Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/vim9.txt @ 21499:3a1ed539ae2a
Update runtime files.
Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/2547aa930b59f5e2bcb70e81d5a57ed461e59b4f
Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
Date: Sun Jul 26 17:00:44 2020 +0200
Update runtime files.
| author | Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Sun, 26 Jul 2020 17:15:05 +0200 |
| parents | fb8c8fcb7b60 |
| children | c7b2ce90c2de |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 21499 | 1 *vim9.txt* For Vim version 8.2. Last change: 2020 Jul 25 |
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar |
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6 |
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7 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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8 |
| 20241 | 9 Vim9 script commands and expressions. *vim9* |
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10 |
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11 Most expression help is in |eval.txt|. This file is about the new syntax and |
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12 features in Vim9 script. |
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13 |
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14 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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16 |
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17 1 What is Vim9 script? |vim9-script| |
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18 2. Differences |vim9-differences| |
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19 3. New style functions |fast-functions| |
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20 4. Types |vim9-types| |
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21 5. Namespace, Import and Export |vim9script| |
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23 9. Rationale |vim9-rationale| |
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25 ============================================================================== |
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27 1. What is Vim9 script? *vim9-script* |
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28 |
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29 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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30 |
| 20241 | 31 Vim script has been growing over time, while preserving backwards |
| 32 compatibility. That means bad choices from the past often can't be changed | |
| 20965 | 33 and compatibility with Vi restricts possible solutions. Execution is quite |
| 20241 | 34 slow, each line is parsed every time it is executed. |
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35 |
| 20241 | 36 The main goal of Vim9 script is to drastically improve performance. This is |
| 37 accomplished by compiling commands into instructions that can be efficiently | |
| 38 executed. An increase in execution speed of 10 to 100 times can be expected. | |
| 39 | |
| 40 A secondary goal is to avoid Vim-specific constructs and get closer to | |
| 41 commonly used programming languages, such as JavaScript, TypeScript and Java. | |
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42 |
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43 The performance improvements can only be achieved by not being 100% backwards |
| 20552 | 44 compatible. For example, making function arguments available in the |
| 45 "a:" dictionary adds quite a lot of overhead. In a Vim9 function this | |
| 46 dictionary is not available. Other differences are more subtle, such as how | |
| 47 errors are handled. | |
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48 |
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49 The Vim9 script syntax and semantics are used in: |
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50 - a function defined with the `:def` command |
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51 - a script file where the first command is `vim9script` |
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52 |
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53 When using `:function` in a Vim9 script file the legacy syntax is used. |
| 20241 | 54 However, this can be confusing and is therefore discouraged. |
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55 |
| 20241 | 56 Vim9 script and legacy Vim script can be mixed. There is no requirement to |
| 57 rewrite old scripts, they keep working as before. | |
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58 |
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59 ============================================================================== |
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60 |
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61 2. Differences from legacy Vim script *vim9-differences* |
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62 |
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63 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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64 |
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65 Comments starting with # ~ |
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66 |
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67 In legacy Vim script comments start with double quote. In Vim9 script |
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68 comments start with #. > |
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69 # declarations |
| 20965 | 70 let count = 0 # number of occurrences |
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71 |
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72 The reason is that a double quote can also be the start of a string. In many |
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73 places, especially halfway an expression with a line break, it's hard to tell |
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74 what the meaning is. To avoid confusion only # comments are recognized. |
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75 This is the same as in shell scripts and Python programs. |
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76 |
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77 In Vi # is a command to list text with numbers. In Vim9 script you can use |
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78 `:number` for that. > |
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79 101number |
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80 |
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81 To improve readability there must be a space between a command and the # |
| 20115 | 82 that starts a comment. Note that #{ is the start of a dictionary, therefore |
| 83 it cannot start a comment. | |
| 84 | |
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85 |
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86 Vim9 functions ~ |
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87 |
| 20241 | 88 A function defined with `:def` is compiled. Execution is many times faster, |
| 89 often 10x to 100x times. | |
| 90 | |
| 20552 | 91 Many errors are already found when compiling, before the function is executed. |
| 20241 | 92 The syntax is strict, to enforce code that is easy to read and understand. |
| 93 | |
| 20552 | 94 Compilation is done when the function is first called, or when the |
| 95 `:defcompile` command is encountered in the script where the function was | |
| 96 defined. | |
| 97 | |
| 98 `:def` has no options like `:function` does: "range", "abort", "dict" or | |
| 99 "closure". A `:def` function always aborts on an error, does not get a range | |
| 100 passed and cannot be a "dict" function. | |
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101 |
| 20241 | 102 The argument types and return type need to be specified. The "any" type can |
| 103 be used, type checking will then be done at runtime, like with legacy | |
| 104 functions. | |
| 105 | |
| 106 Arguments are accessed by name, without "a:". There is no "a:" dictionary or | |
| 107 "a:000" list. | |
| 108 | |
| 109 Variable arguments are defined as the last argument, with a name and have a | |
| 110 list type, similar to Typescript. For example, a list of numbers: > | |
| 111 def MyFunc(...itemlist: list<number>) | |
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112 for item in itemlist |
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113 ... |
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114 |
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115 |
| 20241 | 116 Functions and variables are script-local by default ~ |
| 20856 | 117 *vim9-scopes* |
| 20115 | 118 When using `:function` or `:def` to specify a new function at the script level |
| 119 in a Vim9 script, the function is local to the script, as if "s:" was | |
| 20241 | 120 prefixed. Using the "s:" prefix is optional. |
| 121 | |
| 122 To define or use a global function or variable the "g:" prefix must be used. | |
| 20115 | 123 |
| 124 When using `:function` or `:def` to specify a new function inside a function, | |
| 125 the function is local to the function. It is not possible to define a | |
| 20241 | 126 script-local function inside a function. It is possible to define a global |
| 127 function, using the "g:" prefix. | |
| 20115 | 128 |
| 129 When referring to a function and no "s:" or "g:" prefix is used, Vim will | |
| 130 search for the function in this order: | |
| 20241 | 131 - Local to the current scope and outer scopes up to the function scope. |
| 20115 | 132 - Local to the current script file. |
| 133 - Imported functions, see `:import`. | |
| 20552 | 134 In all cases the function must be defined before used. That is when it is |
| 135 first called or when `:defcompile` causes the call to be compiled. | |
| 20241 | 136 |
| 137 The result is that functions and variables without a namespace can always be | |
| 138 found in the script, either defined there or imported. Global functions and | |
| 139 variables could be defined anywhere (good luck finding where!). | |
| 20115 | 140 |
| 20317 | 141 Global functions can be still be defined and deleted at nearly any time. In |
| 142 Vim9 script script-local functions are defined once when the script is sourced | |
| 20552 | 143 and cannot be deleted or replaced. |
| 20115 | 144 |
| 145 | |
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146 Variable declarations with :let and :const ~ |
| 20856 | 147 *vim9-declaration* |
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148 Local variables need to be declared with `:let`. Local constants need to be |
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149 declared with `:const`. We refer to both as "variables". |
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150 |
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151 Variables can be local to a script, function or code block: > |
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152 vim9script |
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153 let script_var = 123 |
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154 def SomeFunc() |
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155 let func_var = script_var |
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156 if cond |
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157 let block_var = func_var |
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158 ... |
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159 |
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160 The variables are only visible in the block where they are defined and nested |
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161 blocks. Once the block ends the variable is no longer accessible: > |
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162 if cond |
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163 let inner = 5 |
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164 else |
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165 let inner = 0 |
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166 endif |
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167 echo inner " Error! |
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168 |
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169 The declaration must be done earlier: > |
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170 let inner: number |
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171 if cond |
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172 inner = 5 |
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173 else |
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174 inner = 0 |
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175 endif |
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176 echo inner |
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177 |
| 20552 | 178 To intentionally avoid a variable being available later, a block can be used: |
| 179 > | |
|
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180 { |
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181 let temp = 'temp' |
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182 ... |
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183 } |
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184 echo temp " Error! |
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185 |
| 19303 | 186 An existing variable cannot be assigned to with `:let`, since that implies a |
| 21499 | 187 declaration. Global, window, tab, buffer and Vim variables can only be used |
| 188 without `:let`, because they are are not really declared, they can also be | |
| 189 deleted with `:unlet`. | |
|
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190 |
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191 Variables cannot shadow previously defined variables. |
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192 Variables may shadow Ex commands, rename the variable if needed. |
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193 |
| 20241 | 194 Global variables and user defined functions must be prefixed with "g:", also |
| 195 at the script level. > | |
| 19968 | 196 vim9script |
| 197 let script_local = 'text' | |
| 21499 | 198 g:global = 'value' |
| 20241 | 199 let Funcref = g:ThatFunction |
| 19968 | 200 |
|
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201 Since "&opt = value" is now assigning a value to option "opt", ":&" cannot be |
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202 used to repeat a `:substitute` command. |
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203 |
| 21499 | 204 *E1092* |
| 205 Declaring more than one variable at a time, using the unpack notation, is | |
| 206 currently not supported: > | |
| 207 let [v1, v2] = GetValues() # Error! | |
| 208 That is because the type needs to be inferred from the list item type, which | |
| 209 isn't that easy. | |
| 210 | |
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211 |
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212 Omitting :call and :eval ~ |
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213 |
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214 Functions can be called without `:call`: > |
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215 writefile(lines, 'file') |
| 19303 | 216 Using `:call` is still possible, but this is discouraged. |
|
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217 |
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218 A method call without `eval` is possible, so long as the start is an |
|
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219 identifier or can't be an Ex command. It does NOT work for string constants: > |
| 21499 | 220 myList->add(123) # works |
| 221 g:myList->add(123) # works | |
| 222 [1, 2, 3]->Process() # works | |
| 223 #{a: 1, b: 2}->Process() # works | |
| 224 {'a': 1, 'b': 2}->Process() # works | |
| 225 "foobar"->Process() # does NOT work | |
| 226 ("foobar")->Process() # works | |
| 227 'foobar'->Process() # does NOT work | |
| 228 ('foobar')->Process() # works | |
|
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229 |
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230 In case there is ambiguity between a function name and an Ex command, use ":" |
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231 to make clear you want to use the Ex command. For example, there is both the |
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232 `:substitute` command and the `substitute()` function. When the line starts |
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233 with `substitute(` this will use the function, prepend a colon to use the |
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234 command instead: > |
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235 :substitute(pattern (replacement ( |
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236 |
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237 Note that while variables need to be defined before they can be used, |
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238 functions can be called before being defined. This is required to be able |
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239 have cyclic dependencies between functions. It is slightly less efficient, |
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240 since the function has to be looked up by name. And a typo in the function |
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241 name will only be found when the call is executed. |
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242 |
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243 |
| 19968 | 244 Omitting function() ~ |
| 245 | |
| 246 A user defined function can be used as a function reference in an expression | |
| 247 without `function()`. The argument types and return type will then be checked. | |
| 248 The function must already have been defined. > | |
| 249 | |
| 250 let Funcref = MyFunction | |
| 251 | |
| 252 When using `function()` the resulting type is "func", a function with any | |
| 253 number of arguments and any return type. The function can be defined later. | |
| 254 | |
| 255 | |
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256 Automatic line continuation ~ |
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257 |
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258 In many cases it is obvious that an expression continues on the next line. In |
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259 those cases there is no need to prefix the line with a backslash. For |
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260 example, when a list spans multiple lines: > |
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261 let mylist = [ |
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262 'one', |
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263 'two', |
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264 ] |
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265 And when a dict spans multiple lines: > |
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266 let mydict = #{ |
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267 one: 1, |
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268 two: 2, |
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269 } |
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270 Function call: > |
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271 let result = Func( |
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272 arg1, |
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273 arg2 |
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274 ) |
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275 |
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276 For binary operators in expressions not in [], {} or () a line break is |
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277 possible just before or after the operator. For example: > |
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278 let text = lead |
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279 .. middle |
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280 .. end |
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281 let total = start + |
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282 end - |
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283 correction |
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284 let result = positive |
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285 ? PosFunc(arg) |
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286 : NegFunc(arg) |
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287 |
| 21499 | 288 For a method call using "->" and a member using a dot, a line break is allowed |
| 289 before it: > | |
| 20965 | 290 let result = GetBuilder() |
| 291 ->BuilderSetWidth(333) | |
| 292 ->BuilderSetHeight(777) | |
| 293 ->BuilderBuild() | |
| 21499 | 294 let result = MyDict |
| 295 .member | |
| 20965 | 296 |
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297 < *E1050* |
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298 To make it possible for the operator at the start of the line to be |
| 21250 | 299 recognized, it is required to put a colon before a range. This will add |
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300 "start" and print: > |
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301 let result = start |
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302 + print |
| 21250 | 303 Like this: > |
| 304 let result = start + print | |
| 305 | |
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306 This will assign "start" and print a line: > |
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307 let result = start |
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308 :+ print |
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309 |
|
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310 It is also possible to split a function header over multiple lines, in between |
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311 arguments: > |
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312 def MyFunc( |
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313 text: string, |
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314 separator = '-' |
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315 ): string |
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316 |
| 21250 | 317 Notes: |
| 318 - "enddef" cannot be used at the start of a continuation line, it ends the | |
| 319 current function. | |
| 320 - No line break is allowed in the LHS of an assignment. Specifically when | |
| 321 unpacking a list |:let-unpack|. This is OK: > | |
| 322 [var1, var2] = | |
| 323 Func() | |
| 324 < This does not work: > | |
| 325 [var1, | |
| 326 var2] = | |
| 327 Func() | |
| 328 - No line break is allowed in between arguments of an `:echo`, `:execute` and | |
| 329 similar commands. This is OK: > | |
| 330 echo [1, | |
| 331 2] [3, | |
| 332 4] | |
| 333 < This does not work: > | |
| 334 echo [1, 2] | |
| 335 [3, 4] | |
| 336 - No line break is allowed in the arguments of a lambda, between the "{" and | |
| 337 "->". This is OK: > | |
| 338 filter(list, {k, v -> | |
| 339 v > 0}) | |
| 340 < This does not work: > | |
| 341 filter(list, {k, | |
| 342 v -> v > 0}) | |
|
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343 |
|
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344 |
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345 No curly braces expansion ~ |
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346 |
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347 |curly-braces-names| cannot be used. |
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348 |
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349 |
| 19303 | 350 No :append, :change or :insert ~ |
| 351 | |
| 352 These commands are too quickly confused with local variable names. | |
|
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353 |
| 19303 | 354 |
| 355 Comparators ~ | |
| 356 | |
| 357 The 'ignorecase' option is not used for comparators that use strings. | |
|
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358 |
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359 |
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360 White space ~ |
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361 |
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362 Vim9 script enforces proper use of white space. This is no longer allowed: > |
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363 let var=234 " Error! |
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364 let var= 234 " Error! |
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365 let var =234 " Error! |
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366 There must be white space before and after the "=": > |
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367 let var = 234 " OK |
| 21250 | 368 White space must also be put before the # that starts a comment after a |
| 369 command: > | |
|
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370 let var = 234# Error! |
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371 let var = 234 # OK |
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372 |
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373 White space is required around most operators. |
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374 |
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375 White space is not allowed: |
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376 - Between a function name and the "(": > |
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377 call Func (arg) " Error! |
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378 call Func |
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379 \ (arg) " Error! |
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380 call Func(arg) " OK |
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381 call Func( |
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382 \ arg) " OK |
|
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383 call Func( |
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384 \ arg " OK |
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385 \ ) |
|
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386 |
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387 |
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388 Conditions and expressions ~ |
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389 |
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390 Conditions and expression are mostly working like they do in JavaScript. A |
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391 difference is made where JavaScript does not work like most people expect. |
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392 Specifically, an empty list is falsey. |
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393 |
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394 Any type of variable can be used as a condition, there is no error, not even |
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395 for using a list or job. This is very much like JavaScript, but there are a |
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396 few exceptions. |
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397 |
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398 type TRUE when ~ |
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399 bool v:true |
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400 number non-zero |
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401 float non-zero |
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402 string non-empty |
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403 blob non-empty |
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404 list non-empty (different from JavaScript) |
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405 dictionary non-empty (different from JavaScript) |
| 19968 | 406 func when there is a function name |
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407 special v:true |
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408 job when not NULL |
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409 channel when not NULL |
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410 class when not NULL |
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411 object when not NULL (TODO: when isTrue() returns v:true) |
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412 |
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413 The boolean operators "||" and "&&" do not change the value: > |
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414 8 || 2 == 8 |
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415 0 || 2 == 2 |
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416 0 || '' == '' |
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417 8 && 2 == 2 |
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418 0 && 2 == 0 |
|
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419 2 && 0 == 0 |
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420 [] && 2 == [] |
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421 |
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422 When using `..` for string concatenation the arguments are always converted to |
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423 string. > |
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424 'hello ' .. 123 == 'hello 123' |
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425 'hello ' .. v:true == 'hello true' |
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426 |
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427 In Vim9 script one can use "true" for v:true and "false" for v:false. |
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428 |
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429 |
| 21093 | 430 What to watch out for ~ |
| 431 *vim9-gotchas* | |
| 432 Vim9 was designed to be closer to often used programming languages, but at the | |
| 433 same time tries to support the legacy Vim commands. Some compromises had to | |
| 434 be made. Here is a summary of what might be unexpected. | |
| 435 | |
| 436 Ex command ranges need to be prefixed with a colon. > | |
| 437 -> " legacy Vim: shifts the previous line to the right | |
|
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438 ->func() " Vim9: method call in continuation line |
| 21093 | 439 :-> " Vim9: shifts the previous line to the right |
| 440 | |
| 441 %s/a/b " legacy Vim: substitute on all lines | |
| 442 x = alongname | |
| 443 % another " Vim9: line continuation without a backslash | |
| 444 :%s/a/b " Vim9: substitute on all lines | |
|
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445 'text'->func() " Vim9: method call |
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446 :'t " legacy Vim: jump to mark m |
| 21093 | 447 |
| 448 Functions defined with `:def` compile the whole function. Legacy functions | |
| 449 can bail out, and the following lines are not parsed: > | |
| 450 func Maybe() | |
| 451 if !has('feature') | |
| 452 return | |
| 453 endif | |
| 454 use-feature | |
| 455 endfunc | |
| 456 Vim9 functions are compiled as a whole: > | |
| 457 def Maybe() | |
| 458 if !has('feature') | |
| 459 return | |
| 460 endif | |
| 461 use-feature " May give compilation error | |
| 462 enddef | |
| 463 For a workaround, split it in two functions: > | |
| 464 func Maybe() | |
| 465 if has('feature') | |
| 466 call MaybyInner() | |
| 467 endif | |
| 468 endfunc | |
| 469 if has('feature') | |
| 470 def MaybeInner() | |
| 471 use-feature | |
| 472 enddef | |
| 473 endif | |
| 474 | |
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475 ============================================================================== |
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476 |
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477 3. New style functions *fast-functions* |
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478 |
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479 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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480 |
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481 *:def* |
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482 :def[!] {name}([arguments])[: {return-type} |
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483 Define a new function by the name {name}. The body of |
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484 the function follows in the next lines, until the |
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485 matching `:enddef`. |
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486 |
|
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487 When {return-type} is omitted or is "void" the |
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488 function is not expected to return anything. |
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489 |
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490 {arguments} is a sequence of zero or more argument |
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491 declarations. There are three forms: |
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492 {name}: {type} |
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493 {name} = {value} |
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494 {name}: {type} = {value} |
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495 The first form is a mandatory argument, the caller |
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496 must always provide them. |
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497 The second and third form are optional arguments. |
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498 When the caller omits an argument the {value} is used. |
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499 |
| 20856 | 500 The function will be compiled into instructions when |
| 21499 | 501 called, or when `:disassemble` or `:defcompile` is |
| 502 used. Syntax and type errors will be produced at that | |
| 503 time. | |
| 20856 | 504 |
| 21499 | 505 It is possible to nest `:def` inside another `:def` or |
| 506 `:function` up to about 50 levels deep. | |
| 19303 | 507 |
| 20552 | 508 [!] is used as with `:function`. Note that in Vim9 |
| 509 script script-local functions cannot be deleted or | |
| 20856 | 510 redefined later in the same script. |
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511 |
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512 *:enddef* |
| 21499 | 513 :enddef End of a function defined with `:def`. It should be on |
| 514 a line by its own. | |
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515 |
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516 |
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517 If the script the function is defined in is Vim9 script, then script-local |
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518 variables can be accessed without the "s:" prefix. They must be defined |
| 20856 | 519 before the function is compiled. If the script the function is defined in is |
| 520 legacy script, then script-local variables must be accessed with the "s:" | |
| 521 prefix. | |
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522 |
| 20552 | 523 *:defc* *:defcompile* |
| 524 :defc[ompile] Compile functions defined in the current script that | |
| 525 were not compiled yet. | |
| 526 This will report errors found during the compilation. | |
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527 |
| 19404 | 528 *:disa* *:disassemble* |
| 529 :disa[ssemble] {func} Show the instructions generated for {func}. | |
| 530 This is for debugging and testing. | |
|
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531 Note that for command line completion of {func} you |
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532 can prepend "s:" to find script-local functions. |
| 19404 | 533 |
| 21250 | 534 Limitations ~ |
| 535 | |
| 536 Local variables will not be visible to string evaluation. For example: > | |
| 537 def EvalString(): list<string> | |
| 538 let list = ['aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'dd'] | |
| 539 return range(1, 2)->map('list[v:val]') | |
| 540 enddef | |
| 541 | |
| 542 The map argument is a string expression, which is evaluated without the | |
| 543 function scope. Instead, use a lambda: > | |
| 544 def EvalString(): list<string> | |
| 545 let list = ['aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'dd'] | |
| 546 return range(1, 2)->map({ _, v -> list[v] }) | |
| 547 enddef | |
| 548 | |
| 549 | |
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550 ============================================================================== |
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551 |
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552 4. Types *vim9-types* |
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553 |
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554 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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555 |
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556 The following builtin types are supported: |
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557 bool |
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558 number |
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559 float |
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560 string |
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561 blob |
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562 list<{type}> |
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563 dict<{type}> |
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564 job |
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565 channel |
| 19646 | 566 func |
| 19968 | 567 func: {type} |
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568 func({type}, ...) |
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569 func({type}, ...): {type} |
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570 |
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571 Not supported yet: |
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572 tuple<a: {type}, b: {type}, ...> |
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573 |
|
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574 These types can be used in declarations, but no value will have this type: |
| 21499 | 575 {type}|{type} {not implemented yet} |
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576 void |
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577 any |
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578 |
|
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579 There is no array type, use list<{type}> instead. For a list constant an |
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580 efficient implementation is used that avoids allocating lot of small pieces of |
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581 memory. |
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582 |
|
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583 A partial and function can be declared in more or less specific ways: |
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584 func any kind of function reference, no type |
| 19968 | 585 checking for arguments or return value |
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586 func: {type} any number and type of arguments with specific |
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587 return type |
| 19968 | 588 func({type}) function with argument type, does not return |
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589 a value |
| 19968 | 590 func({type}): {type} function with argument type and return type |
| 591 func(?{type}) function with type of optional argument, does | |
| 592 not return a value | |
| 593 func(...{type}) function with type of variable number of | |
| 594 arguments, does not return a value | |
| 595 func({type}, ?{type}, ...{type}): {type} | |
| 596 function with: | |
| 597 - type of mandatory argument | |
| 598 - type of optional argument | |
| 599 - type of variable number of arguments | |
| 600 - return type | |
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601 |
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602 If the return type is "void" the function does not return a value. |
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603 |
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604 The reference can also be a |Partial|, in which case it stores extra arguments |
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605 and/or a dictionary, which are not visible to the caller. Since they are |
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606 called in the same way the declaration is the same. |
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607 |
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608 Custom types can be defined with `:type`: > |
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609 :type MyList list<string> |
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610 {not implemented yet} |
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611 |
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612 And classes and interfaces can be used as types: > |
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613 :class MyClass |
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614 :let mine: MyClass |
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615 |
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616 :interface MyInterface |
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617 :let mine: MyInterface |
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618 |
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619 :class MyTemplate<Targ> |
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620 :let mine: MyTemplate<number> |
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621 :let mine: MyTemplate<string> |
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622 |
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623 :class MyInterface<Targ> |
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624 :let mine: MyInterface<number> |
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625 :let mine: MyInterface<string> |
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626 {not implemented yet} |
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627 |
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628 |
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629 Type inference *type-inference* |
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630 |
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631 In general: Whenever the type is clear it can be omitted. For example, when |
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632 declaring a variable and giving it a value: > |
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633 let var = 0 " infers number type |
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634 let var = 'hello' " infers string type |
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635 |
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636 |
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637 ============================================================================== |
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638 |
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639 5. Namespace, Import and Export |
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640 *vim9script* *vim9-export* *vim9-import* |
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641 |
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642 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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643 |
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644 A Vim9 script can be written to be imported. This means that everything in |
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645 the script is local, unless exported. Those exported items, and only those |
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646 items, can then be imported in another script. |
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647 |
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648 |
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649 Namespace ~ |
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650 *:vim9script* *:vim9* |
| 19303 | 651 To recognize a file that can be imported the `vim9script` statement must |
|
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652 appear as the first statement in the file. It tells Vim to interpret the |
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653 script in its own namespace, instead of the global namespace. If a file |
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654 starts with: > |
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655 vim9script |
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656 let myvar = 'yes' |
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657 Then "myvar" will only exist in this file. While without `vim9script` it would |
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658 be available as `g:myvar` from any other script and function. |
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659 |
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660 The variables at the file level are very much like the script-local "s:" |
| 20115 | 661 variables in legacy Vim script, but the "s:" is omitted. And they cannot be |
| 662 deleted. | |
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663 |
| 20115 | 664 In Vim9 script the global "g:" namespace can still be used as before. And the |
| 665 "w:", "b:" and "t:" namespaces. These have in common that variables are not | |
| 666 declared and they can be deleted. | |
|
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667 |
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668 A side effect of `:vim9script` is that the 'cpoptions' option is set to the |
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669 Vim default value, like with: > |
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670 :set cpo&vim |
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671 One of the effects is that |line-continuation| is always enabled. |
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672 The original value of 'cpoptions' is restored at the end of the script. |
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673 |
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674 |
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675 Export ~ |
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676 *:export* *:exp* |
| 21499 | 677 Exporting an item can be written as: > |
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678 export const EXPORTED_CONST = 1234 |
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679 export let someValue = ... |
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680 export def MyFunc() ... |
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681 export class MyClass ... |
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682 |
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683 As this suggests, only constants, variables, `:def` functions and classes can |
| 21499 | 684 be exported. {classes are not implemented yet} |
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685 |
| 20856 | 686 *E1042* |
| 687 `:export` can only be used in Vim9 script, at the script level. | |
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688 |
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689 |
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690 Import ~ |
| 20965 | 691 *:import* *:imp* *E1094* |
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692 The exported items can be imported individually in another Vim9 script: > |
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693 import EXPORTED_CONST from "thatscript.vim" |
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694 import MyClass from "myclass.vim" |
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695 |
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696 To import multiple items at the same time: > |
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697 import {someValue, MyClass} from "thatscript.vim" |
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698 |
| 19303 | 699 In case the name is ambiguous, another name can be specified: > |
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700 import MyClass as ThatClass from "myclass.vim" |
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701 import {someValue, MyClass as ThatClass} from "myclass.vim" |
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702 |
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703 To import all exported items under a specific identifier: > |
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704 import * as That from 'thatscript.vim' |
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705 |
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706 Then you can use "That.EXPORTED_CONST", "That.someValue", etc. You are free |
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707 to choose the name "That", but it is highly recommended to use the name of the |
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708 script file to avoid confusion. |
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709 |
|
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710 The script name after `import` can be: |
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711 - A relative path, starting "." or "..". This finds a file relative to the |
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712 location of the script file itself. This is useful to split up a large |
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713 plugin into several files. |
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714 - An absolute path, starting with "/" on Unix or "D:/" on MS-Windows. This |
|
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715 will be rarely used. |
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716 - A path not being relative or absolute. This will be found in the |
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717 "import" subdirectories of 'runtimepath' entries. The name will usually be |
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718 longer and unique, to avoid loading the wrong file. |
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719 |
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720 Once a vim9 script file has been imported, the result is cached and used the |
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721 next time the same script is imported. It will not be read again. |
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722 *:import-cycle* |
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723 The `import` commands are executed when encountered. If that script (directly |
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724 or indirectly) imports the current script, then items defined after the |
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725 `import` won't be processed yet. Therefore cyclic imports can exist, but may |
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726 result in undefined items. |
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727 |
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|
728 |
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729 Import in an autoload script ~ |
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730 |
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731 For optimal startup speed, loading scripts should be postponed until they are |
| 19303 | 732 actually needed. A recommended mechanism: |
|
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733 |
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734 1. In the plugin define user commands, functions and/or mappings that refer to |
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735 an autoload script. > |
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736 command -nargs=1 SearchForStuff call searchfor#Stuff(<f-args>) |
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737 |
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738 < This goes in .../plugin/anyname.vim. "anyname.vim" can be freely chosen. |
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739 |
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740 2. In the autocommand script do the actual work. You can import items from |
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741 other files to split up functionality in appropriate pieces. > |
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742 vim9script |
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743 import FilterFunc from "../import/someother.vim" |
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744 def searchfor#Stuff(arg: string) |
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745 let filtered = FilterFunc(arg) |
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746 ... |
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747 < This goes in .../autoload/searchfor.vim. "searchfor" in the file name |
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748 must be exactly the same as the prefix for the function name, that is how |
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749 Vim finds the file. |
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750 |
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751 3. Other functionality, possibly shared between plugins, contains the exported |
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752 items and any private items. > |
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753 vim9script |
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754 let localVar = 'local' |
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755 export def FilterFunc(arg: string): string |
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756 ... |
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757 < This goes in .../import/someother.vim. |
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758 |
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759 |
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760 Import in legacy Vim script ~ |
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761 |
| 20856 | 762 If an `import` statement is used in legacy Vim script, the script-local "s:" |
| 763 namespace will be used for the imported item, even when "s:" is not specified. | |
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764 |
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765 |
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766 ============================================================================== |
|
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767 |
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768 9. Rationale *vim9-rationale* |
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769 |
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770 The :def command ~ |
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771 |
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772 Plugin writers have asked for a much faster Vim script. Investigation have |
| 19303 | 773 shown that keeping the existing semantics of function calls make this close to |
|
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774 impossible, because of the overhead involved with calling a function, setting |
|
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775 up the local function scope and executing lines. There are many details that |
|
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776 need to be handled, such as error messages and exceptions. The need to create |
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777 a dictionary for a: and l: scopes, the a:000 list and several others add too |
|
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778 much overhead that cannot be avoided. |
|
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779 |
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780 Therefore the `:def` method to define a new-style function had to be added, |
|
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781 which allows for a function with different semantics. Most things still work |
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782 as before, but some parts do not. A new way to define a function was |
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783 considered the best way to separate the old-style code from Vim9 script code. |
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784 |
|
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785 Using "def" to define a function comes from Python. Other languages use |
|
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786 "function" which clashes with legacy Vim script. |
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787 |
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788 |
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789 Type checking ~ |
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790 |
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791 When compiling lines of Vim commands into instructions as much as possible |
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792 should be done at compile time. Postponing it to runtime makes the execution |
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793 slower and means mistakes are found only later. For example, when |
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794 encountering the "+" character and compiling this into a generic add |
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795 instruction, at execution time the instruction would have to inspect the type |
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796 of the arguments and decide what kind of addition to do. And when the |
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797 type is dictionary throw an error. If the types are known to be numbers then |
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798 an "add number" instruction can be used, which is faster. The error can be |
|
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799 given at compile time, no error handling is needed at runtime. |
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800 |
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801 The syntax for types is similar to Java, since it is easy to understand and |
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802 widely used. The type names are what was used in Vim before, with some |
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803 additions such as "void" and "bool". |
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804 |
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805 |
| 20856 | 806 Compiling functions early ~ |
| 807 | |
| 808 Functions are compiled when called or when `:defcompile` is used. Why not | |
| 809 compile them early, so that syntax and type errors are reported early? | |
| 810 | |
| 811 The functions can't be compiled right away when encountered, because there may | |
| 812 be forward references to functions defined later. Consider defining functions | |
| 813 A, B and C, where A calls B, B calls C, and C calls A again. It's impossible | |
| 814 to reorder the functions to avoid forward references. | |
| 815 | |
| 816 An alternative would be to first scan through the file to locate items and | |
| 20965 | 817 figure out their type, so that forward references are found, and only then |
| 20856 | 818 execute the script and compile the functions. This means the script has to be |
| 819 parsed twice, which is slower, and some conditions at the script level, such | |
| 820 as checking if a feature is supported, are hard to use. An attempt was made | |
| 821 to see if it works, but it turned out to be impossible to make work nicely. | |
| 822 | |
| 823 It would be possible to compile all the functions at the end of the script. | |
| 824 The drawback is that if a function never gets called, the overhead of | |
| 825 compiling it counts anyway. Since startup speed is very important, in most | |
| 826 cases it's better to do it later and accept that syntax and type errors are | |
| 827 only reported then. In case these errors should be found early, e.g. when | |
| 828 testing, the `:defcompile` command will help out. | |
| 829 | |
| 830 | |
| 831 TypeScript syntax and semantics ~ | |
|
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832 |
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833 Script writers have complained that the Vim script syntax is unexpectedly |
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834 different from what they are used to. To reduce this complaint popular |
| 20856 | 835 languages are used as an example. At the same time, we do not want to abandon |
| 836 the well-known parts of legacy Vim script. | |
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837 |
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838 Since Vim already uses `:let` and `:const` and optional type checking is |
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839 desirable, the JavaScript/TypeScript syntax fits best for variable |
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840 declarations. > |
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841 const greeting = 'hello' " string type is inferred |
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842 let name: string |
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843 ... |
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844 name = 'John' |
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845 |
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846 Expression evaluation was already close to what JavaScript and other languages |
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847 are doing. Some details are unexpected and can be fixed. For example how the |
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848 || and && operators work. Legacy Vim script: > |
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849 let result = 44 |
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850 ... |
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851 return result || 0 " returns 1 |
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852 |
| 20856 | 853 Vim9 script works like JavaScript/Typescript, keep the value: > |
|
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854 let result = 44 |
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855 ... |
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856 return result || 0 " returns 44 |
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857 |
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858 On the other hand, overloading "+" to use both for addition and string |
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859 concatenation goes against legacy Vim script and often leads to mistakes. |
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860 For that reason we will keep using ".." for string concatenation. Lua also |
|
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861 uses ".." this way. |
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862 |
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863 |
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864 Import and Export ~ |
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865 |
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866 A problem of legacy Vim script is that by default all functions and variables |
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867 are global. It is possible to make them script-local, but then they are not |
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868 available in other scripts. |
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869 |
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870 In Vim9 script a mechanism very similar to the Javascript import and export |
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871 mechanism is supported. It is a variant to the existing `:source` command |
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872 that works like one would expect: |
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873 - Instead of making everything global by default, everything is script-local, |
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874 unless exported. |
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875 - When importing a script the symbols that are imported are listed, avoiding |
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876 name conflicts and failures if later functionality is added. |
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877 - The mechanism allows for writing a big, long script with a very clear API: |
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878 the exported function(s) and class(es). |
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879 - By using relative paths loading can be much faster for an import inside of a |
|
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880 package, no need to search many directories. |
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881 - Once an import has been used, it can be cached and loading it again can be |
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882 avoided. |
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883 - The Vim-specific use of "s:" to make things script-local can be dropped. |
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884 |
| 20856 | 885 When sourcing a Vim9 script from a legacy script, only the items defined |
| 886 globally can be used, not the exported items. Alternatives considered: | |
| 887 - All the exported items become available as script-local items. This makes | |
| 888 it uncontrollable what items get defined. | |
| 889 - Use the exported items and make them global. Disadvantage is that it's then | |
| 890 not possible to avoid name clashes in the global namespace. | |
| 891 - Completely disallow sourcing a Vim9 script, require using `:import`. That | |
| 892 makes it difficult to use scripts for testing, or sourcing them from the | |
| 893 command line to try them out. | |
| 894 | |
|
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895 |
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896 Classes ~ |
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897 |
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898 Vim supports interfaces to Perl, Python, Lua, Tcl and a few others. But |
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899 these have never become widespread. When Vim 9 was designed a decision was |
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900 made to phase out these interfaces and concentrate on Vim script, while |
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901 encouraging plugin authors to write code in any language and run it as an |
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902 external tool, using jobs and channels. |
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903 |
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904 Still, using an external tool has disadvantages. An alternative is to convert |
|
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905 the tool into Vim script. For that to be possible without too much |
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906 translation, and keeping the code fast at the same time, the constructs of the |
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907 tool need to be supported. Since most languages support classes the lack of |
|
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908 class support in Vim is then a problem. |
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909 |
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910 Previously Vim supported a kind-of object oriented programming by adding |
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patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
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911 methods to a dictionary. With some care this could be made to work, but it |
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94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
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912 does not look like real classes. On top of that, it's very slow, because of |
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94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
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913 the use of dictionaries. |
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94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
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914 |
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94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
915 The support of classes in Vim9 script is a "minimal common functionality" of |
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94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
916 class support in most languages. It works mostly like Java, which is the most |
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94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
917 popular programming language. |
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94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
918 |
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94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
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919 |
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94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
920 |
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94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
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921 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |