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annotate runtime/doc/if_pyth.txt @ 3750:536aa8b0c934
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author | Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org> |
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date | Wed, 15 Aug 2012 17:43:31 +0200 |
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3750 | 1 *if_pyth.txt* For Vim version 7.3. Last change: 2012 Aug 02 |
7 | 2 |
3 | |
4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Paul Moore | |
5 | |
6 | |
7 The Python Interface to Vim *python* *Python* | |
8 | |
3682 | 9 1. Commands |python-commands| |
10 2. The vim module |python-vim| | |
11 3. Buffer objects |python-buffer| | |
12 4. Range objects |python-range| | |
13 5. Window objects |python-window| | |
14 6. pyeval(), py3eval() Vim functions |python-pyeval| | |
15 7. Dynamic loading |python-dynamic| | |
16 8. Python 3 |python3| | |
7 | 17 |
18 {Vi does not have any of these commands} | |
19 | |
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20 The Python 2.x interface is available only when Vim was compiled with the |
7 | 21 |+python| feature. |
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22 The Python 3 interface is available only when Vim was compiled with the |
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23 |+python3| feature. |
7 | 24 |
25 ============================================================================== | |
26 1. Commands *python-commands* | |
27 | |
28 *:python* *:py* *E205* *E263* *E264* | |
29 :[range]py[thon] {stmt} | |
3750 | 30 Execute Python statement {stmt}. A simple check if |
31 the `:python` command is working: > | |
32 :python print "Hello" | |
7 | 33 |
34 :[range]py[thon] << {endmarker} | |
35 {script} | |
36 {endmarker} | |
37 Execute Python script {script}. | |
38 Note: This command doesn't work when the Python | |
39 feature wasn't compiled in. To avoid errors, see | |
40 |script-here|. | |
41 | |
42 {endmarker} must NOT be preceded by any white space. If {endmarker} is | |
43 omitted from after the "<<", a dot '.' must be used after {script}, like | |
44 for the |:append| and |:insert| commands. | |
45 This form of the |:python| command is mainly useful for including python code | |
46 in Vim scripts. | |
47 | |
48 Example: > | |
49 function! IcecreamInitialize() | |
50 python << EOF | |
51 class StrawberryIcecream: | |
52 def __call__(self): | |
53 print 'EAT ME' | |
54 EOF | |
55 endfunction | |
56 < | |
57 Note: Python is very sensitive to the indenting. Also make sure the "class" | |
58 line and "EOF" do not have any indent. | |
59 | |
60 *:pyfile* *:pyf* | |
61 :[range]pyf[ile] {file} | |
62 Execute the Python script in {file}. The whole | |
63 argument is used as a single file name. {not in Vi} | |
64 | |
65 Both of these commands do essentially the same thing - they execute a piece of | |
66 Python code, with the "current range" |python-range| set to the given line | |
67 range. | |
68 | |
69 In the case of :python, the code to execute is in the command-line. | |
70 In the case of :pyfile, the code to execute is the contents of the given file. | |
71 | |
72 Python commands cannot be used in the |sandbox|. | |
73 | |
74 To pass arguments you need to set sys.argv[] explicitly. Example: > | |
75 | |
76 :python import sys | |
77 :python sys.argv = ["foo", "bar"] | |
78 :pyfile myscript.py | |
79 | |
80 Here are some examples *python-examples* > | |
81 | |
82 :python from vim import * | |
83 :python from string import upper | |
84 :python current.line = upper(current.line) | |
85 :python print "Hello" | |
86 :python str = current.buffer[42] | |
87 | |
88 (Note that changes - like the imports - persist from one command to the next, | |
89 just like in the Python interpreter.) | |
90 | |
91 ============================================================================== | |
92 2. The vim module *python-vim* | |
93 | |
94 Python code gets all of its access to vim (with one exception - see | |
236 | 95 |python-output| below) via the "vim" module. The vim module implements two |
7 | 96 methods, three constants, and one error object. You need to import the vim |
97 module before using it: > | |
98 :python import vim | |
99 | |
100 Overview > | |
20 | 101 :py print "Hello" # displays a message |
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102 :py vim.command(cmd) # execute an Ex command |
20 | 103 :py w = vim.windows[n] # gets window "n" |
104 :py cw = vim.current.window # gets the current window | |
105 :py b = vim.buffers[n] # gets buffer "n" | |
106 :py cb = vim.current.buffer # gets the current buffer | |
107 :py w.height = lines # sets the window height | |
108 :py w.cursor = (row, col) # sets the window cursor position | |
109 :py pos = w.cursor # gets a tuple (row, col) | |
110 :py name = b.name # gets the buffer file name | |
111 :py line = b[n] # gets a line from the buffer | |
112 :py lines = b[n:m] # gets a list of lines | |
113 :py num = len(b) # gets the number of lines | |
114 :py b[n] = str # sets a line in the buffer | |
115 :py b[n:m] = [str1, str2, str3] # sets a number of lines at once | |
116 :py del b[n] # deletes a line | |
117 :py del b[n:m] # deletes a number of lines | |
7 | 118 |
119 | |
120 Methods of the "vim" module | |
121 | |
122 vim.command(str) *python-command* | |
236 | 123 Executes the vim (ex-mode) command str. Returns None. |
7 | 124 Examples: > |
20 | 125 :py vim.command("set tw=72") |
126 :py vim.command("%s/aaa/bbb/g") | |
7 | 127 < The following definition executes Normal mode commands: > |
128 def normal(str): | |
129 vim.command("normal "+str) | |
130 # Note the use of single quotes to delimit a string containing | |
131 # double quotes | |
132 normal('"a2dd"aP') | |
133 < *E659* | |
134 The ":python" command cannot be used recursively with Python 2.2 and | |
135 older. This only works with Python 2.3 and later: > | |
20 | 136 :py vim.command("python print 'Hello again Python'") |
7 | 137 |
138 vim.eval(str) *python-eval* | |
139 Evaluates the expression str using the vim internal expression | |
633 | 140 evaluator (see |expression|). Returns the expression result as: |
141 - a string if the Vim expression evaluates to a string or number | |
142 - a list if the Vim expression evaluates to a Vim list | |
856 | 143 - a dictionary if the Vim expression evaluates to a Vim dictionary |
633 | 144 Dictionaries and lists are recursively expanded. |
7 | 145 Examples: > |
20 | 146 :py text_width = vim.eval("&tw") |
147 :py str = vim.eval("12+12") # NB result is a string! Use | |
7 | 148 # string.atoi() to convert to |
149 # a number. | |
150 | |
856 | 151 :py tagList = vim.eval('taglist("eval_expr")') |
633 | 152 < The latter will return a python list of python dicts, for instance: |
153 [{'cmd': '/^eval_expr(arg, nextcmd)$/', 'static': 0, 'name': | |
154 'eval_expr', 'kind': 'f', 'filename': './src/eval.c'}] | |
155 | |
3682 | 156 vim.bindeval(str) *python-bindeval* |
157 Like |python-eval|, but | |
158 1. if expression evaluates to |List| or |Dictionary| it is returned as | |
159 vimlist or vimdictionary python type that are connected to original | |
160 list or dictionary. Thus modifications to these objects imply | |
161 modifications of the original. | |
162 2. if expression evaluates to a function reference, then it returns | |
163 callable vimfunction object. Use self keyword argument to assign | |
164 |self| object for dictionary functions. | |
165 | |
166 Note: this function has the same behavior as |lua-eval| (except that | |
167 lua does not support running vim functions), |python-eval| is | |
168 kept for backwards compatibility in order not to make scripts | |
169 relying on outputs of vim.eval() being a copy of original or | |
170 vim.eval("1") returning a string. | |
171 | |
633 | 172 |
173 | |
7 | 174 Error object of the "vim" module |
175 | |
176 vim.error *python-error* | |
177 Upon encountering a Vim error, Python raises an exception of type | |
178 vim.error. | |
179 Example: > | |
180 try: | |
181 vim.command("put a") | |
182 except vim.error: | |
183 # nothing in register a | |
184 | |
185 Constants of the "vim" module | |
186 | |
187 Note that these are not actually constants - you could reassign them. | |
188 But this is silly, as you would then lose access to the vim objects | |
189 to which the variables referred. | |
190 | |
191 vim.buffers *python-buffers* | |
236 | 192 A sequence object providing access to the list of vim buffers. The |
7 | 193 object supports the following operations: > |
20 | 194 :py b = vim.buffers[i] # Indexing (read-only) |
195 :py b in vim.buffers # Membership test | |
196 :py n = len(vim.buffers) # Number of elements | |
197 :py for b in vim.buffers: # Sequential access | |
7 | 198 < |
199 vim.windows *python-windows* | |
236 | 200 A sequence object providing access to the list of vim windows. The |
7 | 201 object supports the following operations: > |
20 | 202 :py w = vim.windows[i] # Indexing (read-only) |
203 :py w in vim.windows # Membership test | |
204 :py n = len(vim.windows) # Number of elements | |
205 :py for w in vim.windows: # Sequential access | |
7 | 206 < |
207 vim.current *python-current* | |
208 An object providing access (via specific attributes) to various | |
209 "current" objects available in vim: | |
210 vim.current.line The current line (RW) String | |
211 vim.current.buffer The current buffer (RO) Buffer | |
212 vim.current.window The current window (RO) Window | |
213 vim.current.range The current line range (RO) Range | |
214 | |
236 | 215 The last case deserves a little explanation. When the :python or |
7 | 216 :pyfile command specifies a range, this range of lines becomes the |
236 | 217 "current range". A range is a bit like a buffer, but with all access |
218 restricted to a subset of lines. See |python-range| for more details. | |
7 | 219 |
220 | |
221 Output from Python *python-output* | |
222 Vim displays all Python code output in the Vim message area. Normal | |
223 output appears as information messages, and error output appears as | |
224 error messages. | |
225 | |
226 In implementation terms, this means that all output to sys.stdout | |
227 (including the output from print statements) appears as information | |
228 messages, and all output to sys.stderr (including error tracebacks) | |
229 appears as error messages. | |
230 | |
231 *python-input* | |
232 Input (via sys.stdin, including input() and raw_input()) is not | |
236 | 233 supported, and may cause the program to crash. This should probably be |
7 | 234 fixed. |
235 | |
236 ============================================================================== | |
237 3. Buffer objects *python-buffer* | |
238 | |
236 | 239 Buffer objects represent vim buffers. You can obtain them in a number of ways: |
7 | 240 - via vim.current.buffer (|python-current|) |
241 - from indexing vim.buffers (|python-buffers|) | |
242 - from the "buffer" attribute of a window (|python-window|) | |
243 | |
3312 | 244 Buffer objects have two read-only attributes - name - the full file name for |
245 the buffer, and number - the buffer number. They also have three methods | |
246 (append, mark, and range; see below). | |
7 | 247 |
236 | 248 You can also treat buffer objects as sequence objects. In this context, they |
7 | 249 act as if they were lists (yes, they are mutable) of strings, with each |
236 | 250 element being a line of the buffer. All of the usual sequence operations, |
7 | 251 including indexing, index assignment, slicing and slice assignment, work as |
236 | 252 you would expect. Note that the result of indexing (slicing) a buffer is a |
253 string (list of strings). This has one unusual consequence - b[:] is different | |
254 from b. In particular, "b[:] = None" deletes the whole of the buffer, whereas | |
7 | 255 "b = None" merely updates the variable b, with no effect on the buffer. |
256 | |
236 | 257 Buffer indexes start at zero, as is normal in Python. This differs from vim |
258 line numbers, which start from 1. This is particularly relevant when dealing | |
7 | 259 with marks (see below) which use vim line numbers. |
260 | |
261 The buffer object methods are: | |
262 b.append(str) Append a line to the buffer | |
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263 b.append(str, nr) Idem, below line "nr" |
7 | 264 b.append(list) Append a list of lines to the buffer |
265 Note that the option of supplying a list of strings to | |
266 the append method differs from the equivalent method | |
267 for Python's built-in list objects. | |
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268 b.append(list, nr) Idem, below line "nr" |
7 | 269 b.mark(name) Return a tuple (row,col) representing the position |
270 of the named mark (can also get the []"<> marks) | |
271 b.range(s,e) Return a range object (see |python-range|) which | |
272 represents the part of the given buffer between line | |
273 numbers s and e |inclusive|. | |
274 | |
20 | 275 Note that when adding a line it must not contain a line break character '\n'. |
276 A trailing '\n' is allowed and ignored, so that you can do: > | |
277 :py b.append(f.readlines()) | |
278 | |
7 | 279 Examples (assume b is the current buffer) > |
20 | 280 :py print b.name # write the buffer file name |
281 :py b[0] = "hello!!!" # replace the top line | |
282 :py b[:] = None # delete the whole buffer | |
283 :py del b[:] # delete the whole buffer | |
284 :py b[0:0] = [ "a line" ] # add a line at the top | |
285 :py del b[2] # delete a line (the third) | |
286 :py b.append("bottom") # add a line at the bottom | |
287 :py n = len(b) # number of lines | |
288 :py (row,col) = b.mark('a') # named mark | |
289 :py r = b.range(1,5) # a sub-range of the buffer | |
7 | 290 |
291 ============================================================================== | |
292 4. Range objects *python-range* | |
293 | |
236 | 294 Range objects represent a part of a vim buffer. You can obtain them in a |
7 | 295 number of ways: |
296 - via vim.current.range (|python-current|) | |
297 - from a buffer's range() method (|python-buffer|) | |
298 | |
236 | 299 A range object is almost identical in operation to a buffer object. However, |
7 | 300 all operations are restricted to the lines within the range (this line range |
301 can, of course, change as a result of slice assignments, line deletions, or | |
302 the range.append() method). | |
303 | |
304 The range object attributes are: | |
305 r.start Index of first line into the buffer | |
306 r.end Index of last line into the buffer | |
307 | |
308 The range object methods are: | |
309 r.append(str) Append a line to the range | |
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310 r.append(str, nr) Idem, after line "nr" |
7 | 311 r.append(list) Append a list of lines to the range |
312 Note that the option of supplying a list of strings to | |
313 the append method differs from the equivalent method | |
314 for Python's built-in list objects. | |
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315 r.append(list, nr) Idem, after line "nr" |
7 | 316 |
317 Example (assume r is the current range): | |
318 # Send all lines in a range to the default printer | |
319 vim.command("%d,%dhardcopy!" % (r.start+1,r.end+1)) | |
320 | |
321 ============================================================================== | |
322 5. Window objects *python-window* | |
323 | |
236 | 324 Window objects represent vim windows. You can obtain them in a number of ways: |
7 | 325 - via vim.current.window (|python-current|) |
326 - from indexing vim.windows (|python-windows|) | |
327 | |
236 | 328 You can manipulate window objects only through their attributes. They have no |
7 | 329 methods, and no sequence or other interface. |
330 | |
331 Window attributes are: | |
332 buffer (read-only) The buffer displayed in this window | |
333 cursor (read-write) The current cursor position in the window | |
334 This is a tuple, (row,col). | |
335 height (read-write) The window height, in rows | |
336 width (read-write) The window width, in columns | |
337 The height attribute is writable only if the screen is split horizontally. | |
338 The width attribute is writable only if the screen is split vertically. | |
339 | |
340 ============================================================================== | |
3682 | 341 6. pyeval() and py3eval() Vim functions *python-pyeval* |
342 | |
343 To facilitate bi-directional interface, you can use |pyeval()| and |py3eval()| | |
344 functions to evaluate Python expressions and pass their values to VimL. | |
345 | |
346 ============================================================================== | |
347 7. Dynamic loading *python-dynamic* | |
557 | 348 |
349 On MS-Windows the Python library can be loaded dynamically. The |:version| | |
350 output then includes |+python/dyn|. | |
351 | |
352 This means that Vim will search for the Python DLL file only when needed. | |
353 When you don't use the Python interface you don't need it, thus you can use | |
354 Vim without this DLL file. | |
355 | |
356 To use the Python interface the Python DLL must be in your search path. In a | |
357 console window type "path" to see what directories are used. | |
358 | |
359 The name of the DLL must match the Python version Vim was compiled with. | |
360 Currently the name is "python24.dll". That is for Python 2.4. To know for | |
361 sure edit "gvim.exe" and search for "python\d*.dll\c". | |
362 | |
363 ============================================================================== | |
3682 | 364 8. Python 3 *python3* |
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365 |
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366 *:py3* *:python3* |
3750 | 367 The |:py3| and |:python3| commands work similar to |:python|. A simple check |
368 if the `:py3` command is wrong: > | |
369 :py3 print("Hello") | |
370 < *:py3file* | |
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371 The |:py3file| command works similar to |:pyfile|. |
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372 |
3682 | 373 |
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374 Vim can be built in four ways (:version output): |
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375 1. No Python support (-python, -python3) |
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376 2. Python 2 support only (+python or +python/dyn, -python3) |
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377 3. Python 3 support only (-python, +python3 or +python3/dyn) |
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378 4. Python 2 and 3 support (+python/dyn, +python3/dyn) |
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379 |
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380 Some more details on the special case 4: |
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381 |
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382 When Python 2 and Python 3 are both supported they must be loaded dynamically. |
2540 | 383 |
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384 When doing this on Linux/Unix systems and importing global symbols, this leads |
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385 to a crash when the second Python version is used. So either global symbols |
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386 are loaded but only one Python version is activated, or no global symbols are |
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387 loaded. The latter makes Python's "import" fail on libraries that expect the |
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388 symbols to be provided by Vim. |
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389 *E836* *E837* |
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390 Vim's configuration script makes a guess for all libraries based on one |
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391 standard Python library (termios). If importing this library succeeds for |
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392 both Python versions, then both will be made available in Vim at the same |
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393 time. If not, only the version first used in a session will be enabled. |
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394 When trying to use the other one you will get the E836 or E837 error message. |
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395 |
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396 Here Vim's behavior depends on the system in which it was configured. In a |
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397 system where both versions of Python were configured with --enable-shared, |
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398 both versions of Python will be activated at the same time. There will still |
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Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
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399 be problems with other third party libraries that were not linked to |
84ba6293f9d7
Preparations for 7.3f release.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
2554
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400 libPython. |
84ba6293f9d7
Preparations for 7.3f release.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
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diff
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401 |
84ba6293f9d7
Preparations for 7.3f release.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
2554
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402 To work around such problems there are these options: |
84ba6293f9d7
Preparations for 7.3f release.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
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403 1. The problematic library is recompiled to link to the according |
84ba6293f9d7
Preparations for 7.3f release.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
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404 libpython.so. |
84ba6293f9d7
Preparations for 7.3f release.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
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405 2. Vim is recompiled for only one Python version. |
84ba6293f9d7
Preparations for 7.3f release.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
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406 3. You undefine PY_NO_RTLD_GLOBAL in auto/config.h after configuration. This |
84ba6293f9d7
Preparations for 7.3f release.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
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407 may crash Vim though. |
84ba6293f9d7
Preparations for 7.3f release.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
2554
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408 |
2826 | 409 *has-python* |
410 You can test what Python version is available with: > | |
411 if has('python') | |
3082 | 412 echo 'there is Python 2.x' |
2826 | 413 elseif has('python3') |
414 echo 'there is Python 3.x' | |
415 endif | |
416 | |
417 Note however, that when Python 2 and 3 are both available and loaded | |
418 dynamically, these has() calls will try to load them. If only one can be | |
419 loaded at a time, just checking if Python 2 or 3 are available will prevent | |
420 the other one from being available. | |
2340
99c1eba60b2d
Make automatic prototype generation work with more interfaces.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
2154
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421 |
99c1eba60b2d
Make automatic prototype generation work with more interfaces.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
2154
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422 ============================================================================== |
7 | 423 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: |