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annotate runtime/doc/usr_41.txt @ 16610:1eaf34420bb3
Update runtime files
commit https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/a6c27c47ddf081859659d7de1caec675147e466b
Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
Date: Thu May 9 19:16:22 2019 +0200
Update runtime files
author | Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> |
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date | Thu, 09 May 2019 19:30:06 +0200 |
parents | 1e0a5f09fdf1 |
children | 4790302965fc |
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16610 | 1 *usr_41.txt* For Vim version 8.1. Last change: 2019 May 09 |
7 | 2 |
3 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar | |
4 | |
5 Write a Vim script | |
6 | |
7 | |
8 The Vim script language is used for the startup vimrc file, syntax files, and | |
9 many other things. This chapter explains the items that can be used in a Vim | |
10 script. There are a lot of them, thus this is a long chapter. | |
11 | |
12 |41.1| Introduction | |
13 |41.2| Variables | |
14 |41.3| Expressions | |
15 |41.4| Conditionals | |
16 |41.5| Executing an expression | |
17 |41.6| Using functions | |
18 |41.7| Defining a function | |
161 | 19 |41.8| Lists and Dictionaries |
20 |41.9| Exceptions | |
21 |41.10| Various remarks | |
22 |41.11| Writing a plugin | |
23 |41.12| Writing a filetype plugin | |
24 |41.13| Writing a compiler plugin | |
170 | 25 |41.14| Writing a plugin that loads quickly |
26 |41.15| Writing library scripts | |
793 | 27 |41.16| Distributing Vim scripts |
7 | 28 |
29 Next chapter: |usr_42.txt| Add new menus | |
30 Previous chapter: |usr_40.txt| Make new commands | |
31 Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt| | |
32 | |
33 ============================================================================== | |
129 | 34 *41.1* Introduction *vim-script-intro* *script* |
7 | 35 |
36 Your first experience with Vim scripts is the vimrc file. Vim reads it when | |
37 it starts up and executes the commands. You can set options to values you | |
38 prefer. And you can use any colon command in it (commands that start with a | |
39 ":"; these are sometimes referred to as Ex commands or command-line commands). | |
40 Syntax files are also Vim scripts. As are files that set options for a | |
41 specific file type. A complicated macro can be defined by a separate Vim | |
42 script file. You can think of other uses yourself. | |
43 | |
44 Let's start with a simple example: > | |
45 | |
46 :let i = 1 | |
47 :while i < 5 | |
48 : echo "count is" i | |
161 | 49 : let i += 1 |
7 | 50 :endwhile |
51 < | |
52 Note: | |
53 The ":" characters are not really needed here. You only need to use | |
54 them when you type a command. In a Vim script file they can be left | |
55 out. We will use them here anyway to make clear these are colon | |
56 commands and make them stand out from Normal mode commands. | |
161 | 57 Note: |
58 You can try out the examples by yanking the lines from the text here | |
59 and executing them with :@" | |
60 | |
61 The output of the example code is: | |
62 | |
63 count is 1 ~ | |
64 count is 2 ~ | |
65 count is 3 ~ | |
66 count is 4 ~ | |
67 | |
68 In the first line the ":let" command assigns a value to a variable. The | |
69 generic form is: > | |
7 | 70 |
71 :let {variable} = {expression} | |
72 | |
73 In this case the variable name is "i" and the expression is a simple value, | |
74 the number one. | |
75 The ":while" command starts a loop. The generic form is: > | |
76 | |
77 :while {condition} | |
78 : {statements} | |
79 :endwhile | |
80 | |
81 The statements until the matching ":endwhile" are executed for as long as the | |
82 condition is true. The condition used here is the expression "i < 5". This | |
83 is true when the variable i is smaller than five. | |
84 Note: | |
85 If you happen to write a while loop that keeps on running, you can | |
86 interrupt it by pressing CTRL-C (CTRL-Break on MS-Windows). | |
161 | 87 |
88 The ":echo" command prints its arguments. In this case the string "count is" | |
89 and the value of the variable i. Since i is one, this will print: | |
90 | |
91 count is 1 ~ | |
92 | |
93 Then there is the ":let i += 1" command. This does the same thing as | |
94 ":let i = i + 1". This adds one to the variable i and assigns the new value | |
95 to the same variable. | |
96 | |
97 The example was given to explain the commands, but would you really want to | |
11062 | 98 make such a loop, it can be written much more compact: > |
112 | 99 |
100 :for i in range(1, 4) | |
101 : echo "count is" i | |
102 :endfor | |
103 | |
161 | 104 We won't explain how |:for| and |range()| work until later. Follow the links |
105 if you are impatient. | |
112 | 106 |
7 | 107 |
108 THREE KINDS OF NUMBERS | |
109 | |
110 Numbers can be decimal, hexadecimal or octal. A hexadecimal number starts | |
161 | 111 with "0x" or "0X". For example "0x1f" is decimal 31. An octal number starts |
112 with a zero. "017" is decimal 15. Careful: don't put a zero before a decimal | |
113 number, it will be interpreted as an octal number! | |
7 | 114 The ":echo" command always prints decimal numbers. Example: > |
115 | |
116 :echo 0x7f 036 | |
117 < 127 30 ~ | |
118 | |
119 A number is made negative with a minus sign. This also works for hexadecimal | |
161 | 120 and octal numbers. A minus sign is also used for subtraction. Compare this |
121 with the previous example: > | |
7 | 122 |
123 :echo 0x7f -036 | |
124 < 97 ~ | |
125 | |
126 White space in an expression is ignored. However, it's recommended to use it | |
127 for separating items, to make the expression easier to read. For example, to | |
161 | 128 avoid the confusion with a negative number above, put a space between the |
129 minus sign and the following number: > | |
7 | 130 |
131 :echo 0x7f - 036 | |
132 | |
133 ============================================================================== | |
134 *41.2* Variables | |
135 | |
136 A variable name consists of ASCII letters, digits and the underscore. It | |
137 cannot start with a digit. Valid variable names are: | |
138 | |
139 counter | |
140 _aap3 | |
141 very_long_variable_name_with_underscores | |
142 FuncLength | |
143 LENGTH | |
144 | |
145 Invalid names are "foo+bar" and "6var". | |
146 These variables are global. To see a list of currently defined variables | |
147 use this command: > | |
148 | |
149 :let | |
150 | |
151 You can use global variables everywhere. This also means that when the | |
152 variable "count" is used in one script file, it might also be used in another | |
153 file. This leads to confusion at least, and real problems at worst. To avoid | |
154 this, you can use a variable local to a script file by prepending "s:". For | |
155 example, one script contains this code: > | |
156 | |
157 :let s:count = 1 | |
158 :while s:count < 5 | |
159 : source other.vim | |
161 | 160 : let s:count += 1 |
7 | 161 :endwhile |
162 | |
163 Since "s:count" is local to this script, you can be sure that sourcing the | |
164 "other.vim" script will not change this variable. If "other.vim" also uses an | |
165 "s:count" variable, it will be a different copy, local to that script. More | |
166 about script-local variables here: |script-variable|. | |
167 | |
168 There are more kinds of variables, see |internal-variables|. The most often | |
169 used ones are: | |
170 | |
171 b:name variable local to a buffer | |
172 w:name variable local to a window | |
173 g:name global variable (also in a function) | |
174 v:name variable predefined by Vim | |
175 | |
176 | |
177 DELETING VARIABLES | |
178 | |
179 Variables take up memory and show up in the output of the ":let" command. To | |
180 delete a variable use the ":unlet" command. Example: > | |
181 | |
182 :unlet s:count | |
183 | |
184 This deletes the script-local variable "s:count" to free up the memory it | |
185 uses. If you are not sure if the variable exists, and don't want an error | |
186 message when it doesn't, append !: > | |
187 | |
188 :unlet! s:count | |
189 | |
190 When a script finishes, the local variables used there will not be | |
191 automatically freed. The next time the script executes, it can still use the | |
192 old value. Example: > | |
193 | |
194 :if !exists("s:call_count") | |
195 : let s:call_count = 0 | |
196 :endif | |
197 :let s:call_count = s:call_count + 1 | |
198 :echo "called" s:call_count "times" | |
199 | |
200 The "exists()" function checks if a variable has already been defined. Its | |
201 argument is the name of the variable you want to check. Not the variable | |
202 itself! If you would do this: > | |
203 | |
204 :if !exists(s:call_count) | |
205 | |
206 Then the value of s:call_count will be used as the name of the variable that | |
207 exists() checks. That's not what you want. | |
208 The exclamation mark ! negates a value. When the value was true, it | |
209 becomes false. When it was false, it becomes true. You can read it as "not". | |
210 Thus "if !exists()" can be read as "if not exists()". | |
161 | 211 What Vim calls true is anything that is not zero. Zero is false. |
856 | 212 Note: |
161 | 213 Vim automatically converts a string to a number when it is looking for |
214 a number. When using a string that doesn't start with a digit the | |
215 resulting number is zero. Thus look out for this: > | |
216 :if "true" | |
217 < The "true" will be interpreted as a zero, thus as false! | |
7 | 218 |
219 | |
220 STRING VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS | |
221 | |
222 So far only numbers were used for the variable value. Strings can be used as | |
161 | 223 well. Numbers and strings are the basic types of variables that Vim supports. |
224 The type is dynamic, it is set each time when assigning a value to the | |
225 variable with ":let". More about types in |41.8|. | |
7 | 226 To assign a string value to a variable, you need to use a string constant. |
227 There are two types of these. First the string in double quotes: > | |
228 | |
229 :let name = "peter" | |
230 :echo name | |
231 < peter ~ | |
232 | |
233 If you want to include a double quote inside the string, put a backslash in | |
234 front of it: > | |
235 | |
236 :let name = "\"peter\"" | |
237 :echo name | |
238 < "peter" ~ | |
239 | |
240 To avoid the need for a backslash, you can use a string in single quotes: > | |
241 | |
242 :let name = '"peter"' | |
243 :echo name | |
244 < "peter" ~ | |
245 | |
161 | 246 Inside a single-quote string all the characters are as they are. Only the |
247 single quote itself is special: you need to use two to get one. A backslash | |
248 is taken literally, thus you can't use it to change the meaning of the | |
7 | 249 character after it. |
250 In double-quote strings it is possible to use special characters. Here are | |
251 a few useful ones: | |
252 | |
253 \t <Tab> | |
254 \n <NL>, line break | |
255 \r <CR>, <Enter> | |
256 \e <Esc> | |
257 \b <BS>, backspace | |
258 \" " | |
259 \\ \, backslash | |
260 \<Esc> <Esc> | |
261 \<C-W> CTRL-W | |
262 | |
263 The last two are just examples. The "\<name>" form can be used to include | |
264 the special key "name". | |
265 See |expr-quote| for the full list of special items in a string. | |
266 | |
267 ============================================================================== | |
268 *41.3* Expressions | |
269 | |
270 Vim has a rich, yet simple way to handle expressions. You can read the | |
271 definition here: |expression-syntax|. Here we will show the most common | |
272 items. | |
273 The numbers, strings and variables mentioned above are expressions by | |
274 themselves. Thus everywhere an expression is expected, you can use a number, | |
275 string or variable. Other basic items in an expression are: | |
276 | |
277 $NAME environment variable | |
278 &name option | |
279 @r register | |
280 | |
281 Examples: > | |
282 | |
283 :echo "The value of 'tabstop' is" &ts | |
284 :echo "Your home directory is" $HOME | |
285 :if @a > 5 | |
286 | |
287 The &name form can be used to save an option value, set it to a new value, | |
288 do something and restore the old value. Example: > | |
289 | |
290 :let save_ic = &ic | |
291 :set noic | |
292 :/The Start/,$delete | |
293 :let &ic = save_ic | |
294 | |
295 This makes sure the "The Start" pattern is used with the 'ignorecase' option | |
161 | 296 off. Still, it keeps the value that the user had set. (Another way to do |
297 this would be to add "\C" to the pattern, see |/\C|.) | |
7 | 298 |
299 | |
300 MATHEMATICS | |
301 | |
302 It becomes more interesting if we combine these basic items. Let's start with | |
303 mathematics on numbers: | |
304 | |
305 a + b add | |
306 a - b subtract | |
307 a * b multiply | |
308 a / b divide | |
309 a % b modulo | |
310 | |
311 The usual precedence is used. Example: > | |
312 | |
313 :echo 10 + 5 * 2 | |
314 < 20 ~ | |
315 | |
2709 | 316 Grouping is done with parentheses. No surprises here. Example: > |
7 | 317 |
318 :echo (10 + 5) * 2 | |
319 < 30 ~ | |
320 | |
321 Strings can be concatenated with ".". Example: > | |
322 | |
323 :echo "foo" . "bar" | |
324 < foobar ~ | |
325 | |
326 When the ":echo" command gets multiple arguments, it separates them with a | |
327 space. In the example the argument is a single expression, thus no space is | |
328 inserted. | |
329 | |
330 Borrowed from the C language is the conditional expression: | |
331 | |
332 a ? b : c | |
333 | |
334 If "a" evaluates to true "b" is used, otherwise "c" is used. Example: > | |
335 | |
336 :let i = 4 | |
337 :echo i > 5 ? "i is big" : "i is small" | |
338 < i is small ~ | |
339 | |
340 The three parts of the constructs are always evaluated first, thus you could | |
341 see it work as: | |
342 | |
343 (a) ? (b) : (c) | |
344 | |
345 ============================================================================== | |
346 *41.4* Conditionals | |
347 | |
348 The ":if" commands executes the following statements, until the matching | |
349 ":endif", only when a condition is met. The generic form is: | |
350 | |
351 :if {condition} | |
352 {statements} | |
353 :endif | |
354 | |
355 Only when the expression {condition} evaluates to true (non-zero) will the | |
356 {statements} be executed. These must still be valid commands. If they | |
357 contain garbage, Vim won't be able to find the ":endif". | |
358 You can also use ":else". The generic form for this is: | |
359 | |
360 :if {condition} | |
361 {statements} | |
362 :else | |
363 {statements} | |
364 :endif | |
365 | |
366 The second {statements} is only executed if the first one isn't. | |
367 Finally, there is ":elseif": | |
368 | |
369 :if {condition} | |
370 {statements} | |
371 :elseif {condition} | |
372 {statements} | |
373 :endif | |
374 | |
375 This works just like using ":else" and then "if", but without the need for an | |
376 extra ":endif". | |
377 A useful example for your vimrc file is checking the 'term' option and | |
378 doing something depending upon its value: > | |
379 | |
380 :if &term == "xterm" | |
381 : " Do stuff for xterm | |
382 :elseif &term == "vt100" | |
383 : " Do stuff for a vt100 terminal | |
384 :else | |
385 : " Do something for other terminals | |
386 :endif | |
387 | |
388 | |
389 LOGIC OPERATIONS | |
390 | |
391 We already used some of them in the examples. These are the most often used | |
392 ones: | |
393 | |
394 a == b equal to | |
395 a != b not equal to | |
396 a > b greater than | |
397 a >= b greater than or equal to | |
398 a < b less than | |
399 a <= b less than or equal to | |
400 | |
401 The result is one if the condition is met and zero otherwise. An example: > | |
402 | |
161 | 403 :if v:version >= 700 |
7 | 404 : echo "congratulations" |
405 :else | |
406 : echo "you are using an old version, upgrade!" | |
407 :endif | |
408 | |
409 Here "v:version" is a variable defined by Vim, which has the value of the Vim | |
410 version. 600 is for version 6.0. Version 6.1 has the value 601. This is | |
411 very useful to write a script that works with multiple versions of Vim. | |
412 |v:version| | |
413 | |
414 The logic operators work both for numbers and strings. When comparing two | |
415 strings, the mathematical difference is used. This compares byte values, | |
416 which may not be right for some languages. | |
417 When comparing a string with a number, the string is first converted to a | |
418 number. This is a bit tricky, because when a string doesn't look like a | |
419 number, the number zero is used. Example: > | |
420 | |
421 :if 0 == "one" | |
422 : echo "yes" | |
423 :endif | |
424 | |
425 This will echo "yes", because "one" doesn't look like a number, thus it is | |
426 converted to the number zero. | |
427 | |
428 For strings there are two more items: | |
429 | |
430 a =~ b matches with | |
431 a !~ b does not match with | |
432 | |
433 The left item "a" is used as a string. The right item "b" is used as a | |
434 pattern, like what's used for searching. Example: > | |
435 | |
436 :if str =~ " " | |
437 : echo "str contains a space" | |
438 :endif | |
439 :if str !~ '\.$' | |
440 : echo "str does not end in a full stop" | |
441 :endif | |
442 | |
443 Notice the use of a single-quote string for the pattern. This is useful, | |
161 | 444 because backslashes would need to be doubled in a double-quote string and |
445 patterns tend to contain many backslashes. | |
7 | 446 |
447 The 'ignorecase' option is used when comparing strings. When you don't want | |
448 that, append "#" to match case and "?" to ignore case. Thus "==?" compares | |
449 two strings to be equal while ignoring case. And "!~#" checks if a pattern | |
450 doesn't match, also checking the case of letters. For the full table see | |
451 |expr-==|. | |
452 | |
453 | |
454 MORE LOOPING | |
455 | |
456 The ":while" command was already mentioned. Two more statements can be used | |
457 in between the ":while" and the ":endwhile": | |
458 | |
459 :continue Jump back to the start of the while loop; the | |
460 loop continues. | |
461 :break Jump forward to the ":endwhile"; the loop is | |
462 discontinued. | |
463 | |
464 Example: > | |
465 | |
466 :while counter < 40 | |
467 : call do_something() | |
468 : if skip_flag | |
469 : continue | |
470 : endif | |
471 : if finished_flag | |
472 : break | |
473 : endif | |
474 : sleep 50m | |
475 :endwhile | |
476 | |
477 The ":sleep" command makes Vim take a nap. The "50m" specifies fifty | |
478 milliseconds. Another example is ":sleep 4", which sleeps for four seconds. | |
479 | |
161 | 480 Even more looping can be done with the ":for" command, see below in |41.8|. |
481 | |
7 | 482 ============================================================================== |
483 *41.5* Executing an expression | |
484 | |
485 So far the commands in the script were executed by Vim directly. The | |
486 ":execute" command allows executing the result of an expression. This is a | |
487 very powerful way to build commands and execute them. | |
488 An example is to jump to a tag, which is contained in a variable: > | |
489 | |
490 :execute "tag " . tag_name | |
491 | |
492 The "." is used to concatenate the string "tag " with the value of variable | |
493 "tag_name". Suppose "tag_name" has the value "get_cmd", then the command that | |
494 will be executed is: > | |
495 | |
496 :tag get_cmd | |
497 | |
498 The ":execute" command can only execute colon commands. The ":normal" command | |
499 executes Normal mode commands. However, its argument is not an expression but | |
500 the literal command characters. Example: > | |
501 | |
502 :normal gg=G | |
503 | |
504 This jumps to the first line and formats all lines with the "=" operator. | |
505 To make ":normal" work with an expression, combine ":execute" with it. | |
506 Example: > | |
507 | |
508 :execute "normal " . normal_commands | |
509 | |
510 The variable "normal_commands" must contain the Normal mode commands. | |
511 Make sure that the argument for ":normal" is a complete command. Otherwise | |
512 Vim will run into the end of the argument and abort the command. For example, | |
513 if you start Insert mode, you must leave Insert mode as well. This works: > | |
514 | |
515 :execute "normal Inew text \<Esc>" | |
516 | |
517 This inserts "new text " in the current line. Notice the use of the special | |
518 key "\<Esc>". This avoids having to enter a real <Esc> character in your | |
519 script. | |
520 | |
161 | 521 If you don't want to execute a string but evaluate it to get its expression |
522 value, you can use the eval() function: > | |
523 | |
524 :let optname = "path" | |
525 :let optval = eval('&' . optname) | |
526 | |
527 A "&" character is prepended to "path", thus the argument to eval() is | |
528 "&path". The result will then be the value of the 'path' option. | |
529 The same thing can be done with: > | |
530 :exe 'let optval = &' . optname | |
531 | |
7 | 532 ============================================================================== |
533 *41.6* Using functions | |
534 | |
535 Vim defines many functions and provides a large amount of functionality that | |
536 way. A few examples will be given in this section. You can find the whole | |
537 list here: |functions|. | |
538 | |
539 A function is called with the ":call" command. The parameters are passed in | |
2709 | 540 between parentheses separated by commas. Example: > |
7 | 541 |
542 :call search("Date: ", "W") | |
543 | |
544 This calls the search() function, with arguments "Date: " and "W". The | |
545 search() function uses its first argument as a search pattern and the second | |
546 one as flags. The "W" flag means the search doesn't wrap around the end of | |
547 the file. | |
548 | |
549 A function can be called in an expression. Example: > | |
550 | |
551 :let line = getline(".") | |
552 :let repl = substitute(line, '\a', "*", "g") | |
553 :call setline(".", repl) | |
554 | |
161 | 555 The getline() function obtains a line from the current buffer. Its argument |
556 is a specification of the line number. In this case "." is used, which means | |
557 the line where the cursor is. | |
7 | 558 The substitute() function does something similar to the ":substitute" |
559 command. The first argument is the string on which to perform the | |
560 substitution. The second argument is the pattern, the third the replacement | |
561 string. Finally, the last arguments are the flags. | |
562 The setline() function sets the line, specified by the first argument, to a | |
563 new string, the second argument. In this example the line under the cursor is | |
564 replaced with the result of the substitute(). Thus the effect of the three | |
565 statements is equal to: > | |
566 | |
567 :substitute/\a/*/g | |
568 | |
569 Using the functions becomes more interesting when you do more work before and | |
570 after the substitute() call. | |
571 | |
572 | |
573 FUNCTIONS *function-list* | |
574 | |
575 There are many functions. We will mention them here, grouped by what they are | |
576 used for. You can find an alphabetical list here: |functions|. Use CTRL-] on | |
577 the function name to jump to detailed help on it. | |
578 | |
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579 String manipulation: *string-functions* |
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580 nr2char() get a character by its number value |
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581 list2str() get a character string from a list of numbers |
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582 char2nr() get number value of a character |
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583 str2list() get list of numbers from a string |
1620 | 584 str2nr() convert a string to a Number |
585 str2float() convert a string to a Float | |
824 | 586 printf() format a string according to % items |
7 | 587 escape() escape characters in a string with a '\' |
1620 | 588 shellescape() escape a string for use with a shell command |
589 fnameescape() escape a file name for use with a Vim command | |
824 | 590 tr() translate characters from one set to another |
7 | 591 strtrans() translate a string to make it printable |
592 tolower() turn a string to lowercase | |
593 toupper() turn a string to uppercase | |
594 match() position where a pattern matches in a string | |
595 matchend() position where a pattern match ends in a string | |
596 matchstr() match of a pattern in a string | |
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597 matchstrpos() match and positions of a pattern in a string |
824 | 598 matchlist() like matchstr() and also return submatches |
7 | 599 stridx() first index of a short string in a long string |
600 strridx() last index of a short string in a long string | |
5618 | 601 strlen() length of a string in bytes |
602 strchars() length of a string in characters | |
603 strwidth() size of string when displayed | |
604 strdisplaywidth() size of string when displayed, deals with tabs | |
7 | 605 substitute() substitute a pattern match with a string |
2908 | 606 submatch() get a specific match in ":s" and substitute() |
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607 strpart() get part of a string using byte index |
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608 strcharpart() get part of a string using char index |
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609 strgetchar() get character from a string using char index |
7 | 610 expand() expand special keywords |
611 iconv() convert text from one encoding to another | |
824 | 612 byteidx() byte index of a character in a string |
5618 | 613 byteidxcomp() like byteidx() but count composing characters |
824 | 614 repeat() repeat a string multiple times |
615 eval() evaluate a string expression | |
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616 execute() execute an Ex command and get the output |
15068 | 617 trim() trim characters from a string |
7 | 618 |
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619 List manipulation: *list-functions* |
112 | 620 get() get an item without error for wrong index |
621 len() number of items in a List | |
622 empty() check if List is empty | |
623 insert() insert an item somewhere in a List | |
624 add() append an item to a List | |
625 extend() append a List to a List | |
626 remove() remove one or more items from a List | |
627 copy() make a shallow copy of a List | |
628 deepcopy() make a full copy of a List | |
629 filter() remove selected items from a List | |
630 map() change each List item | |
631 sort() sort a List | |
632 reverse() reverse the order of a List | |
5763 | 633 uniq() remove copies of repeated adjacent items |
112 | 634 split() split a String into a List |
635 join() join List items into a String | |
824 | 636 range() return a List with a sequence of numbers |
112 | 637 string() String representation of a List |
638 call() call a function with List as arguments | |
323 | 639 index() index of a value in a List |
112 | 640 max() maximum value in a List |
641 min() minimum value in a List | |
642 count() count number of times a value appears in a List | |
824 | 643 repeat() repeat a List multiple times |
112 | 644 |
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645 Dictionary manipulation: *dict-functions* |
323 | 646 get() get an entry without an error for a wrong key |
112 | 647 len() number of entries in a Dictionary |
648 has_key() check whether a key appears in a Dictionary | |
649 empty() check if Dictionary is empty | |
650 remove() remove an entry from a Dictionary | |
651 extend() add entries from one Dictionary to another | |
652 filter() remove selected entries from a Dictionary | |
653 map() change each Dictionary entry | |
654 keys() get List of Dictionary keys | |
655 values() get List of Dictionary values | |
656 items() get List of Dictionary key-value pairs | |
657 copy() make a shallow copy of a Dictionary | |
658 deepcopy() make a full copy of a Dictionary | |
659 string() String representation of a Dictionary | |
660 max() maximum value in a Dictionary | |
661 min() minimum value in a Dictionary | |
662 count() count number of times a value appears | |
663 | |
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664 Floating point computation: *float-functions* |
1620 | 665 float2nr() convert Float to Number |
666 abs() absolute value (also works for Number) | |
667 round() round off | |
668 ceil() round up | |
669 floor() round down | |
670 trunc() remove value after decimal point | |
5618 | 671 fmod() remainder of division |
672 exp() exponential | |
673 log() natural logarithm (logarithm to base e) | |
1620 | 674 log10() logarithm to base 10 |
675 pow() value of x to the exponent y | |
676 sqrt() square root | |
677 sin() sine | |
678 cos() cosine | |
2725 | 679 tan() tangent |
680 asin() arc sine | |
681 acos() arc cosine | |
1620 | 682 atan() arc tangent |
2725 | 683 atan2() arc tangent |
684 sinh() hyperbolic sine | |
685 cosh() hyperbolic cosine | |
686 tanh() hyperbolic tangent | |
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687 isnan() check for not a number |
1620 | 688 |
3237 | 689 Other computation: *bitwise-function* |
690 and() bitwise AND | |
691 invert() bitwise invert | |
692 or() bitwise OR | |
693 xor() bitwise XOR | |
5618 | 694 sha256() SHA-256 hash |
3237 | 695 |
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696 Variables: *var-functions* |
824 | 697 type() type of a variable |
698 islocked() check if a variable is locked | |
11062 | 699 funcref() get a Funcref for a function reference |
824 | 700 function() get a Funcref for a function name |
701 getbufvar() get a variable value from a specific buffer | |
702 setbufvar() set a variable in a specific buffer | |
831 | 703 getwinvar() get a variable from specific window |
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704 gettabvar() get a variable from specific tab page |
831 | 705 gettabwinvar() get a variable from specific window & tab page |
824 | 706 setwinvar() set a variable in a specific window |
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707 settabvar() set a variable in a specific tab page |
831 | 708 settabwinvar() set a variable in a specific window & tab page |
824 | 709 garbagecollect() possibly free memory |
710 | |
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711 Cursor and mark position: *cursor-functions* *mark-functions* |
7 | 712 col() column number of the cursor or a mark |
713 virtcol() screen column of the cursor or a mark | |
714 line() line number of the cursor or mark | |
715 wincol() window column number of the cursor | |
716 winline() window line number of the cursor | |
717 cursor() position the cursor at a line/column | |
5618 | 718 screencol() get screen column of the cursor |
719 screenrow() get screen row of the cursor | |
5968 | 720 getcurpos() get position of the cursor |
824 | 721 getpos() get position of cursor, mark, etc. |
722 setpos() set position of cursor, mark, etc. | |
723 byte2line() get line number at a specific byte count | |
724 line2byte() byte count at a specific line | |
725 diff_filler() get the number of filler lines above a line | |
5618 | 726 screenattr() get attribute at a screen line/row |
727 screenchar() get character code at a screen line/row | |
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728 screenchars() get character codes at a screen line/row |
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729 screenstring() get string of characters at a screen line/row |
824 | 730 |
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731 Working with text in the current buffer: *text-functions* |
161 | 732 getline() get a line or list of lines from the buffer |
7 | 733 setline() replace a line in the buffer |
161 | 734 append() append line or list of lines in the buffer |
7 | 735 indent() indent of a specific line |
736 cindent() indent according to C indenting | |
737 lispindent() indent according to Lisp indenting | |
738 nextnonblank() find next non-blank line | |
739 prevnonblank() find previous non-blank line | |
740 search() find a match for a pattern | |
667 | 741 searchpos() find a match for a pattern |
7 | 742 searchpair() find the other end of a start/skip/end |
667 | 743 searchpairpos() find the other end of a start/skip/end |
824 | 744 searchdecl() search for the declaration of a name |
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745 getcharsearch() return character search information |
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746 setcharsearch() set character search information |
7 | 747 |
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748 *system-functions* *file-functions* |
7 | 749 System functions and manipulation of files: |
750 glob() expand wildcards | |
751 globpath() expand wildcards in a number of directories | |
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752 glob2regpat() convert a glob pattern into a search pattern |
824 | 753 findfile() find a file in a list of directories |
754 finddir() find a directory in a list of directories | |
7 | 755 resolve() find out where a shortcut points to |
756 fnamemodify() modify a file name | |
824 | 757 pathshorten() shorten directory names in a path |
758 simplify() simplify a path without changing its meaning | |
7 | 759 executable() check if an executable program exists |
5814 | 760 exepath() full path of an executable program |
7 | 761 filereadable() check if a file can be read |
762 filewritable() check if a file can be written to | |
824 | 763 getfperm() get the permissions of a file |
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764 setfperm() set the permissions of a file |
824 | 765 getftype() get the kind of a file |
7 | 766 isdirectory() check if a directory exists |
767 getfsize() get the size of a file | |
824 | 768 getcwd() get the current working directory |
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769 haslocaldir() check if current window used |:lcd| or |:tcd| |
7 | 770 tempname() get the name of a temporary file |
824 | 771 mkdir() create a new directory |
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772 chdir() change current working directory |
7 | 773 delete() delete a file |
774 rename() rename a file | |
5814 | 775 system() get the result of a shell command as a string |
776 systemlist() get the result of a shell command as a list | |
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777 environ() get all environment variables |
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778 getenv() get one environment variable |
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779 setenv() set an environment variable |
7 | 780 hostname() name of the system |
158 | 781 readfile() read a file into a List of lines |
16267 | 782 readdir() get a List of file names in a directory |
15729 | 783 writefile() write a List of lines or Blob into a file |
7 | 784 |
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785 Date and Time: *date-functions* *time-functions* |
824 | 786 getftime() get last modification time of a file |
787 localtime() get current time in seconds | |
788 strftime() convert time to a string | |
789 reltime() get the current or elapsed time accurately | |
790 reltimestr() convert reltime() result to a string | |
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791 reltimefloat() convert reltime() result to a Float |
824 | 792 |
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793 *buffer-functions* *window-functions* *arg-functions* |
7 | 794 Buffers, windows and the argument list: |
795 argc() number of entries in the argument list | |
796 argidx() current position in the argument list | |
5942 | 797 arglistid() get id of the argument list |
7 | 798 argv() get one entry from the argument list |
799 bufexists() check if a buffer exists | |
800 buflisted() check if a buffer exists and is listed | |
801 bufloaded() check if a buffer exists and is loaded | |
802 bufname() get the name of a specific buffer | |
803 bufnr() get the buffer number of a specific buffer | |
824 | 804 tabpagebuflist() return List of buffers in a tab page |
805 tabpagenr() get the number of a tab page | |
806 tabpagewinnr() like winnr() for a specified tab page | |
7 | 807 winnr() get the window number for the current window |
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808 bufwinid() get the window ID of a specific buffer |
7 | 809 bufwinnr() get the window number of a specific buffer |
810 winbufnr() get the buffer number of a specific window | |
434 | 811 getbufline() get a list of lines from the specified buffer |
15068 | 812 setbufline() replace a line in the specified buffer |
813 appendbufline() append a list of lines in the specified buffer | |
814 deletebufline() delete lines from a specified buffer | |
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815 win_findbuf() find windows containing a buffer |
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816 win_getid() get window ID of a window |
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817 win_gotoid() go to window with ID |
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818 win_id2tabwin() get tab and window nr from window ID |
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819 win_id2win() get window nr from window ID |
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820 getbufinfo() get a list with buffer information |
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821 gettabinfo() get a list with tab page information |
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822 getwininfo() get a list with window information |
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823 getchangelist() get a list of change list entries |
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824 getjumplist() get a list of jump list entries |
14637 | 825 swapinfo() information about a swap file |
15068 | 826 swapname() get the swap file path of a buffer |
824 | 827 |
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828 Command line: *command-line-functions* |
824 | 829 getcmdline() get the current command line |
830 getcmdpos() get position of the cursor in the command line | |
831 setcmdpos() set position of the cursor in the command line | |
832 getcmdtype() return the current command-line type | |
6153 | 833 getcmdwintype() return the current command-line window type |
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834 getcompletion() list of command-line completion matches |
824 | 835 |
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836 Quickfix and location lists: *quickfix-functions* |
824 | 837 getqflist() list of quickfix errors |
838 setqflist() modify a quickfix list | |
839 getloclist() list of location list items | |
840 setloclist() modify a location list | |
841 | |
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842 Insert mode completion: *completion-functions* |
824 | 843 complete() set found matches |
844 complete_add() add to found matches | |
845 complete_check() check if completion should be aborted | |
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846 complete_info() get current completion information |
824 | 847 pumvisible() check if the popup menu is displayed |
7 | 848 |
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849 Folding: *folding-functions* |
7 | 850 foldclosed() check for a closed fold at a specific line |
851 foldclosedend() like foldclosed() but return the last line | |
852 foldlevel() check for the fold level at a specific line | |
853 foldtext() generate the line displayed for a closed fold | |
824 | 854 foldtextresult() get the text displayed for a closed fold |
855 | |
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856 Syntax and highlighting: *syntax-functions* *highlighting-functions* |
1326 | 857 clearmatches() clear all matches defined by |matchadd()| and |
858 the |:match| commands | |
859 getmatches() get all matches defined by |matchadd()| and | |
860 the |:match| commands | |
7 | 861 hlexists() check if a highlight group exists |
862 hlID() get ID of a highlight group | |
863 synID() get syntax ID at a specific position | |
864 synIDattr() get a specific attribute of a syntax ID | |
865 synIDtrans() get translated syntax ID | |
2642 | 866 synstack() get list of syntax IDs at a specific position |
2662 | 867 synconcealed() get info about concealing |
824 | 868 diff_hlID() get highlight ID for diff mode at a position |
1326 | 869 matchadd() define a pattern to highlight (a "match") |
5979 | 870 matchaddpos() define a list of positions to highlight |
824 | 871 matcharg() get info about |:match| arguments |
1326 | 872 matchdelete() delete a match defined by |matchadd()| or a |
873 |:match| command | |
874 setmatches() restore a list of matches saved by | |
875 |getmatches()| | |
824 | 876 |
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877 Spelling: *spell-functions* |
824 | 878 spellbadword() locate badly spelled word at or after cursor |
879 spellsuggest() return suggested spelling corrections | |
880 soundfold() return the sound-a-like equivalent of a word | |
7 | 881 |
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882 History: *history-functions* |
7 | 883 histadd() add an item to a history |
884 histdel() delete an item from a history | |
885 histget() get an item from a history | |
886 histnr() get highest index of a history list | |
887 | |
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888 Interactive: *interactive-functions* |
824 | 889 browse() put up a file requester |
890 browsedir() put up a directory requester | |
7 | 891 confirm() let the user make a choice |
892 getchar() get a character from the user | |
893 getcharmod() get modifiers for the last typed character | |
1620 | 894 feedkeys() put characters in the typeahead queue |
7 | 895 input() get a line from the user |
824 | 896 inputlist() let the user pick an entry from a list |
7 | 897 inputsecret() get a line from the user without showing it |
898 inputdialog() get a line from the user in a dialog | |
230 | 899 inputsave() save and clear typeahead |
7 | 900 inputrestore() restore typeahead |
901 | |
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902 GUI: *gui-functions* |
824 | 903 getfontname() get name of current font being used |
13437 | 904 getwinpos() position of the Vim window |
905 getwinposx() X position of the Vim window | |
906 getwinposy() Y position of the Vim window | |
11062 | 907 balloon_show() set the balloon content |
12909 | 908 balloon_split() split a message for a balloon |
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909 balloon_gettext() get the text in the balloon |
824 | 910 |
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911 Vim server: *server-functions* |
7 | 912 serverlist() return the list of server names |
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913 remote_startserver() run a server |
7 | 914 remote_send() send command characters to a Vim server |
915 remote_expr() evaluate an expression in a Vim server | |
916 server2client() send a reply to a client of a Vim server | |
917 remote_peek() check if there is a reply from a Vim server | |
918 remote_read() read a reply from a Vim server | |
919 foreground() move the Vim window to the foreground | |
920 remote_foreground() move the Vim server window to the foreground | |
921 | |
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922 Window size and position: *window-size-functions* |
824 | 923 winheight() get height of a specific window |
924 winwidth() get width of a specific window | |
13051 | 925 win_screenpos() get screen position of a window |
15068 | 926 winlayout() get layout of windows in a tab page |
824 | 927 winrestcmd() return command to restore window sizes |
928 winsaveview() get view of current window | |
929 winrestview() restore saved view of current window | |
930 | |
4159 | 931 Mappings: *mapping-functions* |
932 hasmapto() check if a mapping exists | |
933 mapcheck() check if a matching mapping exists | |
934 maparg() get rhs of a mapping | |
935 wildmenumode() check if the wildmode is active | |
936 | |
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937 Testing: *test-functions* |
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938 assert_equal() assert that two expressions values are equal |
15068 | 939 assert_equalfile() assert that two file contents are equal |
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940 assert_notequal() assert that two expressions values are not equal |
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941 assert_inrange() assert that an expression is inside a range |
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942 assert_match() assert that a pattern matches the value |
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943 assert_notmatch() assert that a pattern does not match the value |
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944 assert_false() assert that an expression is false |
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945 assert_true() assert that an expression is true |
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946 assert_exception() assert that a command throws an exception |
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947 assert_beeps() assert that a command beeps |
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948 assert_fails() assert that a command fails |
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949 assert_report() report a test failure |
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950 test_alloc_fail() make memory allocation fail |
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951 test_autochdir() enable 'autochdir' during startup |
11160 | 952 test_override() test with Vim internal overrides |
953 test_garbagecollect_now() free memory right now | |
11062 | 954 test_ignore_error() ignore a specific error message |
15729 | 955 test_null_blob() return a null Blob |
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956 test_null_channel() return a null Channel |
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957 test_null_dict() return a null Dict |
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958 test_null_job() return a null Job |
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959 test_null_list() return a null List |
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960 test_null_partial() return a null Partial function |
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961 test_null_string() return a null String |
11062 | 962 test_settime() set the time Vim uses internally |
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963 test_setmouse() set the mouse position |
15068 | 964 test_feedinput() add key sequence to input buffer |
965 test_option_not_set() reset flag indicating option was set | |
966 test_scrollbar() simulate scrollbar movement in the GUI | |
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967 |
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968 Inter-process communication: *channel-functions* |
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969 ch_canread() check if there is something to read |
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970 ch_open() open a channel |
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971 ch_close() close a channel |
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972 ch_close_in() close the in part of a channel |
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973 ch_read() read a message from a channel |
15512 | 974 ch_readblob() read a Blob from a channel |
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975 ch_readraw() read a raw message from a channel |
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976 ch_sendexpr() send a JSON message over a channel |
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977 ch_sendraw() send a raw message over a channel |
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978 ch_evalexpr() evaluates an expression over channel |
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979 ch_evalraw() evaluates a raw string over channel |
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980 ch_status() get status of a channel |
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981 ch_getbufnr() get the buffer number of a channel |
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982 ch_getjob() get the job associated with a channel |
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983 ch_info() get channel information |
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984 ch_log() write a message in the channel log file |
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985 ch_logfile() set the channel log file |
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986 ch_setoptions() set the options for a channel |
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987 json_encode() encode an expression to a JSON string |
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988 json_decode() decode a JSON string to Vim types |
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989 js_encode() encode an expression to a JSON string |
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990 js_decode() decode a JSON string to Vim types |
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991 |
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992 Jobs: *job-functions* |
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993 job_start() start a job |
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994 job_stop() stop a job |
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995 job_status() get the status of a job |
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996 job_getchannel() get the channel used by a job |
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997 job_info() get information about a job |
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998 job_setoptions() set options for a job |
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999 |
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1000 Signs: *sign-functions* |
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1001 sign_define() define or update a sign |
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1002 sign_getdefined() get a list of defined signs |
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1003 sign_getplaced() get a list of placed signs |
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1004 sign_jump() jump to a sign |
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1005 sign_place() place a sign |
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1006 sign_undefine() undefine a sign |
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1007 sign_unplace() unplace a sign |
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1008 |
12254 | 1009 Terminal window: *terminal-functions* |
1010 term_start() open a terminal window and run a job | |
1011 term_list() get the list of terminal buffers | |
1012 term_sendkeys() send keystrokes to a terminal | |
1013 term_wait() wait for screen to be updated | |
1014 term_getjob() get the job associated with a terminal | |
1015 term_scrape() get row of a terminal screen | |
1016 term_getline() get a line of text from a terminal | |
1017 term_getattr() get the value of attribute {what} | |
1018 term_getcursor() get the cursor position of a terminal | |
1019 term_getscrolled() get the scroll count of a terminal | |
1020 term_getaltscreen() get the alternate screen flag | |
1021 term_getsize() get the size of a terminal | |
1022 term_getstatus() get the status of a terminal | |
1023 term_gettitle() get the title of a terminal | |
1024 term_gettty() get the tty name of a terminal | |
13735 | 1025 term_setansicolors() set 16 ANSI colors, used for GUI |
1026 term_getansicolors() get 16 ANSI colors, used for GUI | |
15068 | 1027 term_dumpdiff() display difference between two screen dumps |
1028 term_dumpload() load a terminal screen dump in a window | |
1029 term_dumpwrite() dump contents of a terminal screen to a file | |
1030 term_setkill() set signal to stop job in a terminal | |
1031 term_setrestore() set command to restore a terminal | |
1032 term_setsize() set the size of a terminal | |
12254 | 1033 |
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1034 Timers: *timer-functions* |
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1035 timer_start() create a timer |
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1036 timer_pause() pause or unpause a timer |
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1037 timer_stop() stop a timer |
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1038 timer_stopall() stop all timers |
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1039 timer_info() get information about timers |
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1040 |
15068 | 1041 Tags: *tag-functions* |
1042 taglist() get list of matching tags | |
1043 tagfiles() get a list of tags files | |
1044 gettagstack() get the tag stack of a window | |
1045 settagstack() modify the tag stack of a window | |
1046 | |
1047 Prompt Buffer: *promptbuffer-functions* | |
1048 prompt_setcallback() set prompt callback for a buffer | |
1049 prompt_setinterrupt() set interrupt callback for a buffer | |
1050 prompt_setprompt() set the prompt text for a buffer | |
1051 | |
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1052 Various: *various-functions* |
7 | 1053 mode() get current editing mode |
1054 visualmode() last visual mode used | |
1055 exists() check if a variable, function, etc. exists | |
1056 has() check if a feature is supported in Vim | |
824 | 1057 changenr() return number of most recent change |
7 | 1058 cscope_connection() check if a cscope connection exists |
1059 did_filetype() check if a FileType autocommand was used | |
1060 eventhandler() check if invoked by an event handler | |
1620 | 1061 getpid() get process ID of Vim |
824 | 1062 |
7 | 1063 libcall() call a function in an external library |
1064 libcallnr() idem, returning a number | |
824 | 1065 |
5618 | 1066 undofile() get the name of the undo file |
1067 undotree() return the state of the undo tree | |
1068 | |
7 | 1069 getreg() get contents of a register |
1070 getregtype() get type of a register | |
1071 setreg() set contents and type of a register | |
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1072 reg_executing() return the name of the register being executed |
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1073 reg_recording() return the name of the register being recorded |
824 | 1074 |
5618 | 1075 shiftwidth() effective value of 'shiftwidth' |
1076 | |
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1077 wordcount() get byte/word/char count of buffer |
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1078 |
5618 | 1079 luaeval() evaluate Lua expression |
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1080 mzeval() evaluate |MzScheme| expression |
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1081 perleval() evaluate Perl expression (|+perl|) |
5618 | 1082 py3eval() evaluate Python expression (|+python3|) |
1083 pyeval() evaluate Python expression (|+python|) | |
10734 | 1084 pyxeval() evaluate |python_x| expression |
15194 | 1085 debugbreak() interrupt a program being debugged |
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1086 |
7 | 1087 ============================================================================== |
1088 *41.7* Defining a function | |
1089 | |
1090 Vim enables you to define your own functions. The basic function declaration | |
1091 begins as follows: > | |
1092 | |
1093 :function {name}({var1}, {var2}, ...) | |
1094 : {body} | |
1095 :endfunction | |
1096 < | |
1097 Note: | |
1098 Function names must begin with a capital letter. | |
1099 | |
1100 Let's define a short function to return the smaller of two numbers. It starts | |
1101 with this line: > | |
1102 | |
1103 :function Min(num1, num2) | |
1104 | |
1105 This tells Vim that the function is named "Min" and it takes two arguments: | |
1106 "num1" and "num2". | |
1107 The first thing you need to do is to check to see which number is smaller: | |
1108 > | |
1109 : if a:num1 < a:num2 | |
1110 | |
1111 The special prefix "a:" tells Vim that the variable is a function argument. | |
1112 Let's assign the variable "smaller" the value of the smallest number: > | |
1113 | |
1114 : if a:num1 < a:num2 | |
1115 : let smaller = a:num1 | |
1116 : else | |
1117 : let smaller = a:num2 | |
1118 : endif | |
1119 | |
1120 The variable "smaller" is a local variable. Variables used inside a function | |
1121 are local unless prefixed by something like "g:", "a:", or "s:". | |
1122 | |
1123 Note: | |
1124 To access a global variable from inside a function you must prepend | |
1620 | 1125 "g:" to it. Thus "g:today" inside a function is used for the global |
1126 variable "today", and "today" is another variable, local to the | |
7 | 1127 function. |
1128 | |
1129 You now use the ":return" statement to return the smallest number to the user. | |
1130 Finally, you end the function: > | |
1131 | |
1132 : return smaller | |
1133 :endfunction | |
1134 | |
1135 The complete function definition is as follows: > | |
1136 | |
1137 :function Min(num1, num2) | |
1138 : if a:num1 < a:num2 | |
1139 : let smaller = a:num1 | |
1140 : else | |
1141 : let smaller = a:num2 | |
1142 : endif | |
1143 : return smaller | |
1144 :endfunction | |
1145 | |
161 | 1146 For people who like short functions, this does the same thing: > |
1147 | |
1148 :function Min(num1, num2) | |
1149 : if a:num1 < a:num2 | |
1150 : return a:num1 | |
1151 : endif | |
1152 : return a:num2 | |
1153 :endfunction | |
1154 | |
681 | 1155 A user defined function is called in exactly the same way as a built-in |
7 | 1156 function. Only the name is different. The Min function can be used like |
1157 this: > | |
1158 | |
1159 :echo Min(5, 8) | |
1160 | |
1161 Only now will the function be executed and the lines be interpreted by Vim. | |
1162 If there are mistakes, like using an undefined variable or function, you will | |
1163 now get an error message. When defining the function these errors are not | |
1164 detected. | |
1165 | |
1166 When a function reaches ":endfunction" or ":return" is used without an | |
1167 argument, the function returns zero. | |
1168 | |
1169 To redefine a function that already exists, use the ! for the ":function" | |
1170 command: > | |
1171 | |
1172 :function! Min(num1, num2, num3) | |
1173 | |
1174 | |
1175 USING A RANGE | |
1176 | |
1177 The ":call" command can be given a line range. This can have one of two | |
1178 meanings. When a function has been defined with the "range" keyword, it will | |
1179 take care of the line range itself. | |
1180 The function will be passed the variables "a:firstline" and "a:lastline". | |
1181 These will have the line numbers from the range the function was called with. | |
1182 Example: > | |
1183 | |
1184 :function Count_words() range | |
1620 | 1185 : let lnum = a:firstline |
1186 : let n = 0 | |
1187 : while lnum <= a:lastline | |
1188 : let n = n + len(split(getline(lnum))) | |
1189 : let lnum = lnum + 1 | |
7 | 1190 : endwhile |
1620 | 1191 : echo "found " . n . " words" |
7 | 1192 :endfunction |
1193 | |
1194 You can call this function with: > | |
1195 | |
1196 :10,30call Count_words() | |
1197 | |
1198 It will be executed once and echo the number of words. | |
1199 The other way to use a line range is by defining a function without the | |
1200 "range" keyword. The function will be called once for every line in the | |
1201 range, with the cursor in that line. Example: > | |
1202 | |
1203 :function Number() | |
1204 : echo "line " . line(".") . " contains: " . getline(".") | |
1205 :endfunction | |
1206 | |
1207 If you call this function with: > | |
1208 | |
1209 :10,15call Number() | |
1210 | |
1211 The function will be called six times. | |
1212 | |
1213 | |
1214 VARIABLE NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS | |
1215 | |
1216 Vim enables you to define functions that have a variable number of arguments. | |
1217 The following command, for instance, defines a function that must have 1 | |
1218 argument (start) and can have up to 20 additional arguments: > | |
1219 | |
1220 :function Show(start, ...) | |
1221 | |
1222 The variable "a:1" contains the first optional argument, "a:2" the second, and | |
1223 so on. The variable "a:0" contains the number of extra arguments. | |
1224 For example: > | |
1225 | |
1226 :function Show(start, ...) | |
1227 : echohl Title | |
2709 | 1228 : echo "start is " . a:start |
7 | 1229 : echohl None |
1230 : let index = 1 | |
1231 : while index <= a:0 | |
1232 : echo " Arg " . index . " is " . a:{index} | |
1233 : let index = index + 1 | |
1234 : endwhile | |
1235 : echo "" | |
1236 :endfunction | |
1237 | |
1238 This uses the ":echohl" command to specify the highlighting used for the | |
1239 following ":echo" command. ":echohl None" stops it again. The ":echon" | |
1240 command works like ":echo", but doesn't output a line break. | |
1241 | |
161 | 1242 You can also use the a:000 variable, it is a List of all the "..." arguments. |
1243 See |a:000|. | |
1244 | |
7 | 1245 |
1246 LISTING FUNCTIONS | |
1247 | |
1248 The ":function" command lists the names and arguments of all user-defined | |
1249 functions: > | |
1250 | |
1251 :function | |
1252 < function Show(start, ...) ~ | |
1253 function GetVimIndent() ~ | |
1254 function SetSyn(name) ~ | |
1255 | |
1256 To see what a function does, use its name as an argument for ":function": > | |
1257 | |
1258 :function SetSyn | |
1259 < 1 if &syntax == '' ~ | |
1260 2 let &syntax = a:name ~ | |
1261 3 endif ~ | |
1262 endfunction ~ | |
1263 | |
1264 | |
1265 DEBUGGING | |
1266 | |
1267 The line number is useful for when you get an error message or when debugging. | |
1268 See |debug-scripts| about debugging mode. | |
1269 You can also set the 'verbose' option to 12 or higher to see all function | |
1270 calls. Set it to 15 or higher to see every executed line. | |
1271 | |
1272 | |
1273 DELETING A FUNCTION | |
1274 | |
1275 To delete the Show() function: > | |
1276 | |
1277 :delfunction Show | |
1278 | |
1279 You get an error when the function doesn't exist. | |
1280 | |
161 | 1281 |
1282 FUNCTION REFERENCES | |
1283 | |
1284 Sometimes it can be useful to have a variable point to one function or | |
1285 another. You can do it with the function() function. It turns the name of a | |
1286 function into a reference: > | |
1287 | |
1288 :let result = 0 " or 1 | |
1289 :function! Right() | |
1290 : return 'Right!' | |
1291 :endfunc | |
1292 :function! Wrong() | |
1293 : return 'Wrong!' | |
1294 :endfunc | |
1295 : | |
1296 :if result == 1 | |
1297 : let Afunc = function('Right') | |
1298 :else | |
1299 : let Afunc = function('Wrong') | |
1300 :endif | |
1301 :echo call(Afunc, []) | |
1302 < Wrong! ~ | |
1303 | |
1304 Note that the name of a variable that holds a function reference must start | |
1305 with a capital. Otherwise it could be confused with the name of a builtin | |
1306 function. | |
1307 The way to invoke a function that a variable refers to is with the call() | |
1308 function. Its first argument is the function reference, the second argument | |
1309 is a List with arguments. | |
1310 | |
1311 Function references are most useful in combination with a Dictionary, as is | |
1312 explained in the next section. | |
1313 | |
7 | 1314 ============================================================================== |
161 | 1315 *41.8* Lists and Dictionaries |
1316 | |
1317 So far we have used the basic types String and Number. Vim also supports two | |
1318 composite types: List and Dictionary. | |
1319 | |
1320 A List is an ordered sequence of things. The things can be any kind of value, | |
1321 thus you can make a List of numbers, a List of Lists and even a List of mixed | |
1322 items. To create a List with three strings: > | |
1323 | |
856 | 1324 :let alist = ['aap', 'mies', 'noot'] |
161 | 1325 |
1326 The List items are enclosed in square brackets and separated by commas. To | |
1327 create an empty List: > | |
1328 | |
856 | 1329 :let alist = [] |
161 | 1330 |
1331 You can add items to a List with the add() function: > | |
1332 | |
856 | 1333 :let alist = [] |
161 | 1334 :call add(alist, 'foo') |
1335 :call add(alist, 'bar') | |
1336 :echo alist | |
1337 < ['foo', 'bar'] ~ | |
1338 | |
1339 List concatenation is done with +: > | |
1340 | |
1341 :echo alist + ['foo', 'bar'] | |
1342 < ['foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar'] ~ | |
1343 | |
1344 Or, if you want to extend a List directly: > | |
1345 | |
856 | 1346 :let alist = ['one'] |
161 | 1347 :call extend(alist, ['two', 'three']) |
1348 :echo alist | |
1349 < ['one', 'two', 'three'] ~ | |
1350 | |
1351 Notice that using add() will have a different effect: > | |
1352 | |
856 | 1353 :let alist = ['one'] |
161 | 1354 :call add(alist, ['two', 'three']) |
1355 :echo alist | |
1356 < ['one', ['two', 'three']] ~ | |
1357 | |
1358 The second argument of add() is added as a single item. | |
1359 | |
1360 | |
1361 FOR LOOP | |
1362 | |
1363 One of the nice things you can do with a List is iterate over it: > | |
1364 | |
1365 :let alist = ['one', 'two', 'three'] | |
1366 :for n in alist | |
1367 : echo n | |
1368 :endfor | |
1369 < one ~ | |
1370 two ~ | |
1371 three ~ | |
1372 | |
1373 This will loop over each element in List "alist", assigning the value to | |
1374 variable "n". The generic form of a for loop is: > | |
1375 | |
1376 :for {varname} in {listexpression} | |
1377 : {commands} | |
1378 :endfor | |
1379 | |
1380 To loop a certain number of times you need a List of a specific length. The | |
1381 range() function creates one for you: > | |
1382 | |
1383 :for a in range(3) | |
1384 : echo a | |
1385 :endfor | |
1386 < 0 ~ | |
1387 1 ~ | |
1388 2 ~ | |
1389 | |
1390 Notice that the first item of the List that range() produces is zero, thus the | |
1391 last item is one less than the length of the list. | |
1392 You can also specify the maximum value, the stride and even go backwards: > | |
1393 | |
1394 :for a in range(8, 4, -2) | |
1395 : echo a | |
1396 :endfor | |
1397 < 8 ~ | |
1398 6 ~ | |
1399 4 ~ | |
1400 | |
1401 A more useful example, looping over lines in the buffer: > | |
1402 | |
856 | 1403 :for line in getline(1, 20) |
1404 : if line =~ "Date: " | |
1405 : echo matchstr(line, 'Date: \zs.*') | |
1406 : endif | |
1407 :endfor | |
161 | 1408 |
1409 This looks into lines 1 to 20 (inclusive) and echoes any date found in there. | |
1410 | |
1411 | |
1412 DICTIONARIES | |
1413 | |
1414 A Dictionary stores key-value pairs. You can quickly lookup a value if you | |
1415 know the key. A Dictionary is created with curly braces: > | |
856 | 1416 |
161 | 1417 :let uk2nl = {'one': 'een', 'two': 'twee', 'three': 'drie'} |
1418 | |
164 | 1419 Now you can lookup words by putting the key in square brackets: > |
161 | 1420 |
1421 :echo uk2nl['two'] | |
1422 < twee ~ | |
1423 | |
1424 The generic form for defining a Dictionary is: > | |
1425 | |
1426 {<key> : <value>, ...} | |
1427 | |
1428 An empty Dictionary is one without any keys: > | |
1429 | |
1430 {} | |
1431 | |
1432 The possibilities with Dictionaries are numerous. There are various functions | |
1433 for them as well. For example, you can obtain a list of the keys and loop | |
1434 over them: > | |
1435 | |
1436 :for key in keys(uk2nl) | |
1437 : echo key | |
1438 :endfor | |
1439 < three ~ | |
1440 one ~ | |
1441 two ~ | |
1442 | |
1620 | 1443 You will notice the keys are not ordered. You can sort the list to get a |
161 | 1444 specific order: > |
1445 | |
1446 :for key in sort(keys(uk2nl)) | |
1447 : echo key | |
1448 :endfor | |
1449 < one ~ | |
1450 three ~ | |
1451 two ~ | |
1452 | |
1453 But you can never get back the order in which items are defined. For that you | |
1454 need to use a List, it stores items in an ordered sequence. | |
1455 | |
1456 | |
1457 DICTIONARY FUNCTIONS | |
1458 | |
1459 The items in a Dictionary can normally be obtained with an index in square | |
1460 brackets: > | |
1461 | |
1462 :echo uk2nl['one'] | |
1463 < een ~ | |
1464 | |
1465 A method that does the same, but without so many punctuation characters: > | |
1466 | |
1467 :echo uk2nl.one | |
1468 < een ~ | |
1469 | |
1470 This only works for a key that is made of ASCII letters, digits and the | |
1471 underscore. You can also assign a new value this way: > | |
1472 | |
1473 :let uk2nl.four = 'vier' | |
1474 :echo uk2nl | |
1475 < {'three': 'drie', 'four': 'vier', 'one': 'een', 'two': 'twee'} ~ | |
1476 | |
1477 And now for something special: you can directly define a function and store a | |
1478 reference to it in the dictionary: > | |
1479 | |
1480 :function uk2nl.translate(line) dict | |
1481 : return join(map(split(a:line), 'get(self, v:val, "???")')) | |
1482 :endfunction | |
1483 | |
1484 Let's first try it out: > | |
1485 | |
1486 :echo uk2nl.translate('three two five one') | |
1487 < drie twee ??? een ~ | |
1488 | |
1489 The first special thing you notice is the "dict" at the end of the ":function" | |
1490 line. This marks the function as being used from a Dictionary. The "self" | |
1491 local variable will then refer to that Dictionary. | |
1492 Now let's break up the complicated return command: > | |
1493 | |
1494 split(a:line) | |
1495 | |
2709 | 1496 The split() function takes a string, chops it into whitespace separated words |
161 | 1497 and returns a list with these words. Thus in the example it returns: > |
1498 | |
1499 :echo split('three two five one') | |
1500 < ['three', 'two', 'five', 'one'] ~ | |
1501 | |
1502 This list is the first argument to the map() function. This will go through | |
1503 the list, evaluating its second argument with "v:val" set to the value of each | |
1504 item. This is a shortcut to using a for loop. This command: > | |
1505 | |
1506 :let alist = map(split(a:line), 'get(self, v:val, "???")') | |
1507 | |
1508 Is equivalent to: > | |
1509 | |
1510 :let alist = split(a:line) | |
1511 :for idx in range(len(alist)) | |
1512 : let alist[idx] = get(self, alist[idx], "???") | |
1513 :endfor | |
1514 | |
1515 The get() function checks if a key is present in a Dictionary. If it is, then | |
1516 the value is retrieved. If it isn't, then the default value is returned, in | |
164 | 1517 the example it's '???'. This is a convenient way to handle situations where a |
161 | 1518 key may not be present and you don't want an error message. |
1519 | |
1520 The join() function does the opposite of split(): it joins together a list of | |
1521 words, putting a space in between. | |
1522 This combination of split(), map() and join() is a nice way to filter a line | |
1523 of words in a very compact way. | |
1524 | |
1525 | |
1526 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING | |
1527 | |
1528 Now that you can put both values and functions in a Dictionary, you can | |
1529 actually use a Dictionary like an object. | |
1530 Above we used a Dictionary for translating Dutch to English. We might want | |
1531 to do the same for other languages. Let's first make an object (aka | |
1532 Dictionary) that has the translate function, but no words to translate: > | |
1533 | |
1534 :let transdict = {} | |
1535 :function transdict.translate(line) dict | |
1536 : return join(map(split(a:line), 'get(self.words, v:val, "???")')) | |
1537 :endfunction | |
1538 | |
1539 It's slightly different from the function above, using 'self.words' to lookup | |
1540 word translations. But we don't have a self.words. Thus you could call this | |
1541 an abstract class. | |
1542 | |
1543 Now we can instantiate a Dutch translation object: > | |
1544 | |
1545 :let uk2nl = copy(transdict) | |
1546 :let uk2nl.words = {'one': 'een', 'two': 'twee', 'three': 'drie'} | |
1547 :echo uk2nl.translate('three one') | |
1548 < drie een ~ | |
1549 | |
1550 And a German translator: > | |
1551 | |
1552 :let uk2de = copy(transdict) | |
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diff
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|
1553 :let uk2de.words = {'one': 'eins', 'two': 'zwei', 'three': 'drei'} |
161 | 1554 :echo uk2de.translate('three one') |
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diff
changeset
|
1555 < drei eins ~ |
161 | 1556 |
1557 You see that the copy() function is used to make a copy of the "transdict" | |
1558 Dictionary and then the copy is changed to add the words. The original | |
1559 remains the same, of course. | |
1560 | |
1561 Now you can go one step further, and use your preferred translator: > | |
1562 | |
1563 :if $LANG =~ "de" | |
1564 : let trans = uk2de | |
1565 :else | |
1566 : let trans = uk2nl | |
1567 :endif | |
1568 :echo trans.translate('one two three') | |
1569 < een twee drie ~ | |
1570 | |
1571 Here "trans" refers to one of the two objects (Dictionaries). No copy is | |
1572 made. More about List and Dictionary identity can be found at |list-identity| | |
1573 and |dict-identity|. | |
1574 | |
1575 Now you might use a language that isn't supported. You can overrule the | |
1576 translate() function to do nothing: > | |
1577 | |
1578 :let uk2uk = copy(transdict) | |
1579 :function! uk2uk.translate(line) | |
1580 : return a:line | |
1581 :endfunction | |
1582 :echo uk2uk.translate('three one wladiwostok') | |
1583 < three one wladiwostok ~ | |
1584 | |
1585 Notice that a ! was used to overwrite the existing function reference. Now | |
1586 use "uk2uk" when no recognized language is found: > | |
1587 | |
1588 :if $LANG =~ "de" | |
1589 : let trans = uk2de | |
1590 :elseif $LANG =~ "nl" | |
1591 : let trans = uk2nl | |
1592 :else | |
1593 : let trans = uk2uk | |
1594 :endif | |
1595 :echo trans.translate('one two three') | |
1596 < one two three ~ | |
1597 | |
1598 For further reading see |Lists| and |Dictionaries|. | |
1599 | |
1600 ============================================================================== | |
1601 *41.9* Exceptions | |
7 | 1602 |
1603 Let's start with an example: > | |
1604 | |
1605 :try | |
1606 : read ~/templates/pascal.tmpl | |
1607 :catch /E484:/ | |
1608 : echo "Sorry, the Pascal template file cannot be found." | |
1609 :endtry | |
1610 | |
1611 The ":read" command will fail if the file does not exist. Instead of | |
1612 generating an error message, this code catches the error and gives the user a | |
2709 | 1613 nice message. |
7 | 1614 |
1615 For the commands in between ":try" and ":endtry" errors are turned into | |
1616 exceptions. An exception is a string. In the case of an error the string | |
1617 contains the error message. And every error message has a number. In this | |
1618 case, the error we catch contains "E484:". This number is guaranteed to stay | |
1619 the same (the text may change, e.g., it may be translated). | |
1620 | |
1621 When the ":read" command causes another error, the pattern "E484:" will not | |
1622 match in it. Thus this exception will not be caught and result in the usual | |
1623 error message. | |
1624 | |
1625 You might be tempted to do this: > | |
1626 | |
1627 :try | |
1628 : read ~/templates/pascal.tmpl | |
1629 :catch | |
1630 : echo "Sorry, the Pascal template file cannot be found." | |
1631 :endtry | |
1632 | |
1633 This means all errors are caught. But then you will not see errors that are | |
1634 useful, such as "E21: Cannot make changes, 'modifiable' is off". | |
1635 | |
1636 Another useful mechanism is the ":finally" command: > | |
1637 | |
1638 :let tmp = tempname() | |
1639 :try | |
1640 : exe ".,$write " . tmp | |
1641 : exe "!filter " . tmp | |
1642 : .,$delete | |
1643 : exe "$read " . tmp | |
1644 :finally | |
1645 : call delete(tmp) | |
1646 :endtry | |
1647 | |
1648 This filters the lines from the cursor until the end of the file through the | |
1649 "filter" command, which takes a file name argument. No matter if the | |
1650 filtering works, something goes wrong in between ":try" and ":finally" or the | |
1651 user cancels the filtering by pressing CTRL-C, the "call delete(tmp)" is | |
1652 always executed. This makes sure you don't leave the temporary file behind. | |
1653 | |
1654 More information about exception handling can be found in the reference | |
1655 manual: |exception-handling|. | |
1656 | |
1657 ============================================================================== | |
161 | 1658 *41.10* Various remarks |
7 | 1659 |
1660 Here is a summary of items that apply to Vim scripts. They are also mentioned | |
1661 elsewhere, but form a nice checklist. | |
1662 | |
1663 The end-of-line character depends on the system. For Unix a single <NL> | |
1664 character is used. For MS-DOS, Windows, OS/2 and the like, <CR><LF> is used. | |
1665 This is important when using mappings that end in a <CR>. See |:source_crnl|. | |
1666 | |
1667 | |
1668 WHITE SPACE | |
1669 | |
1670 Blank lines are allowed and ignored. | |
1671 | |
1672 Leading whitespace characters (blanks and TABs) are always ignored. The | |
11062 | 1673 whitespaces between parameters (e.g. between the "set" and the "cpoptions" in |
7 | 1674 the example below) are reduced to one blank character and plays the role of a |
1675 separator, the whitespaces after the last (visible) character may or may not | |
1676 be ignored depending on the situation, see below. | |
1677 | |
1678 For a ":set" command involving the "=" (equal) sign, such as in: > | |
1679 | |
1680 :set cpoptions =aABceFst | |
1681 | |
1682 the whitespace immediately before the "=" sign is ignored. But there can be | |
1683 no whitespace after the "=" sign! | |
1684 | |
1685 To include a whitespace character in the value of an option, it must be | |
1686 escaped by a "\" (backslash) as in the following example: > | |
1687 | |
1688 :set tags=my\ nice\ file | |
1689 | |
2709 | 1690 The same example written as: > |
7 | 1691 |
1692 :set tags=my nice file | |
1693 | |
1694 will issue an error, because it is interpreted as: > | |
1695 | |
1696 :set tags=my | |
1697 :set nice | |
1698 :set file | |
1699 | |
1700 | |
1701 COMMENTS | |
1702 | |
1703 The character " (the double quote mark) starts a comment. Everything after | |
1704 and including this character until the end-of-line is considered a comment and | |
1705 is ignored, except for commands that don't consider comments, as shown in | |
1706 examples below. A comment can start on any character position on the line. | |
1707 | |
1708 There is a little "catch" with comments for some commands. Examples: > | |
1709 | |
1710 :abbrev dev development " shorthand | |
1711 :map <F3> o#include " insert include | |
1712 :execute cmd " do it | |
1713 :!ls *.c " list C files | |
1714 | |
1715 The abbreviation 'dev' will be expanded to 'development " shorthand'. The | |
1716 mapping of <F3> will actually be the whole line after the 'o# ....' including | |
1717 the '" insert include'. The "execute" command will give an error. The "!" | |
1718 command will send everything after it to the shell, causing an error for an | |
1719 unmatched '"' character. | |
1720 There can be no comment after ":map", ":abbreviate", ":execute" and "!" | |
1721 commands (there are a few more commands with this restriction). For the | |
1722 ":map", ":abbreviate" and ":execute" commands there is a trick: > | |
1723 | |
1724 :abbrev dev development|" shorthand | |
1725 :map <F3> o#include|" insert include | |
1726 :execute cmd |" do it | |
1727 | |
1728 With the '|' character the command is separated from the next one. And that | |
1146 | 1729 next command is only a comment. For the last command you need to do two |
1730 things: |:execute| and use '|': > | |
1731 :exe '!ls *.c' |" list C files | |
7 | 1732 |
1733 Notice that there is no white space before the '|' in the abbreviation and | |
1734 mapping. For these commands, any character until the end-of-line or '|' is | |
1735 included. As a consequence of this behavior, you don't always see that | |
1736 trailing whitespace is included: > | |
1737 | |
1738 :map <F4> o#include | |
1739 | |
1146 | 1740 To spot these problems, you can set the 'list' option when editing vimrc |
7 | 1741 files. |
1742 | |
1146 | 1743 For Unix there is one special way to comment a line, that allows making a Vim |
1744 script executable: > | |
1745 #!/usr/bin/env vim -S | |
1746 echo "this is a Vim script" | |
1747 quit | |
1748 | |
1749 The "#" command by itself lists a line with the line number. Adding an | |
1750 exclamation mark changes it into doing nothing, so that you can add the shell | |
1751 command to execute the rest of the file. |:#!| |-S| | |
1752 | |
7 | 1753 |
1754 PITFALLS | |
1755 | |
1756 Even bigger problem arises in the following example: > | |
1757 | |
1758 :map ,ab o#include | |
1759 :unmap ,ab | |
1760 | |
1761 Here the unmap command will not work, because it tries to unmap ",ab ". This | |
1762 does not exist as a mapped sequence. An error will be issued, which is very | |
1763 hard to identify, because the ending whitespace character in ":unmap ,ab " is | |
1764 not visible. | |
1765 | |
1766 And this is the same as what happens when one uses a comment after an 'unmap' | |
1767 command: > | |
1768 | |
1769 :unmap ,ab " comment | |
1770 | |
1771 Here the comment part will be ignored. However, Vim will try to unmap | |
1772 ',ab ', which does not exist. Rewrite it as: > | |
1773 | |
1774 :unmap ,ab| " comment | |
1775 | |
1776 | |
1777 RESTORING THE VIEW | |
1778 | |
3893 | 1779 Sometimes you want to make a change and go back to where the cursor was. |
7 | 1780 Restoring the relative position would also be nice, so that the same line |
1781 appears at the top of the window. | |
1782 This example yanks the current line, puts it above the first line in the | |
1783 file and then restores the view: > | |
1784 | |
1785 map ,p ma"aYHmbgg"aP`bzt`a | |
1786 | |
1787 What this does: > | |
1788 ma"aYHmbgg"aP`bzt`a | |
1789 < ma set mark a at cursor position | |
1790 "aY yank current line into register a | |
1791 Hmb go to top line in window and set mark b there | |
1792 gg go to first line in file | |
1793 "aP put the yanked line above it | |
1794 `b go back to top line in display | |
1795 zt position the text in the window as before | |
1796 `a go back to saved cursor position | |
1797 | |
1798 | |
1799 PACKAGING | |
1800 | |
1801 To avoid your function names to interfere with functions that you get from | |
1802 others, use this scheme: | |
1803 - Prepend a unique string before each function name. I often use an | |
1804 abbreviation. For example, "OW_" is used for the option window functions. | |
1805 - Put the definition of your functions together in a file. Set a global | |
1806 variable to indicate that the functions have been loaded. When sourcing the | |
1807 file again, first unload the functions. | |
1808 Example: > | |
1809 | |
1810 " This is the XXX package | |
1811 | |
1812 if exists("XXX_loaded") | |
1813 delfun XXX_one | |
1814 delfun XXX_two | |
1815 endif | |
1816 | |
1817 function XXX_one(a) | |
1818 ... body of function ... | |
1819 endfun | |
1820 | |
1821 function XXX_two(b) | |
1822 ... body of function ... | |
1823 endfun | |
1824 | |
1825 let XXX_loaded = 1 | |
1826 | |
1827 ============================================================================== | |
161 | 1828 *41.11* Writing a plugin *write-plugin* |
7 | 1829 |
1830 You can write a Vim script in such a way that many people can use it. This is | |
1831 called a plugin. Vim users can drop your script in their plugin directory and | |
1832 use its features right away |add-plugin|. | |
1833 | |
1834 There are actually two types of plugins: | |
1835 | |
1836 global plugins: For all types of files. | |
1837 filetype plugins: Only for files of a specific type. | |
1838 | |
1839 In this section the first type is explained. Most items are also relevant for | |
1840 writing filetype plugins. The specifics for filetype plugins are in the next | |
1841 section |write-filetype-plugin|. | |
1842 | |
1843 | |
1844 NAME | |
1845 | |
1846 First of all you must choose a name for your plugin. The features provided | |
1847 by the plugin should be clear from its name. And it should be unlikely that | |
1848 someone else writes a plugin with the same name but which does something | |
1849 different. And please limit the name to 8 characters, to avoid problems on | |
1850 old Windows systems. | |
1851 | |
1852 A script that corrects typing mistakes could be called "typecorr.vim". We | |
1853 will use it here as an example. | |
1854 | |
1855 For the plugin to work for everybody, it should follow a few guidelines. This | |
1856 will be explained step-by-step. The complete example plugin is at the end. | |
1857 | |
1858 | |
1859 BODY | |
1860 | |
1861 Let's start with the body of the plugin, the lines that do the actual work: > | |
1862 | |
1863 14 iabbrev teh the | |
1864 15 iabbrev otehr other | |
1865 16 iabbrev wnat want | |
1866 17 iabbrev synchronisation | |
1867 18 \ synchronization | |
1868 19 let s:count = 4 | |
1869 | |
1870 The actual list should be much longer, of course. | |
1871 | |
1872 The line numbers have only been added to explain a few things, don't put them | |
1873 in your plugin file! | |
1874 | |
1875 | |
1876 HEADER | |
1877 | |
1878 You will probably add new corrections to the plugin and soon have several | |
3830 | 1879 versions lying around. And when distributing this file, people will want to |
7 | 1880 know who wrote this wonderful plugin and where they can send remarks. |
1881 Therefore, put a header at the top of your plugin: > | |
1882 | |
1883 1 " Vim global plugin for correcting typing mistakes | |
1884 2 " Last Change: 2000 Oct 15 | |
1885 3 " Maintainer: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> | |
1886 | |
1887 About copyright and licensing: Since plugins are very useful and it's hardly | |
1888 worth restricting their distribution, please consider making your plugin | |
1889 either public domain or use the Vim |license|. A short note about this near | |
1890 the top of the plugin should be sufficient. Example: > | |
1891 | |
1892 4 " License: This file is placed in the public domain. | |
1893 | |
1894 | |
1895 LINE CONTINUATION, AVOIDING SIDE EFFECTS *use-cpo-save* | |
1896 | |
1897 In line 18 above, the line-continuation mechanism is used |line-continuation|. | |
1898 Users with 'compatible' set will run into trouble here, they will get an error | |
1899 message. We can't just reset 'compatible', because that has a lot of side | |
1900 effects. To avoid this, we will set the 'cpoptions' option to its Vim default | |
1901 value and restore it later. That will allow the use of line-continuation and | |
1902 make the script work for most people. It is done like this: > | |
1903 | |
1904 11 let s:save_cpo = &cpo | |
1905 12 set cpo&vim | |
1906 .. | |
1907 42 let &cpo = s:save_cpo | |
3445 | 1908 43 unlet s:save_cpo |
7 | 1909 |
1910 We first store the old value of 'cpoptions' in the s:save_cpo variable. At | |
1911 the end of the plugin this value is restored. | |
1912 | |
1913 Notice that a script-local variable is used |s:var|. A global variable could | |
1914 already be in use for something else. Always use script-local variables for | |
1915 things that are only used in the script. | |
1916 | |
1917 | |
1918 NOT LOADING | |
1919 | |
1920 It's possible that a user doesn't always want to load this plugin. Or the | |
1921 system administrator has dropped it in the system-wide plugin directory, but a | |
1922 user has his own plugin he wants to use. Then the user must have a chance to | |
1923 disable loading this specific plugin. This will make it possible: > | |
1924 | |
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1925 6 if exists("g:loaded_typecorr") |
7 | 1926 7 finish |
1927 8 endif | |
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1928 9 let g:loaded_typecorr = 1 |
7 | 1929 |
1930 This also avoids that when the script is loaded twice it would cause error | |
1931 messages for redefining functions and cause trouble for autocommands that are | |
1932 added twice. | |
1933 | |
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1934 The name is recommended to start with "loaded_" and then the file name of the |
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1935 plugin, literally. The "g:" is prepended just to avoid mistakes when using |
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1936 the variable in a function (without "g:" it would be a variable local to the |
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1937 function). |
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1938 |
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1939 Using "finish" stops Vim from reading the rest of the file, it's much quicker |
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1940 than using if-endif around the whole file. |
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1941 |
7 | 1942 |
1943 MAPPING | |
1944 | |
1945 Now let's make the plugin more interesting: We will add a mapping that adds a | |
1946 correction for the word under the cursor. We could just pick a key sequence | |
1947 for this mapping, but the user might already use it for something else. To | |
1948 allow the user to define which keys a mapping in a plugin uses, the <Leader> | |
1949 item can be used: > | |
1950 | |
1951 22 map <unique> <Leader>a <Plug>TypecorrAdd | |
1952 | |
1953 The "<Plug>TypecorrAdd" thing will do the work, more about that further on. | |
1954 | |
1955 The user can set the "mapleader" variable to the key sequence that he wants | |
1956 this mapping to start with. Thus if the user has done: > | |
1957 | |
1958 let mapleader = "_" | |
1959 | |
1960 the mapping will define "_a". If the user didn't do this, the default value | |
1961 will be used, which is a backslash. Then a map for "\a" will be defined. | |
1962 | |
1963 Note that <unique> is used, this will cause an error message if the mapping | |
1964 already happened to exist. |:map-<unique>| | |
1965 | |
1966 But what if the user wants to define his own key sequence? We can allow that | |
1967 with this mechanism: > | |
1968 | |
1969 21 if !hasmapto('<Plug>TypecorrAdd') | |
1970 22 map <unique> <Leader>a <Plug>TypecorrAdd | |
1971 23 endif | |
1972 | |
1973 This checks if a mapping to "<Plug>TypecorrAdd" already exists, and only | |
1974 defines the mapping from "<Leader>a" if it doesn't. The user then has a | |
1975 chance of putting this in his vimrc file: > | |
1976 | |
1977 map ,c <Plug>TypecorrAdd | |
1978 | |
1979 Then the mapped key sequence will be ",c" instead of "_a" or "\a". | |
1980 | |
1981 | |
1982 PIECES | |
1983 | |
1984 If a script gets longer, you often want to break up the work in pieces. You | |
1985 can use functions or mappings for this. But you don't want these functions | |
1986 and mappings to interfere with the ones from other scripts. For example, you | |
1987 could define a function Add(), but another script could try to define the same | |
1988 function. To avoid this, we define the function local to the script by | |
1989 prepending it with "s:". | |
1990 | |
1991 We will define a function that adds a new typing correction: > | |
1992 | |
1993 30 function s:Add(from, correct) | |
1994 31 let to = input("type the correction for " . a:from . ": ") | |
1995 32 exe ":iabbrev " . a:from . " " . to | |
1996 .. | |
1997 36 endfunction | |
1998 | |
1999 Now we can call the function s:Add() from within this script. If another | |
2000 script also defines s:Add(), it will be local to that script and can only | |
2001 be called from the script it was defined in. There can also be a global Add() | |
2002 function (without the "s:"), which is again another function. | |
2003 | |
2004 <SID> can be used with mappings. It generates a script ID, which identifies | |
2005 the current script. In our typing correction plugin we use it like this: > | |
2006 | |
2007 24 noremap <unique> <script> <Plug>TypecorrAdd <SID>Add | |
2008 .. | |
2009 28 noremap <SID>Add :call <SID>Add(expand("<cword>"), 1)<CR> | |
2010 | |
2011 Thus when a user types "\a", this sequence is invoked: > | |
2012 | |
2013 \a -> <Plug>TypecorrAdd -> <SID>Add -> :call <SID>Add() | |
2014 | |
2015 If another script would also map <SID>Add, it would get another script ID and | |
2016 thus define another mapping. | |
2017 | |
2018 Note that instead of s:Add() we use <SID>Add() here. That is because the | |
2019 mapping is typed by the user, thus outside of the script. The <SID> is | |
2020 translated to the script ID, so that Vim knows in which script to look for | |
2021 the Add() function. | |
2022 | |
2023 This is a bit complicated, but it's required for the plugin to work together | |
2024 with other plugins. The basic rule is that you use <SID>Add() in mappings and | |
2025 s:Add() in other places (the script itself, autocommands, user commands). | |
2026 | |
2027 We can also add a menu entry to do the same as the mapping: > | |
2028 | |
2029 26 noremenu <script> Plugin.Add\ Correction <SID>Add | |
2030 | |
2031 The "Plugin" menu is recommended for adding menu items for plugins. In this | |
2032 case only one item is used. When adding more items, creating a submenu is | |
2033 recommended. For example, "Plugin.CVS" could be used for a plugin that offers | |
2034 CVS operations "Plugin.CVS.checkin", "Plugin.CVS.checkout", etc. | |
2035 | |
2036 Note that in line 28 ":noremap" is used to avoid that any other mappings cause | |
2037 trouble. Someone may have remapped ":call", for example. In line 24 we also | |
2038 use ":noremap", but we do want "<SID>Add" to be remapped. This is why | |
2039 "<script>" is used here. This only allows mappings which are local to the | |
2040 script. |:map-<script>| The same is done in line 26 for ":noremenu". | |
2041 |:menu-<script>| | |
2042 | |
2043 | |
2044 <SID> AND <Plug> *using-<Plug>* | |
2045 | |
2046 Both <SID> and <Plug> are used to avoid that mappings of typed keys interfere | |
2047 with mappings that are only to be used from other mappings. Note the | |
2048 difference between using <SID> and <Plug>: | |
2049 | |
2050 <Plug> is visible outside of the script. It is used for mappings which the | |
2051 user might want to map a key sequence to. <Plug> is a special code | |
2052 that a typed key will never produce. | |
2053 To make it very unlikely that other plugins use the same sequence of | |
2054 characters, use this structure: <Plug> scriptname mapname | |
2055 In our example the scriptname is "Typecorr" and the mapname is "Add". | |
2056 This results in "<Plug>TypecorrAdd". Only the first character of | |
2057 scriptname and mapname is uppercase, so that we can see where mapname | |
2058 starts. | |
2059 | |
2060 <SID> is the script ID, a unique identifier for a script. | |
2061 Internally Vim translates <SID> to "<SNR>123_", where "123" can be any | |
2062 number. Thus a function "<SID>Add()" will have a name "<SNR>11_Add()" | |
2063 in one script, and "<SNR>22_Add()" in another. You can see this if | |
2064 you use the ":function" command to get a list of functions. The | |
2065 translation of <SID> in mappings is exactly the same, that's how you | |
2066 can call a script-local function from a mapping. | |
2067 | |
2068 | |
2069 USER COMMAND | |
2070 | |
2071 Now let's add a user command to add a correction: > | |
2072 | |
2073 38 if !exists(":Correct") | |
2074 39 command -nargs=1 Correct :call s:Add(<q-args>, 0) | |
2075 40 endif | |
2076 | |
2077 The user command is defined only if no command with the same name already | |
2078 exists. Otherwise we would get an error here. Overriding the existing user | |
2079 command with ":command!" is not a good idea, this would probably make the user | |
2080 wonder why the command he defined himself doesn't work. |:command| | |
2081 | |
2082 | |
2083 SCRIPT VARIABLES | |
2084 | |
2085 When a variable starts with "s:" it is a script variable. It can only be used | |
2086 inside a script. Outside the script it's not visible. This avoids trouble | |
2087 with using the same variable name in different scripts. The variables will be | |
2088 kept as long as Vim is running. And the same variables are used when sourcing | |
2089 the same script again. |s:var| | |
2090 | |
2091 The fun is that these variables can also be used in functions, autocommands | |
2092 and user commands that are defined in the script. In our example we can add | |
2093 a few lines to count the number of corrections: > | |
2094 | |
2095 19 let s:count = 4 | |
2096 .. | |
2097 30 function s:Add(from, correct) | |
2098 .. | |
2099 34 let s:count = s:count + 1 | |
2100 35 echo s:count . " corrections now" | |
2101 36 endfunction | |
2102 | |
2103 First s:count is initialized to 4 in the script itself. When later the | |
2104 s:Add() function is called, it increments s:count. It doesn't matter from | |
2105 where the function was called, since it has been defined in the script, it | |
2106 will use the local variables from this script. | |
2107 | |
2108 | |
2109 THE RESULT | |
2110 | |
2111 Here is the resulting complete example: > | |
2112 | |
2113 1 " Vim global plugin for correcting typing mistakes | |
2114 2 " Last Change: 2000 Oct 15 | |
2115 3 " Maintainer: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> | |
2116 4 " License: This file is placed in the public domain. | |
2117 5 | |
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2118 6 if exists("g:loaded_typecorr") |
7 | 2119 7 finish |
2120 8 endif | |
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2121 9 let g:loaded_typecorr = 1 |
7 | 2122 10 |
2123 11 let s:save_cpo = &cpo | |
2124 12 set cpo&vim | |
2125 13 | |
2126 14 iabbrev teh the | |
2127 15 iabbrev otehr other | |
2128 16 iabbrev wnat want | |
2129 17 iabbrev synchronisation | |
2130 18 \ synchronization | |
2131 19 let s:count = 4 | |
2132 20 | |
2133 21 if !hasmapto('<Plug>TypecorrAdd') | |
2134 22 map <unique> <Leader>a <Plug>TypecorrAdd | |
2135 23 endif | |
2136 24 noremap <unique> <script> <Plug>TypecorrAdd <SID>Add | |
2137 25 | |
2138 26 noremenu <script> Plugin.Add\ Correction <SID>Add | |
2139 27 | |
2140 28 noremap <SID>Add :call <SID>Add(expand("<cword>"), 1)<CR> | |
2141 29 | |
2142 30 function s:Add(from, correct) | |
2143 31 let to = input("type the correction for " . a:from . ": ") | |
2144 32 exe ":iabbrev " . a:from . " " . to | |
2145 33 if a:correct | exe "normal viws\<C-R>\" \b\e" | endif | |
2146 34 let s:count = s:count + 1 | |
2147 35 echo s:count . " corrections now" | |
2148 36 endfunction | |
2149 37 | |
2150 38 if !exists(":Correct") | |
2151 39 command -nargs=1 Correct :call s:Add(<q-args>, 0) | |
2152 40 endif | |
2153 41 | |
2154 42 let &cpo = s:save_cpo | |
3445 | 2155 43 unlet s:save_cpo |
7 | 2156 |
2157 Line 33 wasn't explained yet. It applies the new correction to the word under | |
2158 the cursor. The |:normal| command is used to use the new abbreviation. Note | |
2159 that mappings and abbreviations are expanded here, even though the function | |
2160 was called from a mapping defined with ":noremap". | |
2161 | |
2162 Using "unix" for the 'fileformat' option is recommended. The Vim scripts will | |
2163 then work everywhere. Scripts with 'fileformat' set to "dos" do not work on | |
2164 Unix. Also see |:source_crnl|. To be sure it is set right, do this before | |
2165 writing the file: > | |
2166 | |
2167 :set fileformat=unix | |
2168 | |
2169 | |
2170 DOCUMENTATION *write-local-help* | |
2171 | |
2172 It's a good idea to also write some documentation for your plugin. Especially | |
2173 when its behavior can be changed by the user. See |add-local-help| for how | |
2174 they are installed. | |
2175 | |
2176 Here is a simple example for a plugin help file, called "typecorr.txt": > | |
2177 | |
2178 1 *typecorr.txt* Plugin for correcting typing mistakes | |
2179 2 | |
2180 3 If you make typing mistakes, this plugin will have them corrected | |
2181 4 automatically. | |
2182 5 | |
2183 6 There are currently only a few corrections. Add your own if you like. | |
2184 7 | |
2185 8 Mappings: | |
2186 9 <Leader>a or <Plug>TypecorrAdd | |
2187 10 Add a correction for the word under the cursor. | |
2188 11 | |
2189 12 Commands: | |
2190 13 :Correct {word} | |
2191 14 Add a correction for {word}. | |
2192 15 | |
2193 16 *typecorr-settings* | |
2194 17 This plugin doesn't have any settings. | |
2195 | |
2196 The first line is actually the only one for which the format matters. It will | |
2197 be extracted from the help file to be put in the "LOCAL ADDITIONS:" section of | |
2198 help.txt |local-additions|. The first "*" must be in the first column of the | |
2199 first line. After adding your help file do ":help" and check that the entries | |
2200 line up nicely. | |
2201 | |
2202 You can add more tags inside ** in your help file. But be careful not to use | |
2203 existing help tags. You would probably use the name of your plugin in most of | |
2204 them, like "typecorr-settings" in the example. | |
2205 | |
2206 Using references to other parts of the help in || is recommended. This makes | |
2207 it easy for the user to find associated help. | |
2208 | |
2209 | |
2210 FILETYPE DETECTION *plugin-filetype* | |
2211 | |
2212 If your filetype is not already detected by Vim, you should create a filetype | |
2213 detection snippet in a separate file. It is usually in the form of an | |
2214 autocommand that sets the filetype when the file name matches a pattern. | |
2215 Example: > | |
2216 | |
2217 au BufNewFile,BufRead *.foo set filetype=foofoo | |
2218 | |
2219 Write this single-line file as "ftdetect/foofoo.vim" in the first directory | |
2220 that appears in 'runtimepath'. For Unix that would be | |
2221 "~/.vim/ftdetect/foofoo.vim". The convention is to use the name of the | |
2222 filetype for the script name. | |
2223 | |
2224 You can make more complicated checks if you like, for example to inspect the | |
2225 contents of the file to recognize the language. Also see |new-filetype|. | |
2226 | |
2227 | |
2228 SUMMARY *plugin-special* | |
2229 | |
2230 Summary of special things to use in a plugin: | |
2231 | |
2232 s:name Variables local to the script. | |
2233 | |
2234 <SID> Script-ID, used for mappings and functions local to | |
2235 the script. | |
2236 | |
2237 hasmapto() Function to test if the user already defined a mapping | |
2238 for functionality the script offers. | |
2239 | |
2240 <Leader> Value of "mapleader", which the user defines as the | |
2241 keys that plugin mappings start with. | |
2242 | |
2243 :map <unique> Give a warning if a mapping already exists. | |
2244 | |
2245 :noremap <script> Use only mappings local to the script, not global | |
2246 mappings. | |
2247 | |
2248 exists(":Cmd") Check if a user command already exists. | |
2249 | |
2250 ============================================================================== | |
161 | 2251 *41.12* Writing a filetype plugin *write-filetype-plugin* *ftplugin* |
7 | 2252 |
2253 A filetype plugin is like a global plugin, except that it sets options and | |
2254 defines mappings for the current buffer only. See |add-filetype-plugin| for | |
2255 how this type of plugin is used. | |
2256 | |
161 | 2257 First read the section on global plugins above |41.11|. All that is said there |
7 | 2258 also applies to filetype plugins. There are a few extras, which are explained |
2259 here. The essential thing is that a filetype plugin should only have an | |
2260 effect on the current buffer. | |
2261 | |
2262 | |
2263 DISABLING | |
2264 | |
2265 If you are writing a filetype plugin to be used by many people, they need a | |
2266 chance to disable loading it. Put this at the top of the plugin: > | |
2267 | |
2268 " Only do this when not done yet for this buffer | |
2269 if exists("b:did_ftplugin") | |
2270 finish | |
2271 endif | |
2272 let b:did_ftplugin = 1 | |
2273 | |
2274 This also needs to be used to avoid that the same plugin is executed twice for | |
2275 the same buffer (happens when using an ":edit" command without arguments). | |
2276 | |
2277 Now users can disable loading the default plugin completely by making a | |
2278 filetype plugin with only this line: > | |
2279 | |
2280 let b:did_ftplugin = 1 | |
2281 | |
2282 This does require that the filetype plugin directory comes before $VIMRUNTIME | |
2283 in 'runtimepath'! | |
2284 | |
2285 If you do want to use the default plugin, but overrule one of the settings, | |
2286 you can write the different setting in a script: > | |
2287 | |
2288 setlocal textwidth=70 | |
2289 | |
2290 Now write this in the "after" directory, so that it gets sourced after the | |
2291 distributed "vim.vim" ftplugin |after-directory|. For Unix this would be | |
2292 "~/.vim/after/ftplugin/vim.vim". Note that the default plugin will have set | |
2293 "b:did_ftplugin", but it is ignored here. | |
2294 | |
2295 | |
2296 OPTIONS | |
2297 | |
2298 To make sure the filetype plugin only affects the current buffer use the > | |
2299 | |
2300 :setlocal | |
2301 | |
2302 command to set options. And only set options which are local to a buffer (see | |
2303 the help for the option to check that). When using |:setlocal| for global | |
2304 options or options local to a window, the value will change for many buffers, | |
2305 and that is not what a filetype plugin should do. | |
2306 | |
2307 When an option has a value that is a list of flags or items, consider using | |
2308 "+=" and "-=" to keep the existing value. Be aware that the user may have | |
2309 changed an option value already. First resetting to the default value and | |
2698
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2310 then changing it is often a good idea. Example: > |
7 | 2311 |
2312 :setlocal formatoptions& formatoptions+=ro | |
2313 | |
2314 | |
2315 MAPPINGS | |
2316 | |
2317 To make sure mappings will only work in the current buffer use the > | |
2318 | |
2319 :map <buffer> | |
2320 | |
2321 command. This needs to be combined with the two-step mapping explained above. | |
2322 An example of how to define functionality in a filetype plugin: > | |
2323 | |
2324 if !hasmapto('<Plug>JavaImport') | |
2325 map <buffer> <unique> <LocalLeader>i <Plug>JavaImport | |
2326 endif | |
2327 noremap <buffer> <unique> <Plug>JavaImport oimport ""<Left><Esc> | |
2328 | |
2329 |hasmapto()| is used to check if the user has already defined a map to | |
2330 <Plug>JavaImport. If not, then the filetype plugin defines the default | |
2331 mapping. This starts with |<LocalLeader>|, which allows the user to select | |
2332 the key(s) he wants filetype plugin mappings to start with. The default is a | |
2333 backslash. | |
2334 "<unique>" is used to give an error message if the mapping already exists or | |
2335 overlaps with an existing mapping. | |
2336 |:noremap| is used to avoid that any other mappings that the user has defined | |
2337 interferes. You might want to use ":noremap <script>" to allow remapping | |
2338 mappings defined in this script that start with <SID>. | |
2339 | |
2340 The user must have a chance to disable the mappings in a filetype plugin, | |
2341 without disabling everything. Here is an example of how this is done for a | |
2342 plugin for the mail filetype: > | |
2343 | |
2344 " Add mappings, unless the user didn't want this. | |
2345 if !exists("no_plugin_maps") && !exists("no_mail_maps") | |
2346 " Quote text by inserting "> " | |
2347 if !hasmapto('<Plug>MailQuote') | |
2348 vmap <buffer> <LocalLeader>q <Plug>MailQuote | |
2349 nmap <buffer> <LocalLeader>q <Plug>MailQuote | |
2350 endif | |
2351 vnoremap <buffer> <Plug>MailQuote :s/^/> /<CR> | |
2352 nnoremap <buffer> <Plug>MailQuote :.,$s/^/> /<CR> | |
2353 endif | |
2354 | |
2355 Two global variables are used: | |
11262 | 2356 |no_plugin_maps| disables mappings for all filetype plugins |
2357 |no_mail_maps| disables mappings for the "mail" filetype | |
7 | 2358 |
2359 | |
2360 USER COMMANDS | |
2361 | |
2362 To add a user command for a specific file type, so that it can only be used in | |
2363 one buffer, use the "-buffer" argument to |:command|. Example: > | |
2364 | |
2365 :command -buffer Make make %:r.s | |
2366 | |
2367 | |
2368 VARIABLES | |
2369 | |
2370 A filetype plugin will be sourced for each buffer of the type it's for. Local | |
2371 script variables |s:var| will be shared between all invocations. Use local | |
2372 buffer variables |b:var| if you want a variable specifically for one buffer. | |
2373 | |
2374 | |
2375 FUNCTIONS | |
2376 | |
2377 When defining a function, this only needs to be done once. But the filetype | |
2378 plugin will be sourced every time a file with this filetype will be opened. | |
2207
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|
2379 This construct makes sure the function is only defined once: > |
7 | 2380 |
2381 :if !exists("*s:Func") | |
2382 : function s:Func(arg) | |
2383 : ... | |
2384 : endfunction | |
2385 :endif | |
2386 < | |
2387 | |
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|
2388 UNDO *undo_indent* *undo_ftplugin* |
7 | 2389 |
2390 When the user does ":setfiletype xyz" the effect of the previous filetype | |
2391 should be undone. Set the b:undo_ftplugin variable to the commands that will | |
2392 undo the settings in your filetype plugin. Example: > | |
2393 | |
2394 let b:undo_ftplugin = "setlocal fo< com< tw< commentstring<" | |
2395 \ . "| unlet b:match_ignorecase b:match_words b:match_skip" | |
2396 | |
2397 Using ":setlocal" with "<" after the option name resets the option to its | |
2398 global value. That is mostly the best way to reset the option value. | |
2399 | |
2400 This does require removing the "C" flag from 'cpoptions' to allow line | |
2401 continuation, as mentioned above |use-cpo-save|. | |
2402 | |
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|
2403 For undoing the effect of an indent script, the b:undo_indent variable should |
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|
2404 be set accordingly. |
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|
2405 |
7 | 2406 |
2407 FILE NAME | |
2408 | |
2409 The filetype must be included in the file name |ftplugin-name|. Use one of | |
2410 these three forms: | |
2411 | |
2412 .../ftplugin/stuff.vim | |
2413 .../ftplugin/stuff_foo.vim | |
2414 .../ftplugin/stuff/bar.vim | |
2415 | |
2416 "stuff" is the filetype, "foo" and "bar" are arbitrary names. | |
2417 | |
2418 | |
2419 SUMMARY *ftplugin-special* | |
2420 | |
2421 Summary of special things to use in a filetype plugin: | |
2422 | |
2423 <LocalLeader> Value of "maplocalleader", which the user defines as | |
2424 the keys that filetype plugin mappings start with. | |
2425 | |
2426 :map <buffer> Define a mapping local to the buffer. | |
2427 | |
2428 :noremap <script> Only remap mappings defined in this script that start | |
2429 with <SID>. | |
2430 | |
2431 :setlocal Set an option for the current buffer only. | |
2432 | |
2433 :command -buffer Define a user command local to the buffer. | |
2434 | |
2435 exists("*s:Func") Check if a function was already defined. | |
2436 | |
2437 Also see |plugin-special|, the special things used for all plugins. | |
2438 | |
2439 ============================================================================== | |
161 | 2440 *41.13* Writing a compiler plugin *write-compiler-plugin* |
7 | 2441 |
2442 A compiler plugin sets options for use with a specific compiler. The user can | |
2443 load it with the |:compiler| command. The main use is to set the | |
2444 'errorformat' and 'makeprg' options. | |
2445 | |
2446 Easiest is to have a look at examples. This command will edit all the default | |
2447 compiler plugins: > | |
2448 | |
2449 :next $VIMRUNTIME/compiler/*.vim | |
2450 | |
2451 Use |:next| to go to the next plugin file. | |
2452 | |
2453 There are two special items about these files. First is a mechanism to allow | |
2454 a user to overrule or add to the default file. The default files start with: > | |
2455 | |
2456 :if exists("current_compiler") | |
2457 : finish | |
2458 :endif | |
2459 :let current_compiler = "mine" | |
2460 | |
2461 When you write a compiler file and put it in your personal runtime directory | |
2462 (e.g., ~/.vim/compiler for Unix), you set the "current_compiler" variable to | |
2463 make the default file skip the settings. | |
570 | 2464 *:CompilerSet* |
7 | 2465 The second mechanism is to use ":set" for ":compiler!" and ":setlocal" for |
2466 ":compiler". Vim defines the ":CompilerSet" user command for this. However, | |
2467 older Vim versions don't, thus your plugin should define it then. This is an | |
2468 example: > | |
2469 | |
2470 if exists(":CompilerSet") != 2 | |
2471 command -nargs=* CompilerSet setlocal <args> | |
2472 endif | |
2473 CompilerSet errorformat& " use the default 'errorformat' | |
2474 CompilerSet makeprg=nmake | |
2475 | |
2476 When you write a compiler plugin for the Vim distribution or for a system-wide | |
2477 runtime directory, use the mechanism mentioned above. When | |
2478 "current_compiler" was already set by a user plugin nothing will be done. | |
2479 | |
2480 When you write a compiler plugin to overrule settings from a default plugin, | |
2481 don't check "current_compiler". This plugin is supposed to be loaded | |
2482 last, thus it should be in a directory at the end of 'runtimepath'. For Unix | |
2483 that could be ~/.vim/after/compiler. | |
2484 | |
2485 ============================================================================== | |
170 | 2486 *41.14* Writing a plugin that loads quickly *write-plugin-quickload* |
2487 | |
2488 A plugin may grow and become quite long. The startup delay may become | |
1620 | 2489 noticeable, while you hardly ever use the plugin. Then it's time for a |
170 | 2490 quickload plugin. |
2491 | |
2492 The basic idea is that the plugin is loaded twice. The first time user | |
2493 commands and mappings are defined that offer the functionality. The second | |
2494 time the functions that implement the functionality are defined. | |
2495 | |
2496 It may sound surprising that quickload means loading a script twice. What we | |
2497 mean is that it loads quickly the first time, postponing the bulk of the | |
2498 script to the second time, which only happens when you actually use it. When | |
2499 you always use the functionality it actually gets slower! | |
2500 | |
793 | 2501 Note that since Vim 7 there is an alternative: use the |autoload| |
2502 functionality |41.15|. | |
2503 | |
170 | 2504 The following example shows how it's done: > |
2505 | |
2506 " Vim global plugin for demonstrating quick loading | |
2507 " Last Change: 2005 Feb 25 | |
2508 " Maintainer: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> | |
2509 " License: This file is placed in the public domain. | |
2510 | |
2511 if !exists("s:did_load") | |
2512 command -nargs=* BNRead call BufNetRead(<f-args>) | |
2513 map <F19> :call BufNetWrite('something')<CR> | |
2514 | |
2515 let s:did_load = 1 | |
2516 exe 'au FuncUndefined BufNet* source ' . expand('<sfile>') | |
2517 finish | |
2518 endif | |
2519 | |
2520 function BufNetRead(...) | |
2521 echo 'BufNetRead(' . string(a:000) . ')' | |
2522 " read functionality here | |
2523 endfunction | |
2524 | |
2525 function BufNetWrite(...) | |
2526 echo 'BufNetWrite(' . string(a:000) . ')' | |
2527 " write functionality here | |
2528 endfunction | |
2529 | |
2530 When the script is first loaded "s:did_load" is not set. The commands between | |
2531 the "if" and "endif" will be executed. This ends in a |:finish| command, thus | |
2532 the rest of the script is not executed. | |
2533 | |
2534 The second time the script is loaded "s:did_load" exists and the commands | |
2535 after the "endif" are executed. This defines the (possible long) | |
2536 BufNetRead() and BufNetWrite() functions. | |
2537 | |
2538 If you drop this script in your plugin directory Vim will execute it on | |
2539 startup. This is the sequence of events that happens: | |
2540 | |
2541 1. The "BNRead" command is defined and the <F19> key is mapped when the script | |
2542 is sourced at startup. A |FuncUndefined| autocommand is defined. The | |
2543 ":finish" command causes the script to terminate early. | |
2544 | |
2545 2. The user types the BNRead command or presses the <F19> key. The | |
2546 BufNetRead() or BufNetWrite() function will be called. | |
856 | 2547 |
170 | 2548 3. Vim can't find the function and triggers the |FuncUndefined| autocommand |
2549 event. Since the pattern "BufNet*" matches the invoked function, the | |
2550 command "source fname" will be executed. "fname" will be equal to the name | |
2551 of the script, no matter where it is located, because it comes from | |
2552 expanding "<sfile>" (see |expand()|). | |
2553 | |
2554 4. The script is sourced again, the "s:did_load" variable exists and the | |
2555 functions are defined. | |
2556 | |
2557 Notice that the functions that are loaded afterwards match the pattern in the | |
2558 |FuncUndefined| autocommand. You must make sure that no other plugin defines | |
2559 functions that match this pattern. | |
2560 | |
2561 ============================================================================== | |
2562 *41.15* Writing library scripts *write-library-script* | |
2563 | |
2564 Some functionality will be required in several places. When this becomes more | |
2565 than a few lines you will want to put it in one script and use it from many | |
2566 scripts. We will call that one script a library script. | |
2567 | |
2568 Manually loading a library script is possible, so long as you avoid loading it | |
2569 when it's already done. You can do this with the |exists()| function. | |
2570 Example: > | |
2571 | |
2572 if !exists('*MyLibFunction') | |
2573 runtime library/mylibscript.vim | |
2574 endif | |
2575 call MyLibFunction(arg) | |
2576 | |
2577 Here you need to know that MyLibFunction() is defined in a script | |
2578 "library/mylibscript.vim" in one of the directories in 'runtimepath'. | |
2579 | |
2580 To make this a bit simpler Vim offers the autoload mechanism. Then the | |
2581 example looks like this: > | |
2582 | |
270 | 2583 call mylib#myfunction(arg) |
170 | 2584 |
2585 That's a lot simpler, isn't it? Vim will recognize the function name and when | |
2586 it's not defined search for the script "autoload/mylib.vim" in 'runtimepath'. | |
270 | 2587 That script must define the "mylib#myfunction()" function. |
170 | 2588 |
2589 You can put many other functions in the mylib.vim script, you are free to | |
2590 organize your functions in library scripts. But you must use function names | |
323 | 2591 where the part before the '#' matches the script name. Otherwise Vim would |
2592 not know what script to load. | |
170 | 2593 |
681 | 2594 If you get really enthusiastic and write lots of library scripts, you may |
170 | 2595 want to use subdirectories. Example: > |
2596 | |
270 | 2597 call netlib#ftp#read('somefile') |
170 | 2598 |
2599 For Unix the library script used for this could be: | |
2600 | |
2601 ~/.vim/autoload/netlib/ftp.vim | |
2602 | |
2603 Where the function is defined like this: > | |
2604 | |
270 | 2605 function netlib#ftp#read(fname) |
170 | 2606 " Read the file fname through ftp |
2607 endfunction | |
2608 | |
2609 Notice that the name the function is defined with is exactly the same as the | |
323 | 2610 name used for calling the function. And the part before the last '#' |
170 | 2611 exactly matches the subdirectory and script name. |
2612 | |
2613 You can use the same mechanism for variables: > | |
2614 | |
270 | 2615 let weekdays = dutch#weekdays |
170 | 2616 |
2617 This will load the script "autoload/dutch.vim", which should contain something | |
2618 like: > | |
2619 | |
270 | 2620 let dutch#weekdays = ['zondag', 'maandag', 'dinsdag', 'woensdag', |
170 | 2621 \ 'donderdag', 'vrijdag', 'zaterdag'] |
2622 | |
2623 Further reading: |autoload|. | |
2624 | |
2625 ============================================================================== | |
793 | 2626 *41.16* Distributing Vim scripts *distribute-script* |
2627 | |
2628 Vim users will look for scripts on the Vim website: http://www.vim.org. | |
2629 If you made something that is useful for others, share it! | |
2630 | |
2631 Vim scripts can be used on any system. There might not be a tar or gzip | |
2632 command. If you want to pack files together and/or compress them the "zip" | |
2633 utility is recommended. | |
2634 | |
2635 For utmost portability use Vim itself to pack scripts together. This can be | |
2636 done with the Vimball utility. See |vimball|. | |
2637 | |
799 | 2638 It's good if you add a line to allow automatic updating. See |glvs-plugins|. |
2639 | |
793 | 2640 ============================================================================== |
7 | 2641 |
2642 Next chapter: |usr_42.txt| Add new menus | |
2643 | |
14519 | 2644 Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |