Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/undo.txt @ 18486:9d887cad7315
Added tag v8.1.2237 for changeset 63ee3c2b140fe1b4801389872a8e47aec19d028b
| author | Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Thu, 31 Oct 2019 20:00:04 +0100 |
| parents | 1eaf34420bb3 |
| children | 6848b809a26e |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 16610 | 1 *undo.txt* For Vim version 8.1. Last change: 2019 May 07 |
| 7 | 2 |
| 3 | |
| 4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar | |
| 5 | |
| 6 | |
| 7 Undo and redo *undo-redo* | |
| 8 | |
| 9 The basics are explained in section |02.5| of the user manual. | |
| 10 | |
| 11 1. Undo and redo commands |undo-commands| | |
| 12 2. Two ways of undo |undo-two-ways| | |
| 697 | 13 3. Undo blocks |undo-blocks| |
| 758 | 14 4. Undo branches |undo-branches| |
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15 5. Undo persistence |undo-persistence| |
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16 6. Remarks about undo |undo-remarks| |
| 7 | 17 |
| 18 ============================================================================== | |
| 19 1. Undo and redo commands *undo-commands* | |
| 20 | |
| 21 <Undo> or *undo* *<Undo>* *u* | |
| 16610 | 22 u Undo [count] changes. |
| 7 | 23 |
| 24 *:u* *:un* *:undo* | |
| 16610 | 25 :u[ndo] Undo one change. |
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26 *E830* |
| 772 | 27 :u[ndo] {N} Jump to after change number {N}. See |undo-branches| |
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28 for the meaning of {N}. |
| 772 | 29 |
| 7 | 30 *CTRL-R* |
| 16610 | 31 CTRL-R Redo [count] changes which were undone. |
| 7 | 32 |
| 33 *:red* *:redo* *redo* | |
| 16610 | 34 :red[o] Redo one change which was undone. |
| 7 | 35 |
| 36 *U* | |
| 3082 | 37 U Undo all latest changes on one line, the line where |
| 38 the latest change was made. |U| itself also counts as | |
| 39 a change, and thus |U| undoes a previous |U|. | |
| 7 | 40 |
| 41 The last changes are remembered. You can use the undo and redo commands above | |
| 42 to revert the text to how it was before each change. You can also apply the | |
| 43 changes again, getting back the text before the undo. | |
| 44 | |
| 45 The "U" command is treated by undo/redo just like any other command. Thus a | |
| 46 "u" command undoes a "U" command and a 'CTRL-R' command redoes it again. When | |
| 47 mixing "U", "u" and 'CTRL-R' you will notice that the "U" command will | |
| 48 restore the situation of a line to before the previous "U" command. This may | |
| 49 be confusing. Try it out to get used to it. | |
| 50 The "U" command will always mark the buffer as changed. When "U" changes the | |
| 51 buffer back to how it was without changes, it is still considered changed. | |
| 52 Use "u" to undo changes until the buffer becomes unchanged. | |
| 53 | |
| 54 ============================================================================== | |
| 55 2. Two ways of undo *undo-two-ways* | |
| 56 | |
| 57 How undo and redo commands work depends on the 'u' flag in 'cpoptions'. | |
| 5340 | 58 There is the Vim way ('u' excluded) and the Vi-compatible way ('u' included). |
| 7 | 59 In the Vim way, "uu" undoes two changes. In the Vi-compatible way, "uu" does |
| 60 nothing (undoes an undo). | |
| 61 | |
| 62 'u' excluded, the Vim way: | |
| 63 You can go back in time with the undo command. You can then go forward again | |
| 64 with the redo command. If you make a new change after the undo command, | |
| 65 the redo will not be possible anymore. | |
| 66 | |
| 67 'u' included, the Vi-compatible way: | |
| 68 The undo command undoes the previous change, and also the previous undo command. | |
| 69 The redo command repeats the previous undo command. It does NOT repeat a | |
| 70 change command, use "." for that. | |
| 71 | |
| 72 Examples Vim way Vi-compatible way ~ | |
| 73 "uu" two times undo no-op | |
| 74 "u CTRL-R" no-op two times undo | |
| 75 | |
| 76 Rationale: Nvi uses the "." command instead of CTRL-R. Unfortunately, this | |
| 77 is not Vi compatible. For example "dwdwu." in Vi deletes two | |
| 78 words, in Nvi it does nothing. | |
| 79 | |
| 80 ============================================================================== | |
| 697 | 81 3. Undo blocks *undo-blocks* |
| 82 | |
| 83 One undo command normally undoes a typed command, no matter how many changes | |
| 84 that command makes. This sequence of undo-able changes forms an undo block. | |
| 85 Thus if the typed key(s) call a function, all the commands in the function are | |
| 86 undone together. | |
| 87 | |
| 88 If you want to write a function or script that doesn't create a new undoable | |
| 89 change but joins in with the previous change use this command: | |
| 90 | |
| 839 | 91 *:undoj* *:undojoin* *E790* |
| 697 | 92 :undoj[oin] Join further changes with the previous undo block. |
| 93 Warning: Use with care, it may prevent the user from | |
| 839 | 94 properly undoing changes. Don't use this after undo |
| 95 or redo. | |
| 697 | 96 |
| 5968 | 97 This is most useful when you need to prompt the user halfway through a change. |
| 98 For example in a function that calls |getchar()|. Do make sure that there was | |
| 99 a related change before this that you must join with. | |
| 697 | 100 |
| 101 This doesn't work by itself, because the next key press will start a new | |
| 102 change again. But you can do something like this: > | |
| 103 | |
| 104 :undojoin | delete | |
| 105 | |
| 106 After this an "u" command will undo the delete command and the previous | |
| 107 change. | |
| 108 | |
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109 To do the opposite, break a change into two undo blocks, in Insert mode use |
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110 CTRL-G u. This is useful if you want an insert command to be undoable in |
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111 parts. E.g., for each sentence. |i_CTRL-G_u| |
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112 Setting the value of 'undolevels' also breaks undo. Even when the new value |
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113 is equal to the old value. |
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114 |
| 697 | 115 ============================================================================== |
| 827 | 116 4. Undo branches *undo-branches* *undo-tree* |
| 758 | 117 |
| 793 | 118 Above we only discussed one line of undo/redo. But it is also possible to |
| 119 branch off. This happens when you undo a few changes and then make a new | |
| 120 change. The undone changes become a branch. You can go to that branch with | |
| 121 the following commands. | |
| 758 | 122 |
| 799 | 123 This is explained in the user manual: |usr_32.txt|. |
| 758 | 124 |
| 772 | 125 *:undol* *:undolist* |
| 126 :undol[ist] List the leafs in the tree of changes. Example: | |
| 2681 | 127 number changes when saved ~ |
| 128 88 88 2010/01/04 14:25:53 | |
| 129 108 107 08/07 12:47:51 | |
| 130 136 46 13:33:01 7 | |
| 131 166 164 3 seconds ago | |
| 772 | 132 |
| 133 The "number" column is the change number. This number | |
| 134 continuously increases and can be used to identify a | |
| 135 specific undo-able change, see |:undo|. | |
| 136 The "changes" column is the number of changes to this | |
| 137 leaf from the root of the tree. | |
| 2681 | 138 The "when" column is the date and time when this |
| 139 change was made. The four possible formats are: | |
| 140 N seconds ago | |
| 141 HH:MM:SS hour, minute, seconds | |
| 142 MM/DD HH:MM:SS idem, with month and day | |
| 143 YYYY/MM/DD HH:MM:SS idem, with year | |
| 2581 | 144 The "saved" column specifies, if this change was |
| 145 written to disk and which file write it was. This can | |
| 2596 | 146 be used with the |:later| and |:earlier| commands. |
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147 For more details use the |undotree()| function. |
| 772 | 148 |
| 758 | 149 *g-* |
| 150 g- Go to older text state. With a count repeat that many | |
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151 times. |
| 758 | 152 *:ea* *:earlier* |
| 153 :earlier {count} Go to older text state {count} times. | |
| 154 :earlier {N}s Go to older text state about {N} seconds before. | |
| 155 :earlier {N}m Go to older text state about {N} minutes before. | |
| 156 :earlier {N}h Go to older text state about {N} hours before. | |
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157 :earlier {N}d Go to older text state about {N} days before. |
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158 |
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159 :earlier {N}f Go to older text state {N} file writes before. |
| 2581 | 160 When changes were made since the last write |
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161 ":earlier 1f" will revert the text to the state when |
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162 it was written. Otherwise it will go to the write |
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163 before that. |
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164 When at the state of the first file write, or when |
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165 the file was not written, ":earlier 1f" will go to |
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166 before the first change. |
| 758 | 167 |
| 168 *g+* | |
| 169 g+ Go to newer text state. With a count repeat that many | |
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170 times. |
| 758 | 171 *:lat* *:later* |
| 172 :later {count} Go to newer text state {count} times. | |
| 173 :later {N}s Go to newer text state about {N} seconds later. | |
| 174 :later {N}m Go to newer text state about {N} minutes later. | |
| 175 :later {N}h Go to newer text state about {N} hours later. | |
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176 :later {N}d Go to newer text state about {N} days later. |
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177 |
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178 :later {N}f Go to newer text state {N} file writes later. |
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179 When at the state of the last file write, ":later 1f" |
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180 will go to the newest text state. |
| 758 | 181 |
| 772 | 182 |
| 758 | 183 Note that text states will become unreachable when undo information is cleared |
| 184 for 'undolevels'. | |
| 185 | |
| 186 Don't be surprised when moving through time shows multiple changes to take | |
| 187 place at a time. This happens when moving through the undo tree and then | |
| 188 making a new change. | |
| 189 | |
| 190 EXAMPLE | |
| 191 | |
| 192 Start with this text: | |
| 193 one two three ~ | |
| 194 | |
| 195 Delete the first word by pressing "x" three times: | |
| 196 ne two three ~ | |
| 197 e two three ~ | |
| 198 two three ~ | |
| 199 | |
| 200 Now undo that by pressing "u" three times: | |
| 201 e two three ~ | |
| 202 ne two three ~ | |
| 203 one two three ~ | |
| 204 | |
| 205 Delete the second word by pressing "x" three times: | |
| 206 one wo three ~ | |
| 207 one o three ~ | |
| 208 one three ~ | |
| 209 | |
| 210 Now undo that by using "g-" three times: | |
| 211 one o three ~ | |
| 212 one wo three ~ | |
| 213 two three ~ | |
| 214 | |
| 215 You are now back in the first undo branch, after deleting "one". Repeating | |
| 216 "g-" will now bring you back to the original text: | |
| 217 e two three ~ | |
| 218 ne two three ~ | |
| 219 one two three ~ | |
| 220 | |
| 221 Jump to the last change with ":later 1h": | |
| 222 one three ~ | |
| 223 | |
| 224 And back to the start again with ":earlier 1h": | |
| 225 one two three ~ | |
| 226 | |
| 227 | |
| 228 Note that using "u" and CTRL-R will not get you to all possible text states | |
| 229 while repeating "g-" and "g+" does. | |
| 230 | |
| 231 ============================================================================== | |
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232 5. Undo persistence *undo-persistence* *persistent-undo* |
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233 |
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234 When unloading a buffer Vim normally destroys the tree of undos created for |
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235 that buffer. By setting the 'undofile' option, Vim will automatically save |
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236 your undo history when you write a file and restore undo history when you edit |
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237 the file again. |
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238 |
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239 The 'undofile' option is checked after writing a file, before the BufWritePost |
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240 autocommands. If you want to control what files to write undo information |
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241 for, you can use a BufWritePre autocommand: > |
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242 au BufWritePre /tmp/* setlocal noundofile |
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243 |
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244 Vim saves undo trees in a separate undo file, one for each edited file, using |
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245 a simple scheme that maps filesystem paths directly to undo files. Vim will |
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246 detect if an undo file is no longer synchronized with the file it was written |
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247 for (with a hash of the file contents) and ignore it when the file was changed |
| 2625 | 248 after the undo file was written, to prevent corruption. An undo file is also |
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249 ignored if its owner differs from the owner of the edited file, except when |
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250 the owner of the undo file is the current user. Set 'verbose' to get a |
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251 message about that when opening a file. |
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252 |
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253 Undo files are normally saved in the same directory as the file. This can be |
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254 changed with the 'undodir' option. |
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255 |
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256 When the file is encrypted, the text in the undo file is also crypted. The |
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257 same key and method is used. |encryption| |
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258 |
| 15512 | 259 Note that text properties are not stored in the undo file. You can restore |
| 260 text properties so long as a buffer is loaded, but you cannot restore them | |
| 261 from an undo file. Rationale: It would require the associated text property | |
| 262 types to be defined in exactly the same was as before, which cannot be | |
| 263 guaranteed. | |
| 264 | |
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265 You can also save and restore undo histories by using ":wundo" and ":rundo" |
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266 respectively: |
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267 *:wundo* *:rundo* |
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268 :wundo[!] {file} |
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269 Write undo history to {file}. |
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270 When {file} exists and it does not look like an undo file |
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271 (the magic number at the start of the file is wrong), then |
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272 this fails, unless the ! was added. |
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273 If it exists and does look like an undo file it is |
| 3312 | 274 overwritten. If there is no undo-history, nothing will be |
| 275 written. | |
| 276 Implementation detail: Overwriting happens by first deleting | |
| 277 the existing file and then creating a new file with the same | |
| 278 name. So it is not possible to overwrite an existing undofile | |
| 279 in a write-protected directory. | |
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280 |
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281 :rundo {file} Read undo history from {file}. |
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282 |
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283 You can use these in autocommands to explicitly specify the name of the |
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284 history file. E.g.: > |
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285 |
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286 au BufReadPost * call ReadUndo() |
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287 au BufWritePost * call WriteUndo() |
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288 func ReadUndo() |
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289 if filereadable(expand('%:h'). '/UNDO/' . expand('%:t')) |
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290 rundo %:h/UNDO/%:t |
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291 endif |
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292 endfunc |
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293 func WriteUndo() |
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294 let dirname = expand('%:h') . '/UNDO' |
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295 if !isdirectory(dirname) |
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296 call mkdir(dirname) |
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297 endif |
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298 wundo %:h/UNDO/%:t |
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299 endfunc |
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300 |
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301 You should keep 'undofile' off, otherwise you end up with two undo files for |
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302 every write. |
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303 |
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304 You can use the |undofile()| function to find out the file name that Vim would |
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305 use. |
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306 |
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307 Note that while reading/writing files and 'undofile' is set most errors will |
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308 be silent, unless 'verbose' is set. With :wundo and :rundo you will get more |
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309 error messages, e.g., when the file cannot be read or written. |
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310 |
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311 NOTE: undo files are never deleted by Vim. You need to delete them yourself. |
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312 |
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313 Reading an existing undo file may fail for several reasons: |
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314 *E822* It cannot be opened, because the file permissions don't allow it. |
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315 *E823* The magic number at the start of the file doesn't match. This usually |
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316 means it is not an undo file. |
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317 *E824* The version number of the undo file indicates that it's written by a |
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318 newer version of Vim. You need that newer version to open it. Don't |
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319 write the buffer if you want to keep the undo info in the file. |
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320 "File contents changed, cannot use undo info" |
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321 The file text differs from when the undo file was written. This means |
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322 the undo file cannot be used, it would corrupt the text. This also |
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323 happens when 'encoding' differs from when the undo file was written. |
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324 *E825* The undo file does not contain valid contents and cannot be used. |
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325 *E826* The undo file is encrypted but decryption failed. |
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326 *E827* The undo file is encrypted but this version of Vim does not support |
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327 encryption. Open the file with another Vim. |
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328 *E832* The undo file is encrypted but 'key' is not set, the text file is not |
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329 encrypted. This would happen if the text file was written by Vim |
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330 encrypted at first, and later overwritten by not encrypted text. |
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331 You probably want to delete this undo file. |
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332 "Not reading undo file, owner differs" |
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333 The undo file is owned by someone else than the owner of the text |
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334 file. For safety the undo file is not used. |
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335 |
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336 Writing an undo file may fail for these reasons: |
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337 *E828* The file to be written cannot be created. Perhaps you do not have |
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338 write permissions in the directory. |
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339 "Cannot write undo file in any directory in 'undodir'" |
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340 None of the directories in 'undodir' can be used. |
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341 "Will not overwrite with undo file, cannot read" |
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342 A file exists with the name of the undo file to be written, but it |
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343 cannot be read. You may want to delete this file or rename it. |
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344 "Will not overwrite, this is not an undo file" |
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345 A file exists with the name of the undo file to be written, but it |
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346 does not start with the right magic number. You may want to delete |
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347 this file or rename it. |
| 2581 | 348 "Skipping undo file write, nothing to undo" |
| 349 There is no undo information to be written, nothing has been changed | |
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350 or 'undolevels' is negative. |
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351 *E829* An error occurred while writing the undo file. You may want to try |
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352 again. |
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353 |
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354 ============================================================================== |
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355 6. Remarks about undo *undo-remarks* |
| 7 | 356 |
| 357 The number of changes that are remembered is set with the 'undolevels' option. | |
| 358 If it is zero, the Vi-compatible way is always used. If it is negative no | |
| 359 undo is possible. Use this if you are running out of memory. | |
| 360 | |
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361 *clear-undo* |
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362 When you set 'undolevels' to -1 the undo information is not immediately |
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363 cleared, this happens at the next change. To force clearing the undo |
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364 information you can use these commands: > |
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365 :let old_undolevels = &undolevels |
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366 :set undolevels=-1 |
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367 :exe "normal a \<BS>\<Esc>" |
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368 :let &undolevels = old_undolevels |
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369 :unlet old_undolevels |
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370 |
| 7 | 371 Marks for the buffer ('a to 'z) are also saved and restored, together with the |
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372 text. |
| 7 | 373 |
| 374 When all changes have been undone, the buffer is not considered to be changed. | |
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375 It is then possible to exit Vim with ":q" instead of ":q!". Note |
| 7 | 376 that this is relative to the last write of the file. Typing "u" after ":w" |
| 377 actually changes the buffer, compared to what was written, so the buffer is | |
| 378 considered changed then. | |
| 379 | |
| 380 When manual |folding| is being used, the folds are not saved and restored. | |
| 381 Only changes completely within a fold will keep the fold as it was, because | |
| 382 the first and last line of the fold don't change. | |
| 383 | |
| 384 The numbered registers can also be used for undoing deletes. Each time you | |
| 385 delete text, it is put into register "1. The contents of register "1 are | |
| 386 shifted to "2, etc. The contents of register "9 are lost. You can now get | |
| 387 back the most recent deleted text with the put command: '"1P'. (also, if the | |
| 388 deleted text was the result of the last delete or copy operation, 'P' or 'p' | |
| 389 also works as this puts the contents of the unnamed register). You can get | |
| 390 back the text of three deletes ago with '"3P'. | |
| 391 | |
| 392 *redo-register* | |
| 393 If you want to get back more than one part of deleted text, you can use a | |
| 394 special feature of the repeat command ".". It will increase the number of the | |
| 395 register used. So if you first do ""1P", the following "." will result in a | |
| 396 '"2P'. Repeating this will result in all numbered registers being inserted. | |
| 397 | |
| 398 Example: If you deleted text with 'dd....' it can be restored with | |
| 399 '"1P....'. | |
| 400 | |
| 401 If you don't know in which register the deleted text is, you can use the | |
| 402 :display command. An alternative is to try the first register with '"1P', and | |
| 403 if it is not what you want do 'u.'. This will remove the contents of the | |
| 404 first put, and repeat the put command for the second register. Repeat the | |
| 405 'u.' until you got what you want. | |
| 406 | |
| 14519 | 407 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |