8.2.2090: Vim9: dict does not accept a key in quotes
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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changeset
|
801 Later it became clear that using a simple text key is very common, thus |
285cde4b8d0e
patch 8.2.2090: Vim9: dict does not accept a key in quotes
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changeset
|
802 literal dictionaries were introduced in a backwards compatible way: > |
22936
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patch 8.2.2015: Vim9: literal dict #{} is not like any other language
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|
803 let dict = #{key: value} |
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patch 8.2.2015: Vim9: literal dict #{} is not like any other language
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|
804 |
23088
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patch 8.2.2090: Vim9: dict does not accept a key in quotes
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changeset
|
805 However, this #{} syntax is unlike any existing language. As it turns out |
285cde4b8d0e
patch 8.2.2090: Vim9: dict does not accept a key in quotes
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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diff
changeset
|
806 that using a literal key is much more common than using an expression, and |
22936
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patch 8.2.2015: Vim9: literal dict #{} is not like any other language
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changeset
|
807 considering that JavaScript uses this syntax, using the {} form for dictionary |
23088
285cde4b8d0e
patch 8.2.2090: Vim9: dict does not accept a key in quotes
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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diff
changeset
|
808 literals is considered a much more useful syntax. In Vim9 script the {} form |
22936
00b0275ffe7f
patch 8.2.2015: Vim9: literal dict #{} is not like any other language
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changeset
|
809 uses literal keys: > |
23666 | 810 var dict = {key: value} |
22936
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patch 8.2.2015: Vim9: literal dict #{} is not like any other language
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|
811 |
23088
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patch 8.2.2090: Vim9: dict does not accept a key in quotes
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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|
812 This works for alphanumeric characters, underscore and dash. If you want to |
285cde4b8d0e
patch 8.2.2090: Vim9: dict does not accept a key in quotes
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changeset
|
813 use another character, use a single or double quoted string: > |
23666 | 814 var dict = {'key with space': value} |
815 var dict = {"key\twith\ttabs": value} | |
816 var dict = {'': value} # empty key | |
27459 | 817 < *E1139* |
23088
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patch 8.2.2090: Vim9: dict does not accept a key in quotes
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|
818 In case the key needs to be an expression, square brackets can be used, just |
285cde4b8d0e
patch 8.2.2090: Vim9: dict does not accept a key in quotes
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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819 like in JavaScript: > |
23666 | 820 var dict = {["key" .. nr]: value} |
22936
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Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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|
821 |
23827
7e0d8f1cae7d
patch 8.2.2455: Vim9: key type for literal dict and indexing is inconsistent
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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changeset
|
822 The key type can be string, number, bool or float. Other types result in an |
7e0d8f1cae7d
patch 8.2.2455: Vim9: key type for literal dict and indexing is inconsistent
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823 error. A number can be given with and without the []: > |
7e0d8f1cae7d
patch 8.2.2455: Vim9: key type for literal dict and indexing is inconsistent
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|
824 var dict = {123: 'without', [456]: 'with'} |
7e0d8f1cae7d
patch 8.2.2455: Vim9: key type for literal dict and indexing is inconsistent
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825 echo dict |
7e0d8f1cae7d
patch 8.2.2455: Vim9: key type for literal dict and indexing is inconsistent
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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826 {'456': 'with', '123': 'without'} |
7e0d8f1cae7d
patch 8.2.2455: Vim9: key type for literal dict and indexing is inconsistent
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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827 |
22936
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828 |
23978
54b2aa1f0d42
patch 8.2.2531: Vim9: the :k command is obscure
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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829 No :xit, :t, :k, :append, :change or :insert ~ |
27459 | 830 *E1100* |
21584
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patch 8.2.1342: Vim9: accidentally using "t" gives a confusing error
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changeset
|
831 These commands are too easily confused with local variable names. |
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patch 8.2.1342: Vim9: accidentally using "t" gives a confusing error
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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832 Instead of `:x` or `:xit` you can use `:exit`. |
d0c76ce48326
patch 8.2.1342: Vim9: accidentally using "t" gives a confusing error
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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changeset
|
833 Instead of `:t` you can use `:copy`. |
23978
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patch 8.2.2531: Vim9: the :k command is obscure
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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834 Instead of `:k` you can use `:mark`. |
19181
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patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
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835 |
19303 | 836 |
837 Comparators ~ | |
838 | |
839 The 'ignorecase' option is not used for comparators that use strings. | |
19181
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patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
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840 |
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841 |
24569 | 842 Abort after error ~ |
843 | |
844 In legacy script, when an error is encountered, Vim continues to execute | |
845 following lines. This can lead to a long sequence of errors and need to type | |
846 CTRL-C to stop it. In Vim9 script execution of commands stops at the first | |
847 error. Example: > | |
848 vim9script | |
849 var x = does-not-exist | |
850 echo 'not executed' | |
851 | |
852 | |
23666 | 853 For loop ~ |
27537 | 854 *E1254* |
26438 | 855 The loop variable must not be declared yet: > |
26304 | 856 var i = 1 |
857 for i in [1, 2, 3] # Error! | |
858 | |
26438 | 859 It is possible to use a global variable though: > |
860 g:i = 1 | |
861 for g:i in [1, 2, 3] | |
862 echo g:i | |
863 endfor | |
864 | |
23666 | 865 Legacy Vim script has some tricks to make a for loop over a list handle |
866 deleting items at the current or previous item. In Vim9 script it just uses | |
867 the index, if items are deleted then items in the list will be skipped. | |
868 Example legacy script: > | |
869 let l = [1, 2, 3, 4] | |
870 for i in l | |
871 echo i | |
872 call remove(l, index(l, i)) | |
873 endfor | |
874 Would echo: | |
875 1 | |
876 2 | |
877 3 | |
878 4 | |
879 In compiled Vim9 script you get: | |
880 1 | |
881 3 | |
882 Generally, you should not change the list that is iterated over. Make a copy | |
883 first if needed. | |
884 | |
885 | |
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886 Conditions and expressions ~ |
27321 | 887 *vim9-boolean* |
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888 Conditions and expressions are mostly working like they do in other languages. |
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889 Some values are different from legacy Vim script: |
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890 value legacy Vim script Vim9 script ~ |
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891 0 falsy falsy |
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892 1 truthy truthy |
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893 99 truthy Error! |
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894 "0" falsy Error! |
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895 "99" truthy Error! |
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896 "text" falsy Error! |
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897 |
22500
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898 For the "??" operator and when using "!" then there is no error, every value |
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899 is either falsy or truthy. This is mostly like JavaScript, except that an |
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900 empty list and dict is falsy: |
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901 |
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902 type truthy when ~ |
23466 | 903 bool true, v:true or 1 |
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904 number non-zero |
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905 float non-zero |
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906 string non-empty |
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907 blob non-empty |
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908 list non-empty (different from JavaScript) |
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909 dictionary non-empty (different from JavaScript) |
19968 | 910 func when there is a function name |
23466 | 911 special true or v:true |
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912 job when not NULL |
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913 channel when not NULL |
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914 class when not NULL |
23466 | 915 object when not NULL (TODO: when isTrue() returns true) |
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916 |
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917 The boolean operators "||" and "&&" expect the values to be boolean, zero or |
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918 one: > |
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919 1 || false == true |
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920 0 || 1 == true |
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921 0 || false == false |
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922 1 && true == true |
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923 0 && 1 == false |
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924 8 || 0 Error! |
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925 'yes' && 0 Error! |
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926 [] || 99 Error! |
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927 |
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928 When using "!" for inverting, there is no error for using any type and the |
22500
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929 result is a boolean. "!!" can be used to turn any value into boolean: > |
23573 | 930 !'yes' == false |
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931 !![] == false |
23573 | 932 !![1, 2, 3] == true |
22494
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933 |
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934 When using "`.."` for string concatenation arguments of simple types are |
22500
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935 always converted to string: > |
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936 'hello ' .. 123 == 'hello 123' |
23466 | 937 'hello ' .. v:true == 'hello true' |
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938 |
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939 Simple types are Number, Float, Special and Bool. For other types |string()| |
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940 should be used. |
27321 | 941 *false* *true* *null* *E1034* |
23497
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942 In Vim9 script one can use "true" for v:true, "false" for v:false and "null" |
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943 for v:null. When converting a boolean to a string "false" and "true" are |
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944 used, not "v:false" and "v:true" like in legacy script. "v:none" is not |
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945 changed, it is only used in JSON and has no equivalent in other languages. |
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946 |
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947 Indexing a string with [idx] or taking a slice with [idx : idx] uses character |
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948 indexes instead of byte indexes. Composing characters are included. |
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949 Example: > |
21825 | 950 echo 'bár'[1] |
951 In legacy script this results in the character 0xc3 (an illegal byte), in Vim9 | |
952 script this results in the string 'á'. | |
23573 | 953 A negative index is counting from the end, "[-1]" is the last character. |
23666 | 954 To exclude the last character use |slice()|. |
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955 To count composing characters separately use |strcharpart()|. |
23573 | 956 If the index is out of range then an empty string results. |
957 | |
958 In legacy script "++var" and "--var" would be silently accepted and have no | |
959 effect. This is an error in Vim9 script. | |
960 | |
961 Numbers starting with zero are not considered to be octal, only numbers | |
962 starting with "0o" are octal: "0o744". |scriptversion-4| | |
21825 | 963 |
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964 |
21093 | 965 What to watch out for ~ |
966 *vim9-gotchas* | |
967 Vim9 was designed to be closer to often used programming languages, but at the | |
968 same time tries to support the legacy Vim commands. Some compromises had to | |
969 be made. Here is a summary of what might be unexpected. | |
970 | |
971 Ex command ranges need to be prefixed with a colon. > | |
23666 | 972 -> legacy Vim: shifts the previous line to the right |
973 ->func() Vim9: method call in a continuation line | |
974 :-> Vim9: shifts the previous line to the right | |
21093 | 975 |
23666 | 976 %s/a/b legacy Vim: substitute on all lines |
21093 | 977 x = alongname |
23666 | 978 % another Vim9: modulo operator in a continuation line |
979 :%s/a/b Vim9: substitute on all lines | |
980 't legacy Vim: jump to mark t | |
981 'text'->func() Vim9: method call | |
982 :'t Vim9: jump to mark t | |
21093 | 983 |
21676 | 984 Some Ex commands can be confused with assignments in Vim9 script: > |
23666 | 985 g:name = value # assignment |
25939
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986 :g:pattern:cmd # :global command |
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987 |
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988 To avoid confusion between a `:global` or `:substitute` command and an |
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989 expression or assignment, a few separators cannot be used when these commands |
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990 are abbreviated to a single character: ':', '-' and '.'. > |
23666 | 991 g:pattern:cmd # invalid command - ERROR |
25939
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992 s:pattern:repl # invalid command - ERROR |
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993 g-pattern-cmd # invalid command - ERROR |
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994 s-pattern-repl # invalid command - ERROR |
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995 g.pattern.cmd # invalid command - ERROR |
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996 s.pattern.repl # invalid command - ERROR |
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997 |
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998 Also, there cannot be a space between the command and the separator: > |
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999 g /pattern/cmd # invalid command - ERROR |
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1000 s /pattern/repl # invalid command - ERROR |
21676 | 1001 |
21093 | 1002 Functions defined with `:def` compile the whole function. Legacy functions |
1003 can bail out, and the following lines are not parsed: > | |
1004 func Maybe() | |
1005 if !has('feature') | |
1006 return | |
1007 endif | |
1008 use-feature | |
1009 endfunc | |
1010 Vim9 functions are compiled as a whole: > | |
1011 def Maybe() | |
1012 if !has('feature') | |
1013 return | |
1014 endif | |
23573 | 1015 use-feature # May give a compilation error |
21093 | 1016 enddef |
1017 For a workaround, split it in two functions: > | |
1018 func Maybe() | |
1019 if has('feature') | |
23666 | 1020 call MaybeInner() |
21093 | 1021 endif |
1022 endfunc | |
1023 if has('feature') | |
1024 def MaybeInner() | |
1025 use-feature | |
1026 enddef | |
1027 endif | |
22171 | 1028 Or put the unsupported code inside an `if` with a constant expression that |
21991 | 1029 evaluates to false: > |
1030 def Maybe() | |
1031 if has('feature') | |
1032 use-feature | |
1033 endif | |
1034 enddef | |
25619 | 1035 The `exists_compiled()` function can also be used for this. |
1036 *vim9-user-command* | |
23666 | 1037 Another side effect of compiling a function is that the presence of a user |
23573 | 1038 command is checked at compile time. If the user command is defined later an |
1039 error will result. This works: > | |
1040 command -nargs=1 MyCommand echom <q-args> | |
1041 def Works() | |
1042 MyCommand 123 | |
1043 enddef | |
1044 This will give an error for "MyCommand" not being defined: > | |
1045 def Works() | |
1046 command -nargs=1 MyCommand echom <q-args> | |
1047 MyCommand 123 | |
1048 enddef | |
1049 A workaround is to invoke the command indirectly with `:execute`: > | |
1050 def Works() | |
1051 command -nargs=1 MyCommand echom <q-args> | |
1052 execute 'MyCommand 123' | |
1053 enddef | |
1054 | |
21991 | 1055 Note that for unrecognized commands there is no check for "|" and a following |
1056 command. This will give an error for missing `endif`: > | |
1057 def Maybe() | |
1058 if has('feature') | use-feature | endif | |
1059 enddef | |
21093 | 1060 |
23305 | 1061 Other differences ~ |
1062 | |
1063 Patterns are used like 'magic' is set, unless explicitly overruled. | |
1064 The 'edcompatible' option value is not used. | |
1065 The 'gdefault' option value is not used. | |
1066 | |
24387 | 1067 You may also find this wiki useful. It was written by an early adopter of |
24103 | 1068 Vim9 script: https://github.com/lacygoill/wiki/blob/master/vim/vim9.md |
23305 | 1069 |
25056 | 1070 *:++* *:--* |
1071 The ++ and -- commands have been added. They are very similar to adding or | |
1072 subtracting one: > | |
1073 ++var | |
1074 var += 1 | |
1075 --var | |
1076 var -= 1 | |
1077 | |
1078 Using ++var or --var in an expression is not supported yet. | |
1079 | |
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1080 ============================================================================== |
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1081 |
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1082 3. New style functions *fast-functions* |
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1083 |
27321 | 1084 *:def* *E1028* |
21825 | 1085 :def[!] {name}([arguments])[: {return-type}] |
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1086 Define a new function by the name {name}. The body of |
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1087 the function follows in the next lines, until the |
27321 | 1088 matching `:enddef`. *E1073* |
1089 *E1011* | |
1090 The {name} must be less than 100 bytes long. | |
1091 *E1003* *E1027* *E1056* *E1059* | |
1092 The type of value used with `:return` must match | |
1093 {return-type}. When {return-type} is omitted or is | |
1094 "void" the function is not expected to return | |
1095 anything. | |
27459 | 1096 *E1077* *E1123* |
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1097 {arguments} is a sequence of zero or more argument |
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1098 declarations. There are three forms: |
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1099 {name}: {type} |
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1100 {name} = {value} |
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1101 {name}: {type} = {value} |
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1102 The first form is a mandatory argument, the caller |
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1103 must always provide them. |
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1104 The second and third form are optional arguments. |
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1105 When the caller omits an argument the {value} is used. |
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1106 |
20856 | 1107 The function will be compiled into instructions when |
21499 | 1108 called, or when `:disassemble` or `:defcompile` is |
1109 used. Syntax and type errors will be produced at that | |
1110 time. | |
20856 | 1111 |
21499 | 1112 It is possible to nest `:def` inside another `:def` or |
1113 `:function` up to about 50 levels deep. | |
27459 | 1114 *E1117* |
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1115 [!] is used as with `:function`. Note that |
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1116 script-local functions cannot be deleted or redefined |
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1117 later in Vim9 script. They can only be removed by |
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1118 reloading the same script. |
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1119 |
27537 | 1120 *:enddef* *E1057* *E1152* *E1173* |
21499 | 1121 :enddef End of a function defined with `:def`. It should be on |
1122 a line by its own. | |
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1123 |
24387 | 1124 You may also find this wiki useful. It was written by an early adopter of |
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1125 Vim9 script: https://github.com/lacygoill/wiki/blob/master/vim/vim9.md |
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1126 |
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1127 If the script the function is defined in is Vim9 script, then script-local |
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1128 variables can be accessed without the "s:" prefix. They must be defined |
20856 | 1129 before the function is compiled. If the script the function is defined in is |
1130 legacy script, then script-local variables must be accessed with the "s:" | |
24387 | 1131 prefix if they do not exist at the time of compiling. |
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1132 |
20552 | 1133 *:defc* *:defcompile* |
1134 :defc[ompile] Compile functions defined in the current script that | |
1135 were not compiled yet. | |
1136 This will report errors found during the compilation. | |
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1137 |
19404 | 1138 *:disa* *:disassemble* |
1139 :disa[ssemble] {func} Show the instructions generated for {func}. | |
27321 | 1140 This is for debugging and testing. *E1061* |
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1141 Note that for command line completion of {func} you |
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1142 can prepend "s:" to find script-local functions. |
19404 | 1143 |
24911 | 1144 :disa[ssemble] profile {func} |
1145 Like `:disassemble` but with the instructions used for | |
23737 | 1146 profiling. |
1147 | |
24911 | 1148 :disa[ssemble] debug {func} |
1149 Like `:disassemble` but with the instructions used for | |
1150 debugging. | |
1151 | |
21250 | 1152 Limitations ~ |
1153 | |
1154 Local variables will not be visible to string evaluation. For example: > | |
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1155 def MapList(): list<string> |
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1156 var list = ['aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'dd'] |
21250 | 1157 return range(1, 2)->map('list[v:val]') |
1158 enddef | |
1159 | |
1160 The map argument is a string expression, which is evaluated without the | |
1161 function scope. Instead, use a lambda: > | |
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1162 def MapList(): list<string> |
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1163 var list = ['aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'dd'] |
25973 | 1164 return range(1, 2)->map((_, v) => list[v]) |
21250 | 1165 enddef |
1166 | |
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1167 For commands that are not compiled, such as `:edit`, backtick expansion can be |
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1168 used and it can use the local scope. Example: > |
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1169 def Replace() |
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1170 var fname = 'blah.txt' |
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1171 edit `=fname` |
25402 | 1172 enddef |
1173 | |
24278 | 1174 Closures defined in a loop will share the same context. For example: > |
1175 var flist: list<func> | |
25402 | 1176 for i in range(5) |
24278 | 1177 var inloop = i |
1178 flist[i] = () => inloop | |
1179 endfor | |
25402 | 1180 echo range(5)->map((i, _) => flist[i]()) |
1181 # Result: [4, 4, 4, 4, 4] | |
24278 | 1182 |
1183 The "inloop" variable will exist only once, all closures put in the list refer | |
25402 | 1184 to the same instance, which in the end will have the value 4. This is |
1185 efficient, also when looping many times. If you do want a separate context | |
1186 for each closure call a function to define it: > | |
1187 def GetClosure(i: number): func | |
1188 var infunc = i | |
1189 return () => infunc | |
24278 | 1190 enddef |
1191 | |
1192 var flist: list<func> | |
25402 | 1193 for i in range(5) |
1194 flist[i] = GetClosure(i) | |
24278 | 1195 endfor |
25402 | 1196 echo range(5)->map((i, _) => flist[i]()) |
1197 # Result: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] | |
24278 | 1198 |
27537 | 1199 In some situations, especially when calling a Vim9 closure from legacy |
1200 context, the evaluation will fail. *E1248* | |
1201 | |
1202 | |
1203 Converting a function from legacy to Vim9 ~ | |
1204 *convert_legacy_function_to_vim9* | |
1205 These are the most changes that need to be made to convert a legacy function | |
1206 to a Vim9 function: | |
1207 | |
1208 - Change `func` or `function` to `def`. | |
1209 - Change `endfunc` or `endfunction` to `enddef`. | |
1210 - Add types to the function arguments. | |
1211 - If the function returns something, add the return type. | |
1212 - Change comments to start with # instead of ". | |
1213 | |
1214 For example, a legacy function: > | |
1215 func MyFunc(text) | |
1216 " function body | |
1217 endfunc | |
1218 < Becomes: > | |
1219 def MyFunc(text: string): number | |
1220 # function body | |
1221 enddef | |
1222 | |
1223 - Remove "a:" used for arguments. E.g.: > | |
1224 return len(a:text) | |
1225 < Becomes: > | |
1226 return len(text) | |
1227 | |
1228 - Change `let` used to declare a variable to `var`. | |
1229 - Remove `let` used to assign a value to a variable. This is for local | |
1230 variables already declared and b: w: g: and t: variables. | |
1231 | |
1232 For example, legacy function: > | |
1233 let lnum = 1 | |
1234 let lnum += 3 | |
1235 let b:result = 42 | |
1236 < Becomes: > | |
1237 var lnum = 1 | |
1238 lnum += 3 | |
1239 b:result = 42 | |
1240 | |
1241 - Insert white space in expressions where needed. | |
1242 - Change "." used for concatenation to "..". | |
1243 | |
1244 For example, legacy function: > | |
1245 echo line(1).line(2) | |
1246 < Becomes: > | |
1247 echo line(1) .. line(2) | |
1248 | |
1249 - line continuation does not always require a backslash: > | |
1250 echo ['one', | |
1251 \ 'two', | |
1252 \ 'three' | |
1253 \ ] | |
1254 < Becomes: > | |
1255 echo ['one', | |
1256 'two', | |
1257 'three' | |
1258 ] | |
1259 | |
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1260 ============================================================================== |
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1261 |
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1262 4. Types *vim9-types* |
27321 | 1263 *E1008* *E1009* *E1010* *E1012* |
1264 *E1013* *E1029* *E1030* | |
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1265 The following builtin types are supported: |
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1266 bool |
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1267 number |
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1268 float |
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1269 string |
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1270 blob |
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1271 list<{type}> |
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1272 dict<{type}> |
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1273 job |
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1274 channel |
19646 | 1275 func |
19968 | 1276 func: {type} |
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1277 func({type}, ...) |
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1278 func({type}, ...): {type} |
27321 | 1279 void |
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1280 |
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1281 Not supported yet: |
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1282 tuple<a: {type}, b: {type}, ...> |
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1283 |
25161 | 1284 These types can be used in declarations, but no simple value will actually |
27321 | 1285 have the "void" type. Trying to use a void (e.g. a function without a |
27537 | 1286 return value) results in error *E1031* *E1186* . |
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1287 |
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1288 There is no array type, use list<{type}> instead. For a list constant an |
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1289 efficient implementation is used that avoids allocating lot of small pieces of |
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1290 memory. |
27321 | 1291 *E1005* *E1007* |
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1292 A partial and function can be declared in more or less specific ways: |
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1293 func any kind of function reference, no type |
19968 | 1294 checking for arguments or return value |
25161 | 1295 func: void any number and type of arguments, no return |
1296 value | |
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1297 func: {type} any number and type of arguments with specific |
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1298 return type |
25161 | 1299 |
1300 func() function with no argument, does not return a | |
1301 value | |
1302 func(): void same | |
1303 func(): {type} function with no argument and return type | |
1304 | |
19968 | 1305 func({type}) function with argument type, does not return |
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1306 a value |
19968 | 1307 func({type}): {type} function with argument type and return type |
1308 func(?{type}) function with type of optional argument, does | |
1309 not return a value | |
1310 func(...{type}) function with type of variable number of | |
1311 arguments, does not return a value | |
1312 func({type}, ?{type}, ...{type}): {type} | |
1313 function with: | |
1314 - type of mandatory argument | |
1315 - type of optional argument | |
1316 - type of variable number of arguments | |
1317 - return type | |
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1318 |
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1319 If the return type is "void" the function does not return a value. |
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1320 |
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1321 The reference can also be a |Partial|, in which case it stores extra arguments |
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1322 and/or a dictionary, which are not visible to the caller. Since they are |
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1323 called in the same way the declaration is the same. |
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1324 |
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1325 Custom types can be defined with `:type`: > |
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1326 :type MyList list<string> |
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1327 Custom types must start with a capital letter, to avoid name clashes with |
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1328 builtin types added later, similarly to user functions. |
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1329 {not implemented yet} |
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1330 |
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1331 And classes and interfaces can be used as types: > |
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1332 :class MyClass |
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1333 :var mine: MyClass |
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1334 |
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1335 :interface MyInterface |
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1336 :var mine: MyInterface |
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1337 |
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1338 :class MyTemplate<Targ> |
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1339 :var mine: MyTemplate<number> |
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1340 :var mine: MyTemplate<string> |
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1341 |
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1342 :class MyInterface<Targ> |
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1343 :var mine: MyInterface<number> |
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1344 :var mine: MyInterface<string> |
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1345 {not implemented yet} |
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1346 |
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1347 |
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1348 Variable types and type casting ~ |
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1349 *variable-types* |
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1350 Variables declared in Vim9 script or in a `:def` function have a type, either |
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1351 specified explicitly or inferred from the initialization. |
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1352 |
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1353 Global, buffer, window and tab page variables do not have a specific type, the |
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1354 value can be changed at any time, possibly changing the type. Therefore, in |
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1355 compiled code the "any" type is assumed. |
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1356 |
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1357 This can be a problem when the "any" type is undesired and the actual type is |
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1358 expected to always be the same. For example, when declaring a list: > |
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1359 var l: list<number> = [1, g:two] |
23305 | 1360 At compile time Vim doesn't know the type of "g:two" and the expression type |
1361 becomes list<any>. An instruction is generated to check the list type before | |
1362 doing the assignment, which is a bit inefficient. | |
27459 | 1363 *type-casting* *E1104* |
23305 | 1364 To avoid this, use a type cast: > |
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1365 var l: list<number> = [1, <number>g:two] |
23305 | 1366 The compiled code will then only check that "g:two" is a number and give an |
1367 error if it isn't. This is called type casting. | |
21717
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1368 |
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1369 The syntax of a type cast is: "<" {type} ">". There cannot be white space |
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1370 after the "<" or before the ">" (to avoid them being confused with |
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1371 smaller-than and bigger-than operators). |
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1372 |
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1373 The semantics is that, if needed, a runtime type check is performed. The |
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1374 value is not actually changed. If you need to change the type, e.g. to change |
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1375 it to a string, use the |string()| function. Or use |str2nr()| to convert a |
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1376 string to a number. |
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1377 |
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1378 |
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1379 Type inference ~ |
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1380 *type-inference* |
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1381 In general: Whenever the type is clear it can be omitted. For example, when |
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1382 declaring a variable and giving it a value: > |
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1383 var name = 0 # infers number type |
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1384 var name = 'hello' # infers string type |
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1385 |
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1386 The type of a list and dictionary comes from the common type of the values. |
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1387 If the values all have the same type, that type is used for the list or |
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1388 dictionary. If there is a mix of types, the "any" type is used. > |
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1389 [1, 2, 3] list<number> |
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1390 ['a', 'b', 'c'] list<string> |
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1391 [1, 'x', 3] list<any> |
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1392 |
25161 | 1393 The common type of function references, if they do not all have the same |
1394 number of arguments, uses "(...)" to indicate the number of arguments is not | |
1395 specified. For example: > | |
1396 def Foo(x: bool) | |
1397 enddef | |
1398 def Bar(x: bool, y: bool) | |
1399 enddef | |
1400 var funclist = [Foo, Bar] | |
1401 echo funclist->typename() | |
1402 Results in: | |
1403 list<func(...)> | |
1404 | |
24387 | 1405 For script-local variables in Vim9 script the type is checked, also when the |
1406 variable was declared in a legacy function. | |
1407 | |
27623 | 1408 When a type has been declared this is attached to a List or Dictionary. When |
27459 | 1409 later some expression attempts to change the type an error will be given: > |
1410 var ll: list<number> = [1, 2, 3] | |
27492 | 1411 ll->extend(['x']) # Error, 'x' is not a number |
27459 | 1412 |
27623 | 1413 If the type is not declared then it is allowed to change: > |
27492 | 1414 [1, 2, 3]->extend(['x']) # result: [1, 2, 3, 'x'] |
27459 | 1415 |
27623 | 1416 For a variable declaration an inferred type matters: > |
1417 var ll = [1, 2, 3] | |
1418 ll->extend(['x']) # Error, 'x' is not a number | |
1419 That is because the declaration looks like a list of numbers, thus is | |
1420 equivalent to: > | |
1421 var ll: list<number> = [1, 2, 3] | |
1422 If you do want a more permissive list you need to declare the type: > | |
1423 var ll: list<any = [1, 2, 3] | |
1424 ll->extend(['x']) # OK | |
1425 | |
21991 | 1426 |
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1427 Stricter type checking ~ |
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1428 *type-checking* |
21991 | 1429 In legacy Vim script, where a number was expected, a string would be |
1430 automatically converted to a number. This was convenient for an actual number | |
24387 | 1431 such as "123", but leads to unexpected problems (and no error message) if the |
21991 | 1432 string doesn't start with a number. Quite often this leads to hard-to-find |
1433 bugs. | |
27537 | 1434 *E1206* *E1210* *E1212* |
21991 | 1435 In Vim9 script this has been made stricter. In most places it works just as |
22171 | 1436 before, if the value used matches the expected type. There will sometimes be |
1437 an error, thus breaking backwards compatibility. For example: | |
21991 | 1438 - Using a number other than 0 or 1 where a boolean is expected. *E1023* |
25161 | 1439 - Using a string value when setting a number option. |
27459 | 1440 - Using a number where a string is expected. *E1024* *E1105* |
21991 | 1441 |
25973 | 1442 One consequence is that the item type of a list or dict given to |map()| must |
24024 | 1443 not change. This will give an error in Vim9 script: > |
25973 | 1444 echo map([1, 2, 3], (i, v) => 'item ' .. i) |
24024 | 1445 E1012: Type mismatch; expected number but got string |
25973 | 1446 Instead use |mapnew()|: > |
1447 echo mapnew([1, 2, 3], (i, v) => 'item ' .. i) | |
25161 | 1448 ['item 0', 'item 1', 'item 2'] |
1449 | |
1450 If the item type was determined to be "any" it can change to a more specific | |
25973 | 1451 type. E.g. when a list of mixed types gets changed to a list of strings: > |
25161 | 1452 var mylist = [1, 2.0, '3'] |
1453 # typename(mylist) == "list<any>" | |
1454 map(mylist, (i, v) => 'item ' .. i) | |
1455 # typename(mylist) == "list<string>", no error | |
27537 | 1456 < *E1158* |
24024 | 1457 Same for |extend()|, use |extendnew()| instead, and for |flatten()|, use |
1458 |flattennew()| instead. | |
27537 | 1459 *E1211* *E1217* *E1218* *E1219* *E1220* *E1221* |
1460 *E1222* *E1223* *E1224* *E1225* *E1226* *E1227* | |
1461 *E1228* *E1238* *E1250* *E1251* *E1252* *E1253* | |
1462 *E1256* | |
1463 Types are checked for most builtin functions to make it easier to spot | |
1464 mistakes. | |
23573 | 1465 |
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1466 ============================================================================== |
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1467 |
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1468 5. Namespace, Import and Export |
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1469 *vim9script* *vim9-export* *vim9-import* |
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1470 |
27162 | 1471 A Vim9 script can be written to be imported. This means that some items are |
1472 intentionally exported, made available to other scripts. When the exporting | |
1473 script is imported in another script, these exported items can then be used in | |
1474 that script. All the other items remain script-local in the exporting script | |
1475 and cannot be accessed by the importing script. | |
27036 | 1476 |
1477 This mechanism exists for writing a script that can be sourced (imported) by | |
1478 other scripts, while making sure these other scripts only have access to what | |
1479 you want them to. This also avoids using the global namespace, which has a | |
1480 risc of name collisions. For example when you have two plugins with similar | |
1481 functionality. | |
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1482 |
27162 | 1483 You can cheat by using the global namespace explicitly. That should be done |
1484 only for things that really are global. | |
21991 | 1485 |
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1486 |
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1487 Namespace ~ |
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1488 *vim9-namespace* |
19303 | 1489 To recognize a file that can be imported the `vim9script` statement must |
23974
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1490 appear as the first statement in the file (see |vim9-mix| for an exception). |
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1491 It tells Vim to interpret the script in its own namespace, instead of the |
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1492 global namespace. If a file starts with: > |
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1493 vim9script |
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1494 var myvar = 'yes' |
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1495 Then "myvar" will only exist in this file. While without `vim9script` it would |
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1496 be available as `g:myvar` from any other script and function. |
27459 | 1497 *E1101* |
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1498 The variables at the file level are very much like the script-local "s:" |
20115 | 1499 variables in legacy Vim script, but the "s:" is omitted. And they cannot be |
1500 deleted. | |
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1501 |
20115 | 1502 In Vim9 script the global "g:" namespace can still be used as before. And the |
1503 "w:", "b:" and "t:" namespaces. These have in common that variables are not | |
1504 declared and they can be deleted. | |
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1505 |
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1506 A side effect of `:vim9script` is that the 'cpoptions' option is set to the |
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1507 Vim default value, like with: > |
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1508 :set cpo&vim |
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1509 One of the effects is that |line-continuation| is always enabled. |
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1510 The original value of 'cpoptions' is restored at the end of the script, while |
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1511 flags added or removed in the script are also added to or removed from the |
4919f2d8d7fd
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Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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|
1512 original value to get the same effect. The order of flags may change. |
26745
dcd1c244e332
patch 8.2.3901: Vim9: Cannot set 'cpo' in main .vimrc if using Vim9 script
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|
1513 In the |vimrc| file sourced on startup this does not happen. |
19181
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|
1514 |
23974
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|
1515 *vim9-mix* |
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|
1516 There is one way to use both legacy and Vim9 syntax in one script file: > |
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|
1517 " comments may go here |
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|
1518 if !has('vim9script') |
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|
1519 " legacy script commands go here |
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|
1520 finish |
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|
1521 endif |
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|
1522 vim9script |
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|
1523 # Vim9 script commands go here |
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|
1524 This allows for writing a script that takes advantage of the Vim9 script |
24024 | 1525 syntax if possible, but will also work on a Vim version without it. |
23974
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|
1526 |
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|
1527 This can only work in two ways: |
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|
1528 1. The "if" statement evaluates to false, the commands up to `endif` are |
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|
1529 skipped and `vim9script` is then the first command actually executed. |
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|
1530 2. The "if" statement evaluates to true, the commands up to `endif` are |
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|
1531 executed and `finish` bails out before reaching `vim9script`. |
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|
1532 |
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1533 |
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|
1534 Export ~ |
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|
1535 *:export* *:exp* |
21499 | 1536 Exporting an item can be written as: > |
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|
1537 export const EXPORTED_CONST = 1234 |
22391
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|
1538 export var someValue = ... |
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|
1539 export final someValue = ... |
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|
1540 export const someValue = ... |
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1541 export def MyFunc() ... |
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1542 export class MyClass ... |
24888
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|
1543 export interface MyClass ... |
27321 | 1544 < *E1043* *E1044* |
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1545 As this suggests, only constants, variables, `:def` functions and classes can |
24888
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|
1546 be exported. {not implemented yet: class, interface} |
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1547 |
20856 | 1548 *E1042* |
1549 `:export` can only be used in Vim9 script, at the script level. | |
19181
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1550 |
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1551 |
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|
1552 Import ~ |
27537 | 1553 *:import* *:imp* *E1094* *E1047* *E1262* |
1554 *E1048* *E1049* *E1053* *E1071* *E1236* | |
26980
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|
1555 The exported items can be imported in another Vim9 script: > |
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|
1556 import "myscript.vim" |
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1557 |
26980
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1558 This makes each item available as "myscript.item". |
27537 | 1559 *:import-as* *E1257* *E1261* |
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1560 In case the name is long or ambiguous, another name can be specified: > |
27036 | 1561 import "thatscript.vim" as that |
27537 | 1562 < *E1060* *E1258* *E1259* *E1260* |
27036 | 1563 Then you can use "that.EXPORTED_CONST", "that.someValue", etc. You are free |
1564 to choose the name "that". Use something that will be recognized as referring | |
27459 | 1565 to the imported script. Avoid command names, command modifiers and builtin |
1566 function names, because the name will shadow them. | |
1567 If the name starts with a capital letter it can also shadow global user | |
1568 commands and functions. Also, you cannot use the name for something else in | |
1569 the script, such as a function or variable name. | |
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|
1570 |
27036 | 1571 In case the dot in the name is undesired, a local reference can be made for a |
1572 function: > | |
1573 var LongFunc = that.LongFuncName | |
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1574 |
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1575 This also works for constants: > |
27036 | 1576 const MAXLEN = that.MAX_LEN_OF_NAME |
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1577 |
27036 | 1578 This does not work for variables, since the value would be copied once and |
1579 when changing the variable the copy will change, not the original variable. | |
1580 You will need to use the full name, with the dot. | |
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1581 |
27321 | 1582 The full syntax of the command is: |
1583 import {filename} [as {name}] | |
1584 Where {filename} is an expression that must evaluate to a string. Without the | |
1585 "as {name}" part it must end in ".vim". {name} must consist of letters, | |
1586 digits and '_', like |internal-variables|. | |
1587 | |
22171 | 1588 `:import` can also be used in legacy Vim script. The imported items still |
1589 become script-local, even when the "s:" prefix is not given. | |
1590 | |
25282
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patch 8.2.3178: Vim9: the file name of an :import cannot be an expression
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|
1591 `:import` can not be used in a function. Imported items are intended to exist |
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|
1592 at the script level and only imported once. |
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1593 |
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1594 The script name after `import` can be: |
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1595 - A relative path, starting "." or "..". This finds a file relative to the |
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1596 location of the script file itself. This is useful to split up a large |
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1597 plugin into several files. |
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1598 - An absolute path, starting with "/" on Unix or "D:/" on MS-Windows. This |
22723 | 1599 will rarely be used. |
19181
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1600 - A path not being relative or absolute. This will be found in the |
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1601 "import" subdirectories of 'runtimepath' entries. The name will usually be |
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1602 longer and unique, to avoid loading the wrong file. |
25619 | 1603 Note that "after/import" is not used. |
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1604 |
27036 | 1605 If the name does not end in ".vim" then the use of "as name" is required. |
1606 | |
19181
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1607 Once a vim9 script file has been imported, the result is cached and used the |
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1608 next time the same script is imported. It will not be read again. |
26980
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1609 |
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1610 It is not allowed to import the same script twice, also when using two |
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1611 different "as" names. |
27036 | 1612 |
1613 When using the imported name the dot and the item name must be in the same | |
1614 line, there can be no line break: > | |
1615 echo that. | |
1616 name # Error! | |
1617 echo that | |
1618 .name # Error! | |
1619 < *:import-cycle* | |
27537 | 1620 The `import` commands are executed when encountered. If script A imports |
1621 script B, and B (directly or indirectly) imports A, this will be skipped over. | |
1622 At this point items in A after "import B" will not have been processed and | |
1623 defined yet. Therefore cyclic imports can exist and not result in an error | |
1624 directly, but may result in an error for items in A after "import B" not being | |
1625 defined. This does not apply to autoload imports, see the next section. | |
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1626 |
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1627 |
27162 | 1628 Importing an autoload script ~ |
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1629 *vim9-autoload* |
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1630 For optimal startup speed, loading scripts should be postponed until they are |
27043
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|
1631 actually needed. Using the autoload mechanism is recommended: |
27537 | 1632 *E1264* |
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1633 1. In the plugin define user commands, functions and/or mappings that refer to |
27043
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|
1634 items imported from an autoload script. > |
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1635 import autoload 'for/search.vim' |
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|
1636 command -nargs=1 SearchForStuff search.Stuff(<f-args>) |
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1637 |
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1638 < This goes in .../plugin/anyname.vim. "anyname.vim" can be freely chosen. |
27043
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1639 The "SearchForStuff" command is now available to the user. |
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1640 |
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|
1641 The "autoload" argument to `:import` means that the script is not loaded |
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1642 until one of the items is actually used. The script will be found under |
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|
1643 the "autoload" directory in 'runtimepath' instead of the "import" |
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|
1644 directory. |
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1645 |
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1646 2. In the autoload script put the bulk of the code. > |
27215
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1647 vim9script |
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1648 export def Stuff(arg: string) |
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1649 ... |
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1650 |
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1651 < This goes in .../autoload/for/search.vim. |
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1652 |
27215
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|
1653 Putting the "search.vim" script under the "/autoload/for/" directory has |
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1654 the effect that "for#search#" will be prefixed to every exported item. The |
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1655 prefix is obtained from the file name, as you would to manually in a |
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1656 legacy autoload script. Thus the exported function can be found with |
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1657 "for#search#Stuff", but you would normally use `import autoload` and not |
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1658 use the prefix. |
27043
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1659 |
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1660 You can split up the functionality and import other scripts from the |
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1661 autoload script as you like. This way you can share code between plugins. |
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1662 |
27162 | 1663 For defining a mapping that uses the imported autoload script the special key |
1664 |<ScriptCmd>| is useful. It allows for a command in a mapping to use the | |
1665 script context of where the mapping was defined. | |
1666 | |
21771
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1667 When compiling a `:def` function and a function in an autoload script is |
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1668 encountered, the script is not loaded until the `:def` function is called. |
27043
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1669 This also means you get any errors only at runtime, since the argument and |
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1670 return types are not known yet. |
21771
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1671 |
27162 | 1672 For testing the |test_override()| function can be used to have the |
1673 `import autoload` load the script right away, so that the items and types can | |
1674 be checked without waiting for them to be actually used: > | |
1675 test_override('autoload', 1) | |
1676 Reset it later with: > | |
1677 test_override('autoload', 0) | |
1678 Or: > | |
1679 test_override('ALL', 0) | |
1680 | |
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1681 |
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1682 Import in legacy Vim script ~ |
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1683 |
20856 | 1684 If an `import` statement is used in legacy Vim script, the script-local "s:" |
27162 | 1685 namespace will be used for the imported items, even when "s:" is not |
1686 specified. | |
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1687 |
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1688 |
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1689 ============================================================================== |
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1690 |
22328 | 1691 6. Future work: classes *vim9-classes* |
1692 | |
1693 Above "class" was mentioned a few times, but it has not been implemented yet. | |
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1694 Most of Vim9 script can be created without this functionality, and since |
22328 | 1695 implementing classes is going to be a lot of work, it is left for the future. |
1696 For now we'll just make sure classes can be added later. | |
1697 | |
1698 Thoughts: | |
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1699 - `class` / `endclass`, the whole class must be in one file |
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1700 - Class names are always CamelCase (to avoid a name clash with builtin types) |
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1701 - A single constructor called "constructor" |
22328 | 1702 - Single inheritance with `class ThisClass extends BaseClass` |
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1703 - `abstract class` (class with incomplete implementation) |
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1704 - `interface` / `endinterface` (abstract class without any implementation) |
22328 | 1705 - `class SomeClass implements SomeInterface` |
1706 - Generics for class: `class <Tkey, Tentry>` | |
1707 - Generics for function: `def <Tkey> GetLast(key: Tkey)` | |
1708 | |
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1709 Again, much of this is from TypeScript with a slightly different syntax. |
22328 | 1710 |
1711 Some things that look like good additions: | |
1712 - Use a class as an interface (like Dart) | |
1713 - Extend a class with methods, using an import (like Dart) | |
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1714 - Mixins |
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1715 - For testing: Mock mechanism |
22328 | 1716 |
1717 An important class that will be provided is "Promise". Since Vim is single | |
1718 threaded, connecting asynchronous operations is a natural way of allowing | |
1719 plugins to do their work without blocking the user. It's a uniform way to | |
1720 invoke callbacks and handle timeouts and errors. | |
1721 | |
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1722 Some examples: > |
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1723 |
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1724 abstract class Person |
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1725 static const prefix = 'xxx' |
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1726 var name: string |
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1727 |
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1728 def constructor(name: string) |
25402 | 1729 this.name = name |
24888
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1730 enddef |
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1731 |
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1732 def display(): void |
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1733 echo name |
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1734 enddef |
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1735 |
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1736 abstract def find(string): Person |
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1737 endclass |
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1738 |
22328 | 1739 ============================================================================== |
1740 | |
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1741 9. Rationale *vim9-rationale* |
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1742 |
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1743 The :def command ~ |
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1744 |
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1745 Plugin writers have asked for much faster Vim script. Investigations have |
19303 | 1746 shown that keeping the existing semantics of function calls make this close to |
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1747 impossible, because of the overhead involved with calling a function, setting |
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1748 up the local function scope and executing lines. There are many details that |
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1749 need to be handled, such as error messages and exceptions. The need to create |
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1750 a dictionary for a: and l: scopes, the a:000 list and several others add too |
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1751 much overhead that cannot be avoided. |
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1752 |
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1753 Therefore the `:def` method to define a new-style function had to be added, |
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1754 which allows for a function with different semantics. Most things still work |
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1755 as before, but some parts do not. A new way to define a function was |
22391
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1756 considered the best way to separate the legacy style code from Vim9 style code. |
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1757 |
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1758 Using "def" to define a function comes from Python. Other languages use |
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1759 "function" which clashes with legacy Vim script. |
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1760 |
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1761 |
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1762 Type checking ~ |
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1763 |
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1764 When compiling lines of Vim commands into instructions as much as possible |
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1765 should be done at compile time. Postponing it to runtime makes the execution |
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1766 slower and means mistakes are found only later. For example, when |
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1767 encountering the "+" character and compiling this into a generic add |
23666 | 1768 instruction, at runtime the instruction would have to inspect the type of the |
1769 arguments and decide what kind of addition to do. And when the type is | |
1770 dictionary throw an error. If the types are known to be numbers then an "add | |
1771 number" instruction can be used, which is faster. The error can be given at | |
1772 compile time, no error handling is needed at runtime, since adding two numbers | |
1773 cannot fail. | |
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1774 |
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1775 The syntax for types, using <type> for compound types, is similar to Java. It |
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1776 is easy to understand and widely used. The type names are what were used in |
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1777 Vim before, with some additions such as "void" and "bool". |
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1778 |
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1779 |
22328 | 1780 Removing clutter and weirdness ~ |
20856 | 1781 |
22328 | 1782 Once decided that `:def` functions have different syntax than legacy functions, |
1783 we are free to add improvements to make the code more familiar for users who | |
1784 know popular programming languages. In other words: remove weird things that | |
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1785 only Vim does. |
22328 | 1786 |
1787 We can also remove clutter, mainly things that were done to make Vim script | |
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1788 backwards compatible with the good old Vi commands. |
20856 | 1789 |
22328 | 1790 Examples: |
1791 - Drop `:call` for calling a function and `:eval` for manipulating data. | |
1792 - Drop using a leading backslash for line continuation, automatically figure | |
1793 out where an expression ends. | |
20856 | 1794 |
22328 | 1795 However, this does require that some things need to change: |
1796 - Comments start with # instead of ", to avoid confusing them with strings. | |
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1797 This is good anyway, it is known from several popular languages. |
22328 | 1798 - Ex command ranges need to be prefixed with a colon, to avoid confusion with |
1799 expressions (single quote can be a string or a mark, "/" can be divide or a | |
1800 search command, etc.). | |
1801 | |
1802 Goal is to limit the differences. A good criteria is that when the old syntax | |
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1803 is accidentally used you are very likely to get an error message. |
20856 | 1804 |
1805 | |
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1806 Syntax and semantics from popular languages ~ |
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1807 |
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1808 Script writers have complained that the Vim script syntax is unexpectedly |
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1809 different from what they are used to. To reduce this complaint popular |
20856 | 1810 languages are used as an example. At the same time, we do not want to abandon |
1811 the well-known parts of legacy Vim script. | |
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1812 |
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1813 For many things TypeScript is followed. It's a recent language that is |
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1814 gaining popularity and has similarities with Vim script. It also has a |
22328 | 1815 mix of static typing (a variable always has a known value type) and dynamic |
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1816 typing (a variable can have different types, this changes at runtime). Since |
22328 | 1817 legacy Vim script is dynamically typed and a lot of existing functionality |
1818 (esp. builtin functions) depends on that, while static typing allows for much | |
1819 faster execution, we need to have this mix in Vim9 script. | |
1820 | |
22171 | 1821 There is no intention to completely match TypeScript syntax and semantics. We |
1822 just want to take those parts that we can use for Vim and we expect Vim users | |
22328 | 1823 will be happy with. TypeScript is a complex language with its own history, |
1824 advantages and disadvantages. To get an idea of the disadvantages read the | |
1825 book: "JavaScript: The Good Parts". Or find the article "TypeScript: the good | |
22272
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1826 parts" and read the "Things to avoid" section. |
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1827 |
22328 | 1828 People familiar with other languages (Java, Python, etc.) will also find |
1829 things in TypeScript that they do not like or do not understand. We'll try to | |
1830 avoid those things. | |
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1831 |
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1832 Specific items from TypeScript we avoid: |
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1833 - Overloading "+", using it both for addition and string concatenation. This |
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1834 goes against legacy Vim script and often leads to mistakes. For that reason |
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1835 we will keep using ".." for string concatenation. Lua also uses ".." this |
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1836 way. And it allows for conversion to string for more values. |
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1837 - TypeScript can use an expression like "99 || 'yes'" in a condition, but |
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1838 cannot assign the value to a boolean. That is inconsistent and can be |
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1839 annoying. Vim recognizes an expression with && or || and allows using the |
26755
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1840 result as a bool. The |falsy-operator| was added for the mechanism to use a |
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1841 default value. |
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1842 - TypeScript considers an empty string as Falsy, but an empty list or dict as |
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1843 Truthy. That is inconsistent. In Vim an empty list and dict are also |
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1844 Falsy. |
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1845 - TypeScript has various "Readonly" types, which have limited usefulness, |
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1846 since a type cast can remove the immutable nature. Vim locks the value, |
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1847 which is more flexible, but is only checked at runtime. |
27459 | 1848 - TypeScript has a complicated "import" statement that does not match how the |
1849 Vim import mechanism works. A much simpler mechanism is used instead, which | |
1850 matches that the imported script is only sourced once. | |
22171 | 1851 |
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1852 |
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1853 Declarations ~ |
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1854 |
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1855 Legacy Vim script uses `:let` for every assignment, while in Vim9 declarations |
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1856 are used. That is different, thus it's good to use a different command: |
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1857 `:var`. This is used in many languages. The semantics might be slightly |
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1858 different, but it's easily recognized as a declaration. |
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1859 |
23047 | 1860 Using `:const` for constants is common, but the semantics varies. Some |
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1861 languages only make the variable immutable, others also make the value |
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1862 immutable. Since "final" is well known from Java for only making the variable |
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1863 immutable we decided to use that. And then `:const` can be used for making |
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1864 both immutable. This was also used in legacy Vim script and the meaning is |
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1865 almost the same. |
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1866 |
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1867 What we end up with is very similar to Dart: > |
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1868 :var name # mutable variable and value |
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1869 :final name # immutable variable, mutable value |
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1870 :const name # immutable variable and value |
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1871 |
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1872 Since legacy and Vim9 script will be mixed and global variables will be |
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1873 shared, optional type checking is desirable. Also, type inference will avoid |
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1874 the need for specifying the type in many cases. The TypeScript syntax fits |
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1875 best for adding types to declarations: > |
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1876 var name: string # string type is specified |
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1877 ... |
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1878 name = 'John' |
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1879 const greeting = 'hello' # string type is inferred |
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1880 |
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1881 This is how we put types in a declaration: > |
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1882 var mylist: list<string> |
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1883 final mylist: list<string> = ['foo'] |
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1884 def Func(arg1: number, arg2: string): bool |
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1885 |
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1886 Two alternatives were considered: |
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1887 1. Put the type before the name, like Dart: > |
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1888 var list<string> mylist |
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1889 final list<string> mylist = ['foo'] |
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1890 def Func(number arg1, string arg2) bool |
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1891 2. Put the type after the variable name, but do not use a colon, like Go: > |
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1892 var mylist list<string> |
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1893 final mylist list<string> = ['foo'] |
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1894 def Func(arg1 number, arg2 string) bool |
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1895 |
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1896 The first is more familiar for anyone used to C or Java. The second one |
22565 | 1897 doesn't really have an advantage over the first, so let's discard the second. |
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1898 |
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1899 Since we use type inference the type can be left out when it can be inferred |
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1900 from the value. This means that after `var` we don't know if a type or a name |
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1901 follows. That makes parsing harder, not only for Vim but also for humans. |
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1902 Also, it will not be allowed to use a variable name that could be a type name, |
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1903 using `var string string` is too confusing. |
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1904 |
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1905 The chosen syntax, using a colon to separate the name from the type, adds |
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1906 punctuation, but it actually makes it easier to recognize the parts of a |
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1907 declaration. |
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1908 |
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1909 |
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1910 Expressions ~ |
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1911 |
22565 | 1912 Expression evaluation was already close to what other languages are doing. |
1913 Some details are unexpected and can be improved. For example a boolean | |
1914 condition would accept a string, convert it to a number and check if the | |
1915 number is non-zero. This is unexpected and often leads to mistakes, since | |
1916 text not starting with a number would be converted to zero, which is | |
22723 | 1917 considered false. Thus using a string for a condition would often not give an |
1918 error and be considered false. That is confusing. | |
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1919 |
23047 | 1920 In Vim9 type checking is stricter to avoid mistakes. Where a condition is |
22565 | 1921 used, e.g. with the `:if` command and the `||` operator, only boolean-like |
1922 values are accepted: | |
1923 true: `true`, `v:true`, `1`, `0 < 9` | |
1924 false: `false`, `v:false`, `0`, `0 > 9` | |
1925 Note that the number zero is false and the number one is true. This is more | |
22723 | 1926 permissive than most other languages. It was done because many builtin |
22565 | 1927 functions return these values. |
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1928 |
22565 | 1929 If you have any type of value and want to use it as a boolean, use the `!!` |
1930 operator: | |
24751 | 1931 true: `!!'text'`, `!![99]`, `!!{'x': 1}`, `!!99` |
22565 | 1932 false: `!!''`, `!![]`, `!!{}` |
1933 | |
1934 From a language like JavaScript we have this handy construct: > | |
1935 GetName() || 'unknown' | |
1936 However, this conflicts with only allowing a boolean for a condition. | |
1937 Therefore the "??" operator was added: > | |
1938 GetName() ?? 'unknown' | |
1939 Here you can explicitly express your intention to use the value as-is and not | |
1940 result in a boolean. This is called the |falsy-operator|. | |
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1941 |
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1942 |
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1943 Import and Export ~ |
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1944 |
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1945 A problem of legacy Vim script is that by default all functions and variables |
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1946 are global. It is possible to make them script-local, but then they are not |
22171 | 1947 available in other scripts. This defies the concept of a package that only |
1948 exports selected items and keeps the rest local. | |
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1949 |
21825 | 1950 In Vim9 script a mechanism very similar to the JavaScript import and export |
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1951 mechanism is supported. It is a variant to the existing `:source` command |
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1952 that works like one would expect: |
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1953 - Instead of making everything global by default, everything is script-local, |
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1954 unless exported. |
22171 | 1955 - When importing a script the symbols that are imported are explicitly listed, |
1956 avoiding name conflicts and failures if functionality is added later. | |
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1957 - The mechanism allows for writing a big, long script with a very clear API: |
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1958 the exported function(s) and class(es). |
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1959 - By using relative paths loading can be much faster for an import inside of a |
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1960 package, no need to search many directories. |
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1961 - Once an import has been used, it can be cached and loading it again can be |
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1962 avoided. |
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1963 - The Vim-specific use of "s:" to make things script-local can be dropped. |
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1964 |
20856 | 1965 When sourcing a Vim9 script from a legacy script, only the items defined |
1966 globally can be used, not the exported items. Alternatives considered: | |
1967 - All the exported items become available as script-local items. This makes | |
22171 | 1968 it uncontrollable what items get defined and likely soon leads to trouble. |
20856 | 1969 - Use the exported items and make them global. Disadvantage is that it's then |
1970 not possible to avoid name clashes in the global namespace. | |
1971 - Completely disallow sourcing a Vim9 script, require using `:import`. That | |
1972 makes it difficult to use scripts for testing, or sourcing them from the | |
1973 command line to try them out. | |
22171 | 1974 Note that you can also use `:import` in legacy Vim script, see above. |
20856 | 1975 |
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1976 |
22328 | 1977 Compiling functions early ~ |
1978 | |
1979 Functions are compiled when called or when `:defcompile` is used. Why not | |
1980 compile them early, so that syntax and type errors are reported early? | |
1981 | |
1982 The functions can't be compiled right away when encountered, because there may | |
1983 be forward references to functions defined later. Consider defining functions | |
1984 A, B and C, where A calls B, B calls C, and C calls A again. It's impossible | |
1985 to reorder the functions to avoid forward references. | |
1986 | |
1987 An alternative would be to first scan through the file to locate items and | |
1988 figure out their type, so that forward references are found, and only then | |
1989 execute the script and compile the functions. This means the script has to be | |
1990 parsed twice, which is slower, and some conditions at the script level, such | |
1991 as checking if a feature is supported, are hard to use. An attempt was made | |
1992 to see if it works, but it turned out to be impossible to make work nicely. | |
1993 | |
1994 It would be possible to compile all the functions at the end of the script. | |
1995 The drawback is that if a function never gets called, the overhead of | |
1996 compiling it counts anyway. Since startup speed is very important, in most | |
1997 cases it's better to do it later and accept that syntax and type errors are | |
1998 only reported then. In case these errors should be found early, e.g. when | |
1999 testing, the `:defcompile` command will help out. | |
2000 | |
2001 | |
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2002 Why not use an embedded language? ~ |
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2003 |
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2004 Vim supports interfaces to Perl, Python, Lua, Tcl and a few others. But |
22328 | 2005 these interfaces have never become widely used, for various reasons. When |
2006 Vim9 was designed a decision was made to make these interfaces lower priority | |
2007 and concentrate on Vim script. | |
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2008 |
22328 | 2009 Still, plugin writers may find other languages more familiar, want to use |
2010 existing libraries or see a performance benefit. We encourage plugin authors | |
2011 to write code in any language and run it as an external tool, using jobs and | |
2012 channels. We can try to make this easier somehow. | |
2013 | |
2014 Using an external tool also has disadvantages. An alternative is to convert | |
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2015 the tool into Vim script. For that to be possible without too much |
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2016 translation, and keeping the code fast at the same time, the constructs of the |
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2017 tool need to be supported. Since most languages support classes the lack of |
22171 | 2018 support for classes in Vim is then a problem. |
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2019 |
22328 | 2020 |
2021 Classes ~ | |
2022 | |
2023 Vim supports a kind-of object oriented programming by adding methods to a | |
2024 dictionary. With some care this can be made to work, but it does not look | |
2025 like real classes. On top of that, it's quite slow, because of the use of | |
2026 dictionaries. | |
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2027 |
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2028 The support of classes in Vim9 script is a "minimal common functionality" of |
22171 | 2029 class support in most languages. It works much like Java, which is the most |
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2030 popular programming language. |
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2031 |
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2032 |
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2033 |
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2034 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |