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1 *undo.txt* For Vim version 7.0aa. Last change: 2006 Feb 28
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
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6
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7 Undo and redo *undo-redo*
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8
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9 The basics are explained in section |02.5| of the user manual.
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10
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11 1. Undo and redo commands |undo-commands|
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12 2. Two ways of undo |undo-two-ways|
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13 3. Undo blocks |undo-blocks|
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14 4. Remarks about undo |undo-remarks|
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15
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16 ==============================================================================
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17 1. Undo and redo commands *undo-commands*
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18
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19 <Undo> or *undo* *<Undo>* *u*
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20 u Undo [count] changes. {Vi: only one level}
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21
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22 *:u* *:un* *:undo*
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23 :u[ndo] Undo one change. {Vi: only one level}
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24
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25 *CTRL-R*
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26 CTRL-R Redo [count] changes which were undone. {Vi: redraw
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27 screen}
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28
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29 *:red* *:redo* *redo*
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30 :red[o] Redo one change which was undone. {Vi: no redo}
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31
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32 *U*
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33 U Undo all latest changes on one line. {Vi: while not
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34 moved off of it}
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35
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36 The last changes are remembered. You can use the undo and redo commands above
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37 to revert the text to how it was before each change. You can also apply the
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38 changes again, getting back the text before the undo.
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39
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40 The "U" command is treated by undo/redo just like any other command. Thus a
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41 "u" command undoes a "U" command and a 'CTRL-R' command redoes it again. When
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42 mixing "U", "u" and 'CTRL-R' you will notice that the "U" command will
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43 restore the situation of a line to before the previous "U" command. This may
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44 be confusing. Try it out to get used to it.
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45 The "U" command will always mark the buffer as changed. When "U" changes the
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46 buffer back to how it was without changes, it is still considered changed.
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47 Use "u" to undo changes until the buffer becomes unchanged.
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48
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49 ==============================================================================
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50 2. Two ways of undo *undo-two-ways*
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51
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52 How undo and redo commands work depends on the 'u' flag in 'cpoptions'.
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53 There is the Vim way ('u' excluded) and the vi-compatible way ('u' included).
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54 In the Vim way, "uu" undoes two changes. In the Vi-compatible way, "uu" does
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55 nothing (undoes an undo).
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56
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57 'u' excluded, the Vim way:
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58 You can go back in time with the undo command. You can then go forward again
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59 with the redo command. If you make a new change after the undo command,
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60 the redo will not be possible anymore.
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61
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62 'u' included, the Vi-compatible way:
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63 The undo command undoes the previous change, and also the previous undo command.
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64 The redo command repeats the previous undo command. It does NOT repeat a
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65 change command, use "." for that.
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66
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67 Examples Vim way Vi-compatible way ~
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68 "uu" two times undo no-op
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69 "u CTRL-R" no-op two times undo
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70
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71 Rationale: Nvi uses the "." command instead of CTRL-R. Unfortunately, this
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72 is not Vi compatible. For example "dwdwu." in Vi deletes two
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73 words, in Nvi it does nothing.
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74
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75 ==============================================================================
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76 3. Undo blocks *undo-blocks*
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77
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78 One undo command normally undoes a typed command, no matter how many changes
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79 that command makes. This sequence of undo-able changes forms an undo block.
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80 Thus if the typed key(s) call a function, all the commands in the function are
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81 undone together.
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82
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83 If you want to write a function or script that doesn't create a new undoable
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84 change but joins in with the previous change use this command:
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85
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86 *:undoj* *:undojoin*
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87 :undoj[oin] Join further changes with the previous undo block.
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88 Warning: Use with care, it may prevent the user from
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89 properly undoing changes.
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90 {not in Vi}
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91
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92 This is most useful when you need to prompt the user halfway a change. For
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93 example in a function that calls |getchar()|. Do make sure that there was a
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94 related change before this that you must join with.
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95
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96 This doesn't work by itself, because the next key press will start a new
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97 change again. But you can do something like this: >
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98
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99 :undojoin | delete
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100
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101 After this an "u" command will undo the delete command and the previous
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102 change.
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103
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104 ==============================================================================
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105 4. Remarks about undo *undo-remarks*
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106
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107 The number of changes that are remembered is set with the 'undolevels' option.
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108 If it is zero, the Vi-compatible way is always used. If it is negative no
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109 undo is possible. Use this if you are running out of memory.
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110
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111 Marks for the buffer ('a to 'z) are also saved and restored, together with the
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112 text. {Vi does this a little bit different}
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113
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114 When all changes have been undone, the buffer is not considered to be changed.
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115 It is then possible to exit Vim with ":q" instead of ":q!" {not in Vi}. Note
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116 that this is relative to the last write of the file. Typing "u" after ":w"
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117 actually changes the buffer, compared to what was written, so the buffer is
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118 considered changed then.
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119
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120 When manual |folding| is being used, the folds are not saved and restored.
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121 Only changes completely within a fold will keep the fold as it was, because
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122 the first and last line of the fold don't change.
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123
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124 The numbered registers can also be used for undoing deletes. Each time you
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125 delete text, it is put into register "1. The contents of register "1 are
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126 shifted to "2, etc. The contents of register "9 are lost. You can now get
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127 back the most recent deleted text with the put command: '"1P'. (also, if the
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128 deleted text was the result of the last delete or copy operation, 'P' or 'p'
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129 also works as this puts the contents of the unnamed register). You can get
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130 back the text of three deletes ago with '"3P'.
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131
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132 *redo-register*
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133 If you want to get back more than one part of deleted text, you can use a
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134 special feature of the repeat command ".". It will increase the number of the
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135 register used. So if you first do ""1P", the following "." will result in a
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136 '"2P'. Repeating this will result in all numbered registers being inserted.
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137
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138 Example: If you deleted text with 'dd....' it can be restored with
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139 '"1P....'.
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140
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141 If you don't know in which register the deleted text is, you can use the
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142 :display command. An alternative is to try the first register with '"1P', and
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143 if it is not what you want do 'u.'. This will remove the contents of the
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144 first put, and repeat the put command for the second register. Repeat the
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145 'u.' until you got what you want.
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146
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147 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
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