Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/vim9.txt @ 20241:56265f711890
Update runtime files
Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/7ceefb35c8110d87ced884275ddbe63d024a014f
Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
Date: Fri May 1 16:07:38 2020 +0200
Update runtime files
| author | Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Fri, 01 May 2020 16:15:05 +0200 |
| parents | bd021eb62e73 |
| children | 2334bf788e8a |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 20241 | 1 *vim9.txt* For Vim version 8.2. Last change: 2020 Apr 30 |
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar |
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6 |
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7 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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8 |
| 20241 | 9 Vim9 script commands and expressions. *vim9* |
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10 |
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11 Most expression help is in |eval.txt|. This file is about the new syntax and |
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12 features in Vim9 script. |
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13 |
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14 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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15 |
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16 |
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17 1 What is Vim9 script? |vim9-script| |
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18 2. Differences |vim9-differences| |
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19 3. New style functions |fast-functions| |
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20 4. Types |vim9-types| |
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21 5. Namespace, Import and Export |vim9script| |
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22 |
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23 9. Rationale |vim9-rationale| |
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24 |
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25 ============================================================================== |
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26 |
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27 1. What is Vim9 script? *vim9-script* |
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28 |
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29 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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30 |
| 20241 | 31 Vim script has been growing over time, while preserving backwards |
| 32 compatibility. That means bad choices from the past often can't be changed | |
| 33 and compability with Vi restricts possible solutions. Execution is quite | |
| 34 slow, each line is parsed every time it is executed. | |
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35 |
| 20241 | 36 The main goal of Vim9 script is to drastically improve performance. This is |
| 37 accomplished by compiling commands into instructions that can be efficiently | |
| 38 executed. An increase in execution speed of 10 to 100 times can be expected. | |
| 39 | |
| 40 A secondary goal is to avoid Vim-specific constructs and get closer to | |
| 41 commonly used programming languages, such as JavaScript, TypeScript and Java. | |
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42 |
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43 The performance improvements can only be achieved by not being 100% backwards |
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44 compatible. For example, in a function the arguments are not available in the |
| 20241 | 45 "a:" dictionary, because creating that dictionary adds quite a lot of |
| 46 overhead. Other differences are more subtle, such as how errors are handled. | |
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47 |
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48 The Vim9 script syntax and semantics are used in: |
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49 - a function defined with the `:def` command |
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50 - a script file where the first command is `vim9script` |
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51 |
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52 When using `:function` in a Vim9 script file the legacy syntax is used. |
| 20241 | 53 However, this can be confusing and is therefore discouraged. |
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54 |
| 20241 | 55 Vim9 script and legacy Vim script can be mixed. There is no requirement to |
| 56 rewrite old scripts, they keep working as before. | |
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57 |
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58 ============================================================================== |
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59 |
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60 2. Differences from legacy Vim script *vim9-differences* |
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61 |
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62 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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63 |
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64 Comments starting with # ~ |
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65 |
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66 In Vim script comments normally start with double quote. That can also be the |
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67 start of a string, thus in many places it cannot be used. In Vim9 script a |
| 20241 | 68 comment can also start with #. In Vi this is a command to list text with |
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69 numbers, but you can also use `:number` for that. > |
| 20241 | 70 let count = 0 # number of occurences |
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71 |
| 20115 | 72 To improve readability there must be a space between the command and the # |
| 73 that starts a comment. Note that #{ is the start of a dictionary, therefore | |
| 74 it cannot start a comment. | |
| 75 | |
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76 |
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77 Vim9 functions ~ |
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78 |
| 20241 | 79 A function defined with `:def` is compiled. Execution is many times faster, |
| 80 often 10x to 100x times. | |
| 81 | |
| 82 Many errors are already found when compiling, before the function is called. | |
| 83 The syntax is strict, to enforce code that is easy to read and understand. | |
| 84 | |
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85 `:def` has no extra arguments like `:function` does: "range", "abort", "dict" |
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86 or "closure". A `:def` function always aborts on an error, does not get a |
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87 range passed and cannot be a "dict" function. |
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88 |
| 20241 | 89 The argument types and return type need to be specified. The "any" type can |
| 90 be used, type checking will then be done at runtime, like with legacy | |
| 91 functions. | |
| 92 | |
| 93 Arguments are accessed by name, without "a:". There is no "a:" dictionary or | |
| 94 "a:000" list. | |
| 95 | |
| 96 Variable arguments are defined as the last argument, with a name and have a | |
| 97 list type, similar to Typescript. For example, a list of numbers: > | |
| 98 def MyFunc(...itemlist: list<number>) | |
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99 for item in itemlist |
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100 ... |
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101 |
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102 |
| 20241 | 103 Functions and variables are script-local by default ~ |
| 20115 | 104 |
| 105 When using `:function` or `:def` to specify a new function at the script level | |
| 106 in a Vim9 script, the function is local to the script, as if "s:" was | |
| 20241 | 107 prefixed. Using the "s:" prefix is optional. |
| 108 | |
| 109 To define or use a global function or variable the "g:" prefix must be used. | |
| 20115 | 110 |
| 111 When using `:function` or `:def` to specify a new function inside a function, | |
| 112 the function is local to the function. It is not possible to define a | |
| 20241 | 113 script-local function inside a function. It is possible to define a global |
| 114 function, using the "g:" prefix. | |
| 20115 | 115 |
| 116 When referring to a function and no "s:" or "g:" prefix is used, Vim will | |
| 117 search for the function in this order: | |
| 20241 | 118 - Local to the current scope and outer scopes up to the function scope. |
| 20115 | 119 - Local to the current script file. |
| 120 - Imported functions, see `:import`. | |
| 20241 | 121 In all cases the function must be defined before used. To make a call cycle a |
| 122 global function needs to be used. (TODO: can we fix this?) | |
| 123 | |
| 124 The result is that functions and variables without a namespace can always be | |
| 125 found in the script, either defined there or imported. Global functions and | |
| 126 variables could be defined anywhere (good luck finding where!). | |
| 20115 | 127 |
| 128 Global functions can be defined and deleted at nearly any time. In Vim9 | |
| 129 script script-local functions are defined once when the script is sourced and | |
| 20241 | 130 cannot be deleted. Except that when the same script is sourced again all |
| 131 existing script-local functions and variables are deleted. | |
| 20115 | 132 |
| 133 | |
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134 Variable declarations with :let and :const ~ |
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135 |
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136 Local variables need to be declared with `:let`. Local constants need to be |
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137 declared with `:const`. We refer to both as "variables". |
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138 |
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139 Variables can be local to a script, function or code block: > |
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140 vim9script |
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141 let script_var = 123 |
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142 def SomeFunc() |
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143 let func_var = script_var |
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144 if cond |
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145 let block_var = func_var |
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146 ... |
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147 |
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148 The variables are only visible in the block where they are defined and nested |
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149 blocks. Once the block ends the variable is no longer accessible: > |
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150 if cond |
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151 let inner = 5 |
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152 else |
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153 let inner = 0 |
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154 endif |
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155 echo inner " Error! |
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156 |
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157 The declaration must be done earlier: > |
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158 let inner: number |
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159 if cond |
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160 inner = 5 |
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161 else |
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162 inner = 0 |
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163 endif |
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164 echo inner |
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165 |
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166 To intentionally use a variable that won't be available later, a block can be |
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167 used: > |
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168 { |
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169 let temp = 'temp' |
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170 ... |
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171 } |
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172 echo temp " Error! |
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173 |
| 19303 | 174 An existing variable cannot be assigned to with `:let`, since that implies a |
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175 declaration. An exception is global variables: these can be both used with |
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176 and without `:let`, because there is no rule about where they are declared. |
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177 |
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178 Variables cannot shadow previously defined variables. |
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179 Variables may shadow Ex commands, rename the variable if needed. |
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180 |
| 20241 | 181 Global variables and user defined functions must be prefixed with "g:", also |
| 182 at the script level. > | |
| 19968 | 183 vim9script |
| 184 let script_local = 'text' | |
| 185 let g:global = 'value' | |
| 20241 | 186 let Funcref = g:ThatFunction |
| 19968 | 187 |
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188 Since "&opt = value" is now assigning a value to option "opt", ":&" cannot be |
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189 used to repeat a `:substitute` command. |
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190 |
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191 |
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192 Omitting :call and :eval ~ |
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193 |
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194 Functions can be called without `:call`: > |
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195 writefile(lines, 'file') |
| 19303 | 196 Using `:call` is still possible, but this is discouraged. |
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197 |
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198 A method call without `eval` is possible, so long as the start is an |
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199 identifier or can't be an Ex command. It does NOT work for string constants: > |
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200 myList->add(123) " works |
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201 g:myList->add(123) " works |
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202 [1, 2, 3]->Process() " works |
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203 #{a: 1, b: 2}->Process() " works |
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204 {'a': 1, 'b': 2}->Process() " works |
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205 "foobar"->Process() " does NOT work |
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206 ("foobar")->Process() " works |
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207 'foobar'->Process() " does NOT work |
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208 ('foobar')->Process() " works |
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209 |
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210 In case there is ambiguity between a function name and an Ex command, use ":" |
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211 to make clear you want to use the Ex command. For example, there is both the |
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212 `:substitute` command and the `substitute()` function. When the line starts |
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213 with `substitute(` this will use the function, prepend a colon to use the |
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214 command instead: > |
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215 :substitute(pattern (replacement ( |
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216 |
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217 Note that while variables need to be defined before they can be used, |
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218 functions can be called before being defined. This is required to be able |
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219 have cyclic dependencies between functions. It is slightly less efficient, |
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220 since the function has to be looked up by name. And a typo in the function |
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221 name will only be found when the call is executed. |
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222 |
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223 |
| 19968 | 224 Omitting function() ~ |
| 225 | |
| 226 A user defined function can be used as a function reference in an expression | |
| 227 without `function()`. The argument types and return type will then be checked. | |
| 228 The function must already have been defined. > | |
| 229 | |
| 230 let Funcref = MyFunction | |
| 231 | |
| 232 When using `function()` the resulting type is "func", a function with any | |
| 233 number of arguments and any return type. The function can be defined later. | |
| 234 | |
| 235 | |
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236 Automatic line continuation ~ |
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237 |
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238 In many cases it is obvious that an expression continues on the next line. In |
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239 those cases there is no need to prefix the line with a backslash. For |
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240 example, when a list spans multiple lines: > |
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241 let mylist = [ |
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242 'one', |
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243 'two', |
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244 ] |
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245 And when a dict spans multiple lines: > |
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246 let mydict = #{ |
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247 one: 1, |
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248 two: 2, |
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249 } |
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250 Function call: > |
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251 let result = Func( |
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252 arg1, |
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253 arg2 |
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254 ) |
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255 |
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256 For binary operators iin expressions not in [], {} or () a line break is |
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257 possible AFTER the operators. For example: > |
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258 let text = lead .. |
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259 middle .. |
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260 end |
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261 let total = start + |
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262 end - |
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263 correction |
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264 let result = positive ? |
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265 PosFunc(arg) : |
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266 NegFunc(arg) |
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267 |
|
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268 Note that "enddef" cannot be used at the start of a continuation line, it ends |
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269 the current function. |
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270 |
|
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271 It is also possible to split a function header over multiple lines, in between |
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272 arguments: > |
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273 def MyFunc( |
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274 text: string, |
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275 separator = '-' |
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276 ): string |
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277 |
|
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278 |
|
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279 No curly braces expansion ~ |
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280 |
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281 |curly-braces-names| cannot be used. |
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282 |
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283 |
| 19303 | 284 No :append, :change or :insert ~ |
| 285 | |
| 286 These commands are too quickly confused with local variable names. | |
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287 |
| 19303 | 288 |
| 289 Comparators ~ | |
| 290 | |
| 291 The 'ignorecase' option is not used for comparators that use strings. | |
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292 |
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293 |
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294 White space ~ |
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295 |
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296 Vim9 script enforces proper use of white space. This is no longer allowed: > |
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297 let var=234 " Error! |
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298 let var= 234 " Error! |
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299 let var =234 " Error! |
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300 There must be white space before and after the "=": > |
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301 let var = 234 " OK |
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302 White space must also be put before the # that starts a comment: > |
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303 let var = 234# Error! |
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304 let var = 234 # OK |
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305 |
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306 White space is required around most operators. |
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307 |
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308 White space is not allowed: |
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309 - Between a function name and the "(": > |
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310 call Func (arg) " Error! |
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311 call Func |
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312 \ (arg) " Error! |
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313 call Func(arg) " OK |
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314 call Func( |
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315 \ arg) " OK |
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316 call Func( |
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317 \ arg " OK |
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318 \ ) |
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319 |
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320 |
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321 Conditions and expressions ~ |
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322 |
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323 Conditions and expression are mostly working like they do in JavaScript. A |
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324 difference is made where JavaScript does not work like most people expect. |
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325 Specifically, an empty list is falsey. |
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326 |
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327 Any type of variable can be used as a condition, there is no error, not even |
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328 for using a list or job. This is very much like JavaScript, but there are a |
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329 few exceptions. |
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330 |
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331 type TRUE when ~ |
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332 bool v:true |
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333 number non-zero |
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334 float non-zero |
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335 string non-empty |
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336 blob non-empty |
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337 list non-empty (different from JavaScript) |
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338 dictionary non-empty (different from JavaScript) |
| 19968 | 339 func when there is a function name |
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340 special v:true |
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341 job when not NULL |
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342 channel when not NULL |
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343 class when not NULL |
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344 object when not NULL (TODO: when isTrue() returns v:true) |
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345 |
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346 The boolean operators "||" and "&&" do not change the value: > |
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347 8 || 2 == 8 |
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348 0 || 2 == 2 |
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349 0 || '' == '' |
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350 8 && 2 == 2 |
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351 0 && 2 == 0 |
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352 [] && 2 == [] |
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353 |
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354 When using `..` for string concatenation the arguments are always converted to |
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355 string. > |
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356 'hello ' .. 123 == 'hello 123' |
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357 'hello ' .. v:true == 'hello true' |
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358 |
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359 In Vim9 script one can use "true" for v:true and "false" for v:false. |
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360 |
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361 |
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362 ============================================================================== |
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363 |
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364 3. New style functions *fast-functions* |
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365 |
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366 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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367 |
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368 *:def* |
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369 :def[!] {name}([arguments])[: {return-type} |
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370 Define a new function by the name {name}. The body of |
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371 the function follows in the next lines, until the |
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372 matching `:enddef`. |
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373 |
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374 When {return-type} is omitted or is "void" the |
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375 function is not expected to return anything. |
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376 |
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377 {arguments} is a sequence of zero or more argument |
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378 declarations. There are three forms: |
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379 {name}: {type} |
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380 {name} = {value} |
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381 {name}: {type} = {value} |
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382 The first form is a mandatory argument, the caller |
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383 must always provide them. |
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384 The second and third form are optional arguments. |
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385 When the caller omits an argument the {value} is used. |
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386 |
| 19303 | 387 NOTE: It is possible to nest `:def` inside another |
| 388 `:def`, but it is not possible to nest `:def` inside | |
| 389 `:function`, for backwards compatibility. | |
| 390 | |
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391 [!] is used as with `:function`. |
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392 |
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393 *:enddef* |
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394 :enddef End of a function defined with `:def`. |
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395 |
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396 |
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397 If the script the function is defined in is Vim9 script, then script-local |
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398 variables can be accessed without the "s:" prefix. They must be defined |
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399 before the function. If the script the function is defined in is legacy |
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400 script, then script-local variables must be accessed with the "s:" prefix. |
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401 |
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402 |
| 19404 | 403 *:disa* *:disassemble* |
| 404 :disa[ssemble] {func} Show the instructions generated for {func}. | |
| 405 This is for debugging and testing. | |
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406 Note that for command line completion of {func} you |
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407 can prepend "s:" to find script-local functions. |
| 19404 | 408 |
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409 ============================================================================== |
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410 |
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411 4. Types *vim9-types* |
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412 |
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413 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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414 |
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415 The following builtin types are supported: |
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416 bool |
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417 number |
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418 float |
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419 string |
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420 blob |
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421 list<{type}> |
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422 dict<{type}> |
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423 job |
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424 channel |
| 19646 | 425 func |
| 19968 | 426 func: {type} |
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427 func({type}, ...) |
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428 func({type}, ...): {type} |
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429 |
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430 Not supported yet: |
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431 tuple<a: {type}, b: {type}, ...> |
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432 |
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433 These types can be used in declarations, but no value will have this type: |
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434 {type}|{type} |
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435 void |
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436 any |
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437 |
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438 There is no array type, use list<{type}> instead. For a list constant an |
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439 efficient implementation is used that avoids allocating lot of small pieces of |
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440 memory. |
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441 |
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442 A partial and function can be declared in more or less specific ways: |
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443 func any kind of function reference, no type |
| 19968 | 444 checking for arguments or return value |
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445 func: {type} any number and type of arguments with specific |
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446 return type |
| 19968 | 447 func({type}) function with argument type, does not return |
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448 a value |
| 19968 | 449 func({type}): {type} function with argument type and return type |
| 450 func(?{type}) function with type of optional argument, does | |
| 451 not return a value | |
| 452 func(...{type}) function with type of variable number of | |
| 453 arguments, does not return a value | |
| 454 func({type}, ?{type}, ...{type}): {type} | |
| 455 function with: | |
| 456 - type of mandatory argument | |
| 457 - type of optional argument | |
| 458 - type of variable number of arguments | |
| 459 - return type | |
|
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460 |
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461 If the return type is "void" the function does not return a value. |
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462 |
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463 The reference can also be a |Partial|, in which case it stores extra arguments |
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464 and/or a dictionary, which are not visible to the caller. Since they are |
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465 called in the same way the declaration is the same. |
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466 |
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467 Custom types can be defined with `:type`: > |
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468 :type MyList list<string> |
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469 {not implemented yet} |
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470 |
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471 And classes and interfaces can be used as types: > |
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472 :class MyClass |
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473 :let mine: MyClass |
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474 |
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475 :interface MyInterface |
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476 :let mine: MyInterface |
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477 |
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478 :class MyTemplate<Targ> |
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479 :let mine: MyTemplate<number> |
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480 :let mine: MyTemplate<string> |
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481 |
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482 :class MyInterface<Targ> |
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483 :let mine: MyInterface<number> |
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484 :let mine: MyInterface<string> |
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485 {not implemented yet} |
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486 |
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487 |
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488 Type inference *type-inference* |
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489 |
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490 In general: Whenever the type is clear it can be omitted. For example, when |
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491 declaring a variable and giving it a value: > |
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492 let var = 0 " infers number type |
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493 let var = 'hello' " infers string type |
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494 |
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495 |
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496 ============================================================================== |
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497 |
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498 5. Namespace, Import and Export |
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499 *vim9script* *vim9-export* *vim9-import* |
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500 |
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501 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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502 |
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503 A Vim9 script can be written to be imported. This means that everything in |
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504 the script is local, unless exported. Those exported items, and only those |
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505 items, can then be imported in another script. |
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506 |
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507 |
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508 Namespace ~ |
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509 *:vim9script* *:vim9* |
| 19303 | 510 To recognize a file that can be imported the `vim9script` statement must |
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511 appear as the first statement in the file. It tells Vim to interpret the |
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512 script in its own namespace, instead of the global namespace. If a file |
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513 starts with: > |
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514 vim9script |
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515 let myvar = 'yes' |
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516 Then "myvar" will only exist in this file. While without `vim9script` it would |
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517 be available as `g:myvar` from any other script and function. |
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518 |
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519 The variables at the file level are very much like the script-local "s:" |
| 20115 | 520 variables in legacy Vim script, but the "s:" is omitted. And they cannot be |
| 521 deleted. | |
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522 |
| 20115 | 523 In Vim9 script the global "g:" namespace can still be used as before. And the |
| 524 "w:", "b:" and "t:" namespaces. These have in common that variables are not | |
| 525 declared and they can be deleted. | |
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526 |
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527 A side effect of `:vim9script` is that the 'cpoptions' option is set to the |
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528 Vim default value, like with: > |
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529 :set cpo&vim |
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530 One of the effects is that |line-continuation| is always enabled. |
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531 The original value of 'cpoptions' is restored at the end of the script. |
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532 |
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533 |
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534 Export ~ |
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535 *:export* *:exp* |
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536 Exporting one item can be written as: > |
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537 export const EXPORTED_CONST = 1234 |
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538 export let someValue = ... |
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539 export def MyFunc() ... |
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540 export class MyClass ... |
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541 |
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542 As this suggests, only constants, variables, `:def` functions and classes can |
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543 be exported. |
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544 |
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545 Alternatively, an export statement can be used to export several already |
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546 defined (otherwise script-local) items: > |
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547 export {EXPORTED_CONST, someValue, MyFunc, MyClass} |
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548 |
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549 |
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550 Import ~ |
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551 *:import* *:imp* |
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552 The exported items can be imported individually in another Vim9 script: > |
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553 import EXPORTED_CONST from "thatscript.vim" |
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554 import MyClass from "myclass.vim" |
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555 |
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556 To import multiple items at the same time: > |
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557 import {someValue, MyClass} from "thatscript.vim" |
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558 |
| 19303 | 559 In case the name is ambiguous, another name can be specified: > |
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560 import MyClass as ThatClass from "myclass.vim" |
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561 import {someValue, MyClass as ThatClass} from "myclass.vim" |
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562 |
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563 To import all exported items under a specific identifier: > |
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564 import * as That from 'thatscript.vim' |
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565 |
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566 Then you can use "That.EXPORTED_CONST", "That.someValue", etc. You are free |
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567 to choose the name "That", but it is highly recommended to use the name of the |
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568 script file to avoid confusion. |
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569 |
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570 The script name after `import` can be: |
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571 - A relative path, starting "." or "..". This finds a file relative to the |
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572 location of the script file itself. This is useful to split up a large |
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573 plugin into several files. |
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574 - An absolute path, starting with "/" on Unix or "D:/" on MS-Windows. This |
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575 will be rarely used. |
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576 - A path not being relative or absolute. This will be found in the |
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577 "import" subdirectories of 'runtimepath' entries. The name will usually be |
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578 longer and unique, to avoid loading the wrong file. |
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579 |
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580 Once a vim9 script file has been imported, the result is cached and used the |
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581 next time the same script is imported. It will not be read again. |
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582 *:import-cycle* |
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583 The `import` commands are executed when encountered. If that script (directly |
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584 or indirectly) imports the current script, then items defined after the |
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585 `import` won't be processed yet. Therefore cyclic imports can exist, but may |
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586 result in undefined items. |
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587 |
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588 |
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589 Import in an autoload script ~ |
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590 |
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591 For optimal startup speed, loading scripts should be postponed until they are |
| 19303 | 592 actually needed. A recommended mechanism: |
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593 |
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594 1. In the plugin define user commands, functions and/or mappings that refer to |
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595 an autoload script. > |
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596 command -nargs=1 SearchForStuff call searchfor#Stuff(<f-args>) |
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597 |
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598 < This goes in .../plugin/anyname.vim. "anyname.vim" can be freely chosen. |
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599 |
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600 2. In the autocommand script do the actual work. You can import items from |
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601 other files to split up functionality in appropriate pieces. > |
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602 vim9script |
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603 import FilterFunc from "../import/someother.vim" |
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604 def searchfor#Stuff(arg: string) |
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605 let filtered = FilterFunc(arg) |
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606 ... |
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607 < This goes in .../autoload/searchfor.vim. "searchfor" in the file name |
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608 must be exactly the same as the prefix for the function name, that is how |
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609 Vim finds the file. |
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610 |
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611 3. Other functionality, possibly shared between plugins, contains the exported |
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612 items and any private items. > |
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613 vim9script |
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614 let localVar = 'local' |
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615 export def FilterFunc(arg: string): string |
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616 ... |
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617 < This goes in .../import/someother.vim. |
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618 |
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619 |
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620 Import in legacy Vim script ~ |
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621 |
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622 If an `import` statement is used in legacy Vim script, for identifier the |
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623 script-local "s:" namespace will be used, even when "s:" is not specified. |
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624 |
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625 |
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626 ============================================================================== |
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627 |
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628 9. Rationale *vim9-rationale* |
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629 |
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630 The :def command ~ |
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631 |
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632 Plugin writers have asked for a much faster Vim script. Investigation have |
| 19303 | 633 shown that keeping the existing semantics of function calls make this close to |
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634 impossible, because of the overhead involved with calling a function, setting |
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635 up the local function scope and executing lines. There are many details that |
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636 need to be handled, such as error messages and exceptions. The need to create |
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637 a dictionary for a: and l: scopes, the a:000 list and several others add too |
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638 much overhead that cannot be avoided. |
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639 |
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640 Therefore the `:def` method to define a new-style function had to be added, |
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641 which allows for a function with different semantics. Most things still work |
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642 as before, but some parts do not. A new way to define a function was |
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643 considered the best way to separate the old-style code from Vim9 script code. |
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644 |
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645 Using "def" to define a function comes from Python. Other languages use |
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646 "function" which clashes with legacy Vim script. |
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647 |
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648 |
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649 Type checking ~ |
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650 |
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651 When compiling lines of Vim commands into instructions as much as possible |
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652 should be done at compile time. Postponing it to runtime makes the execution |
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653 slower and means mistakes are found only later. For example, when |
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654 encountering the "+" character and compiling this into a generic add |
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655 instruction, at execution time the instruction would have to inspect the type |
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656 of the arguments and decide what kind of addition to do. And when the |
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657 type is dictionary throw an error. If the types are known to be numbers then |
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658 an "add number" instruction can be used, which is faster. The error can be |
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659 given at compile time, no error handling is needed at runtime. |
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660 |
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661 The syntax for types is similar to Java, since it is easy to understand and |
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662 widely used. The type names are what was used in Vim before, with some |
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663 additions such as "void" and "bool". |
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664 |
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665 |
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666 JavaScript/TypeScript syntax and semantics ~ |
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667 |
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668 Script writers have complained that the Vim script syntax is unexpectedly |
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669 different from what they are used to. To reduce this complaint popular |
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670 languages will be used as an example. At the same time, we do not want to |
| 19303 | 671 abandon the well-known parts of legacy Vim script. |
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672 |
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673 Since Vim already uses `:let` and `:const` and optional type checking is |
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674 desirable, the JavaScript/TypeScript syntax fits best for variable |
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675 declarations. > |
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676 const greeting = 'hello' " string type is inferred |
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677 let name: string |
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678 ... |
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679 name = 'John' |
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680 |
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681 Expression evaluation was already close to what JavaScript and other languages |
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682 are doing. Some details are unexpected and can be fixed. For example how the |
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683 || and && operators work. Legacy Vim script: > |
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684 let result = 44 |
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685 ... |
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686 return result || 0 " returns 1 |
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687 |
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688 Vim9 script works like JavaScript, keep the value: > |
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689 let result = 44 |
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690 ... |
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691 return result || 0 " returns 44 |
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692 |
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693 On the other hand, overloading "+" to use both for addition and string |
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694 concatenation goes against legacy Vim script and often leads to mistakes. |
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695 For that reason we will keep using ".." for string concatenation. Lua also |
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696 uses ".." this way. |
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697 |
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698 |
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699 Import and Export ~ |
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700 |
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701 A problem of legacy Vim script is that by default all functions and variables |
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702 are global. It is possible to make them script-local, but then they are not |
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703 available in other scripts. |
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704 |
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705 In Vim9 script a mechanism very similar to the Javascript import and export |
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706 mechanism is supported. It is a variant to the existing `:source` command |
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707 that works like one would expect: |
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708 - Instead of making everything global by default, everything is script-local, |
|
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709 unless exported. |
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710 - When importing a script the symbols that are imported are listed, avoiding |
|
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711 name conflicts and failures if later functionality is added. |
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712 - The mechanism allows for writing a big, long script with a very clear API: |
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713 the exported function(s) and class(es). |
|
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714 - By using relative paths loading can be much faster for an import inside of a |
|
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715 package, no need to search many directories. |
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716 - Once an import has been used, it can be cached and loading it again can be |
|
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717 avoided. |
|
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718 - The Vim-specific use of "s:" to make things script-local can be dropped. |
|
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719 |
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720 |
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721 Classes ~ |
|
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722 |
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723 Vim supports interfaces to Perl, Python, Lua, Tcl and a few others. But |
|
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724 these have never become widespread. When Vim 9 was designed a decision was |
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725 made to phase out these interfaces and concentrate on Vim script, while |
|
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726 encouraging plugin authors to write code in any language and run it as an |
|
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727 external tool, using jobs and channels. |
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728 |
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729 Still, using an external tool has disadvantages. An alternative is to convert |
|
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730 the tool into Vim script. For that to be possible without too much |
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731 translation, and keeping the code fast at the same time, the constructs of the |
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732 tool need to be supported. Since most languages support classes the lack of |
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733 class support in Vim is then a problem. |
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734 |
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735 Previously Vim supported a kind-of object oriented programming by adding |
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736 methods to a dictionary. With some care this could be made to work, but it |
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737 does not look like real classes. On top of that, it's very slow, because of |
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738 the use of dictionaries. |
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739 |
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740 The support of classes in Vim9 script is a "minimal common functionality" of |
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741 class support in most languages. It works mostly like Java, which is the most |
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742 popular programming language. |
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743 |
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744 |
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745 |
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746 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |