Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/vim9.txt @ 21584:d0c76ce48326 v8.2.1342
patch 8.2.1342: Vim9: accidentally using "t" gives a confusing error
Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/f5a48010ef9e47319185f1aaac1bc6d45cd4d47a
Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
Date: Sat Aug 1 17:00:03 2020 +0200
patch 8.2.1342: Vim9: accidentally using "t" gives a confusing error
Problem: Vim9: accidentally using "x" gives a confusing error.
Solution: Disallow using ":t" in Vim9 script. (issue https://github.com/vim/vim/issues/6399)
author | Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> |
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date | Sat, 01 Aug 2020 17:15:03 +0200 |
parents | b0b57d91671c |
children | 1b345fb68ae3 |
rev | line source |
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21499 | 1 *vim9.txt* For Vim version 8.2. Last change: 2020 Jul 25 |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar |
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5 |
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6 |
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7 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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8 |
20241 | 9 Vim9 script commands and expressions. *vim9* |
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10 |
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11 Most expression help is in |eval.txt|. This file is about the new syntax and |
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12 features in Vim9 script. |
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13 |
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14 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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15 |
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16 |
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17 1 What is Vim9 script? |vim9-script| |
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18 2. Differences |vim9-differences| |
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19 3. New style functions |fast-functions| |
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20 4. Types |vim9-types| |
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21 5. Namespace, Import and Export |vim9script| |
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22 |
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23 9. Rationale |vim9-rationale| |
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24 |
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25 ============================================================================== |
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26 |
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27 1. What is Vim9 script? *vim9-script* |
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28 |
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29 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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30 |
20241 | 31 Vim script has been growing over time, while preserving backwards |
32 compatibility. That means bad choices from the past often can't be changed | |
20965 | 33 and compatibility with Vi restricts possible solutions. Execution is quite |
20241 | 34 slow, each line is parsed every time it is executed. |
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35 |
20241 | 36 The main goal of Vim9 script is to drastically improve performance. This is |
37 accomplished by compiling commands into instructions that can be efficiently | |
38 executed. An increase in execution speed of 10 to 100 times can be expected. | |
39 | |
40 A secondary goal is to avoid Vim-specific constructs and get closer to | |
41 commonly used programming languages, such as JavaScript, TypeScript and Java. | |
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42 |
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43 The performance improvements can only be achieved by not being 100% backwards |
20552 | 44 compatible. For example, making function arguments available in the |
45 "a:" dictionary adds quite a lot of overhead. In a Vim9 function this | |
46 dictionary is not available. Other differences are more subtle, such as how | |
47 errors are handled. | |
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48 |
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49 The Vim9 script syntax and semantics are used in: |
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50 - a function defined with the `:def` command |
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51 - a script file where the first command is `vim9script` |
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52 |
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53 When using `:function` in a Vim9 script file the legacy syntax is used. |
20241 | 54 However, this can be confusing and is therefore discouraged. |
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55 |
20241 | 56 Vim9 script and legacy Vim script can be mixed. There is no requirement to |
57 rewrite old scripts, they keep working as before. | |
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58 |
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59 ============================================================================== |
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60 |
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61 2. Differences from legacy Vim script *vim9-differences* |
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62 |
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63 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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64 |
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65 Comments starting with # ~ |
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66 |
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67 In legacy Vim script comments start with double quote. In Vim9 script |
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68 comments start with #. > |
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69 # declarations |
20965 | 70 let count = 0 # number of occurrences |
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71 |
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72 The reason is that a double quote can also be the start of a string. In many |
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73 places, especially halfway an expression with a line break, it's hard to tell |
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74 what the meaning is, since both a string and a comment can be followed by |
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75 arbitrary text. To avoid confusion only # comments are recognized. This is |
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76 the same as in shell scripts and Python programs. |
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77 |
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78 In Vi # is a command to list text with numbers. In Vim9 script you can use |
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79 `:number` for that. > |
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80 101 number |
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81 |
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82 To improve readability there must be a space between a command and the # |
20115 | 83 that starts a comment. Note that #{ is the start of a dictionary, therefore |
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84 it does not start a comment. |
20115 | 85 |
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86 |
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87 Vim9 functions ~ |
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88 |
20241 | 89 A function defined with `:def` is compiled. Execution is many times faster, |
90 often 10x to 100x times. | |
91 | |
20552 | 92 Many errors are already found when compiling, before the function is executed. |
20241 | 93 The syntax is strict, to enforce code that is easy to read and understand. |
94 | |
20552 | 95 Compilation is done when the function is first called, or when the |
96 `:defcompile` command is encountered in the script where the function was | |
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97 defined. `:disassemble` also compiles the function. |
20552 | 98 |
99 `:def` has no options like `:function` does: "range", "abort", "dict" or | |
100 "closure". A `:def` function always aborts on an error, does not get a range | |
101 passed and cannot be a "dict" function. | |
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102 |
20241 | 103 The argument types and return type need to be specified. The "any" type can |
104 be used, type checking will then be done at runtime, like with legacy | |
105 functions. | |
106 | |
107 Arguments are accessed by name, without "a:". There is no "a:" dictionary or | |
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108 "a:000" list. Just like any other language. |
20241 | 109 |
110 Variable arguments are defined as the last argument, with a name and have a | |
111 list type, similar to Typescript. For example, a list of numbers: > | |
112 def MyFunc(...itemlist: list<number>) | |
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113 for item in itemlist |
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114 ... |
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115 |
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116 |
20241 | 117 Functions and variables are script-local by default ~ |
20856 | 118 *vim9-scopes* |
20115 | 119 When using `:function` or `:def` to specify a new function at the script level |
120 in a Vim9 script, the function is local to the script, as if "s:" was | |
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121 prefixed. Using the "s:" prefix is optional. To define or use a global |
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122 function or variable the "g:" prefix must be used. For functions in an |
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123 autoload script the "name#" prefix is sufficient. > |
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124 def ThisFunction() # script-local |
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125 def s:ThisFunction() # script-local |
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126 def g:ThatFunction() # global |
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127 def scriptname#function() # autoload |
20115 | 128 |
129 When using `:function` or `:def` to specify a new function inside a function, | |
130 the function is local to the function. It is not possible to define a | |
20241 | 131 script-local function inside a function. It is possible to define a global |
132 function, using the "g:" prefix. | |
20115 | 133 |
134 When referring to a function and no "s:" or "g:" prefix is used, Vim will | |
135 search for the function in this order: | |
20241 | 136 - Local to the current scope and outer scopes up to the function scope. |
20115 | 137 - Local to the current script file. |
138 - Imported functions, see `:import`. | |
20552 | 139 In all cases the function must be defined before used. That is when it is |
140 first called or when `:defcompile` causes the call to be compiled. | |
20241 | 141 |
142 The result is that functions and variables without a namespace can always be | |
143 found in the script, either defined there or imported. Global functions and | |
144 variables could be defined anywhere (good luck finding where!). | |
20115 | 145 |
20317 | 146 Global functions can be still be defined and deleted at nearly any time. In |
147 Vim9 script script-local functions are defined once when the script is sourced | |
20552 | 148 and cannot be deleted or replaced. |
20115 | 149 |
150 | |
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151 Variable declarations with :let and :const ~ |
20856 | 152 *vim9-declaration* |
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153 Local variables need to be declared with `:let`. Local constants need to be |
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154 declared with `:const`. We refer to both as "variables". |
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155 |
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156 Variables can be local to a script, function or code block: > |
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157 vim9script |
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158 let script_var = 123 |
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159 def SomeFunc() |
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160 let func_var = script_var |
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161 if cond |
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162 let block_var = func_var |
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163 ... |
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164 |
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165 The variables are only visible in the block where they are defined and nested |
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166 blocks. Once the block ends the variable is no longer accessible: > |
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167 if cond |
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168 let inner = 5 |
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169 else |
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170 let inner = 0 |
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171 endif |
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172 echo inner " Error! |
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173 |
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174 The declaration must be done earlier: > |
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175 let inner: number |
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176 if cond |
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177 inner = 5 |
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178 else |
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179 inner = 0 |
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180 endif |
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181 echo inner |
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182 |
20552 | 183 To intentionally avoid a variable being available later, a block can be used: |
184 > | |
19181
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185 { |
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186 let temp = 'temp' |
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187 ... |
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188 } |
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189 echo temp " Error! |
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190 |
19303 | 191 An existing variable cannot be assigned to with `:let`, since that implies a |
21499 | 192 declaration. Global, window, tab, buffer and Vim variables can only be used |
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193 without `:let`, because they are not really declared, they can also be deleted |
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194 with `:unlet`. |
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195 |
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196 Variables cannot shadow previously defined variables. |
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197 Variables may shadow Ex commands, rename the variable if needed. |
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198 |
20241 | 199 Global variables and user defined functions must be prefixed with "g:", also |
200 at the script level. > | |
19968 | 201 vim9script |
202 let script_local = 'text' | |
21499 | 203 g:global = 'value' |
20241 | 204 let Funcref = g:ThatFunction |
19968 | 205 |
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206 Since "&opt = value" is now assigning a value to option "opt", ":&" cannot be |
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207 used to repeat a `:substitute` command. |
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208 |
21499 | 209 *E1092* |
210 Declaring more than one variable at a time, using the unpack notation, is | |
211 currently not supported: > | |
212 let [v1, v2] = GetValues() # Error! | |
213 That is because the type needs to be inferred from the list item type, which | |
214 isn't that easy. | |
215 | |
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216 |
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217 Omitting :call and :eval ~ |
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218 |
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219 Functions can be called without `:call`: > |
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220 writefile(lines, 'file') |
19303 | 221 Using `:call` is still possible, but this is discouraged. |
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222 |
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223 A method call without `eval` is possible, so long as the start is an |
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224 identifier or can't be an Ex command. Examples: > |
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225 myList->add(123) |
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226 g:myList->add(123) |
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227 [1, 2, 3]->Process() |
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228 #{a: 1, b: 2}->Process() |
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229 {'a': 1, 'b': 2}->Process() |
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230 "foobar"->Process() |
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231 ("foobar")->Process() |
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232 'foobar'->Process() |
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233 ('foobar')->Process() |
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234 |
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235 In rare case there is ambiguity between a function name and an Ex command, use |
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236 ":" to make clear you want to use the Ex command. For example, there is both |
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237 the `:substitute` command and the `substitute()` function. When the line |
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238 starts with `substitute(` this will use the function. Prepend a colon to use |
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239 the command instead: > |
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240 :substitute(pattern (replacement ( |
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241 |
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242 Note that while variables need to be defined before they can be used, |
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243 functions can be called before being defined. This is required to be able |
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244 have cyclic dependencies between functions. It is slightly less efficient, |
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245 since the function has to be looked up by name. And a typo in the function |
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246 name will only be found when the function is called. |
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247 |
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248 |
19968 | 249 Omitting function() ~ |
250 | |
251 A user defined function can be used as a function reference in an expression | |
252 without `function()`. The argument types and return type will then be checked. | |
253 The function must already have been defined. > | |
254 | |
255 let Funcref = MyFunction | |
256 | |
257 When using `function()` the resulting type is "func", a function with any | |
258 number of arguments and any return type. The function can be defined later. | |
259 | |
260 | |
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261 Automatic line continuation ~ |
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262 |
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263 In many cases it is obvious that an expression continues on the next line. In |
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264 those cases there is no need to prefix the line with a backslash. For |
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265 example, when a list spans multiple lines: > |
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266 let mylist = [ |
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267 'one', |
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268 'two', |
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269 ] |
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270 And when a dict spans multiple lines: > |
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271 let mydict = #{ |
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272 one: 1, |
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273 two: 2, |
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274 } |
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275 Function call: > |
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276 let result = Func( |
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277 arg1, |
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278 arg2 |
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279 ) |
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280 |
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281 For binary operators in expressions not in [], {} or () a line break is |
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282 possible just before or after the operator. For example: > |
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283 let text = lead |
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284 .. middle |
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285 .. end |
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286 let total = start + |
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287 end - |
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288 correction |
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289 let result = positive |
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290 ? PosFunc(arg) |
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291 : NegFunc(arg) |
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292 |
21499 | 293 For a method call using "->" and a member using a dot, a line break is allowed |
294 before it: > | |
20965 | 295 let result = GetBuilder() |
296 ->BuilderSetWidth(333) | |
297 ->BuilderSetHeight(777) | |
298 ->BuilderBuild() | |
21499 | 299 let result = MyDict |
300 .member | |
20965 | 301 |
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302 < *E1050* |
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303 To make it possible for the operator at the start of the line to be |
21250 | 304 recognized, it is required to put a colon before a range. This will add |
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305 "start" and print: > |
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306 let result = start |
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307 + print |
21250 | 308 Like this: > |
309 let result = start + print | |
310 | |
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311 This will assign "start" and print a line: > |
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312 let result = start |
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313 :+ print |
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314 |
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315 It is also possible to split a function header over multiple lines, in between |
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316 arguments: > |
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317 def MyFunc( |
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318 text: string, |
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319 separator = '-' |
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320 ): string |
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321 |
21250 | 322 Notes: |
323 - "enddef" cannot be used at the start of a continuation line, it ends the | |
324 current function. | |
325 - No line break is allowed in the LHS of an assignment. Specifically when | |
326 unpacking a list |:let-unpack|. This is OK: > | |
327 [var1, var2] = | |
328 Func() | |
329 < This does not work: > | |
330 [var1, | |
331 var2] = | |
332 Func() | |
333 - No line break is allowed in between arguments of an `:echo`, `:execute` and | |
334 similar commands. This is OK: > | |
335 echo [1, | |
336 2] [3, | |
337 4] | |
338 < This does not work: > | |
339 echo [1, 2] | |
340 [3, 4] | |
341 - No line break is allowed in the arguments of a lambda, between the "{" and | |
342 "->". This is OK: > | |
343 filter(list, {k, v -> | |
344 v > 0}) | |
345 < This does not work: > | |
346 filter(list, {k, | |
347 v -> v > 0}) | |
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348 |
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349 |
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350 No curly braces expansion ~ |
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351 |
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352 |curly-braces-names| cannot be used. |
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353 |
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354 |
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355 No :xit, :t, :append, :change or :insert ~ |
19303 | 356 |
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357 These commands are too easily confused with local variable names. |
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358 Instead of `:x` or `:xit` you can use `:exit`. |
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359 Instead of `:t` you can use `:copy`. |
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360 |
19303 | 361 |
362 Comparators ~ | |
363 | |
364 The 'ignorecase' option is not used for comparators that use strings. | |
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365 |
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366 |
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367 White space ~ |
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368 |
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369 Vim9 script enforces proper use of white space. This is no longer allowed: > |
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370 let var=234 " Error! |
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371 let var= 234 " Error! |
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372 let var =234 " Error! |
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373 There must be white space before and after the "=": > |
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374 let var = 234 " OK |
21250 | 375 White space must also be put before the # that starts a comment after a |
376 command: > | |
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377 let var = 234# Error! |
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378 let var = 234 # OK |
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379 |
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380 White space is required around most operators. |
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381 |
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382 White space is not allowed: |
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383 - Between a function name and the "(": > |
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384 call Func (arg) " Error! |
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385 call Func |
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386 \ (arg) " Error! |
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387 call Func(arg) " OK |
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388 call Func( |
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389 \ arg) " OK |
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390 call Func( |
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391 \ arg " OK |
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392 \ ) |
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393 |
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394 |
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395 Conditions and expressions ~ |
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396 |
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397 Conditions and expression are mostly working like they do in JavaScript. A |
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398 difference is made where JavaScript does not work like most people expect. |
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399 Specifically, an empty list is falsey. |
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400 |
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401 Any type of variable can be used as a condition, there is no error, not even |
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402 for using a list or job. This is very much like JavaScript, but there are a |
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403 few exceptions. |
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404 |
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405 type TRUE when ~ |
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406 bool v:true |
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407 number non-zero |
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408 float non-zero |
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409 string non-empty |
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410 blob non-empty |
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411 list non-empty (different from JavaScript) |
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412 dictionary non-empty (different from JavaScript) |
19968 | 413 func when there is a function name |
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414 special v:true |
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415 job when not NULL |
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416 channel when not NULL |
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417 class when not NULL |
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418 object when not NULL (TODO: when isTrue() returns v:true) |
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419 |
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420 The boolean operators "||" and "&&" do not change the value: > |
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421 8 || 2 == 8 |
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422 0 || 2 == 2 |
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423 0 || '' == '' |
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424 8 && 2 == 2 |
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425 0 && 2 == 0 |
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426 2 && 0 == 0 |
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427 [] && 2 == [] |
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428 |
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429 When using `..` for string concatenation the arguments are always converted to |
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430 string. > |
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431 'hello ' .. 123 == 'hello 123' |
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432 'hello ' .. v:true == 'hello true' |
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433 |
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434 In Vim9 script one can use "true" for v:true and "false" for v:false. |
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435 |
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436 |
21093 | 437 What to watch out for ~ |
438 *vim9-gotchas* | |
439 Vim9 was designed to be closer to often used programming languages, but at the | |
440 same time tries to support the legacy Vim commands. Some compromises had to | |
441 be made. Here is a summary of what might be unexpected. | |
442 | |
443 Ex command ranges need to be prefixed with a colon. > | |
444 -> " legacy Vim: shifts the previous line to the right | |
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445 ->func() " Vim9: method call in continuation line |
21093 | 446 :-> " Vim9: shifts the previous line to the right |
447 | |
448 %s/a/b " legacy Vim: substitute on all lines | |
449 x = alongname | |
450 % another " Vim9: line continuation without a backslash | |
451 :%s/a/b " Vim9: substitute on all lines | |
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452 'text'->func() " Vim9: method call |
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453 :'t " legacy Vim: jump to mark m |
21093 | 454 |
455 Functions defined with `:def` compile the whole function. Legacy functions | |
456 can bail out, and the following lines are not parsed: > | |
457 func Maybe() | |
458 if !has('feature') | |
459 return | |
460 endif | |
461 use-feature | |
462 endfunc | |
463 Vim9 functions are compiled as a whole: > | |
464 def Maybe() | |
465 if !has('feature') | |
466 return | |
467 endif | |
468 use-feature " May give compilation error | |
469 enddef | |
470 For a workaround, split it in two functions: > | |
471 func Maybe() | |
472 if has('feature') | |
473 call MaybyInner() | |
474 endif | |
475 endfunc | |
476 if has('feature') | |
477 def MaybeInner() | |
478 use-feature | |
479 enddef | |
480 endif | |
481 | |
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482 ============================================================================== |
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483 |
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484 3. New style functions *fast-functions* |
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485 |
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486 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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487 |
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488 *:def* |
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489 :def[!] {name}([arguments])[: {return-type} |
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490 Define a new function by the name {name}. The body of |
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491 the function follows in the next lines, until the |
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492 matching `:enddef`. |
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493 |
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494 When {return-type} is omitted or is "void" the |
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495 function is not expected to return anything. |
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496 |
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497 {arguments} is a sequence of zero or more argument |
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498 declarations. There are three forms: |
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499 {name}: {type} |
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500 {name} = {value} |
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501 {name}: {type} = {value} |
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502 The first form is a mandatory argument, the caller |
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503 must always provide them. |
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504 The second and third form are optional arguments. |
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505 When the caller omits an argument the {value} is used. |
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506 |
20856 | 507 The function will be compiled into instructions when |
21499 | 508 called, or when `:disassemble` or `:defcompile` is |
509 used. Syntax and type errors will be produced at that | |
510 time. | |
20856 | 511 |
21499 | 512 It is possible to nest `:def` inside another `:def` or |
513 `:function` up to about 50 levels deep. | |
19303 | 514 |
20552 | 515 [!] is used as with `:function`. Note that in Vim9 |
516 script script-local functions cannot be deleted or | |
20856 | 517 redefined later in the same script. |
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518 |
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519 *:enddef* |
21499 | 520 :enddef End of a function defined with `:def`. It should be on |
521 a line by its own. | |
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522 |
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523 |
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524 If the script the function is defined in is Vim9 script, then script-local |
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525 variables can be accessed without the "s:" prefix. They must be defined |
20856 | 526 before the function is compiled. If the script the function is defined in is |
527 legacy script, then script-local variables must be accessed with the "s:" | |
528 prefix. | |
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529 |
20552 | 530 *:defc* *:defcompile* |
531 :defc[ompile] Compile functions defined in the current script that | |
532 were not compiled yet. | |
533 This will report errors found during the compilation. | |
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534 |
19404 | 535 *:disa* *:disassemble* |
536 :disa[ssemble] {func} Show the instructions generated for {func}. | |
537 This is for debugging and testing. | |
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538 Note that for command line completion of {func} you |
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539 can prepend "s:" to find script-local functions. |
19404 | 540 |
21250 | 541 Limitations ~ |
542 | |
543 Local variables will not be visible to string evaluation. For example: > | |
544 def EvalString(): list<string> | |
545 let list = ['aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'dd'] | |
546 return range(1, 2)->map('list[v:val]') | |
547 enddef | |
548 | |
549 The map argument is a string expression, which is evaluated without the | |
550 function scope. Instead, use a lambda: > | |
551 def EvalString(): list<string> | |
552 let list = ['aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'dd'] | |
553 return range(1, 2)->map({ _, v -> list[v] }) | |
554 enddef | |
555 | |
556 | |
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557 ============================================================================== |
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558 |
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559 4. Types *vim9-types* |
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560 |
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561 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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562 |
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563 The following builtin types are supported: |
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564 bool |
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565 number |
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566 float |
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567 string |
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568 blob |
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569 list<{type}> |
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570 dict<{type}> |
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571 job |
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572 channel |
19646 | 573 func |
19968 | 574 func: {type} |
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575 func({type}, ...) |
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576 func({type}, ...): {type} |
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577 |
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578 Not supported yet: |
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579 tuple<a: {type}, b: {type}, ...> |
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580 |
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581 These types can be used in declarations, but no value will have this type: |
21499 | 582 {type}|{type} {not implemented yet} |
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583 void |
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584 any |
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585 |
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586 There is no array type, use list<{type}> instead. For a list constant an |
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587 efficient implementation is used that avoids allocating lot of small pieces of |
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588 memory. |
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589 |
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590 A partial and function can be declared in more or less specific ways: |
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591 func any kind of function reference, no type |
19968 | 592 checking for arguments or return value |
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593 func: {type} any number and type of arguments with specific |
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594 return type |
19968 | 595 func({type}) function with argument type, does not return |
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596 a value |
19968 | 597 func({type}): {type} function with argument type and return type |
598 func(?{type}) function with type of optional argument, does | |
599 not return a value | |
600 func(...{type}) function with type of variable number of | |
601 arguments, does not return a value | |
602 func({type}, ?{type}, ...{type}): {type} | |
603 function with: | |
604 - type of mandatory argument | |
605 - type of optional argument | |
606 - type of variable number of arguments | |
607 - return type | |
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608 |
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609 If the return type is "void" the function does not return a value. |
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610 |
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611 The reference can also be a |Partial|, in which case it stores extra arguments |
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612 and/or a dictionary, which are not visible to the caller. Since they are |
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613 called in the same way the declaration is the same. |
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614 |
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615 Custom types can be defined with `:type`: > |
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616 :type MyList list<string> |
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617 {not implemented yet} |
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618 |
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619 And classes and interfaces can be used as types: > |
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620 :class MyClass |
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621 :let mine: MyClass |
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622 |
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623 :interface MyInterface |
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624 :let mine: MyInterface |
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625 |
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626 :class MyTemplate<Targ> |
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627 :let mine: MyTemplate<number> |
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628 :let mine: MyTemplate<string> |
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629 |
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630 :class MyInterface<Targ> |
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631 :let mine: MyInterface<number> |
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632 :let mine: MyInterface<string> |
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633 {not implemented yet} |
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634 |
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635 |
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636 Type inference *type-inference* |
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637 |
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638 In general: Whenever the type is clear it can be omitted. For example, when |
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639 declaring a variable and giving it a value: > |
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640 let var = 0 " infers number type |
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641 let var = 'hello' " infers string type |
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642 |
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643 |
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644 ============================================================================== |
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645 |
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646 5. Namespace, Import and Export |
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647 *vim9script* *vim9-export* *vim9-import* |
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648 |
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649 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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650 |
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651 A Vim9 script can be written to be imported. This means that everything in |
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652 the script is local, unless exported. Those exported items, and only those |
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653 items, can then be imported in another script. |
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654 |
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655 |
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656 Namespace ~ |
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657 *:vim9script* *:vim9* |
19303 | 658 To recognize a file that can be imported the `vim9script` statement must |
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659 appear as the first statement in the file. It tells Vim to interpret the |
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660 script in its own namespace, instead of the global namespace. If a file |
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661 starts with: > |
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662 vim9script |
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663 let myvar = 'yes' |
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664 Then "myvar" will only exist in this file. While without `vim9script` it would |
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665 be available as `g:myvar` from any other script and function. |
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666 |
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667 The variables at the file level are very much like the script-local "s:" |
20115 | 668 variables in legacy Vim script, but the "s:" is omitted. And they cannot be |
669 deleted. | |
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670 |
20115 | 671 In Vim9 script the global "g:" namespace can still be used as before. And the |
672 "w:", "b:" and "t:" namespaces. These have in common that variables are not | |
673 declared and they can be deleted. | |
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674 |
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675 A side effect of `:vim9script` is that the 'cpoptions' option is set to the |
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676 Vim default value, like with: > |
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677 :set cpo&vim |
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678 One of the effects is that |line-continuation| is always enabled. |
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679 The original value of 'cpoptions' is restored at the end of the script. |
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680 |
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681 |
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682 Export ~ |
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683 *:export* *:exp* |
21499 | 684 Exporting an item can be written as: > |
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685 export const EXPORTED_CONST = 1234 |
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686 export let someValue = ... |
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687 export def MyFunc() ... |
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688 export class MyClass ... |
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689 |
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690 As this suggests, only constants, variables, `:def` functions and classes can |
21499 | 691 be exported. {classes are not implemented yet} |
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692 |
20856 | 693 *E1042* |
694 `:export` can only be used in Vim9 script, at the script level. | |
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695 |
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696 |
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697 Import ~ |
20965 | 698 *:import* *:imp* *E1094* |
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699 The exported items can be imported individually in another Vim9 script: > |
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700 import EXPORTED_CONST from "thatscript.vim" |
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701 import MyClass from "myclass.vim" |
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702 |
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703 To import multiple items at the same time: > |
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704 import {someValue, MyClass} from "thatscript.vim" |
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705 |
19303 | 706 In case the name is ambiguous, another name can be specified: > |
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707 import MyClass as ThatClass from "myclass.vim" |
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708 import {someValue, MyClass as ThatClass} from "myclass.vim" |
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709 |
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710 To import all exported items under a specific identifier: > |
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711 import * as That from 'thatscript.vim' |
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712 |
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713 Then you can use "That.EXPORTED_CONST", "That.someValue", etc. You are free |
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714 to choose the name "That", but it is highly recommended to use the name of the |
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715 script file to avoid confusion. |
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716 |
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717 The script name after `import` can be: |
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718 - A relative path, starting "." or "..". This finds a file relative to the |
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719 location of the script file itself. This is useful to split up a large |
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720 plugin into several files. |
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721 - An absolute path, starting with "/" on Unix or "D:/" on MS-Windows. This |
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722 will be rarely used. |
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723 - A path not being relative or absolute. This will be found in the |
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724 "import" subdirectories of 'runtimepath' entries. The name will usually be |
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725 longer and unique, to avoid loading the wrong file. |
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726 |
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727 Once a vim9 script file has been imported, the result is cached and used the |
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728 next time the same script is imported. It will not be read again. |
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729 *:import-cycle* |
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730 The `import` commands are executed when encountered. If that script (directly |
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731 or indirectly) imports the current script, then items defined after the |
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732 `import` won't be processed yet. Therefore cyclic imports can exist, but may |
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733 result in undefined items. |
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734 |
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735 |
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736 Import in an autoload script ~ |
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737 |
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738 For optimal startup speed, loading scripts should be postponed until they are |
19303 | 739 actually needed. A recommended mechanism: |
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740 |
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741 1. In the plugin define user commands, functions and/or mappings that refer to |
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742 an autoload script. > |
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743 command -nargs=1 SearchForStuff call searchfor#Stuff(<f-args>) |
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744 |
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745 < This goes in .../plugin/anyname.vim. "anyname.vim" can be freely chosen. |
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746 |
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747 2. In the autocommand script do the actual work. You can import items from |
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748 other files to split up functionality in appropriate pieces. > |
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749 vim9script |
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750 import FilterFunc from "../import/someother.vim" |
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751 def searchfor#Stuff(arg: string) |
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752 let filtered = FilterFunc(arg) |
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753 ... |
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754 < This goes in .../autoload/searchfor.vim. "searchfor" in the file name |
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755 must be exactly the same as the prefix for the function name, that is how |
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756 Vim finds the file. |
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757 |
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758 3. Other functionality, possibly shared between plugins, contains the exported |
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759 items and any private items. > |
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760 vim9script |
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761 let localVar = 'local' |
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762 export def FilterFunc(arg: string): string |
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763 ... |
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764 < This goes in .../import/someother.vim. |
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765 |
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766 |
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767 Import in legacy Vim script ~ |
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768 |
20856 | 769 If an `import` statement is used in legacy Vim script, the script-local "s:" |
770 namespace will be used for the imported item, even when "s:" is not specified. | |
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771 |
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772 |
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773 ============================================================================== |
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774 |
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775 9. Rationale *vim9-rationale* |
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776 |
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777 The :def command ~ |
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778 |
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779 Plugin writers have asked for a much faster Vim script. Investigation have |
19303 | 780 shown that keeping the existing semantics of function calls make this close to |
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781 impossible, because of the overhead involved with calling a function, setting |
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782 up the local function scope and executing lines. There are many details that |
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783 need to be handled, such as error messages and exceptions. The need to create |
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784 a dictionary for a: and l: scopes, the a:000 list and several others add too |
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785 much overhead that cannot be avoided. |
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786 |
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787 Therefore the `:def` method to define a new-style function had to be added, |
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788 which allows for a function with different semantics. Most things still work |
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789 as before, but some parts do not. A new way to define a function was |
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790 considered the best way to separate the old-style code from Vim9 script code. |
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791 |
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792 Using "def" to define a function comes from Python. Other languages use |
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793 "function" which clashes with legacy Vim script. |
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794 |
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795 |
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796 Type checking ~ |
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797 |
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798 When compiling lines of Vim commands into instructions as much as possible |
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799 should be done at compile time. Postponing it to runtime makes the execution |
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800 slower and means mistakes are found only later. For example, when |
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801 encountering the "+" character and compiling this into a generic add |
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802 instruction, at execution time the instruction would have to inspect the type |
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803 of the arguments and decide what kind of addition to do. And when the |
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804 type is dictionary throw an error. If the types are known to be numbers then |
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805 an "add number" instruction can be used, which is faster. The error can be |
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806 given at compile time, no error handling is needed at runtime. |
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807 |
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808 The syntax for types is similar to Java, since it is easy to understand and |
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809 widely used. The type names are what was used in Vim before, with some |
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810 additions such as "void" and "bool". |
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811 |
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812 |
20856 | 813 Compiling functions early ~ |
814 | |
815 Functions are compiled when called or when `:defcompile` is used. Why not | |
816 compile them early, so that syntax and type errors are reported early? | |
817 | |
818 The functions can't be compiled right away when encountered, because there may | |
819 be forward references to functions defined later. Consider defining functions | |
820 A, B and C, where A calls B, B calls C, and C calls A again. It's impossible | |
821 to reorder the functions to avoid forward references. | |
822 | |
823 An alternative would be to first scan through the file to locate items and | |
20965 | 824 figure out their type, so that forward references are found, and only then |
20856 | 825 execute the script and compile the functions. This means the script has to be |
826 parsed twice, which is slower, and some conditions at the script level, such | |
827 as checking if a feature is supported, are hard to use. An attempt was made | |
828 to see if it works, but it turned out to be impossible to make work nicely. | |
829 | |
830 It would be possible to compile all the functions at the end of the script. | |
831 The drawback is that if a function never gets called, the overhead of | |
832 compiling it counts anyway. Since startup speed is very important, in most | |
833 cases it's better to do it later and accept that syntax and type errors are | |
834 only reported then. In case these errors should be found early, e.g. when | |
835 testing, the `:defcompile` command will help out. | |
836 | |
837 | |
838 TypeScript syntax and semantics ~ | |
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839 |
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840 Script writers have complained that the Vim script syntax is unexpectedly |
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841 different from what they are used to. To reduce this complaint popular |
20856 | 842 languages are used as an example. At the same time, we do not want to abandon |
843 the well-known parts of legacy Vim script. | |
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844 |
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845 Since Vim already uses `:let` and `:const` and optional type checking is |
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846 desirable, the JavaScript/TypeScript syntax fits best for variable |
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847 declarations. > |
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848 const greeting = 'hello' " string type is inferred |
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849 let name: string |
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850 ... |
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851 name = 'John' |
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852 |
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853 Expression evaluation was already close to what JavaScript and other languages |
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854 are doing. Some details are unexpected and can be fixed. For example how the |
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855 || and && operators work. Legacy Vim script: > |
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856 let result = 44 |
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857 ... |
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858 return result || 0 " returns 1 |
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859 |
20856 | 860 Vim9 script works like JavaScript/Typescript, keep the value: > |
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861 let result = 44 |
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862 ... |
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863 return result || 0 " returns 44 |
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864 |
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865 On the other hand, overloading "+" to use both for addition and string |
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866 concatenation goes against legacy Vim script and often leads to mistakes. |
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867 For that reason we will keep using ".." for string concatenation. Lua also |
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868 uses ".." this way. |
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869 |
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870 |
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871 Import and Export ~ |
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872 |
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873 A problem of legacy Vim script is that by default all functions and variables |
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874 are global. It is possible to make them script-local, but then they are not |
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875 available in other scripts. |
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876 |
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877 In Vim9 script a mechanism very similar to the Javascript import and export |
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878 mechanism is supported. It is a variant to the existing `:source` command |
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879 that works like one would expect: |
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880 - Instead of making everything global by default, everything is script-local, |
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881 unless exported. |
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882 - When importing a script the symbols that are imported are listed, avoiding |
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883 name conflicts and failures if later functionality is added. |
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884 - The mechanism allows for writing a big, long script with a very clear API: |
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885 the exported function(s) and class(es). |
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886 - By using relative paths loading can be much faster for an import inside of a |
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887 package, no need to search many directories. |
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888 - Once an import has been used, it can be cached and loading it again can be |
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889 avoided. |
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890 - The Vim-specific use of "s:" to make things script-local can be dropped. |
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891 |
20856 | 892 When sourcing a Vim9 script from a legacy script, only the items defined |
893 globally can be used, not the exported items. Alternatives considered: | |
894 - All the exported items become available as script-local items. This makes | |
895 it uncontrollable what items get defined. | |
896 - Use the exported items and make them global. Disadvantage is that it's then | |
897 not possible to avoid name clashes in the global namespace. | |
898 - Completely disallow sourcing a Vim9 script, require using `:import`. That | |
899 makes it difficult to use scripts for testing, or sourcing them from the | |
900 command line to try them out. | |
901 | |
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902 |
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903 Classes ~ |
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904 |
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905 Vim supports interfaces to Perl, Python, Lua, Tcl and a few others. But |
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906 these have never become widespread. When Vim 9 was designed a decision was |
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907 made to phase out these interfaces and concentrate on Vim script, while |
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908 encouraging plugin authors to write code in any language and run it as an |
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909 external tool, using jobs and channels. |
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910 |
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911 Still, using an external tool has disadvantages. An alternative is to convert |
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912 the tool into Vim script. For that to be possible without too much |
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913 translation, and keeping the code fast at the same time, the constructs of the |
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914 tool need to be supported. Since most languages support classes the lack of |
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915 class support in Vim is then a problem. |
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916 |
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917 Previously Vim supported a kind-of object oriented programming by adding |
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918 methods to a dictionary. With some care this could be made to work, but it |
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919 does not look like real classes. On top of that, it's very slow, because of |
94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
920 the use of dictionaries. |
94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
921 |
94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
922 The support of classes in Vim9 script is a "minimal common functionality" of |
94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
923 class support in most languages. It works mostly like Java, which is the most |
94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
924 popular programming language. |
94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
925 |
94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
926 |
94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
927 |
94eda51ba9ba
patch 8.2.0149: maintaining a Vim9 branch separately is more work
Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
928 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |