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1 *usr_41.txt* For Vim version 7.0aa. Last change: 2005 Feb 08
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2
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3 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar
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4
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5 Write a Vim script
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6
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7
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8 The Vim script language is used for the startup vimrc file, syntax files, and
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9 many other things. This chapter explains the items that can be used in a Vim
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10 script. There are a lot of them, thus this is a long chapter.
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11
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12 |41.1| Introduction
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13 |41.2| Variables
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14 |41.3| Expressions
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15 |41.4| Conditionals
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16 |41.5| Executing an expression
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17 |41.6| Using functions
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18 |41.7| Defining a function
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161
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19 |41.8| Lists and Dictionaries
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20 |41.9| Exceptions
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21 |41.10| Various remarks
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22 |41.11| Writing a plugin
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23 |41.12| Writing a filetype plugin
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24 |41.13| Writing a compiler plugin
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25
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26 Next chapter: |usr_42.txt| Add new menus
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27 Previous chapter: |usr_40.txt| Make new commands
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28 Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|
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29
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30 ==============================================================================
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129
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31 *41.1* Introduction *vim-script-intro* *script*
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32
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33 Your first experience with Vim scripts is the vimrc file. Vim reads it when
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34 it starts up and executes the commands. You can set options to values you
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35 prefer. And you can use any colon command in it (commands that start with a
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36 ":"; these are sometimes referred to as Ex commands or command-line commands).
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37 Syntax files are also Vim scripts. As are files that set options for a
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38 specific file type. A complicated macro can be defined by a separate Vim
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39 script file. You can think of other uses yourself.
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40
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41 Let's start with a simple example: >
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42
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43 :let i = 1
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44 :while i < 5
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45 : echo "count is" i
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161
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46 : let i += 1
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47 :endwhile
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48 <
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49 Note:
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50 The ":" characters are not really needed here. You only need to use
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51 them when you type a command. In a Vim script file they can be left
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52 out. We will use them here anyway to make clear these are colon
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53 commands and make them stand out from Normal mode commands.
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161
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54 Note:
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55 You can try out the examples by yanking the lines from the text here
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56 and executing them with :@"
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57
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58 The output of the example code is:
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59
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60 count is 1 ~
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61 count is 2 ~
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62 count is 3 ~
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63 count is 4 ~
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64
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65 In the first line the ":let" command assigns a value to a variable. The
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66 generic form is: >
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67
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68 :let {variable} = {expression}
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69
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70 In this case the variable name is "i" and the expression is a simple value,
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71 the number one.
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72 The ":while" command starts a loop. The generic form is: >
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73
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74 :while {condition}
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75 : {statements}
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76 :endwhile
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77
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78 The statements until the matching ":endwhile" are executed for as long as the
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79 condition is true. The condition used here is the expression "i < 5". This
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80 is true when the variable i is smaller than five.
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81 Note:
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82 If you happen to write a while loop that keeps on running, you can
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83 interrupt it by pressing CTRL-C (CTRL-Break on MS-Windows).
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84
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85 The ":echo" command prints its arguments. In this case the string "count is"
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86 and the value of the variable i. Since i is one, this will print:
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87
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88 count is 1 ~
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89
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90 Then there is the ":let i += 1" command. This does the same thing as
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91 ":let i = i + 1". This adds one to the variable i and assigns the new value
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92 to the same variable.
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93
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94 The example was given to explain the commands, but would you really want to
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95 make such a loop it can be written much more compact: >
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96
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97 :for i in range(1, 4)
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98 : echo "count is" i
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99 :endfor
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100
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101 We won't explain how |:for| and |range()| work until later. Follow the links
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102 if you are impatient.
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112
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103
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104
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105 THREE KINDS OF NUMBERS
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106
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107 Numbers can be decimal, hexadecimal or octal. A hexadecimal number starts
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108 with "0x" or "0X". For example "0x1f" is decimal 31. An octal number starts
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109 with a zero. "017" is decimal 15. Careful: don't put a zero before a decimal
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110 number, it will be interpreted as an octal number!
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111 The ":echo" command always prints decimal numbers. Example: >
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112
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113 :echo 0x7f 036
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114 < 127 30 ~
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115
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116 A number is made negative with a minus sign. This also works for hexadecimal
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117 and octal numbers. A minus sign is also used for subtraction. Compare this
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118 with the previous example: >
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119
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120 :echo 0x7f -036
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121 < 97 ~
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122
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123 White space in an expression is ignored. However, it's recommended to use it
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124 for separating items, to make the expression easier to read. For example, to
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125 avoid the confusion with a negative number above, put a space between the
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126 minus sign and the following number: >
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127
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128 :echo 0x7f - 036
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129
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130 ==============================================================================
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131 *41.2* Variables
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132
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133 A variable name consists of ASCII letters, digits and the underscore. It
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134 cannot start with a digit. Valid variable names are:
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135
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136 counter
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137 _aap3
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138 very_long_variable_name_with_underscores
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139 FuncLength
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140 LENGTH
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141
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142 Invalid names are "foo+bar" and "6var".
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143 These variables are global. To see a list of currently defined variables
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144 use this command: >
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145
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146 :let
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147
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148 You can use global variables everywhere. This also means that when the
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149 variable "count" is used in one script file, it might also be used in another
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150 file. This leads to confusion at least, and real problems at worst. To avoid
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151 this, you can use a variable local to a script file by prepending "s:". For
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152 example, one script contains this code: >
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153
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154 :let s:count = 1
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155 :while s:count < 5
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156 : source other.vim
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161
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157 : let s:count += 1
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158 :endwhile
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159
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160 Since "s:count" is local to this script, you can be sure that sourcing the
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161 "other.vim" script will not change this variable. If "other.vim" also uses an
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162 "s:count" variable, it will be a different copy, local to that script. More
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163 about script-local variables here: |script-variable|.
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164
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165 There are more kinds of variables, see |internal-variables|. The most often
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166 used ones are:
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167
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168 b:name variable local to a buffer
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169 w:name variable local to a window
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170 g:name global variable (also in a function)
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171 v:name variable predefined by Vim
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172
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173
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174 DELETING VARIABLES
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175
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176 Variables take up memory and show up in the output of the ":let" command. To
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177 delete a variable use the ":unlet" command. Example: >
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178
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179 :unlet s:count
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180
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181 This deletes the script-local variable "s:count" to free up the memory it
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182 uses. If you are not sure if the variable exists, and don't want an error
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183 message when it doesn't, append !: >
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184
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185 :unlet! s:count
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186
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187 When a script finishes, the local variables used there will not be
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188 automatically freed. The next time the script executes, it can still use the
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189 old value. Example: >
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190
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191 :if !exists("s:call_count")
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192 : let s:call_count = 0
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193 :endif
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194 :let s:call_count = s:call_count + 1
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195 :echo "called" s:call_count "times"
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196
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197 The "exists()" function checks if a variable has already been defined. Its
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198 argument is the name of the variable you want to check. Not the variable
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199 itself! If you would do this: >
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200
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201 :if !exists(s:call_count)
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202
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203 Then the value of s:call_count will be used as the name of the variable that
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204 exists() checks. That's not what you want.
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205 The exclamation mark ! negates a value. When the value was true, it
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206 becomes false. When it was false, it becomes true. You can read it as "not".
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207 Thus "if !exists()" can be read as "if not exists()".
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208 What Vim calls true is anything that is not zero. Zero is false.
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209 Note:
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210 Vim automatically converts a string to a number when it is looking for
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211 a number. When using a string that doesn't start with a digit the
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212 resulting number is zero. Thus look out for this: >
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213 :if "true"
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214 < The "true" will be interpreted as a zero, thus as false!
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215
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216
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217 STRING VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS
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218
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219 So far only numbers were used for the variable value. Strings can be used as
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220 well. Numbers and strings are the basic types of variables that Vim supports.
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221 The type is dynamic, it is set each time when assigning a value to the
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222 variable with ":let". More about types in |41.8|.
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223 To assign a string value to a variable, you need to use a string constant.
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224 There are two types of these. First the string in double quotes: >
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225
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226 :let name = "peter"
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227 :echo name
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228 < peter ~
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229
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230 If you want to include a double quote inside the string, put a backslash in
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231 front of it: >
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232
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233 :let name = "\"peter\""
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234 :echo name
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235 < "peter" ~
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236
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237 To avoid the need for a backslash, you can use a string in single quotes: >
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238
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239 :let name = '"peter"'
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240 :echo name
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241 < "peter" ~
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242
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243 Inside a single-quote string all the characters are as they are. Only the
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244 single quote itself is special: you need to use two to get one. A backslash
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245 is taken literally, thus you can't use it to change the meaning of the
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246 character after it.
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247 In double-quote strings it is possible to use special characters. Here are
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248 a few useful ones:
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249
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250 \t <Tab>
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251 \n <NL>, line break
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252 \r <CR>, <Enter>
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253 \e <Esc>
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254 \b <BS>, backspace
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255 \" "
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256 \\ \, backslash
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257 \<Esc> <Esc>
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258 \<C-W> CTRL-W
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259
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260 The last two are just examples. The "\<name>" form can be used to include
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261 the special key "name".
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262 See |expr-quote| for the full list of special items in a string.
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263
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264 ==============================================================================
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265 *41.3* Expressions
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266
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267 Vim has a rich, yet simple way to handle expressions. You can read the
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268 definition here: |expression-syntax|. Here we will show the most common
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269 items.
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270 The numbers, strings and variables mentioned above are expressions by
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271 themselves. Thus everywhere an expression is expected, you can use a number,
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272 string or variable. Other basic items in an expression are:
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273
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274 $NAME environment variable
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275 &name option
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276 @r register
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277
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278 Examples: >
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279
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280 :echo "The value of 'tabstop' is" &ts
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281 :echo "Your home directory is" $HOME
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282 :if @a > 5
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283
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284 The &name form can be used to save an option value, set it to a new value,
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285 do something and restore the old value. Example: >
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286
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287 :let save_ic = &ic
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288 :set noic
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289 :/The Start/,$delete
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290 :let &ic = save_ic
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291
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292 This makes sure the "The Start" pattern is used with the 'ignorecase' option
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293 off. Still, it keeps the value that the user had set. (Another way to do
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294 this would be to add "\C" to the pattern, see |/\C|.)
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295
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296
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297 MATHEMATICS
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298
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299 It becomes more interesting if we combine these basic items. Let's start with
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300 mathematics on numbers:
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301
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302 a + b add
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303 a - b subtract
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304 a * b multiply
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305 a / b divide
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306 a % b modulo
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307
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308 The usual precedence is used. Example: >
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309
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310 :echo 10 + 5 * 2
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311 < 20 ~
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312
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313 Grouping is done with braces. No surprises here. Example: >
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314
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315 :echo (10 + 5) * 2
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316 < 30 ~
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317
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318 Strings can be concatenated with ".". Example: >
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319
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320 :echo "foo" . "bar"
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321 < foobar ~
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322
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323 When the ":echo" command gets multiple arguments, it separates them with a
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324 space. In the example the argument is a single expression, thus no space is
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325 inserted.
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326
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327 Borrowed from the C language is the conditional expression:
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328
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329 a ? b : c
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330
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331 If "a" evaluates to true "b" is used, otherwise "c" is used. Example: >
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332
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333 :let i = 4
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334 :echo i > 5 ? "i is big" : "i is small"
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335 < i is small ~
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336
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337 The three parts of the constructs are always evaluated first, thus you could
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338 see it work as:
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339
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340 (a) ? (b) : (c)
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341
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342 ==============================================================================
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343 *41.4* Conditionals
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344
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345 The ":if" commands executes the following statements, until the matching
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346 ":endif", only when a condition is met. The generic form is:
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347
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348 :if {condition}
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349 {statements}
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350 :endif
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351
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352 Only when the expression {condition} evaluates to true (non-zero) will the
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353 {statements} be executed. These must still be valid commands. If they
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354 contain garbage, Vim won't be able to find the ":endif".
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355 You can also use ":else". The generic form for this is:
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356
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357 :if {condition}
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358 {statements}
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359 :else
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360 {statements}
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361 :endif
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362
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363 The second {statements} is only executed if the first one isn't.
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364 Finally, there is ":elseif":
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365
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366 :if {condition}
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367 {statements}
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368 :elseif {condition}
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369 {statements}
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370 :endif
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371
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372 This works just like using ":else" and then "if", but without the need for an
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373 extra ":endif".
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374 A useful example for your vimrc file is checking the 'term' option and
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375 doing something depending upon its value: >
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376
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377 :if &term == "xterm"
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378 : " Do stuff for xterm
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379 :elseif &term == "vt100"
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380 : " Do stuff for a vt100 terminal
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381 :else
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382 : " Do something for other terminals
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383 :endif
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384
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385
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386 LOGIC OPERATIONS
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387
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388 We already used some of them in the examples. These are the most often used
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389 ones:
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390
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391 a == b equal to
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392 a != b not equal to
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393 a > b greater than
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394 a >= b greater than or equal to
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395 a < b less than
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396 a <= b less than or equal to
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397
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398 The result is one if the condition is met and zero otherwise. An example: >
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399
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161
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400 :if v:version >= 700
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401 : echo "congratulations"
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402 :else
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403 : echo "you are using an old version, upgrade!"
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404 :endif
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405
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406 Here "v:version" is a variable defined by Vim, which has the value of the Vim
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407 version. 600 is for version 6.0. Version 6.1 has the value 601. This is
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408 very useful to write a script that works with multiple versions of Vim.
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409 |v:version|
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410
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411 The logic operators work both for numbers and strings. When comparing two
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412 strings, the mathematical difference is used. This compares byte values,
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413 which may not be right for some languages.
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414 When comparing a string with a number, the string is first converted to a
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415 number. This is a bit tricky, because when a string doesn't look like a
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|
|
416 number, the number zero is used. Example: >
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|
|
417
|
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|
418 :if 0 == "one"
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|
|
419 : echo "yes"
|
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|
420 :endif
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|
|
421
|
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|
422 This will echo "yes", because "one" doesn't look like a number, thus it is
|
|
|
423 converted to the number zero.
|
|
|
424
|
|
|
425 For strings there are two more items:
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|
426
|
|
|
427 a =~ b matches with
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|
|
428 a !~ b does not match with
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|
|
429
|
|
|
430 The left item "a" is used as a string. The right item "b" is used as a
|
|
|
431 pattern, like what's used for searching. Example: >
|
|
|
432
|
|
|
433 :if str =~ " "
|
|
|
434 : echo "str contains a space"
|
|
|
435 :endif
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|
|
436 :if str !~ '\.$'
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|
|
437 : echo "str does not end in a full stop"
|
|
|
438 :endif
|
|
|
439
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|
|
440 Notice the use of a single-quote string for the pattern. This is useful,
|
|
161
|
441 because backslashes would need to be doubled in a double-quote string and
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|
|
442 patterns tend to contain many backslashes.
|
|
7
|
443
|
|
|
444 The 'ignorecase' option is used when comparing strings. When you don't want
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|
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445 that, append "#" to match case and "?" to ignore case. Thus "==?" compares
|
|
|
446 two strings to be equal while ignoring case. And "!~#" checks if a pattern
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|
|
447 doesn't match, also checking the case of letters. For the full table see
|
|
|
448 |expr-==|.
|
|
|
449
|
|
|
450
|
|
|
451 MORE LOOPING
|
|
|
452
|
|
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453 The ":while" command was already mentioned. Two more statements can be used
|
|
|
454 in between the ":while" and the ":endwhile":
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|
|
455
|
|
|
456 :continue Jump back to the start of the while loop; the
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|
|
457 loop continues.
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|
|
458 :break Jump forward to the ":endwhile"; the loop is
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|
|
459 discontinued.
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|
|
460
|
|
|
461 Example: >
|
|
|
462
|
|
|
463 :while counter < 40
|
|
|
464 : call do_something()
|
|
|
465 : if skip_flag
|
|
|
466 : continue
|
|
|
467 : endif
|
|
|
468 : if finished_flag
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|
|
469 : break
|
|
|
470 : endif
|
|
|
471 : sleep 50m
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|
|
472 :endwhile
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|
|
473
|
|
|
474 The ":sleep" command makes Vim take a nap. The "50m" specifies fifty
|
|
|
475 milliseconds. Another example is ":sleep 4", which sleeps for four seconds.
|
|
|
476
|
|
161
|
477 Even more looping can be done with the ":for" command, see below in |41.8|.
|
|
|
478
|
|
7
|
479 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
480 *41.5* Executing an expression
|
|
|
481
|
|
|
482 So far the commands in the script were executed by Vim directly. The
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|
|
483 ":execute" command allows executing the result of an expression. This is a
|
|
|
484 very powerful way to build commands and execute them.
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|
|
485 An example is to jump to a tag, which is contained in a variable: >
|
|
|
486
|
|
|
487 :execute "tag " . tag_name
|
|
|
488
|
|
|
489 The "." is used to concatenate the string "tag " with the value of variable
|
|
|
490 "tag_name". Suppose "tag_name" has the value "get_cmd", then the command that
|
|
|
491 will be executed is: >
|
|
|
492
|
|
|
493 :tag get_cmd
|
|
|
494
|
|
|
495 The ":execute" command can only execute colon commands. The ":normal" command
|
|
|
496 executes Normal mode commands. However, its argument is not an expression but
|
|
|
497 the literal command characters. Example: >
|
|
|
498
|
|
|
499 :normal gg=G
|
|
|
500
|
|
|
501 This jumps to the first line and formats all lines with the "=" operator.
|
|
|
502 To make ":normal" work with an expression, combine ":execute" with it.
|
|
|
503 Example: >
|
|
|
504
|
|
|
505 :execute "normal " . normal_commands
|
|
|
506
|
|
|
507 The variable "normal_commands" must contain the Normal mode commands.
|
|
|
508 Make sure that the argument for ":normal" is a complete command. Otherwise
|
|
|
509 Vim will run into the end of the argument and abort the command. For example,
|
|
|
510 if you start Insert mode, you must leave Insert mode as well. This works: >
|
|
|
511
|
|
|
512 :execute "normal Inew text \<Esc>"
|
|
|
513
|
|
|
514 This inserts "new text " in the current line. Notice the use of the special
|
|
|
515 key "\<Esc>". This avoids having to enter a real <Esc> character in your
|
|
|
516 script.
|
|
|
517
|
|
161
|
518 If you don't want to execute a string but evaluate it to get its expression
|
|
|
519 value, you can use the eval() function: >
|
|
|
520
|
|
|
521 :let optname = "path"
|
|
|
522 :let optval = eval('&' . optname)
|
|
|
523
|
|
|
524 A "&" character is prepended to "path", thus the argument to eval() is
|
|
|
525 "&path". The result will then be the value of the 'path' option.
|
|
|
526 The same thing can be done with: >
|
|
|
527 :exe 'let optval = &' . optname
|
|
|
528
|
|
7
|
529 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
530 *41.6* Using functions
|
|
|
531
|
|
|
532 Vim defines many functions and provides a large amount of functionality that
|
|
|
533 way. A few examples will be given in this section. You can find the whole
|
|
|
534 list here: |functions|.
|
|
|
535
|
|
|
536 A function is called with the ":call" command. The parameters are passed in
|
|
|
537 between braces, separated by commas. Example: >
|
|
|
538
|
|
|
539 :call search("Date: ", "W")
|
|
|
540
|
|
|
541 This calls the search() function, with arguments "Date: " and "W". The
|
|
|
542 search() function uses its first argument as a search pattern and the second
|
|
|
543 one as flags. The "W" flag means the search doesn't wrap around the end of
|
|
|
544 the file.
|
|
|
545
|
|
|
546 A function can be called in an expression. Example: >
|
|
|
547
|
|
|
548 :let line = getline(".")
|
|
|
549 :let repl = substitute(line, '\a', "*", "g")
|
|
|
550 :call setline(".", repl)
|
|
|
551
|
|
161
|
552 The getline() function obtains a line from the current buffer. Its argument
|
|
|
553 is a specification of the line number. In this case "." is used, which means
|
|
|
554 the line where the cursor is.
|
|
7
|
555 The substitute() function does something similar to the ":substitute"
|
|
|
556 command. The first argument is the string on which to perform the
|
|
|
557 substitution. The second argument is the pattern, the third the replacement
|
|
|
558 string. Finally, the last arguments are the flags.
|
|
|
559 The setline() function sets the line, specified by the first argument, to a
|
|
|
560 new string, the second argument. In this example the line under the cursor is
|
|
|
561 replaced with the result of the substitute(). Thus the effect of the three
|
|
|
562 statements is equal to: >
|
|
|
563
|
|
|
564 :substitute/\a/*/g
|
|
|
565
|
|
|
566 Using the functions becomes more interesting when you do more work before and
|
|
|
567 after the substitute() call.
|
|
|
568
|
|
|
569
|
|
|
570 FUNCTIONS *function-list*
|
|
|
571
|
|
|
572 There are many functions. We will mention them here, grouped by what they are
|
|
|
573 used for. You can find an alphabetical list here: |functions|. Use CTRL-] on
|
|
|
574 the function name to jump to detailed help on it.
|
|
|
575
|
|
|
576 String manipulation:
|
|
|
577 char2nr() get ASCII value of a character
|
|
|
578 nr2char() get a character by its ASCII value
|
|
|
579 escape() escape characters in a string with a '\'
|
|
|
580 strtrans() translate a string to make it printable
|
|
|
581 tolower() turn a string to lowercase
|
|
|
582 toupper() turn a string to uppercase
|
|
|
583 match() position where a pattern matches in a string
|
|
|
584 matchend() position where a pattern match ends in a string
|
|
|
585 matchstr() match of a pattern in a string
|
|
|
586 stridx() first index of a short string in a long string
|
|
|
587 strridx() last index of a short string in a long string
|
|
|
588 strlen() length of a string
|
|
|
589 substitute() substitute a pattern match with a string
|
|
|
590 submatch() get a specific match in a ":substitute"
|
|
|
591 strpart() get part of a string
|
|
|
592 expand() expand special keywords
|
|
|
593 iconv() convert text from one encoding to another
|
|
|
594
|
|
112
|
595 List manipulation:
|
|
|
596 get() get an item without error for wrong index
|
|
|
597 len() number of items in a List
|
|
|
598 empty() check if List is empty
|
|
|
599 insert() insert an item somewhere in a List
|
|
|
600 add() append an item to a List
|
|
|
601 extend() append a List to a List
|
|
|
602 remove() remove one or more items from a List
|
|
|
603 copy() make a shallow copy of a List
|
|
|
604 deepcopy() make a full copy of a List
|
|
|
605 filter() remove selected items from a List
|
|
|
606 map() change each List item
|
|
|
607 sort() sort a List
|
|
|
608 reverse() reverse the order of a List
|
|
|
609 split() split a String into a List
|
|
|
610 join() join List items into a String
|
|
|
611 string() String representation of a List
|
|
|
612 call() call a function with List as arguments
|
|
161
|
613 index() index of a value in a list
|
|
112
|
614 max() maximum value in a List
|
|
|
615 min() minimum value in a List
|
|
|
616 count() count number of times a value appears in a List
|
|
|
617
|
|
|
618 Dictionary manipulation:
|
|
|
619 get() get an entries without error for wrong key
|
|
|
620 len() number of entries in a Dictionary
|
|
|
621 has_key() check whether a key appears in a Dictionary
|
|
|
622 empty() check if Dictionary is empty
|
|
|
623 remove() remove an entry from a Dictionary
|
|
|
624 extend() add entries from one Dictionary to another
|
|
|
625 filter() remove selected entries from a Dictionary
|
|
|
626 map() change each Dictionary entry
|
|
|
627 keys() get List of Dictionary keys
|
|
|
628 values() get List of Dictionary values
|
|
|
629 items() get List of Dictionary key-value pairs
|
|
|
630 copy() make a shallow copy of a Dictionary
|
|
|
631 deepcopy() make a full copy of a Dictionary
|
|
|
632 string() String representation of a Dictionary
|
|
|
633 max() maximum value in a Dictionary
|
|
|
634 min() minimum value in a Dictionary
|
|
|
635 count() count number of times a value appears
|
|
|
636
|
|
7
|
637 Working with text in the current buffer:
|
|
|
638 byte2line() get line number at a specific byte count
|
|
|
639 line2byte() byte count at a specific line
|
|
|
640 col() column number of the cursor or a mark
|
|
|
641 virtcol() screen column of the cursor or a mark
|
|
|
642 line() line number of the cursor or mark
|
|
|
643 wincol() window column number of the cursor
|
|
|
644 winline() window line number of the cursor
|
|
|
645 cursor() position the cursor at a line/column
|
|
161
|
646 getline() get a line or list of lines from the buffer
|
|
7
|
647 setline() replace a line in the buffer
|
|
161
|
648 append() append line or list of lines in the buffer
|
|
7
|
649 indent() indent of a specific line
|
|
|
650 cindent() indent according to C indenting
|
|
|
651 lispindent() indent according to Lisp indenting
|
|
|
652 nextnonblank() find next non-blank line
|
|
|
653 prevnonblank() find previous non-blank line
|
|
|
654 search() find a match for a pattern
|
|
|
655 searchpair() find the other end of a start/skip/end
|
|
|
656
|
|
|
657 System functions and manipulation of files:
|
|
|
658 browse() put up a file requester
|
|
|
659 glob() expand wildcards
|
|
|
660 globpath() expand wildcards in a number of directories
|
|
|
661 resolve() find out where a shortcut points to
|
|
|
662 fnamemodify() modify a file name
|
|
|
663 executable() check if an executable program exists
|
|
|
664 filereadable() check if a file can be read
|
|
|
665 filewritable() check if a file can be written to
|
|
|
666 isdirectory() check if a directory exists
|
|
|
667 getcwd() get the current working directory
|
|
|
668 getfsize() get the size of a file
|
|
|
669 getftime() get last modification time of a file
|
|
|
670 localtime() get current time
|
|
|
671 strftime() convert time to a string
|
|
|
672 tempname() get the name of a temporary file
|
|
|
673 delete() delete a file
|
|
|
674 rename() rename a file
|
|
|
675 system() get the result of a shell command
|
|
|
676 hostname() name of the system
|
|
158
|
677 readfile() read a file into a List of lines
|
|
|
678 writefile() write a List of lines into a file
|
|
7
|
679
|
|
|
680 Buffers, windows and the argument list:
|
|
|
681 argc() number of entries in the argument list
|
|
|
682 argidx() current position in the argument list
|
|
|
683 argv() get one entry from the argument list
|
|
|
684 bufexists() check if a buffer exists
|
|
|
685 buflisted() check if a buffer exists and is listed
|
|
|
686 bufloaded() check if a buffer exists and is loaded
|
|
|
687 bufname() get the name of a specific buffer
|
|
|
688 bufnr() get the buffer number of a specific buffer
|
|
|
689 winnr() get the window number for the current window
|
|
|
690 bufwinnr() get the window number of a specific buffer
|
|
|
691 winbufnr() get the buffer number of a specific window
|
|
|
692 getbufvar() get a variable value from a specific buffer
|
|
|
693 setbufvar() set a variable in a specific buffer
|
|
|
694 getwinvar() get a variable value from a specific window
|
|
|
695 setwinvar() set a variable in a specific window
|
|
|
696
|
|
|
697 Folding:
|
|
|
698 foldclosed() check for a closed fold at a specific line
|
|
|
699 foldclosedend() like foldclosed() but return the last line
|
|
|
700 foldlevel() check for the fold level at a specific line
|
|
|
701 foldtext() generate the line displayed for a closed fold
|
|
|
702
|
|
|
703 Syntax highlighting:
|
|
|
704 hlexists() check if a highlight group exists
|
|
|
705 hlID() get ID of a highlight group
|
|
|
706 synID() get syntax ID at a specific position
|
|
|
707 synIDattr() get a specific attribute of a syntax ID
|
|
|
708 synIDtrans() get translated syntax ID
|
|
|
709
|
|
|
710 History:
|
|
|
711 histadd() add an item to a history
|
|
|
712 histdel() delete an item from a history
|
|
|
713 histget() get an item from a history
|
|
|
714 histnr() get highest index of a history list
|
|
|
715
|
|
|
716 Interactive:
|
|
|
717 confirm() let the user make a choice
|
|
|
718 getchar() get a character from the user
|
|
|
719 getcharmod() get modifiers for the last typed character
|
|
|
720 input() get a line from the user
|
|
|
721 inputsecret() get a line from the user without showing it
|
|
|
722 inputdialog() get a line from the user in a dialog
|
|
|
723 inputresave save and clear typeahead
|
|
|
724 inputrestore() restore typeahead
|
|
|
725
|
|
|
726 Vim server:
|
|
|
727 serverlist() return the list of server names
|
|
|
728 remote_send() send command characters to a Vim server
|
|
|
729 remote_expr() evaluate an expression in a Vim server
|
|
|
730 server2client() send a reply to a client of a Vim server
|
|
|
731 remote_peek() check if there is a reply from a Vim server
|
|
|
732 remote_read() read a reply from a Vim server
|
|
|
733 foreground() move the Vim window to the foreground
|
|
|
734 remote_foreground() move the Vim server window to the foreground
|
|
|
735
|
|
|
736 Various:
|
|
161
|
737 type() type of a variable
|
|
7
|
738 mode() get current editing mode
|
|
|
739 visualmode() last visual mode used
|
|
|
740 hasmapto() check if a mapping exists
|
|
|
741 mapcheck() check if a matching mapping exists
|
|
|
742 maparg() get rhs of a mapping
|
|
|
743 exists() check if a variable, function, etc. exists
|
|
|
744 has() check if a feature is supported in Vim
|
|
|
745 cscope_connection() check if a cscope connection exists
|
|
|
746 did_filetype() check if a FileType autocommand was used
|
|
|
747 eventhandler() check if invoked by an event handler
|
|
|
748 getwinposx() X position of the GUI Vim window
|
|
|
749 getwinposy() Y position of the GUI Vim window
|
|
|
750 winheight() get height of a specific window
|
|
|
751 winwidth() get width of a specific window
|
|
|
752 libcall() call a function in an external library
|
|
|
753 libcallnr() idem, returning a number
|
|
|
754 getreg() get contents of a register
|
|
|
755 getregtype() get type of a register
|
|
|
756 setreg() set contents and type of a register
|
|
|
757
|
|
|
758 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
759 *41.7* Defining a function
|
|
|
760
|
|
|
761 Vim enables you to define your own functions. The basic function declaration
|
|
|
762 begins as follows: >
|
|
|
763
|
|
|
764 :function {name}({var1}, {var2}, ...)
|
|
|
765 : {body}
|
|
|
766 :endfunction
|
|
|
767 <
|
|
|
768 Note:
|
|
|
769 Function names must begin with a capital letter.
|
|
|
770
|
|
|
771 Let's define a short function to return the smaller of two numbers. It starts
|
|
|
772 with this line: >
|
|
|
773
|
|
|
774 :function Min(num1, num2)
|
|
|
775
|
|
|
776 This tells Vim that the function is named "Min" and it takes two arguments:
|
|
|
777 "num1" and "num2".
|
|
|
778 The first thing you need to do is to check to see which number is smaller:
|
|
|
779 >
|
|
|
780 : if a:num1 < a:num2
|
|
|
781
|
|
|
782 The special prefix "a:" tells Vim that the variable is a function argument.
|
|
|
783 Let's assign the variable "smaller" the value of the smallest number: >
|
|
|
784
|
|
|
785 : if a:num1 < a:num2
|
|
|
786 : let smaller = a:num1
|
|
|
787 : else
|
|
|
788 : let smaller = a:num2
|
|
|
789 : endif
|
|
|
790
|
|
|
791 The variable "smaller" is a local variable. Variables used inside a function
|
|
|
792 are local unless prefixed by something like "g:", "a:", or "s:".
|
|
|
793
|
|
|
794 Note:
|
|
|
795 To access a global variable from inside a function you must prepend
|
|
|
796 "g:" to it. Thus "g:count" inside a function is used for the global
|
|
|
797 variable "count", and "count" is another variable, local to the
|
|
|
798 function.
|
|
|
799
|
|
|
800 You now use the ":return" statement to return the smallest number to the user.
|
|
|
801 Finally, you end the function: >
|
|
|
802
|
|
|
803 : return smaller
|
|
|
804 :endfunction
|
|
|
805
|
|
|
806 The complete function definition is as follows: >
|
|
|
807
|
|
|
808 :function Min(num1, num2)
|
|
|
809 : if a:num1 < a:num2
|
|
|
810 : let smaller = a:num1
|
|
|
811 : else
|
|
|
812 : let smaller = a:num2
|
|
|
813 : endif
|
|
|
814 : return smaller
|
|
|
815 :endfunction
|
|
|
816
|
|
161
|
817 For people who like short functions, this does the same thing: >
|
|
|
818
|
|
|
819 :function Min(num1, num2)
|
|
|
820 : if a:num1 < a:num2
|
|
|
821 : return a:num1
|
|
|
822 : endif
|
|
|
823 : return a:num2
|
|
|
824 :endfunction
|
|
|
825
|
|
7
|
826 A user defined function is called in exactly the same way as a builtin
|
|
|
827 function. Only the name is different. The Min function can be used like
|
|
|
828 this: >
|
|
|
829
|
|
|
830 :echo Min(5, 8)
|
|
|
831
|
|
|
832 Only now will the function be executed and the lines be interpreted by Vim.
|
|
|
833 If there are mistakes, like using an undefined variable or function, you will
|
|
|
834 now get an error message. When defining the function these errors are not
|
|
|
835 detected.
|
|
|
836
|
|
|
837 When a function reaches ":endfunction" or ":return" is used without an
|
|
|
838 argument, the function returns zero.
|
|
|
839
|
|
|
840 To redefine a function that already exists, use the ! for the ":function"
|
|
|
841 command: >
|
|
|
842
|
|
|
843 :function! Min(num1, num2, num3)
|
|
|
844
|
|
|
845
|
|
|
846 USING A RANGE
|
|
|
847
|
|
|
848 The ":call" command can be given a line range. This can have one of two
|
|
|
849 meanings. When a function has been defined with the "range" keyword, it will
|
|
|
850 take care of the line range itself.
|
|
|
851 The function will be passed the variables "a:firstline" and "a:lastline".
|
|
|
852 These will have the line numbers from the range the function was called with.
|
|
|
853 Example: >
|
|
|
854
|
|
|
855 :function Count_words() range
|
|
|
856 : let n = a:firstline
|
|
|
857 : let count = 0
|
|
|
858 : while n <= a:lastline
|
|
|
859 : let count = count + Wordcount(getline(n))
|
|
|
860 : let n = n + 1
|
|
|
861 : endwhile
|
|
|
862 : echo "found " . count . " words"
|
|
|
863 :endfunction
|
|
|
864
|
|
|
865 You can call this function with: >
|
|
|
866
|
|
|
867 :10,30call Count_words()
|
|
|
868
|
|
|
869 It will be executed once and echo the number of words.
|
|
|
870 The other way to use a line range is by defining a function without the
|
|
|
871 "range" keyword. The function will be called once for every line in the
|
|
|
872 range, with the cursor in that line. Example: >
|
|
|
873
|
|
|
874 :function Number()
|
|
|
875 : echo "line " . line(".") . " contains: " . getline(".")
|
|
|
876 :endfunction
|
|
|
877
|
|
|
878 If you call this function with: >
|
|
|
879
|
|
|
880 :10,15call Number()
|
|
|
881
|
|
|
882 The function will be called six times.
|
|
|
883
|
|
|
884
|
|
|
885 VARIABLE NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS
|
|
|
886
|
|
|
887 Vim enables you to define functions that have a variable number of arguments.
|
|
|
888 The following command, for instance, defines a function that must have 1
|
|
|
889 argument (start) and can have up to 20 additional arguments: >
|
|
|
890
|
|
|
891 :function Show(start, ...)
|
|
|
892
|
|
|
893 The variable "a:1" contains the first optional argument, "a:2" the second, and
|
|
|
894 so on. The variable "a:0" contains the number of extra arguments.
|
|
|
895 For example: >
|
|
|
896
|
|
|
897 :function Show(start, ...)
|
|
|
898 : echohl Title
|
|
|
899 : echo "Show is " . a:start
|
|
|
900 : echohl None
|
|
|
901 : let index = 1
|
|
|
902 : while index <= a:0
|
|
|
903 : echo " Arg " . index . " is " . a:{index}
|
|
|
904 : let index = index + 1
|
|
|
905 : endwhile
|
|
|
906 : echo ""
|
|
|
907 :endfunction
|
|
|
908
|
|
|
909 This uses the ":echohl" command to specify the highlighting used for the
|
|
|
910 following ":echo" command. ":echohl None" stops it again. The ":echon"
|
|
|
911 command works like ":echo", but doesn't output a line break.
|
|
|
912
|
|
161
|
913 You can also use the a:000 variable, it is a List of all the "..." arguments.
|
|
|
914 See |a:000|.
|
|
|
915
|
|
7
|
916
|
|
|
917 LISTING FUNCTIONS
|
|
|
918
|
|
|
919 The ":function" command lists the names and arguments of all user-defined
|
|
|
920 functions: >
|
|
|
921
|
|
|
922 :function
|
|
|
923 < function Show(start, ...) ~
|
|
|
924 function GetVimIndent() ~
|
|
|
925 function SetSyn(name) ~
|
|
|
926
|
|
|
927 To see what a function does, use its name as an argument for ":function": >
|
|
|
928
|
|
|
929 :function SetSyn
|
|
|
930 < 1 if &syntax == '' ~
|
|
|
931 2 let &syntax = a:name ~
|
|
|
932 3 endif ~
|
|
|
933 endfunction ~
|
|
|
934
|
|
|
935
|
|
|
936 DEBUGGING
|
|
|
937
|
|
|
938 The line number is useful for when you get an error message or when debugging.
|
|
|
939 See |debug-scripts| about debugging mode.
|
|
|
940 You can also set the 'verbose' option to 12 or higher to see all function
|
|
|
941 calls. Set it to 15 or higher to see every executed line.
|
|
|
942
|
|
|
943
|
|
|
944 DELETING A FUNCTION
|
|
|
945
|
|
|
946 To delete the Show() function: >
|
|
|
947
|
|
|
948 :delfunction Show
|
|
|
949
|
|
|
950 You get an error when the function doesn't exist.
|
|
|
951
|
|
161
|
952
|
|
|
953 FUNCTION REFERENCES
|
|
|
954
|
|
|
955 Sometimes it can be useful to have a variable point to one function or
|
|
|
956 another. You can do it with the function() function. It turns the name of a
|
|
|
957 function into a reference: >
|
|
|
958
|
|
|
959 :let result = 0 " or 1
|
|
|
960 :function! Right()
|
|
|
961 : return 'Right!'
|
|
|
962 :endfunc
|
|
|
963 :function! Wrong()
|
|
|
964 : return 'Wrong!'
|
|
|
965 :endfunc
|
|
|
966 :
|
|
|
967 :if result == 1
|
|
|
968 : let Afunc = function('Right')
|
|
|
969 :else
|
|
|
970 : let Afunc = function('Wrong')
|
|
|
971 :endif
|
|
|
972 :echo call(Afunc, [])
|
|
|
973 < Wrong! ~
|
|
|
974
|
|
|
975 Note that the name of a variable that holds a function reference must start
|
|
|
976 with a capital. Otherwise it could be confused with the name of a builtin
|
|
|
977 function.
|
|
|
978 The way to invoke a function that a variable refers to is with the call()
|
|
|
979 function. Its first argument is the function reference, the second argument
|
|
|
980 is a List with arguments.
|
|
|
981
|
|
|
982 Function references are most useful in combination with a Dictionary, as is
|
|
|
983 explained in the next section.
|
|
|
984
|
|
7
|
985 ==============================================================================
|
|
161
|
986 *41.8* Lists and Dictionaries
|
|
|
987
|
|
|
988 So far we have used the basic types String and Number. Vim also supports two
|
|
|
989 composite types: List and Dictionary.
|
|
|
990
|
|
|
991 A List is an ordered sequence of things. The things can be any kind of value,
|
|
|
992 thus you can make a List of numbers, a List of Lists and even a List of mixed
|
|
|
993 items. To create a List with three strings: >
|
|
|
994
|
|
|
995 :let alist = ['aap', 'mies', 'noot']
|
|
|
996
|
|
|
997 The List items are enclosed in square brackets and separated by commas. To
|
|
|
998 create an empty List: >
|
|
|
999
|
|
|
1000 :let alist = []
|
|
|
1001
|
|
|
1002 You can add items to a List with the add() function: >
|
|
|
1003
|
|
|
1004 :let alist = []
|
|
|
1005 :call add(alist, 'foo')
|
|
|
1006 :call add(alist, 'bar')
|
|
|
1007 :echo alist
|
|
|
1008 < ['foo', 'bar'] ~
|
|
|
1009
|
|
|
1010 List concatenation is done with +: >
|
|
|
1011
|
|
|
1012 :echo alist + ['foo', 'bar']
|
|
|
1013 < ['foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar'] ~
|
|
|
1014
|
|
|
1015 Or, if you want to extend a List directly: >
|
|
|
1016
|
|
|
1017 :let alist = ['one']
|
|
|
1018 :call extend(alist, ['two', 'three'])
|
|
|
1019 :echo alist
|
|
|
1020 < ['one', 'two', 'three'] ~
|
|
|
1021
|
|
|
1022 Notice that using add() will have a different effect: >
|
|
|
1023
|
|
|
1024 :let alist = ['one']
|
|
|
1025 :call add(alist, ['two', 'three'])
|
|
|
1026 :echo alist
|
|
|
1027 < ['one', ['two', 'three']] ~
|
|
|
1028
|
|
|
1029 The second argument of add() is added as a single item.
|
|
|
1030
|
|
|
1031
|
|
|
1032 FOR LOOP
|
|
|
1033
|
|
|
1034 One of the nice things you can do with a List is iterate over it: >
|
|
|
1035
|
|
|
1036 :let alist = ['one', 'two', 'three']
|
|
|
1037 :for n in alist
|
|
|
1038 : echo n
|
|
|
1039 :endfor
|
|
|
1040 < one ~
|
|
|
1041 two ~
|
|
|
1042 three ~
|
|
|
1043
|
|
|
1044 This will loop over each element in List "alist", assigning the value to
|
|
|
1045 variable "n". The generic form of a for loop is: >
|
|
|
1046
|
|
|
1047 :for {varname} in {listexpression}
|
|
|
1048 : {commands}
|
|
|
1049 :endfor
|
|
|
1050
|
|
|
1051 To loop a certain number of times you need a List of a specific length. The
|
|
|
1052 range() function creates one for you: >
|
|
|
1053
|
|
|
1054 :for a in range(3)
|
|
|
1055 : echo a
|
|
|
1056 :endfor
|
|
|
1057 < 0 ~
|
|
|
1058 1 ~
|
|
|
1059 2 ~
|
|
|
1060
|
|
|
1061 Notice that the first item of the List that range() produces is zero, thus the
|
|
|
1062 last item is one less than the length of the list.
|
|
|
1063 You can also specify the maximum value, the stride and even go backwards: >
|
|
|
1064
|
|
|
1065 :for a in range(8, 4, -2)
|
|
|
1066 : echo a
|
|
|
1067 :endfor
|
|
|
1068 < 8 ~
|
|
|
1069 6 ~
|
|
|
1070 4 ~
|
|
|
1071
|
|
|
1072 A more useful example, looping over lines in the buffer: >
|
|
|
1073
|
|
|
1074 :for line in getline(1, 20)
|
|
|
1075 : if line =~ "Date: "
|
|
|
1076 : echo matchstr(line, 'Date: \zs.*')
|
|
|
1077 : endif
|
|
|
1078 :endfor
|
|
|
1079
|
|
|
1080 This looks into lines 1 to 20 (inclusive) and echoes any date found in there.
|
|
|
1081
|
|
|
1082
|
|
|
1083 DICTIONARIES
|
|
|
1084
|
|
|
1085 A Dictionary stores key-value pairs. You can quickly lookup a value if you
|
|
|
1086 know the key. A Dictionary is created with curly braces: >
|
|
|
1087
|
|
|
1088 :let uk2nl = {'one': 'een', 'two': 'twee', 'three': 'drie'}
|
|
|
1089
|
|
164
|
1090 Now you can lookup words by putting the key in square brackets: >
|
|
161
|
1091
|
|
|
1092 :echo uk2nl['two']
|
|
|
1093 < twee ~
|
|
|
1094
|
|
|
1095 The generic form for defining a Dictionary is: >
|
|
|
1096
|
|
|
1097 {<key> : <value>, ...}
|
|
|
1098
|
|
|
1099 An empty Dictionary is one without any keys: >
|
|
|
1100
|
|
|
1101 {}
|
|
|
1102
|
|
|
1103 The possibilities with Dictionaries are numerous. There are various functions
|
|
|
1104 for them as well. For example, you can obtain a list of the keys and loop
|
|
|
1105 over them: >
|
|
|
1106
|
|
|
1107 :for key in keys(uk2nl)
|
|
|
1108 : echo key
|
|
|
1109 :endfor
|
|
|
1110 < three ~
|
|
|
1111 one ~
|
|
|
1112 two ~
|
|
|
1113
|
|
|
1114 The will notice the items are not ordered. You can sort the list to get a
|
|
|
1115 specific order: >
|
|
|
1116
|
|
|
1117 :for key in sort(keys(uk2nl))
|
|
|
1118 : echo key
|
|
|
1119 :endfor
|
|
|
1120 < one ~
|
|
|
1121 three ~
|
|
|
1122 two ~
|
|
|
1123
|
|
|
1124 But you can never get back the order in which items are defined. For that you
|
|
|
1125 need to use a List, it stores items in an ordered sequence.
|
|
|
1126
|
|
|
1127
|
|
|
1128 DICTIONARY FUNCTIONS
|
|
|
1129
|
|
|
1130 The items in a Dictionary can normally be obtained with an index in square
|
|
|
1131 brackets: >
|
|
|
1132
|
|
|
1133 :echo uk2nl['one']
|
|
|
1134 < een ~
|
|
|
1135
|
|
|
1136 A method that does the same, but without so many punctuation characters: >
|
|
|
1137
|
|
|
1138 :echo uk2nl.one
|
|
|
1139 < een ~
|
|
|
1140
|
|
|
1141 This only works for a key that is made of ASCII letters, digits and the
|
|
|
1142 underscore. You can also assign a new value this way: >
|
|
|
1143
|
|
|
1144 :let uk2nl.four = 'vier'
|
|
|
1145 :echo uk2nl
|
|
|
1146 < {'three': 'drie', 'four': 'vier', 'one': 'een', 'two': 'twee'} ~
|
|
|
1147
|
|
|
1148 And now for something special: you can directly define a function and store a
|
|
|
1149 reference to it in the dictionary: >
|
|
|
1150
|
|
|
1151 :function uk2nl.translate(line) dict
|
|
|
1152 : return join(map(split(a:line), 'get(self, v:val, "???")'))
|
|
|
1153 :endfunction
|
|
|
1154
|
|
|
1155 Let's first try it out: >
|
|
|
1156
|
|
|
1157 :echo uk2nl.translate('three two five one')
|
|
|
1158 < drie twee ??? een ~
|
|
|
1159
|
|
|
1160 The first special thing you notice is the "dict" at the end of the ":function"
|
|
|
1161 line. This marks the function as being used from a Dictionary. The "self"
|
|
|
1162 local variable will then refer to that Dictionary.
|
|
|
1163 Now let's break up the complicated return command: >
|
|
|
1164
|
|
|
1165 split(a:line)
|
|
|
1166
|
|
|
1167 The split() function takes a string, chops it into white separated words
|
|
|
1168 and returns a list with these words. Thus in the example it returns: >
|
|
|
1169
|
|
|
1170 :echo split('three two five one')
|
|
|
1171 < ['three', 'two', 'five', 'one'] ~
|
|
|
1172
|
|
|
1173 This list is the first argument to the map() function. This will go through
|
|
|
1174 the list, evaluating its second argument with "v:val" set to the value of each
|
|
|
1175 item. This is a shortcut to using a for loop. This command: >
|
|
|
1176
|
|
|
1177 :let alist = map(split(a:line), 'get(self, v:val, "???")')
|
|
|
1178
|
|
|
1179 Is equivalent to: >
|
|
|
1180
|
|
|
1181 :let alist = split(a:line)
|
|
|
1182 :for idx in range(len(alist))
|
|
|
1183 : let alist[idx] = get(self, alist[idx], "???")
|
|
|
1184 :endfor
|
|
|
1185
|
|
|
1186 The get() function checks if a key is present in a Dictionary. If it is, then
|
|
|
1187 the value is retrieved. If it isn't, then the default value is returned, in
|
|
164
|
1188 the example it's '???'. This is a convenient way to handle situations where a
|
|
161
|
1189 key may not be present and you don't want an error message.
|
|
|
1190
|
|
|
1191 The join() function does the opposite of split(): it joins together a list of
|
|
|
1192 words, putting a space in between.
|
|
|
1193 This combination of split(), map() and join() is a nice way to filter a line
|
|
|
1194 of words in a very compact way.
|
|
|
1195
|
|
|
1196
|
|
|
1197 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
|
|
|
1198
|
|
|
1199 Now that you can put both values and functions in a Dictionary, you can
|
|
|
1200 actually use a Dictionary like an object.
|
|
|
1201 Above we used a Dictionary for translating Dutch to English. We might want
|
|
|
1202 to do the same for other languages. Let's first make an object (aka
|
|
|
1203 Dictionary) that has the translate function, but no words to translate: >
|
|
|
1204
|
|
|
1205 :let transdict = {}
|
|
|
1206 :function transdict.translate(line) dict
|
|
|
1207 : return join(map(split(a:line), 'get(self.words, v:val, "???")'))
|
|
|
1208 :endfunction
|
|
|
1209
|
|
|
1210 It's slightly different from the function above, using 'self.words' to lookup
|
|
|
1211 word translations. But we don't have a self.words. Thus you could call this
|
|
|
1212 an abstract class.
|
|
|
1213
|
|
|
1214 Now we can instantiate a Dutch translation object: >
|
|
|
1215
|
|
|
1216 :let uk2nl = copy(transdict)
|
|
|
1217 :let uk2nl.words = {'one': 'een', 'two': 'twee', 'three': 'drie'}
|
|
|
1218 :echo uk2nl.translate('three one')
|
|
|
1219 < drie een ~
|
|
|
1220
|
|
|
1221 And a German translator: >
|
|
|
1222
|
|
|
1223 :let uk2de = copy(transdict)
|
|
|
1224 :let uk2de.words = {'one': 'ein', 'two': 'zwei', 'three': 'drei'}
|
|
|
1225 :echo uk2de.translate('three one')
|
|
|
1226 < drei ein ~
|
|
|
1227
|
|
|
1228 You see that the copy() function is used to make a copy of the "transdict"
|
|
|
1229 Dictionary and then the copy is changed to add the words. The original
|
|
|
1230 remains the same, of course.
|
|
|
1231
|
|
|
1232 Now you can go one step further, and use your preferred translator: >
|
|
|
1233
|
|
|
1234 :if $LANG =~ "de"
|
|
|
1235 : let trans = uk2de
|
|
|
1236 :else
|
|
|
1237 : let trans = uk2nl
|
|
|
1238 :endif
|
|
|
1239 :echo trans.translate('one two three')
|
|
|
1240 < een twee drie ~
|
|
|
1241
|
|
|
1242 Here "trans" refers to one of the two objects (Dictionaries). No copy is
|
|
|
1243 made. More about List and Dictionary identity can be found at |list-identity|
|
|
|
1244 and |dict-identity|.
|
|
|
1245
|
|
|
1246 Now you might use a language that isn't supported. You can overrule the
|
|
|
1247 translate() function to do nothing: >
|
|
|
1248
|
|
|
1249 :let uk2uk = copy(transdict)
|
|
|
1250 :function! uk2uk.translate(line)
|
|
|
1251 : return a:line
|
|
|
1252 :endfunction
|
|
|
1253 :echo uk2uk.translate('three one wladiwostok')
|
|
|
1254 < three one wladiwostok ~
|
|
|
1255
|
|
|
1256 Notice that a ! was used to overwrite the existing function reference. Now
|
|
|
1257 use "uk2uk" when no recognized language is found: >
|
|
|
1258
|
|
|
1259 :if $LANG =~ "de"
|
|
|
1260 : let trans = uk2de
|
|
|
1261 :elseif $LANG =~ "nl"
|
|
|
1262 : let trans = uk2nl
|
|
|
1263 :else
|
|
|
1264 : let trans = uk2uk
|
|
|
1265 :endif
|
|
|
1266 :echo trans.translate('one two three')
|
|
|
1267 < one two three ~
|
|
|
1268
|
|
|
1269 For further reading see |Lists| and |Dictionaries|.
|
|
|
1270
|
|
|
1271 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
1272 *41.9* Exceptions
|
|
7
|
1273
|
|
|
1274 Let's start with an example: >
|
|
|
1275
|
|
|
1276 :try
|
|
|
1277 : read ~/templates/pascal.tmpl
|
|
|
1278 :catch /E484:/
|
|
|
1279 : echo "Sorry, the Pascal template file cannot be found."
|
|
|
1280 :endtry
|
|
|
1281
|
|
|
1282 The ":read" command will fail if the file does not exist. Instead of
|
|
|
1283 generating an error message, this code catches the error and gives the user a
|
|
|
1284 nice message instead.
|
|
|
1285
|
|
|
1286 For the commands in between ":try" and ":endtry" errors are turned into
|
|
|
1287 exceptions. An exception is a string. In the case of an error the string
|
|
|
1288 contains the error message. And every error message has a number. In this
|
|
|
1289 case, the error we catch contains "E484:". This number is guaranteed to stay
|
|
|
1290 the same (the text may change, e.g., it may be translated).
|
|
|
1291
|
|
|
1292 When the ":read" command causes another error, the pattern "E484:" will not
|
|
|
1293 match in it. Thus this exception will not be caught and result in the usual
|
|
|
1294 error message.
|
|
|
1295
|
|
|
1296 You might be tempted to do this: >
|
|
|
1297
|
|
|
1298 :try
|
|
|
1299 : read ~/templates/pascal.tmpl
|
|
|
1300 :catch
|
|
|
1301 : echo "Sorry, the Pascal template file cannot be found."
|
|
|
1302 :endtry
|
|
|
1303
|
|
|
1304 This means all errors are caught. But then you will not see errors that are
|
|
|
1305 useful, such as "E21: Cannot make changes, 'modifiable' is off".
|
|
|
1306
|
|
|
1307 Another useful mechanism is the ":finally" command: >
|
|
|
1308
|
|
|
1309 :let tmp = tempname()
|
|
|
1310 :try
|
|
|
1311 : exe ".,$write " . tmp
|
|
|
1312 : exe "!filter " . tmp
|
|
|
1313 : .,$delete
|
|
|
1314 : exe "$read " . tmp
|
|
|
1315 :finally
|
|
|
1316 : call delete(tmp)
|
|
|
1317 :endtry
|
|
|
1318
|
|
|
1319 This filters the lines from the cursor until the end of the file through the
|
|
|
1320 "filter" command, which takes a file name argument. No matter if the
|
|
|
1321 filtering works, something goes wrong in between ":try" and ":finally" or the
|
|
|
1322 user cancels the filtering by pressing CTRL-C, the "call delete(tmp)" is
|
|
|
1323 always executed. This makes sure you don't leave the temporary file behind.
|
|
|
1324
|
|
|
1325 More information about exception handling can be found in the reference
|
|
|
1326 manual: |exception-handling|.
|
|
|
1327
|
|
|
1328 ==============================================================================
|
|
161
|
1329 *41.10* Various remarks
|
|
7
|
1330
|
|
|
1331 Here is a summary of items that apply to Vim scripts. They are also mentioned
|
|
|
1332 elsewhere, but form a nice checklist.
|
|
|
1333
|
|
|
1334 The end-of-line character depends on the system. For Unix a single <NL>
|
|
|
1335 character is used. For MS-DOS, Windows, OS/2 and the like, <CR><LF> is used.
|
|
|
1336 This is important when using mappings that end in a <CR>. See |:source_crnl|.
|
|
|
1337
|
|
|
1338
|
|
|
1339 WHITE SPACE
|
|
|
1340
|
|
|
1341 Blank lines are allowed and ignored.
|
|
|
1342
|
|
|
1343 Leading whitespace characters (blanks and TABs) are always ignored. The
|
|
|
1344 whitespaces between parameters (e.g. between the 'set' and the 'cpoptions' in
|
|
|
1345 the example below) are reduced to one blank character and plays the role of a
|
|
|
1346 separator, the whitespaces after the last (visible) character may or may not
|
|
|
1347 be ignored depending on the situation, see below.
|
|
|
1348
|
|
|
1349 For a ":set" command involving the "=" (equal) sign, such as in: >
|
|
|
1350
|
|
|
1351 :set cpoptions =aABceFst
|
|
|
1352
|
|
|
1353 the whitespace immediately before the "=" sign is ignored. But there can be
|
|
|
1354 no whitespace after the "=" sign!
|
|
|
1355
|
|
|
1356 To include a whitespace character in the value of an option, it must be
|
|
|
1357 escaped by a "\" (backslash) as in the following example: >
|
|
|
1358
|
|
|
1359 :set tags=my\ nice\ file
|
|
|
1360
|
|
|
1361 The same example written as >
|
|
|
1362
|
|
|
1363 :set tags=my nice file
|
|
|
1364
|
|
|
1365 will issue an error, because it is interpreted as: >
|
|
|
1366
|
|
|
1367 :set tags=my
|
|
|
1368 :set nice
|
|
|
1369 :set file
|
|
|
1370
|
|
|
1371
|
|
|
1372 COMMENTS
|
|
|
1373
|
|
|
1374 The character " (the double quote mark) starts a comment. Everything after
|
|
|
1375 and including this character until the end-of-line is considered a comment and
|
|
|
1376 is ignored, except for commands that don't consider comments, as shown in
|
|
|
1377 examples below. A comment can start on any character position on the line.
|
|
|
1378
|
|
|
1379 There is a little "catch" with comments for some commands. Examples: >
|
|
|
1380
|
|
|
1381 :abbrev dev development " shorthand
|
|
|
1382 :map <F3> o#include " insert include
|
|
|
1383 :execute cmd " do it
|
|
|
1384 :!ls *.c " list C files
|
|
|
1385
|
|
|
1386 The abbreviation 'dev' will be expanded to 'development " shorthand'. The
|
|
|
1387 mapping of <F3> will actually be the whole line after the 'o# ....' including
|
|
|
1388 the '" insert include'. The "execute" command will give an error. The "!"
|
|
|
1389 command will send everything after it to the shell, causing an error for an
|
|
|
1390 unmatched '"' character.
|
|
|
1391 There can be no comment after ":map", ":abbreviate", ":execute" and "!"
|
|
|
1392 commands (there are a few more commands with this restriction). For the
|
|
|
1393 ":map", ":abbreviate" and ":execute" commands there is a trick: >
|
|
|
1394
|
|
|
1395 :abbrev dev development|" shorthand
|
|
|
1396 :map <F3> o#include|" insert include
|
|
|
1397 :execute cmd |" do it
|
|
|
1398
|
|
|
1399 With the '|' character the command is separated from the next one. And that
|
|
|
1400 next command is only a comment.
|
|
|
1401
|
|
|
1402 Notice that there is no white space before the '|' in the abbreviation and
|
|
|
1403 mapping. For these commands, any character until the end-of-line or '|' is
|
|
|
1404 included. As a consequence of this behavior, you don't always see that
|
|
|
1405 trailing whitespace is included: >
|
|
|
1406
|
|
|
1407 :map <F4> o#include
|
|
|
1408
|
|
|
1409 To avoid these problems, you can set the 'list' option when editing vimrc
|
|
|
1410 files.
|
|
|
1411
|
|
|
1412
|
|
|
1413 PITFALLS
|
|
|
1414
|
|
|
1415 Even bigger problem arises in the following example: >
|
|
|
1416
|
|
|
1417 :map ,ab o#include
|
|
|
1418 :unmap ,ab
|
|
|
1419
|
|
|
1420 Here the unmap command will not work, because it tries to unmap ",ab ". This
|
|
|
1421 does not exist as a mapped sequence. An error will be issued, which is very
|
|
|
1422 hard to identify, because the ending whitespace character in ":unmap ,ab " is
|
|
|
1423 not visible.
|
|
|
1424
|
|
|
1425 And this is the same as what happens when one uses a comment after an 'unmap'
|
|
|
1426 command: >
|
|
|
1427
|
|
|
1428 :unmap ,ab " comment
|
|
|
1429
|
|
|
1430 Here the comment part will be ignored. However, Vim will try to unmap
|
|
|
1431 ',ab ', which does not exist. Rewrite it as: >
|
|
|
1432
|
|
|
1433 :unmap ,ab| " comment
|
|
|
1434
|
|
|
1435
|
|
|
1436 RESTORING THE VIEW
|
|
|
1437
|
|
|
1438 Sometimes you want to make a change and go back to where cursor was.
|
|
|
1439 Restoring the relative position would also be nice, so that the same line
|
|
|
1440 appears at the top of the window.
|
|
|
1441 This example yanks the current line, puts it above the first line in the
|
|
|
1442 file and then restores the view: >
|
|
|
1443
|
|
|
1444 map ,p ma"aYHmbgg"aP`bzt`a
|
|
|
1445
|
|
|
1446 What this does: >
|
|
|
1447 ma"aYHmbgg"aP`bzt`a
|
|
|
1448 < ma set mark a at cursor position
|
|
|
1449 "aY yank current line into register a
|
|
|
1450 Hmb go to top line in window and set mark b there
|
|
|
1451 gg go to first line in file
|
|
|
1452 "aP put the yanked line above it
|
|
|
1453 `b go back to top line in display
|
|
|
1454 zt position the text in the window as before
|
|
|
1455 `a go back to saved cursor position
|
|
|
1456
|
|
|
1457
|
|
|
1458 PACKAGING
|
|
|
1459
|
|
|
1460 To avoid your function names to interfere with functions that you get from
|
|
|
1461 others, use this scheme:
|
|
|
1462 - Prepend a unique string before each function name. I often use an
|
|
|
1463 abbreviation. For example, "OW_" is used for the option window functions.
|
|
|
1464 - Put the definition of your functions together in a file. Set a global
|
|
|
1465 variable to indicate that the functions have been loaded. When sourcing the
|
|
|
1466 file again, first unload the functions.
|
|
|
1467 Example: >
|
|
|
1468
|
|
|
1469 " This is the XXX package
|
|
|
1470
|
|
|
1471 if exists("XXX_loaded")
|
|
|
1472 delfun XXX_one
|
|
|
1473 delfun XXX_two
|
|
|
1474 endif
|
|
|
1475
|
|
|
1476 function XXX_one(a)
|
|
|
1477 ... body of function ...
|
|
|
1478 endfun
|
|
|
1479
|
|
|
1480 function XXX_two(b)
|
|
|
1481 ... body of function ...
|
|
|
1482 endfun
|
|
|
1483
|
|
|
1484 let XXX_loaded = 1
|
|
|
1485
|
|
|
1486 ==============================================================================
|
|
161
|
1487 *41.11* Writing a plugin *write-plugin*
|
|
7
|
1488
|
|
|
1489 You can write a Vim script in such a way that many people can use it. This is
|
|
|
1490 called a plugin. Vim users can drop your script in their plugin directory and
|
|
|
1491 use its features right away |add-plugin|.
|
|
|
1492
|
|
|
1493 There are actually two types of plugins:
|
|
|
1494
|
|
|
1495 global plugins: For all types of files.
|
|
|
1496 filetype plugins: Only for files of a specific type.
|
|
|
1497
|
|
|
1498 In this section the first type is explained. Most items are also relevant for
|
|
|
1499 writing filetype plugins. The specifics for filetype plugins are in the next
|
|
|
1500 section |write-filetype-plugin|.
|
|
|
1501
|
|
|
1502
|
|
|
1503 NAME
|
|
|
1504
|
|
|
1505 First of all you must choose a name for your plugin. The features provided
|
|
|
1506 by the plugin should be clear from its name. And it should be unlikely that
|
|
|
1507 someone else writes a plugin with the same name but which does something
|
|
|
1508 different. And please limit the name to 8 characters, to avoid problems on
|
|
|
1509 old Windows systems.
|
|
|
1510
|
|
|
1511 A script that corrects typing mistakes could be called "typecorr.vim". We
|
|
|
1512 will use it here as an example.
|
|
|
1513
|
|
|
1514 For the plugin to work for everybody, it should follow a few guidelines. This
|
|
|
1515 will be explained step-by-step. The complete example plugin is at the end.
|
|
|
1516
|
|
|
1517
|
|
|
1518 BODY
|
|
|
1519
|
|
|
1520 Let's start with the body of the plugin, the lines that do the actual work: >
|
|
|
1521
|
|
|
1522 14 iabbrev teh the
|
|
|
1523 15 iabbrev otehr other
|
|
|
1524 16 iabbrev wnat want
|
|
|
1525 17 iabbrev synchronisation
|
|
|
1526 18 \ synchronization
|
|
|
1527 19 let s:count = 4
|
|
|
1528
|
|
|
1529 The actual list should be much longer, of course.
|
|
|
1530
|
|
|
1531 The line numbers have only been added to explain a few things, don't put them
|
|
|
1532 in your plugin file!
|
|
|
1533
|
|
|
1534
|
|
|
1535 HEADER
|
|
|
1536
|
|
|
1537 You will probably add new corrections to the plugin and soon have several
|
|
|
1538 versions laying around. And when distributing this file, people will want to
|
|
|
1539 know who wrote this wonderful plugin and where they can send remarks.
|
|
|
1540 Therefore, put a header at the top of your plugin: >
|
|
|
1541
|
|
|
1542 1 " Vim global plugin for correcting typing mistakes
|
|
|
1543 2 " Last Change: 2000 Oct 15
|
|
|
1544 3 " Maintainer: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
|
|
|
1545
|
|
|
1546 About copyright and licensing: Since plugins are very useful and it's hardly
|
|
|
1547 worth restricting their distribution, please consider making your plugin
|
|
|
1548 either public domain or use the Vim |license|. A short note about this near
|
|
|
1549 the top of the plugin should be sufficient. Example: >
|
|
|
1550
|
|
|
1551 4 " License: This file is placed in the public domain.
|
|
|
1552
|
|
|
1553
|
|
|
1554 LINE CONTINUATION, AVOIDING SIDE EFFECTS *use-cpo-save*
|
|
|
1555
|
|
|
1556 In line 18 above, the line-continuation mechanism is used |line-continuation|.
|
|
|
1557 Users with 'compatible' set will run into trouble here, they will get an error
|
|
|
1558 message. We can't just reset 'compatible', because that has a lot of side
|
|
|
1559 effects. To avoid this, we will set the 'cpoptions' option to its Vim default
|
|
|
1560 value and restore it later. That will allow the use of line-continuation and
|
|
|
1561 make the script work for most people. It is done like this: >
|
|
|
1562
|
|
|
1563 11 let s:save_cpo = &cpo
|
|
|
1564 12 set cpo&vim
|
|
|
1565 ..
|
|
|
1566 42 let &cpo = s:save_cpo
|
|
|
1567
|
|
|
1568 We first store the old value of 'cpoptions' in the s:save_cpo variable. At
|
|
|
1569 the end of the plugin this value is restored.
|
|
|
1570
|
|
|
1571 Notice that a script-local variable is used |s:var|. A global variable could
|
|
|
1572 already be in use for something else. Always use script-local variables for
|
|
|
1573 things that are only used in the script.
|
|
|
1574
|
|
|
1575
|
|
|
1576 NOT LOADING
|
|
|
1577
|
|
|
1578 It's possible that a user doesn't always want to load this plugin. Or the
|
|
|
1579 system administrator has dropped it in the system-wide plugin directory, but a
|
|
|
1580 user has his own plugin he wants to use. Then the user must have a chance to
|
|
|
1581 disable loading this specific plugin. This will make it possible: >
|
|
|
1582
|
|
|
1583 6 if exists("loaded_typecorr")
|
|
|
1584 7 finish
|
|
|
1585 8 endif
|
|
|
1586 9 let loaded_typecorr = 1
|
|
|
1587
|
|
|
1588 This also avoids that when the script is loaded twice it would cause error
|
|
|
1589 messages for redefining functions and cause trouble for autocommands that are
|
|
|
1590 added twice.
|
|
|
1591
|
|
|
1592
|
|
|
1593 MAPPING
|
|
|
1594
|
|
|
1595 Now let's make the plugin more interesting: We will add a mapping that adds a
|
|
|
1596 correction for the word under the cursor. We could just pick a key sequence
|
|
|
1597 for this mapping, but the user might already use it for something else. To
|
|
|
1598 allow the user to define which keys a mapping in a plugin uses, the <Leader>
|
|
|
1599 item can be used: >
|
|
|
1600
|
|
|
1601 22 map <unique> <Leader>a <Plug>TypecorrAdd
|
|
|
1602
|
|
|
1603 The "<Plug>TypecorrAdd" thing will do the work, more about that further on.
|
|
|
1604
|
|
|
1605 The user can set the "mapleader" variable to the key sequence that he wants
|
|
|
1606 this mapping to start with. Thus if the user has done: >
|
|
|
1607
|
|
|
1608 let mapleader = "_"
|
|
|
1609
|
|
|
1610 the mapping will define "_a". If the user didn't do this, the default value
|
|
|
1611 will be used, which is a backslash. Then a map for "\a" will be defined.
|
|
|
1612
|
|
|
1613 Note that <unique> is used, this will cause an error message if the mapping
|
|
|
1614 already happened to exist. |:map-<unique>|
|
|
|
1615
|
|
|
1616 But what if the user wants to define his own key sequence? We can allow that
|
|
|
1617 with this mechanism: >
|
|
|
1618
|
|
|
1619 21 if !hasmapto('<Plug>TypecorrAdd')
|
|
|
1620 22 map <unique> <Leader>a <Plug>TypecorrAdd
|
|
|
1621 23 endif
|
|
|
1622
|
|
|
1623 This checks if a mapping to "<Plug>TypecorrAdd" already exists, and only
|
|
|
1624 defines the mapping from "<Leader>a" if it doesn't. The user then has a
|
|
|
1625 chance of putting this in his vimrc file: >
|
|
|
1626
|
|
|
1627 map ,c <Plug>TypecorrAdd
|
|
|
1628
|
|
|
1629 Then the mapped key sequence will be ",c" instead of "_a" or "\a".
|
|
|
1630
|
|
|
1631
|
|
|
1632 PIECES
|
|
|
1633
|
|
|
1634 If a script gets longer, you often want to break up the work in pieces. You
|
|
|
1635 can use functions or mappings for this. But you don't want these functions
|
|
|
1636 and mappings to interfere with the ones from other scripts. For example, you
|
|
|
1637 could define a function Add(), but another script could try to define the same
|
|
|
1638 function. To avoid this, we define the function local to the script by
|
|
|
1639 prepending it with "s:".
|
|
|
1640
|
|
|
1641 We will define a function that adds a new typing correction: >
|
|
|
1642
|
|
|
1643 30 function s:Add(from, correct)
|
|
|
1644 31 let to = input("type the correction for " . a:from . ": ")
|
|
|
1645 32 exe ":iabbrev " . a:from . " " . to
|
|
|
1646 ..
|
|
|
1647 36 endfunction
|
|
|
1648
|
|
|
1649 Now we can call the function s:Add() from within this script. If another
|
|
|
1650 script also defines s:Add(), it will be local to that script and can only
|
|
|
1651 be called from the script it was defined in. There can also be a global Add()
|
|
|
1652 function (without the "s:"), which is again another function.
|
|
|
1653
|
|
|
1654 <SID> can be used with mappings. It generates a script ID, which identifies
|
|
|
1655 the current script. In our typing correction plugin we use it like this: >
|
|
|
1656
|
|
|
1657 24 noremap <unique> <script> <Plug>TypecorrAdd <SID>Add
|
|
|
1658 ..
|
|
|
1659 28 noremap <SID>Add :call <SID>Add(expand("<cword>"), 1)<CR>
|
|
|
1660
|
|
|
1661 Thus when a user types "\a", this sequence is invoked: >
|
|
|
1662
|
|
|
1663 \a -> <Plug>TypecorrAdd -> <SID>Add -> :call <SID>Add()
|
|
|
1664
|
|
|
1665 If another script would also map <SID>Add, it would get another script ID and
|
|
|
1666 thus define another mapping.
|
|
|
1667
|
|
|
1668 Note that instead of s:Add() we use <SID>Add() here. That is because the
|
|
|
1669 mapping is typed by the user, thus outside of the script. The <SID> is
|
|
|
1670 translated to the script ID, so that Vim knows in which script to look for
|
|
|
1671 the Add() function.
|
|
|
1672
|
|
|
1673 This is a bit complicated, but it's required for the plugin to work together
|
|
|
1674 with other plugins. The basic rule is that you use <SID>Add() in mappings and
|
|
|
1675 s:Add() in other places (the script itself, autocommands, user commands).
|
|
|
1676
|
|
|
1677 We can also add a menu entry to do the same as the mapping: >
|
|
|
1678
|
|
|
1679 26 noremenu <script> Plugin.Add\ Correction <SID>Add
|
|
|
1680
|
|
|
1681 The "Plugin" menu is recommended for adding menu items for plugins. In this
|
|
|
1682 case only one item is used. When adding more items, creating a submenu is
|
|
|
1683 recommended. For example, "Plugin.CVS" could be used for a plugin that offers
|
|
|
1684 CVS operations "Plugin.CVS.checkin", "Plugin.CVS.checkout", etc.
|
|
|
1685
|
|
|
1686 Note that in line 28 ":noremap" is used to avoid that any other mappings cause
|
|
|
1687 trouble. Someone may have remapped ":call", for example. In line 24 we also
|
|
|
1688 use ":noremap", but we do want "<SID>Add" to be remapped. This is why
|
|
|
1689 "<script>" is used here. This only allows mappings which are local to the
|
|
|
1690 script. |:map-<script>| The same is done in line 26 for ":noremenu".
|
|
|
1691 |:menu-<script>|
|
|
|
1692
|
|
|
1693
|
|
|
1694 <SID> AND <Plug> *using-<Plug>*
|
|
|
1695
|
|
|
1696 Both <SID> and <Plug> are used to avoid that mappings of typed keys interfere
|
|
|
1697 with mappings that are only to be used from other mappings. Note the
|
|
|
1698 difference between using <SID> and <Plug>:
|
|
|
1699
|
|
|
1700 <Plug> is visible outside of the script. It is used for mappings which the
|
|
|
1701 user might want to map a key sequence to. <Plug> is a special code
|
|
|
1702 that a typed key will never produce.
|
|
|
1703 To make it very unlikely that other plugins use the same sequence of
|
|
|
1704 characters, use this structure: <Plug> scriptname mapname
|
|
|
1705 In our example the scriptname is "Typecorr" and the mapname is "Add".
|
|
|
1706 This results in "<Plug>TypecorrAdd". Only the first character of
|
|
|
1707 scriptname and mapname is uppercase, so that we can see where mapname
|
|
|
1708 starts.
|
|
|
1709
|
|
|
1710 <SID> is the script ID, a unique identifier for a script.
|
|
|
1711 Internally Vim translates <SID> to "<SNR>123_", where "123" can be any
|
|
|
1712 number. Thus a function "<SID>Add()" will have a name "<SNR>11_Add()"
|
|
|
1713 in one script, and "<SNR>22_Add()" in another. You can see this if
|
|
|
1714 you use the ":function" command to get a list of functions. The
|
|
|
1715 translation of <SID> in mappings is exactly the same, that's how you
|
|
|
1716 can call a script-local function from a mapping.
|
|
|
1717
|
|
|
1718
|
|
|
1719 USER COMMAND
|
|
|
1720
|
|
|
1721 Now let's add a user command to add a correction: >
|
|
|
1722
|
|
|
1723 38 if !exists(":Correct")
|
|
|
1724 39 command -nargs=1 Correct :call s:Add(<q-args>, 0)
|
|
|
1725 40 endif
|
|
|
1726
|
|
|
1727 The user command is defined only if no command with the same name already
|
|
|
1728 exists. Otherwise we would get an error here. Overriding the existing user
|
|
|
1729 command with ":command!" is not a good idea, this would probably make the user
|
|
|
1730 wonder why the command he defined himself doesn't work. |:command|
|
|
|
1731
|
|
|
1732
|
|
|
1733 SCRIPT VARIABLES
|
|
|
1734
|
|
|
1735 When a variable starts with "s:" it is a script variable. It can only be used
|
|
|
1736 inside a script. Outside the script it's not visible. This avoids trouble
|
|
|
1737 with using the same variable name in different scripts. The variables will be
|
|
|
1738 kept as long as Vim is running. And the same variables are used when sourcing
|
|
|
1739 the same script again. |s:var|
|
|
|
1740
|
|
|
1741 The fun is that these variables can also be used in functions, autocommands
|
|
|
1742 and user commands that are defined in the script. In our example we can add
|
|
|
1743 a few lines to count the number of corrections: >
|
|
|
1744
|
|
|
1745 19 let s:count = 4
|
|
|
1746 ..
|
|
|
1747 30 function s:Add(from, correct)
|
|
|
1748 ..
|
|
|
1749 34 let s:count = s:count + 1
|
|
|
1750 35 echo s:count . " corrections now"
|
|
|
1751 36 endfunction
|
|
|
1752
|
|
|
1753 First s:count is initialized to 4 in the script itself. When later the
|
|
|
1754 s:Add() function is called, it increments s:count. It doesn't matter from
|
|
|
1755 where the function was called, since it has been defined in the script, it
|
|
|
1756 will use the local variables from this script.
|
|
|
1757
|
|
|
1758
|
|
|
1759 THE RESULT
|
|
|
1760
|
|
|
1761 Here is the resulting complete example: >
|
|
|
1762
|
|
|
1763 1 " Vim global plugin for correcting typing mistakes
|
|
|
1764 2 " Last Change: 2000 Oct 15
|
|
|
1765 3 " Maintainer: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
|
|
|
1766 4 " License: This file is placed in the public domain.
|
|
|
1767 5
|
|
|
1768 6 if exists("loaded_typecorr")
|
|
|
1769 7 finish
|
|
|
1770 8 endif
|
|
|
1771 9 let loaded_typecorr = 1
|
|
|
1772 10
|
|
|
1773 11 let s:save_cpo = &cpo
|
|
|
1774 12 set cpo&vim
|
|
|
1775 13
|
|
|
1776 14 iabbrev teh the
|
|
|
1777 15 iabbrev otehr other
|
|
|
1778 16 iabbrev wnat want
|
|
|
1779 17 iabbrev synchronisation
|
|
|
1780 18 \ synchronization
|
|
|
1781 19 let s:count = 4
|
|
|
1782 20
|
|
|
1783 21 if !hasmapto('<Plug>TypecorrAdd')
|
|
|
1784 22 map <unique> <Leader>a <Plug>TypecorrAdd
|
|
|
1785 23 endif
|
|
|
1786 24 noremap <unique> <script> <Plug>TypecorrAdd <SID>Add
|
|
|
1787 25
|
|
|
1788 26 noremenu <script> Plugin.Add\ Correction <SID>Add
|
|
|
1789 27
|
|
|
1790 28 noremap <SID>Add :call <SID>Add(expand("<cword>"), 1)<CR>
|
|
|
1791 29
|
|
|
1792 30 function s:Add(from, correct)
|
|
|
1793 31 let to = input("type the correction for " . a:from . ": ")
|
|
|
1794 32 exe ":iabbrev " . a:from . " " . to
|
|
|
1795 33 if a:correct | exe "normal viws\<C-R>\" \b\e" | endif
|
|
|
1796 34 let s:count = s:count + 1
|
|
|
1797 35 echo s:count . " corrections now"
|
|
|
1798 36 endfunction
|
|
|
1799 37
|
|
|
1800 38 if !exists(":Correct")
|
|
|
1801 39 command -nargs=1 Correct :call s:Add(<q-args>, 0)
|
|
|
1802 40 endif
|
|
|
1803 41
|
|
|
1804 42 let &cpo = s:save_cpo
|
|
|
1805
|
|
|
1806 Line 33 wasn't explained yet. It applies the new correction to the word under
|
|
|
1807 the cursor. The |:normal| command is used to use the new abbreviation. Note
|
|
|
1808 that mappings and abbreviations are expanded here, even though the function
|
|
|
1809 was called from a mapping defined with ":noremap".
|
|
|
1810
|
|
|
1811 Using "unix" for the 'fileformat' option is recommended. The Vim scripts will
|
|
|
1812 then work everywhere. Scripts with 'fileformat' set to "dos" do not work on
|
|
|
1813 Unix. Also see |:source_crnl|. To be sure it is set right, do this before
|
|
|
1814 writing the file: >
|
|
|
1815
|
|
|
1816 :set fileformat=unix
|
|
|
1817
|
|
|
1818
|
|
|
1819 DOCUMENTATION *write-local-help*
|
|
|
1820
|
|
|
1821 It's a good idea to also write some documentation for your plugin. Especially
|
|
|
1822 when its behavior can be changed by the user. See |add-local-help| for how
|
|
|
1823 they are installed.
|
|
|
1824
|
|
|
1825 Here is a simple example for a plugin help file, called "typecorr.txt": >
|
|
|
1826
|
|
|
1827 1 *typecorr.txt* Plugin for correcting typing mistakes
|
|
|
1828 2
|
|
|
1829 3 If you make typing mistakes, this plugin will have them corrected
|
|
|
1830 4 automatically.
|
|
|
1831 5
|
|
|
1832 6 There are currently only a few corrections. Add your own if you like.
|
|
|
1833 7
|
|
|
1834 8 Mappings:
|
|
|
1835 9 <Leader>a or <Plug>TypecorrAdd
|
|
|
1836 10 Add a correction for the word under the cursor.
|
|
|
1837 11
|
|
|
1838 12 Commands:
|
|
|
1839 13 :Correct {word}
|
|
|
1840 14 Add a correction for {word}.
|
|
|
1841 15
|
|
|
1842 16 *typecorr-settings*
|
|
|
1843 17 This plugin doesn't have any settings.
|
|
|
1844
|
|
|
1845 The first line is actually the only one for which the format matters. It will
|
|
|
1846 be extracted from the help file to be put in the "LOCAL ADDITIONS:" section of
|
|
|
1847 help.txt |local-additions|. The first "*" must be in the first column of the
|
|
|
1848 first line. After adding your help file do ":help" and check that the entries
|
|
|
1849 line up nicely.
|
|
|
1850
|
|
|
1851 You can add more tags inside ** in your help file. But be careful not to use
|
|
|
1852 existing help tags. You would probably use the name of your plugin in most of
|
|
|
1853 them, like "typecorr-settings" in the example.
|
|
|
1854
|
|
|
1855 Using references to other parts of the help in || is recommended. This makes
|
|
|
1856 it easy for the user to find associated help.
|
|
|
1857
|
|
|
1858
|
|
|
1859 FILETYPE DETECTION *plugin-filetype*
|
|
|
1860
|
|
|
1861 If your filetype is not already detected by Vim, you should create a filetype
|
|
|
1862 detection snippet in a separate file. It is usually in the form of an
|
|
|
1863 autocommand that sets the filetype when the file name matches a pattern.
|
|
|
1864 Example: >
|
|
|
1865
|
|
|
1866 au BufNewFile,BufRead *.foo set filetype=foofoo
|
|
|
1867
|
|
|
1868 Write this single-line file as "ftdetect/foofoo.vim" in the first directory
|
|
|
1869 that appears in 'runtimepath'. For Unix that would be
|
|
|
1870 "~/.vim/ftdetect/foofoo.vim". The convention is to use the name of the
|
|
|
1871 filetype for the script name.
|
|
|
1872
|
|
|
1873 You can make more complicated checks if you like, for example to inspect the
|
|
|
1874 contents of the file to recognize the language. Also see |new-filetype|.
|
|
|
1875
|
|
|
1876
|
|
|
1877 SUMMARY *plugin-special*
|
|
|
1878
|
|
|
1879 Summary of special things to use in a plugin:
|
|
|
1880
|
|
|
1881 s:name Variables local to the script.
|
|
|
1882
|
|
|
1883 <SID> Script-ID, used for mappings and functions local to
|
|
|
1884 the script.
|
|
|
1885
|
|
|
1886 hasmapto() Function to test if the user already defined a mapping
|
|
|
1887 for functionality the script offers.
|
|
|
1888
|
|
|
1889 <Leader> Value of "mapleader", which the user defines as the
|
|
|
1890 keys that plugin mappings start with.
|
|
|
1891
|
|
|
1892 :map <unique> Give a warning if a mapping already exists.
|
|
|
1893
|
|
|
1894 :noremap <script> Use only mappings local to the script, not global
|
|
|
1895 mappings.
|
|
|
1896
|
|
|
1897 exists(":Cmd") Check if a user command already exists.
|
|
|
1898
|
|
|
1899 ==============================================================================
|
|
161
|
1900 *41.12* Writing a filetype plugin *write-filetype-plugin* *ftplugin*
|
|
7
|
1901
|
|
|
1902 A filetype plugin is like a global plugin, except that it sets options and
|
|
|
1903 defines mappings for the current buffer only. See |add-filetype-plugin| for
|
|
|
1904 how this type of plugin is used.
|
|
|
1905
|
|
161
|
1906 First read the section on global plugins above |41.11|. All that is said there
|
|
7
|
1907 also applies to filetype plugins. There are a few extras, which are explained
|
|
|
1908 here. The essential thing is that a filetype plugin should only have an
|
|
|
1909 effect on the current buffer.
|
|
|
1910
|
|
|
1911
|
|
|
1912 DISABLING
|
|
|
1913
|
|
|
1914 If you are writing a filetype plugin to be used by many people, they need a
|
|
|
1915 chance to disable loading it. Put this at the top of the plugin: >
|
|
|
1916
|
|
|
1917 " Only do this when not done yet for this buffer
|
|
|
1918 if exists("b:did_ftplugin")
|
|
|
1919 finish
|
|
|
1920 endif
|
|
|
1921 let b:did_ftplugin = 1
|
|
|
1922
|
|
|
1923 This also needs to be used to avoid that the same plugin is executed twice for
|
|
|
1924 the same buffer (happens when using an ":edit" command without arguments).
|
|
|
1925
|
|
|
1926 Now users can disable loading the default plugin completely by making a
|
|
|
1927 filetype plugin with only this line: >
|
|
|
1928
|
|
|
1929 let b:did_ftplugin = 1
|
|
|
1930
|
|
|
1931 This does require that the filetype plugin directory comes before $VIMRUNTIME
|
|
|
1932 in 'runtimepath'!
|
|
|
1933
|
|
|
1934 If you do want to use the default plugin, but overrule one of the settings,
|
|
|
1935 you can write the different setting in a script: >
|
|
|
1936
|
|
|
1937 setlocal textwidth=70
|
|
|
1938
|
|
|
1939 Now write this in the "after" directory, so that it gets sourced after the
|
|
|
1940 distributed "vim.vim" ftplugin |after-directory|. For Unix this would be
|
|
|
1941 "~/.vim/after/ftplugin/vim.vim". Note that the default plugin will have set
|
|
|
1942 "b:did_ftplugin", but it is ignored here.
|
|
|
1943
|
|
|
1944
|
|
|
1945 OPTIONS
|
|
|
1946
|
|
|
1947 To make sure the filetype plugin only affects the current buffer use the >
|
|
|
1948
|
|
|
1949 :setlocal
|
|
|
1950
|
|
|
1951 command to set options. And only set options which are local to a buffer (see
|
|
|
1952 the help for the option to check that). When using |:setlocal| for global
|
|
|
1953 options or options local to a window, the value will change for many buffers,
|
|
|
1954 and that is not what a filetype plugin should do.
|
|
|
1955
|
|
|
1956 When an option has a value that is a list of flags or items, consider using
|
|
|
1957 "+=" and "-=" to keep the existing value. Be aware that the user may have
|
|
|
1958 changed an option value already. First resetting to the default value and
|
|
|
1959 then changing it often a good idea. Example: >
|
|
|
1960
|
|
|
1961 :setlocal formatoptions& formatoptions+=ro
|
|
|
1962
|
|
|
1963
|
|
|
1964 MAPPINGS
|
|
|
1965
|
|
|
1966 To make sure mappings will only work in the current buffer use the >
|
|
|
1967
|
|
|
1968 :map <buffer>
|
|
|
1969
|
|
|
1970 command. This needs to be combined with the two-step mapping explained above.
|
|
|
1971 An example of how to define functionality in a filetype plugin: >
|
|
|
1972
|
|
|
1973 if !hasmapto('<Plug>JavaImport')
|
|
|
1974 map <buffer> <unique> <LocalLeader>i <Plug>JavaImport
|
|
|
1975 endif
|
|
|
1976 noremap <buffer> <unique> <Plug>JavaImport oimport ""<Left><Esc>
|
|
|
1977
|
|
|
1978 |hasmapto()| is used to check if the user has already defined a map to
|
|
|
1979 <Plug>JavaImport. If not, then the filetype plugin defines the default
|
|
|
1980 mapping. This starts with |<LocalLeader>|, which allows the user to select
|
|
|
1981 the key(s) he wants filetype plugin mappings to start with. The default is a
|
|
|
1982 backslash.
|
|
|
1983 "<unique>" is used to give an error message if the mapping already exists or
|
|
|
1984 overlaps with an existing mapping.
|
|
|
1985 |:noremap| is used to avoid that any other mappings that the user has defined
|
|
|
1986 interferes. You might want to use ":noremap <script>" to allow remapping
|
|
|
1987 mappings defined in this script that start with <SID>.
|
|
|
1988
|
|
|
1989 The user must have a chance to disable the mappings in a filetype plugin,
|
|
|
1990 without disabling everything. Here is an example of how this is done for a
|
|
|
1991 plugin for the mail filetype: >
|
|
|
1992
|
|
|
1993 " Add mappings, unless the user didn't want this.
|
|
|
1994 if !exists("no_plugin_maps") && !exists("no_mail_maps")
|
|
|
1995 " Quote text by inserting "> "
|
|
|
1996 if !hasmapto('<Plug>MailQuote')
|
|
|
1997 vmap <buffer> <LocalLeader>q <Plug>MailQuote
|
|
|
1998 nmap <buffer> <LocalLeader>q <Plug>MailQuote
|
|
|
1999 endif
|
|
|
2000 vnoremap <buffer> <Plug>MailQuote :s/^/> /<CR>
|
|
|
2001 nnoremap <buffer> <Plug>MailQuote :.,$s/^/> /<CR>
|
|
|
2002 endif
|
|
|
2003
|
|
|
2004 Two global variables are used:
|
|
|
2005 no_plugin_maps disables mappings for all filetype plugins
|
|
|
2006 no_mail_maps disables mappings for a specific filetype
|
|
|
2007
|
|
|
2008
|
|
|
2009 USER COMMANDS
|
|
|
2010
|
|
|
2011 To add a user command for a specific file type, so that it can only be used in
|
|
|
2012 one buffer, use the "-buffer" argument to |:command|. Example: >
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2014 :command -buffer Make make %:r.s
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017 VARIABLES
|
|
|
2018
|
|
|
2019 A filetype plugin will be sourced for each buffer of the type it's for. Local
|
|
|
2020 script variables |s:var| will be shared between all invocations. Use local
|
|
|
2021 buffer variables |b:var| if you want a variable specifically for one buffer.
|
|
|
2022
|
|
|
2023
|
|
|
2024 FUNCTIONS
|
|
|
2025
|
|
|
2026 When defining a function, this only needs to be done once. But the filetype
|
|
|
2027 plugin will be sourced every time a file with this filetype will be opened.
|
|
|
2028 This construct make sure the function is only defined once: >
|
|
|
2029
|
|
|
2030 :if !exists("*s:Func")
|
|
|
2031 : function s:Func(arg)
|
|
|
2032 : ...
|
|
|
2033 : endfunction
|
|
|
2034 :endif
|
|
|
2035 <
|
|
|
2036
|
|
|
2037 UNDO *undo_ftplugin*
|
|
|
2038
|
|
|
2039 When the user does ":setfiletype xyz" the effect of the previous filetype
|
|
|
2040 should be undone. Set the b:undo_ftplugin variable to the commands that will
|
|
|
2041 undo the settings in your filetype plugin. Example: >
|
|
|
2042
|
|
|
2043 let b:undo_ftplugin = "setlocal fo< com< tw< commentstring<"
|
|
|
2044 \ . "| unlet b:match_ignorecase b:match_words b:match_skip"
|
|
|
2045
|
|
|
2046 Using ":setlocal" with "<" after the option name resets the option to its
|
|
|
2047 global value. That is mostly the best way to reset the option value.
|
|
|
2048
|
|
|
2049 This does require removing the "C" flag from 'cpoptions' to allow line
|
|
|
2050 continuation, as mentioned above |use-cpo-save|.
|
|
|
2051
|
|
|
2052
|
|
|
2053 FILE NAME
|
|
|
2054
|
|
|
2055 The filetype must be included in the file name |ftplugin-name|. Use one of
|
|
|
2056 these three forms:
|
|
|
2057
|
|
|
2058 .../ftplugin/stuff.vim
|
|
|
2059 .../ftplugin/stuff_foo.vim
|
|
|
2060 .../ftplugin/stuff/bar.vim
|
|
|
2061
|
|
|
2062 "stuff" is the filetype, "foo" and "bar" are arbitrary names.
|
|
|
2063
|
|
|
2064
|
|
|
2065 SUMMARY *ftplugin-special*
|
|
|
2066
|
|
|
2067 Summary of special things to use in a filetype plugin:
|
|
|
2068
|
|
|
2069 <LocalLeader> Value of "maplocalleader", which the user defines as
|
|
|
2070 the keys that filetype plugin mappings start with.
|
|
|
2071
|
|
|
2072 :map <buffer> Define a mapping local to the buffer.
|
|
|
2073
|
|
|
2074 :noremap <script> Only remap mappings defined in this script that start
|
|
|
2075 with <SID>.
|
|
|
2076
|
|
|
2077 :setlocal Set an option for the current buffer only.
|
|
|
2078
|
|
|
2079 :command -buffer Define a user command local to the buffer.
|
|
|
2080
|
|
|
2081 exists("*s:Func") Check if a function was already defined.
|
|
|
2082
|
|
|
2083 Also see |plugin-special|, the special things used for all plugins.
|
|
|
2084
|
|
|
2085 ==============================================================================
|
|
161
|
2086 *41.13* Writing a compiler plugin *write-compiler-plugin*
|
|
7
|
2087
|
|
|
2088 A compiler plugin sets options for use with a specific compiler. The user can
|
|
|
2089 load it with the |:compiler| command. The main use is to set the
|
|
|
2090 'errorformat' and 'makeprg' options.
|
|
|
2091
|
|
|
2092 Easiest is to have a look at examples. This command will edit all the default
|
|
|
2093 compiler plugins: >
|
|
|
2094
|
|
|
2095 :next $VIMRUNTIME/compiler/*.vim
|
|
|
2096
|
|
|
2097 Use |:next| to go to the next plugin file.
|
|
|
2098
|
|
|
2099 There are two special items about these files. First is a mechanism to allow
|
|
|
2100 a user to overrule or add to the default file. The default files start with: >
|
|
|
2101
|
|
|
2102 :if exists("current_compiler")
|
|
|
2103 : finish
|
|
|
2104 :endif
|
|
|
2105 :let current_compiler = "mine"
|
|
|
2106
|
|
|
2107 When you write a compiler file and put it in your personal runtime directory
|
|
|
2108 (e.g., ~/.vim/compiler for Unix), you set the "current_compiler" variable to
|
|
|
2109 make the default file skip the settings.
|
|
|
2110
|
|
|
2111 The second mechanism is to use ":set" for ":compiler!" and ":setlocal" for
|
|
|
2112 ":compiler". Vim defines the ":CompilerSet" user command for this. However,
|
|
|
2113 older Vim versions don't, thus your plugin should define it then. This is an
|
|
|
2114 example: >
|
|
|
2115
|
|
|
2116 if exists(":CompilerSet") != 2
|
|
|
2117 command -nargs=* CompilerSet setlocal <args>
|
|
|
2118 endif
|
|
|
2119 CompilerSet errorformat& " use the default 'errorformat'
|
|
|
2120 CompilerSet makeprg=nmake
|
|
|
2121
|
|
|
2122 When you write a compiler plugin for the Vim distribution or for a system-wide
|
|
|
2123 runtime directory, use the mechanism mentioned above. When
|
|
|
2124 "current_compiler" was already set by a user plugin nothing will be done.
|
|
|
2125
|
|
|
2126 When you write a compiler plugin to overrule settings from a default plugin,
|
|
|
2127 don't check "current_compiler". This plugin is supposed to be loaded
|
|
|
2128 last, thus it should be in a directory at the end of 'runtimepath'. For Unix
|
|
|
2129 that could be ~/.vim/after/compiler.
|
|
|
2130
|
|
|
2131 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
2132
|
|
|
2133 Next chapter: |usr_42.txt| Add new menus
|
|
|
2134
|
|
|
2135 Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
|
