Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/if_pyth.txt @ 2577:073ff46fe397
Fold Vim 7.2 default branch back to trunk to avoid two heads. (Tony
Mechelynck)
| author | Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org> |
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| date | Fri, 20 Aug 2010 11:11:57 +0200 |
| parents | ee53a39d5896 733f0dc510c3 |
| children | 7d8af31066c8 |
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1 *if_pyth.txt* For Vim version 7.3. Last change: 2010 Aug 13 |
| 7 | 2 |
| 3 | |
| 4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Paul Moore | |
| 5 | |
| 6 | |
| 7 The Python Interface to Vim *python* *Python* | |
| 8 | |
| 9 1. Commands |python-commands| | |
| 10 2. The vim module |python-vim| | |
| 11 3. Buffer objects |python-buffer| | |
| 12 4. Range objects |python-range| | |
| 13 5. Window objects |python-window| | |
| 557 | 14 6. Dynamic loading |python-dynamic| |
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15 7. Python 3 |python3| |
| 7 | 16 |
| 17 {Vi does not have any of these commands} | |
| 18 | |
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19 The Python 2.x interface is available only when Vim was compiled with the |
| 7 | 20 |+python| feature. |
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21 The Python 3 interface is available only when Vim was compiled with the |
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22 |+python3| feature. |
| 7 | 23 |
| 24 ============================================================================== | |
| 25 1. Commands *python-commands* | |
| 26 | |
| 27 *:python* *:py* *E205* *E263* *E264* | |
| 28 :[range]py[thon] {stmt} | |
| 29 Execute Python statement {stmt}. | |
| 30 | |
| 31 :[range]py[thon] << {endmarker} | |
| 32 {script} | |
| 33 {endmarker} | |
| 34 Execute Python script {script}. | |
| 35 Note: This command doesn't work when the Python | |
| 36 feature wasn't compiled in. To avoid errors, see | |
| 37 |script-here|. | |
| 38 | |
| 39 {endmarker} must NOT be preceded by any white space. If {endmarker} is | |
| 40 omitted from after the "<<", a dot '.' must be used after {script}, like | |
| 41 for the |:append| and |:insert| commands. | |
| 42 This form of the |:python| command is mainly useful for including python code | |
| 43 in Vim scripts. | |
| 44 | |
| 45 Example: > | |
| 46 function! IcecreamInitialize() | |
| 47 python << EOF | |
| 48 class StrawberryIcecream: | |
| 49 def __call__(self): | |
| 50 print 'EAT ME' | |
| 51 EOF | |
| 52 endfunction | |
| 53 < | |
| 54 Note: Python is very sensitive to the indenting. Also make sure the "class" | |
| 55 line and "EOF" do not have any indent. | |
| 56 | |
| 57 *:pyfile* *:pyf* | |
| 58 :[range]pyf[ile] {file} | |
| 59 Execute the Python script in {file}. The whole | |
| 60 argument is used as a single file name. {not in Vi} | |
| 61 | |
| 62 Both of these commands do essentially the same thing - they execute a piece of | |
| 63 Python code, with the "current range" |python-range| set to the given line | |
| 64 range. | |
| 65 | |
| 66 In the case of :python, the code to execute is in the command-line. | |
| 67 In the case of :pyfile, the code to execute is the contents of the given file. | |
| 68 | |
| 69 Python commands cannot be used in the |sandbox|. | |
| 70 | |
| 71 To pass arguments you need to set sys.argv[] explicitly. Example: > | |
| 72 | |
| 73 :python import sys | |
| 74 :python sys.argv = ["foo", "bar"] | |
| 75 :pyfile myscript.py | |
| 76 | |
| 77 Here are some examples *python-examples* > | |
| 78 | |
| 79 :python from vim import * | |
| 80 :python from string import upper | |
| 81 :python current.line = upper(current.line) | |
| 82 :python print "Hello" | |
| 83 :python str = current.buffer[42] | |
| 84 | |
| 85 (Note that changes - like the imports - persist from one command to the next, | |
| 86 just like in the Python interpreter.) | |
| 87 | |
| 88 ============================================================================== | |
| 89 2. The vim module *python-vim* | |
| 90 | |
| 91 Python code gets all of its access to vim (with one exception - see | |
| 236 | 92 |python-output| below) via the "vim" module. The vim module implements two |
| 7 | 93 methods, three constants, and one error object. You need to import the vim |
| 94 module before using it: > | |
| 95 :python import vim | |
| 96 | |
| 97 Overview > | |
| 20 | 98 :py print "Hello" # displays a message |
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99 :py vim.command(cmd) # execute an Ex command |
| 20 | 100 :py w = vim.windows[n] # gets window "n" |
| 101 :py cw = vim.current.window # gets the current window | |
| 102 :py b = vim.buffers[n] # gets buffer "n" | |
| 103 :py cb = vim.current.buffer # gets the current buffer | |
| 104 :py w.height = lines # sets the window height | |
| 105 :py w.cursor = (row, col) # sets the window cursor position | |
| 106 :py pos = w.cursor # gets a tuple (row, col) | |
| 107 :py name = b.name # gets the buffer file name | |
| 108 :py line = b[n] # gets a line from the buffer | |
| 109 :py lines = b[n:m] # gets a list of lines | |
| 110 :py num = len(b) # gets the number of lines | |
| 111 :py b[n] = str # sets a line in the buffer | |
| 112 :py b[n:m] = [str1, str2, str3] # sets a number of lines at once | |
| 113 :py del b[n] # deletes a line | |
| 114 :py del b[n:m] # deletes a number of lines | |
| 7 | 115 |
| 116 | |
| 117 Methods of the "vim" module | |
| 118 | |
| 119 vim.command(str) *python-command* | |
| 236 | 120 Executes the vim (ex-mode) command str. Returns None. |
| 7 | 121 Examples: > |
| 20 | 122 :py vim.command("set tw=72") |
| 123 :py vim.command("%s/aaa/bbb/g") | |
| 7 | 124 < The following definition executes Normal mode commands: > |
| 125 def normal(str): | |
| 126 vim.command("normal "+str) | |
| 127 # Note the use of single quotes to delimit a string containing | |
| 128 # double quotes | |
| 129 normal('"a2dd"aP') | |
| 130 < *E659* | |
| 131 The ":python" command cannot be used recursively with Python 2.2 and | |
| 132 older. This only works with Python 2.3 and later: > | |
| 20 | 133 :py vim.command("python print 'Hello again Python'") |
| 7 | 134 |
| 135 vim.eval(str) *python-eval* | |
| 136 Evaluates the expression str using the vim internal expression | |
| 633 | 137 evaluator (see |expression|). Returns the expression result as: |
| 138 - a string if the Vim expression evaluates to a string or number | |
| 139 - a list if the Vim expression evaluates to a Vim list | |
| 856 | 140 - a dictionary if the Vim expression evaluates to a Vim dictionary |
| 633 | 141 Dictionaries and lists are recursively expanded. |
| 7 | 142 Examples: > |
| 20 | 143 :py text_width = vim.eval("&tw") |
| 144 :py str = vim.eval("12+12") # NB result is a string! Use | |
| 7 | 145 # string.atoi() to convert to |
| 146 # a number. | |
| 147 | |
| 856 | 148 :py tagList = vim.eval('taglist("eval_expr")') |
| 633 | 149 < The latter will return a python list of python dicts, for instance: |
| 150 [{'cmd': '/^eval_expr(arg, nextcmd)$/', 'static': 0, 'name': | |
| 151 'eval_expr', 'kind': 'f', 'filename': './src/eval.c'}] | |
| 152 | |
| 153 | |
| 154 | |
| 7 | 155 Error object of the "vim" module |
| 156 | |
| 157 vim.error *python-error* | |
| 158 Upon encountering a Vim error, Python raises an exception of type | |
| 159 vim.error. | |
| 160 Example: > | |
| 161 try: | |
| 162 vim.command("put a") | |
| 163 except vim.error: | |
| 164 # nothing in register a | |
| 165 | |
| 166 Constants of the "vim" module | |
| 167 | |
| 168 Note that these are not actually constants - you could reassign them. | |
| 169 But this is silly, as you would then lose access to the vim objects | |
| 170 to which the variables referred. | |
| 171 | |
| 172 vim.buffers *python-buffers* | |
| 236 | 173 A sequence object providing access to the list of vim buffers. The |
| 7 | 174 object supports the following operations: > |
| 20 | 175 :py b = vim.buffers[i] # Indexing (read-only) |
| 176 :py b in vim.buffers # Membership test | |
| 177 :py n = len(vim.buffers) # Number of elements | |
| 178 :py for b in vim.buffers: # Sequential access | |
| 7 | 179 < |
| 180 vim.windows *python-windows* | |
| 236 | 181 A sequence object providing access to the list of vim windows. The |
| 7 | 182 object supports the following operations: > |
| 20 | 183 :py w = vim.windows[i] # Indexing (read-only) |
| 184 :py w in vim.windows # Membership test | |
| 185 :py n = len(vim.windows) # Number of elements | |
| 186 :py for w in vim.windows: # Sequential access | |
| 7 | 187 < |
| 188 vim.current *python-current* | |
| 189 An object providing access (via specific attributes) to various | |
| 190 "current" objects available in vim: | |
| 191 vim.current.line The current line (RW) String | |
| 192 vim.current.buffer The current buffer (RO) Buffer | |
| 193 vim.current.window The current window (RO) Window | |
| 194 vim.current.range The current line range (RO) Range | |
| 195 | |
| 236 | 196 The last case deserves a little explanation. When the :python or |
| 7 | 197 :pyfile command specifies a range, this range of lines becomes the |
| 236 | 198 "current range". A range is a bit like a buffer, but with all access |
| 199 restricted to a subset of lines. See |python-range| for more details. | |
| 7 | 200 |
| 201 | |
| 202 Output from Python *python-output* | |
| 203 Vim displays all Python code output in the Vim message area. Normal | |
| 204 output appears as information messages, and error output appears as | |
| 205 error messages. | |
| 206 | |
| 207 In implementation terms, this means that all output to sys.stdout | |
| 208 (including the output from print statements) appears as information | |
| 209 messages, and all output to sys.stderr (including error tracebacks) | |
| 210 appears as error messages. | |
| 211 | |
| 212 *python-input* | |
| 213 Input (via sys.stdin, including input() and raw_input()) is not | |
| 236 | 214 supported, and may cause the program to crash. This should probably be |
| 7 | 215 fixed. |
| 216 | |
| 217 ============================================================================== | |
| 218 3. Buffer objects *python-buffer* | |
| 219 | |
| 236 | 220 Buffer objects represent vim buffers. You can obtain them in a number of ways: |
| 7 | 221 - via vim.current.buffer (|python-current|) |
| 222 - from indexing vim.buffers (|python-buffers|) | |
| 223 - from the "buffer" attribute of a window (|python-window|) | |
| 224 | |
| 225 Buffer objects have one read-only attribute - name - the full file name for | |
| 236 | 226 the buffer. They also have three methods (append, mark, and range; see below). |
| 7 | 227 |
| 236 | 228 You can also treat buffer objects as sequence objects. In this context, they |
| 7 | 229 act as if they were lists (yes, they are mutable) of strings, with each |
| 236 | 230 element being a line of the buffer. All of the usual sequence operations, |
| 7 | 231 including indexing, index assignment, slicing and slice assignment, work as |
| 236 | 232 you would expect. Note that the result of indexing (slicing) a buffer is a |
| 233 string (list of strings). This has one unusual consequence - b[:] is different | |
| 234 from b. In particular, "b[:] = None" deletes the whole of the buffer, whereas | |
| 7 | 235 "b = None" merely updates the variable b, with no effect on the buffer. |
| 236 | |
| 236 | 237 Buffer indexes start at zero, as is normal in Python. This differs from vim |
| 238 line numbers, which start from 1. This is particularly relevant when dealing | |
| 7 | 239 with marks (see below) which use vim line numbers. |
| 240 | |
| 241 The buffer object methods are: | |
| 242 b.append(str) Append a line to the buffer | |
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243 b.append(str, nr) Idem, below line "nr" |
| 7 | 244 b.append(list) Append a list of lines to the buffer |
| 245 Note that the option of supplying a list of strings to | |
| 246 the append method differs from the equivalent method | |
| 247 for Python's built-in list objects. | |
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248 b.append(list, nr) Idem, below line "nr" |
| 7 | 249 b.mark(name) Return a tuple (row,col) representing the position |
| 250 of the named mark (can also get the []"<> marks) | |
| 251 b.range(s,e) Return a range object (see |python-range|) which | |
| 252 represents the part of the given buffer between line | |
| 253 numbers s and e |inclusive|. | |
| 254 | |
| 20 | 255 Note that when adding a line it must not contain a line break character '\n'. |
| 256 A trailing '\n' is allowed and ignored, so that you can do: > | |
| 257 :py b.append(f.readlines()) | |
| 258 | |
| 7 | 259 Examples (assume b is the current buffer) > |
| 20 | 260 :py print b.name # write the buffer file name |
| 261 :py b[0] = "hello!!!" # replace the top line | |
| 262 :py b[:] = None # delete the whole buffer | |
| 263 :py del b[:] # delete the whole buffer | |
| 264 :py b[0:0] = [ "a line" ] # add a line at the top | |
| 265 :py del b[2] # delete a line (the third) | |
| 266 :py b.append("bottom") # add a line at the bottom | |
| 267 :py n = len(b) # number of lines | |
| 268 :py (row,col) = b.mark('a') # named mark | |
| 269 :py r = b.range(1,5) # a sub-range of the buffer | |
| 7 | 270 |
| 271 ============================================================================== | |
| 272 4. Range objects *python-range* | |
| 273 | |
| 236 | 274 Range objects represent a part of a vim buffer. You can obtain them in a |
| 7 | 275 number of ways: |
| 276 - via vim.current.range (|python-current|) | |
| 277 - from a buffer's range() method (|python-buffer|) | |
| 278 | |
| 236 | 279 A range object is almost identical in operation to a buffer object. However, |
| 7 | 280 all operations are restricted to the lines within the range (this line range |
| 281 can, of course, change as a result of slice assignments, line deletions, or | |
| 282 the range.append() method). | |
| 283 | |
| 284 The range object attributes are: | |
| 285 r.start Index of first line into the buffer | |
| 286 r.end Index of last line into the buffer | |
| 287 | |
| 288 The range object methods are: | |
| 289 r.append(str) Append a line to the range | |
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290 r.append(str, nr) Idem, after line "nr" |
| 7 | 291 r.append(list) Append a list of lines to the range |
| 292 Note that the option of supplying a list of strings to | |
| 293 the append method differs from the equivalent method | |
| 294 for Python's built-in list objects. | |
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295 r.append(list, nr) Idem, after line "nr" |
| 7 | 296 |
| 297 Example (assume r is the current range): | |
| 298 # Send all lines in a range to the default printer | |
| 299 vim.command("%d,%dhardcopy!" % (r.start+1,r.end+1)) | |
| 300 | |
| 301 ============================================================================== | |
| 302 5. Window objects *python-window* | |
| 303 | |
| 236 | 304 Window objects represent vim windows. You can obtain them in a number of ways: |
| 7 | 305 - via vim.current.window (|python-current|) |
| 306 - from indexing vim.windows (|python-windows|) | |
| 307 | |
| 236 | 308 You can manipulate window objects only through their attributes. They have no |
| 7 | 309 methods, and no sequence or other interface. |
| 310 | |
| 311 Window attributes are: | |
| 312 buffer (read-only) The buffer displayed in this window | |
| 313 cursor (read-write) The current cursor position in the window | |
| 314 This is a tuple, (row,col). | |
| 315 height (read-write) The window height, in rows | |
| 316 width (read-write) The window width, in columns | |
| 317 The height attribute is writable only if the screen is split horizontally. | |
| 318 The width attribute is writable only if the screen is split vertically. | |
| 319 | |
| 320 ============================================================================== | |
| 557 | 321 6. Dynamic loading *python-dynamic* |
| 322 | |
| 323 On MS-Windows the Python library can be loaded dynamically. The |:version| | |
| 324 output then includes |+python/dyn|. | |
| 325 | |
| 326 This means that Vim will search for the Python DLL file only when needed. | |
| 327 When you don't use the Python interface you don't need it, thus you can use | |
| 328 Vim without this DLL file. | |
| 329 | |
| 330 To use the Python interface the Python DLL must be in your search path. In a | |
| 331 console window type "path" to see what directories are used. | |
| 332 | |
| 333 The name of the DLL must match the Python version Vim was compiled with. | |
| 334 Currently the name is "python24.dll". That is for Python 2.4. To know for | |
| 335 sure edit "gvim.exe" and search for "python\d*.dll\c". | |
| 336 | |
| 337 ============================================================================== | |
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338 7. Python 3 *python3* |
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339 |
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340 *:py3* *:python3* |
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341 The |:py3| and |:python3| commands work similar to |:python|. |
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342 *:py3file* |
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343 The |:py3file| command works similar to |:pyfile|. |
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344 |
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345 Vim can be built in four ways (:version output): |
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346 1. No Python support (-python, -python3) |
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347 2. Python 2 support only (+python or +python/dyn, -python3) |
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348 3. Python 3 support only (-python, +python3 or +python3/dyn) |
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349 4. Python 2 and 3 support (+python/dyn, +python3/dyn) |
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350 |
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351 Some more details on the special case 4: |
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352 |
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353 When Python 2 and Python 3 are both supported they must be loaded dynamically. |
| 2540 | 354 |
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355 When doing this on Linux/Unix systems and importing global symbols, this leads |
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356 to a crash when the second Python version is used. So either global symbols |
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357 are loaded but only one Python version is activated, or no global symbols are |
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358 loaded. The latter makes Python's "import" fail on libaries that expect the |
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359 symbols to be provided by Vim. |
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360 *E836* *E837* |
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361 Vim's configuration script makes a guess for all libraries based on one |
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362 standard Python library (termios). If importing this library succeeds for |
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363 both Python versions, then both will be made available in Vim at the same |
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364 time. If not, only the version first used in a session will be enabled. |
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365 When trying to use the other one you will get the E836 or E837 error message. |
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366 |
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367 Here Vim's behavior depends on the system in which it was configured. In a |
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368 system where both versions of Python were configured with --enable-shared, |
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369 both versions of Python will be activated at the same time. There will still |
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370 be problems with other third party libraries that were not linked to |
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371 libPython. |
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372 |
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373 To work around such problems there are these options: |
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374 1. The problematic library is recompiled to link to the according |
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375 libpython.so. |
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376 2. Vim is recompiled for only one Python version. |
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377 3. You undefine PY_NO_RTLD_GLOBAL in auto/config.h after configuration. This |
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378 may crash Vim though. |
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379 |
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380 |
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381 ============================================================================== |
| 7 | 382 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: |