Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/undo.txt @ 5146:6ec6b7ff2d43 v7.4a
Vim 7.4a BETA release.
| author | Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Sat, 06 Jul 2013 15:44:11 +0200 |
| parents | 94601b379f38 |
| children | 09c88160095d |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 5146 | 1 *undo.txt* For Vim version 7.4a. Last change: 2012 Mar 04 |
| 7 | 2 |
| 3 | |
| 4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar | |
| 5 | |
| 6 | |
| 7 Undo and redo *undo-redo* | |
| 8 | |
| 9 The basics are explained in section |02.5| of the user manual. | |
| 10 | |
| 11 1. Undo and redo commands |undo-commands| | |
| 12 2. Two ways of undo |undo-two-ways| | |
| 697 | 13 3. Undo blocks |undo-blocks| |
| 758 | 14 4. Undo branches |undo-branches| |
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15 5. Undo persistence |undo-persistence| |
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16 6. Remarks about undo |undo-remarks| |
| 7 | 17 |
| 18 ============================================================================== | |
| 19 1. Undo and redo commands *undo-commands* | |
| 20 | |
| 21 <Undo> or *undo* *<Undo>* *u* | |
| 22 u Undo [count] changes. {Vi: only one level} | |
| 23 | |
| 24 *:u* *:un* *:undo* | |
| 25 :u[ndo] Undo one change. {Vi: only one level} | |
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26 *E830* |
| 772 | 27 :u[ndo] {N} Jump to after change number {N}. See |undo-branches| |
| 28 for the meaning of {N}. {not in Vi} | |
| 29 | |
| 7 | 30 *CTRL-R* |
| 31 CTRL-R Redo [count] changes which were undone. {Vi: redraw | |
| 32 screen} | |
| 33 | |
| 34 *:red* *:redo* *redo* | |
| 35 :red[o] Redo one change which was undone. {Vi: no redo} | |
| 36 | |
| 37 *U* | |
| 3082 | 38 U Undo all latest changes on one line, the line where |
| 39 the latest change was made. |U| itself also counts as | |
| 40 a change, and thus |U| undoes a previous |U|. | |
| 41 {Vi: while not moved off of the last modified line} | |
| 7 | 42 |
| 43 The last changes are remembered. You can use the undo and redo commands above | |
| 44 to revert the text to how it was before each change. You can also apply the | |
| 45 changes again, getting back the text before the undo. | |
| 46 | |
| 47 The "U" command is treated by undo/redo just like any other command. Thus a | |
| 48 "u" command undoes a "U" command and a 'CTRL-R' command redoes it again. When | |
| 49 mixing "U", "u" and 'CTRL-R' you will notice that the "U" command will | |
| 50 restore the situation of a line to before the previous "U" command. This may | |
| 51 be confusing. Try it out to get used to it. | |
| 52 The "U" command will always mark the buffer as changed. When "U" changes the | |
| 53 buffer back to how it was without changes, it is still considered changed. | |
| 54 Use "u" to undo changes until the buffer becomes unchanged. | |
| 55 | |
| 56 ============================================================================== | |
| 57 2. Two ways of undo *undo-two-ways* | |
| 58 | |
| 59 How undo and redo commands work depends on the 'u' flag in 'cpoptions'. | |
| 60 There is the Vim way ('u' excluded) and the vi-compatible way ('u' included). | |
| 61 In the Vim way, "uu" undoes two changes. In the Vi-compatible way, "uu" does | |
| 62 nothing (undoes an undo). | |
| 63 | |
| 64 'u' excluded, the Vim way: | |
| 65 You can go back in time with the undo command. You can then go forward again | |
| 66 with the redo command. If you make a new change after the undo command, | |
| 67 the redo will not be possible anymore. | |
| 68 | |
| 69 'u' included, the Vi-compatible way: | |
| 70 The undo command undoes the previous change, and also the previous undo command. | |
| 71 The redo command repeats the previous undo command. It does NOT repeat a | |
| 72 change command, use "." for that. | |
| 73 | |
| 74 Examples Vim way Vi-compatible way ~ | |
| 75 "uu" two times undo no-op | |
| 76 "u CTRL-R" no-op two times undo | |
| 77 | |
| 78 Rationale: Nvi uses the "." command instead of CTRL-R. Unfortunately, this | |
| 79 is not Vi compatible. For example "dwdwu." in Vi deletes two | |
| 80 words, in Nvi it does nothing. | |
| 81 | |
| 82 ============================================================================== | |
| 697 | 83 3. Undo blocks *undo-blocks* |
| 84 | |
| 85 One undo command normally undoes a typed command, no matter how many changes | |
| 86 that command makes. This sequence of undo-able changes forms an undo block. | |
| 87 Thus if the typed key(s) call a function, all the commands in the function are | |
| 88 undone together. | |
| 89 | |
| 90 If you want to write a function or script that doesn't create a new undoable | |
| 91 change but joins in with the previous change use this command: | |
| 92 | |
| 839 | 93 *:undoj* *:undojoin* *E790* |
| 697 | 94 :undoj[oin] Join further changes with the previous undo block. |
| 95 Warning: Use with care, it may prevent the user from | |
| 839 | 96 properly undoing changes. Don't use this after undo |
| 97 or redo. | |
| 697 | 98 {not in Vi} |
| 99 | |
| 100 This is most useful when you need to prompt the user halfway a change. For | |
| 101 example in a function that calls |getchar()|. Do make sure that there was a | |
| 102 related change before this that you must join with. | |
| 103 | |
| 104 This doesn't work by itself, because the next key press will start a new | |
| 105 change again. But you can do something like this: > | |
| 106 | |
| 107 :undojoin | delete | |
| 108 | |
| 109 After this an "u" command will undo the delete command and the previous | |
| 110 change. | |
| 111 | |
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112 To do the opposite, break a change into two undo blocks, in Insert mode use |
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113 CTRL-G u. This is useful if you want an insert command to be undoable in |
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114 parts. E.g., for each sentence. |i_CTRL-G_u| |
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115 Setting the value of 'undolevels' also breaks undo. Even when the new value |
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116 is equal to the old value. |
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117 |
| 697 | 118 ============================================================================== |
| 827 | 119 4. Undo branches *undo-branches* *undo-tree* |
| 758 | 120 |
| 793 | 121 Above we only discussed one line of undo/redo. But it is also possible to |
| 122 branch off. This happens when you undo a few changes and then make a new | |
| 123 change. The undone changes become a branch. You can go to that branch with | |
| 124 the following commands. | |
| 758 | 125 |
| 799 | 126 This is explained in the user manual: |usr_32.txt|. |
| 758 | 127 |
| 772 | 128 *:undol* *:undolist* |
| 129 :undol[ist] List the leafs in the tree of changes. Example: | |
| 2681 | 130 number changes when saved ~ |
| 131 88 88 2010/01/04 14:25:53 | |
| 132 108 107 08/07 12:47:51 | |
| 133 136 46 13:33:01 7 | |
| 134 166 164 3 seconds ago | |
| 772 | 135 |
| 136 The "number" column is the change number. This number | |
| 137 continuously increases and can be used to identify a | |
| 138 specific undo-able change, see |:undo|. | |
| 139 The "changes" column is the number of changes to this | |
| 140 leaf from the root of the tree. | |
| 2681 | 141 The "when" column is the date and time when this |
| 142 change was made. The four possible formats are: | |
| 143 N seconds ago | |
| 144 HH:MM:SS hour, minute, seconds | |
| 145 MM/DD HH:MM:SS idem, with month and day | |
| 146 YYYY/MM/DD HH:MM:SS idem, with year | |
| 2581 | 147 The "saved" column specifies, if this change was |
| 148 written to disk and which file write it was. This can | |
| 2596 | 149 be used with the |:later| and |:earlier| commands. |
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150 For more details use the |undotree()| function. |
| 772 | 151 |
| 758 | 152 *g-* |
| 153 g- Go to older text state. With a count repeat that many | |
| 154 times. {not in Vi} | |
| 155 *:ea* *:earlier* | |
| 156 :earlier {count} Go to older text state {count} times. | |
| 157 :earlier {N}s Go to older text state about {N} seconds before. | |
| 158 :earlier {N}m Go to older text state about {N} minutes before. | |
| 159 :earlier {N}h Go to older text state about {N} hours before. | |
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160 :earlier {N}d Go to older text state about {N} days before. |
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161 |
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162 :earlier {N}f Go to older text state {N} file writes before. |
| 2581 | 163 When changes were made since the last write |
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164 ":earlier 1f" will revert the text to the state when |
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165 it was written. Otherwise it will go to the write |
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166 before that. |
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167 When at the state of the first file write, or when |
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168 the file was not written, ":earlier 1f" will go to |
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169 before the first change. |
| 758 | 170 |
| 171 *g+* | |
| 172 g+ Go to newer text state. With a count repeat that many | |
| 173 times. {not in Vi} | |
| 174 *:lat* *:later* | |
| 175 :later {count} Go to newer text state {count} times. | |
| 176 :later {N}s Go to newer text state about {N} seconds later. | |
| 177 :later {N}m Go to newer text state about {N} minutes later. | |
| 178 :later {N}h Go to newer text state about {N} hours later. | |
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179 :later {N}d Go to newer text state about {N} days later. |
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180 |
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181 :later {N}f Go to newer text state {N} file writes later. |
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182 When at the state of the last file write, ":later 1f" |
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183 will go to the newest text state. |
| 758 | 184 |
| 772 | 185 |
| 758 | 186 Note that text states will become unreachable when undo information is cleared |
| 187 for 'undolevels'. | |
| 188 | |
| 189 Don't be surprised when moving through time shows multiple changes to take | |
| 190 place at a time. This happens when moving through the undo tree and then | |
| 191 making a new change. | |
| 192 | |
| 193 EXAMPLE | |
| 194 | |
| 195 Start with this text: | |
| 196 one two three ~ | |
| 197 | |
| 198 Delete the first word by pressing "x" three times: | |
| 199 ne two three ~ | |
| 200 e two three ~ | |
| 201 two three ~ | |
| 202 | |
| 203 Now undo that by pressing "u" three times: | |
| 204 e two three ~ | |
| 205 ne two three ~ | |
| 206 one two three ~ | |
| 207 | |
| 208 Delete the second word by pressing "x" three times: | |
| 209 one wo three ~ | |
| 210 one o three ~ | |
| 211 one three ~ | |
| 212 | |
| 213 Now undo that by using "g-" three times: | |
| 214 one o three ~ | |
| 215 one wo three ~ | |
| 216 two three ~ | |
| 217 | |
| 218 You are now back in the first undo branch, after deleting "one". Repeating | |
| 219 "g-" will now bring you back to the original text: | |
| 220 e two three ~ | |
| 221 ne two three ~ | |
| 222 one two three ~ | |
| 223 | |
| 224 Jump to the last change with ":later 1h": | |
| 225 one three ~ | |
| 226 | |
| 227 And back to the start again with ":earlier 1h": | |
| 228 one two three ~ | |
| 229 | |
| 230 | |
| 231 Note that using "u" and CTRL-R will not get you to all possible text states | |
| 232 while repeating "g-" and "g+" does. | |
| 233 | |
| 234 ============================================================================== | |
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235 5. Undo persistence *undo-persistence* *persistent-undo* |
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236 |
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237 When unloading a buffer Vim normally destroys the tree of undos created for |
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238 that buffer. By setting the 'undofile' option, Vim will automatically save |
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239 your undo history when you write a file and restore undo history when you edit |
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240 the file again. |
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241 |
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242 The 'undofile' option is checked after writing a file, before the BufWritePost |
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243 autocommands. If you want to control what files to write undo information |
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244 for, you can use a BufWritePre autocommand: > |
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245 au BufWritePre /tmp/* setlocal noundofile |
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246 |
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247 Vim saves undo trees in a separate undo file, one for each edited file, using |
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248 a simple scheme that maps filesystem paths directly to undo files. Vim will |
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249 detect if an undo file is no longer synchronized with the file it was written |
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250 for (with a hash of the file contents) and ignore it when the file was changed |
| 2625 | 251 after the undo file was written, to prevent corruption. An undo file is also |
| 252 ignored if its owner differs from the owner of the edited file. Set 'verbose' | |
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253 to get a message about that when opening a file. |
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254 |
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255 Undo files are normally saved in the same directory as the file. This can be |
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256 changed with the 'undodir' option. |
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257 |
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258 When the file is encrypted, the text in the undo file is also crypted. The |
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259 same key and method is used. |encryption| |
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260 |
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261 You can also save and restore undo histories by using ":wundo" and ":rundo" |
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262 respectively: |
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263 *:wundo* *:rundo* |
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264 :wundo[!] {file} |
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265 Write undo history to {file}. |
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266 When {file} exists and it does not look like an undo file |
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267 (the magic number at the start of the file is wrong), then |
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268 this fails, unless the ! was added. |
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269 If it exists and does look like an undo file it is |
| 3312 | 270 overwritten. If there is no undo-history, nothing will be |
| 271 written. | |
| 272 Implementation detail: Overwriting happens by first deleting | |
| 273 the existing file and then creating a new file with the same | |
| 274 name. So it is not possible to overwrite an existing undofile | |
| 275 in a write-protected directory. | |
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276 {not in Vi} |
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277 |
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278 :rundo {file} Read undo history from {file}. |
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279 {not in Vi} |
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280 |
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281 You can use these in autocommands to explicitly specify the name of the |
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282 history file. E.g.: > |
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283 |
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284 au BufReadPost * call ReadUndo() |
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285 au BufWritePost * call WriteUndo() |
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286 func ReadUndo() |
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287 if filereadable(expand('%:h'). '/UNDO/' . expand('%:t')) |
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288 rundo %:h/UNDO/%:t |
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289 endif |
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290 endfunc |
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291 func WriteUndo() |
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292 let dirname = expand('%:h') . '/UNDO' |
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293 if !isdirectory(dirname) |
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294 call mkdir(dirname) |
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295 endif |
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296 wundo %:h/UNDO/%:t |
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297 endfunc |
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298 |
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299 You should keep 'undofile' off, otherwise you end up with two undo files for |
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300 every write. |
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301 |
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302 You can use the |undofile()| function to find out the file name that Vim would |
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303 use. |
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304 |
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305 Note that while reading/writing files and 'undofile' is set most errors will |
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306 be silent, unless 'verbose' is set. With :wundo and :rundo you will get more |
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307 error messages, e.g., when the file cannot be read or written. |
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308 |
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309 NOTE: undo files are never deleted by Vim. You need to delete them yourself. |
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310 |
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311 Reading an existing undo file may fail for several reasons: |
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312 *E822* It cannot be opened, because the file permissions don't allow it. |
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313 *E823* The magic number at the start of the file doesn't match. This usually |
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314 means it is not an undo file. |
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315 *E824* The version number of the undo file indicates that it's written by a |
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316 newer version of Vim. You need that newer version to open it. Don't |
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317 write the buffer if you want to keep the undo info in the file. |
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318 "File contents changed, cannot use undo info" |
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319 The file text differs from when the undo file was written. This means |
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320 the undo file cannot be used, it would corrupt the text. This also |
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321 happens when 'encoding' differs from when the undo file was written. |
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322 *E825* The undo file does not contain valid contents and cannot be used. |
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323 *E826* The undo file is encrypted but decryption failed. |
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324 *E827* The undo file is encrypted but this version of Vim does not support |
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325 encryption. Open the file with another Vim. |
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326 *E832* The undo file is encrypted but 'key' is not set, the text file is not |
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327 encrypted. This would happen if the text file was written by Vim |
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328 encrypted at first, and later overwritten by not encrypted text. |
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329 You probably want to delete this undo file. |
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330 "Not reading undo file, owner differs" |
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331 The undo file is owned by someone else than the owner of the text |
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332 file. For safety the undo file is not used. |
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333 |
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334 Writing an undo file may fail for these reasons: |
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335 *E828* The file to be written cannot be created. Perhaps you do not have |
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336 write permissions in the directory. |
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337 "Cannot write undo file in any directory in 'undodir'" |
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338 None of the directories in 'undodir' can be used. |
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339 "Will not overwrite with undo file, cannot read" |
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340 A file exists with the name of the undo file to be written, but it |
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341 cannot be read. You may want to delete this file or rename it. |
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342 "Will not overwrite, this is not an undo file" |
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343 A file exists with the name of the undo file to be written, but it |
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344 does not start with the right magic number. You may want to delete |
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345 this file or rename it. |
| 2581 | 346 "Skipping undo file write, nothing to undo" |
| 347 There is no undo information to be written, nothing has been changed | |
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348 or 'undolevels' is negative. |
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349 *E829* An error occurred while writing the undo file. You may want to try |
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350 again. |
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351 |
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352 ============================================================================== |
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353 6. Remarks about undo *undo-remarks* |
| 7 | 354 |
| 355 The number of changes that are remembered is set with the 'undolevels' option. | |
| 356 If it is zero, the Vi-compatible way is always used. If it is negative no | |
| 357 undo is possible. Use this if you are running out of memory. | |
| 358 | |
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359 *clear-undo* |
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360 When you set 'undolevels' to -1 the undo information is not immediately |
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361 cleared, this happens at the next change. To force clearing the undo |
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362 information you can use these commands: > |
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363 :let old_undolevels = &undolevels |
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364 :set undolevels=-1 |
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365 :exe "normal a \<BS>\<Esc>" |
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366 :let &undolevels = old_undolevels |
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367 :unlet old_undolevels |
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368 |
| 7 | 369 Marks for the buffer ('a to 'z) are also saved and restored, together with the |
| 370 text. {Vi does this a little bit different} | |
| 371 | |
| 372 When all changes have been undone, the buffer is not considered to be changed. | |
| 373 It is then possible to exit Vim with ":q" instead of ":q!" {not in Vi}. Note | |
| 374 that this is relative to the last write of the file. Typing "u" after ":w" | |
| 375 actually changes the buffer, compared to what was written, so the buffer is | |
| 376 considered changed then. | |
| 377 | |
| 378 When manual |folding| is being used, the folds are not saved and restored. | |
| 379 Only changes completely within a fold will keep the fold as it was, because | |
| 380 the first and last line of the fold don't change. | |
| 381 | |
| 382 The numbered registers can also be used for undoing deletes. Each time you | |
| 383 delete text, it is put into register "1. The contents of register "1 are | |
| 384 shifted to "2, etc. The contents of register "9 are lost. You can now get | |
| 385 back the most recent deleted text with the put command: '"1P'. (also, if the | |
| 386 deleted text was the result of the last delete or copy operation, 'P' or 'p' | |
| 387 also works as this puts the contents of the unnamed register). You can get | |
| 388 back the text of three deletes ago with '"3P'. | |
| 389 | |
| 390 *redo-register* | |
| 391 If you want to get back more than one part of deleted text, you can use a | |
| 392 special feature of the repeat command ".". It will increase the number of the | |
| 393 register used. So if you first do ""1P", the following "." will result in a | |
| 394 '"2P'. Repeating this will result in all numbered registers being inserted. | |
| 395 | |
| 396 Example: If you deleted text with 'dd....' it can be restored with | |
| 397 '"1P....'. | |
| 398 | |
| 399 If you don't know in which register the deleted text is, you can use the | |
| 400 :display command. An alternative is to try the first register with '"1P', and | |
| 401 if it is not what you want do 'u.'. This will remove the contents of the | |
| 402 first put, and repeat the put command for the second register. Repeat the | |
| 403 'u.' until you got what you want. | |
| 404 | |
| 405 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: |