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1 *visual.txt* For Vim version 7.0aa. Last change: 2004 Dec 29
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
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7 Visual mode *Visual* *Visual-mode* *visual-mode*
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8
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9 Visual mode is a flexible and easy way to select a piece of text for an
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10 operator. It is the only way to select a block of text.
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11
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12 This is introduced in section |04.4| of the user manual.
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13
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14 1. Using Visual mode |visual-use|
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15 2. Starting and stopping Visual mode |visual-start|
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16 3. Changing the Visual area |visual-change|
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17 4. Operating on the Visual area |visual-operators|
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18 5. Blockwise operators |blockwise-operators|
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19 6. Repeating |visual-repeat|
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20 7. Examples |visual-examples|
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21 8. Select mode |Select-mode|
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22
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23 {Vi has no Visual mode, the name "visual" is used for Normal mode, to
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24 distinguish it from Ex mode}
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25 {not available when the |+visual| feature was disabled when compiling}
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26
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27 ==============================================================================
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28 1. Using Visual mode *visual-use*
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29
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30 Using Visual mode consists of three parts:
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31 1. Mark the start of the text with "v", "V" or CTRL-V.
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32 The character under the cursor will be used as the start.
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33 2. Move to the end of the text.
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34 The text from the start of the Visual mode up to and including the
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35 character under the cursor is highlighted.
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36 3. Type an operator command.
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37 The highlighted characters will be operated upon.
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38
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39 The 'highlight' option can be used to set the display mode to use for
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40 highlighting in Visual mode.
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41 The 'virtualedit' option can be used to allow positioning the cursor to
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42 positions where there is no actual character.
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43
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44 The highlighted text normally includes the character under the cursor.
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45 However, when the 'selection' option is set to "exclusive" and the cursor is
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46 after the Visual area, the character under the cursor is not included.
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47
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48 With "v" the text before the start position and after the end position will
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49 not be highlighted. However, all uppercase and non-alpha operators, except
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50 "~" and "U", will work on whole lines anyway. See the list of operators
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51 below.
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52
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53 *visual-block*
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54 With CTRL-V (blockwise Visual mode) the highlighted text will be a rectangle
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55 between start position and the cursor. However, some operators work on whole
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56 lines anyway (see the list below). The change and substitute operators will
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57 delete the highlighted text and then start insertion at the top left
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58 position.
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59
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60 ==============================================================================
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61 2. Starting and stopping Visual mode *visual-start*
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62
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63 *v* *characterwise-visual*
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64 v start Visual mode per character.
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65
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66 *V* *linewise-visual*
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67 V start Visual mode linewise.
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68
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69 *CTRL-V* *blockwise-visual*
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70 CTRL-V start Visual mode blockwise. Note: Under Windows
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71 CTRL-V could be mapped to paste text, it doesn't work
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72 to start Visual mode then, see |CTRL-V-alternative|.
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73
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74 If you use <Esc>, click the left mouse button or use any command that
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75 does a jump to another buffer while in Visual mode, the highlighting stops
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76 and no text is affected. Also when you hit "v" in characterwise Visual mode,
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77 "CTRL-V" in blockwise Visual mode or "V" in linewise Visual mode. If you hit
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78 CTRL-Z the highlighting stops and the editor is suspended or a new shell is
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79 started |CTRL-Z|.
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80
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81 new mode after typing: *v_v* *v_CTRL-V* *v_V*
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82 old mode "v" "CTRL-V" "V" ~
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83
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84 Normal Visual blockwise Visual linewise Visual
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85 Visual Normal blockwise Visual linewise Visual
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86 blockwise Visual Visual Normal linewise Visual
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87 linewise Visual Visual blockwise Visual Normal
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88
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89 *gv* *v_gv*
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90 gv Start Visual mode with the same area as the previous
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91 area and the same mode. In Visual mode the current and
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92 the previous Visual area are exchanged.
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93
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94 *<LeftMouse>*
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95 <LeftMouse> Set the current cursor position. If Visual mode is
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96 active it is stopped. Only when 'mouse' option is
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97 contains 'n' or 'a'. If the position is within 'so'
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98 lines from the last line on the screen the text is
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99 scrolled up. If the position is within 'so' lines from
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100 the first line on the screen the text is scrolled
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101 down.
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102
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103 *<RightMouse>*
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104 <RightMouse> Start Visual mode if it is not active. The text from
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105 the cursor position to the position of the click is
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106 highlighted. If Visual mode was already active move
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107 the start or end of the highlighted text, which ever
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108 is closest, to the position of the click. Only when
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109 'mouse' option contains 'n' or 'a'.
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110
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111 Note: when 'mousemodel' is set to "popup",
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112 <S-LeftMouse> has to be used instead of <RightMouse>.
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113
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114 *<LeftRelease>*
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115 <LeftRelease> This works like a <LeftMouse>, if it is not at
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116 the same position as <LeftMouse>. In an older version
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117 of xterm you won't see the selected area until the
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118 button is released, unless there is access to the
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119 display where the xterm is running (via the DISPLAY
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120 environment variable or the -display argument). Only
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121 when 'mouse' option contains 'n' or 'a'.
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122
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123 If Visual mode is not active and the "v", "V" or CTRL-V is preceded with a
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124 count, the size of the previously highlighted area is used for a start. You
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125 can then move the end of the highlighted area and give an operator. The type
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126 of the old area is used (character, line or blockwise).
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127 - Linewise Visual mode: The number of lines is multiplied with the count.
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128 - Blockwise Visual mode: The number of lines and columns is multiplied with
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129 the count.
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130 - Normal Visual mode within one line: The number of characters is multiplied
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131 with the count.
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132 - Normal Visual mode with several lines: The number of lines is multiplied
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133 with the count, in the last line the same number of characters is used as
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134 in the last line in the previously highlighted area.
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135 The start of the text is the Cursor position. If the "$" command was used as
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136 one of the last commands to extend the highlighted text, the area will be
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137 extended to the rightmost column of the longest line.
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138
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139 If you want to highlight exactly the same area as the last time, you can use
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140 "gv" |gv| |v_gv|.
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141
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142 *v_<Esc>*
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143 <Esc> In Visual mode: Stop Visual mode.
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144
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145 *v_CTRL-C*
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146 CTRL-C In Visual mode: Stop Visual mode. When insert mode is
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147 pending (the mode message shows
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148 "-- (insert) VISUAL --"), it is also stopped.
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149
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150 ==============================================================================
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151 3. Changing the Visual area *visual-change*
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152
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153 *v_o*
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154 o Go to Other end of highlighted text: The current
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155 cursor position becomes the start of the highlighted
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156 text and the cursor is moved to the other end of the
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157 highlighted text. The highlighted area remains the
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158 same.
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159
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160 *v_O*
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161 O Go to Other end of highlighted text. This is like
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162 "o", but in Visual block mode the cursor moves to the
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163 other corner in the same line. When the corner is at
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164 a character that occupies more than one position on
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165 the screen (e.g., a <Tab>), the highlighted text may
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166 change.
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167
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168 *v_$*
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169 When the "$" command is used with blockwise Visual mode, the right end of the
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170 highlighted text will be determined by the longest highlighted line. This
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171 stops when a motion command is used that does not move straight up or down.
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172
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173 For moving the end of the block many commands can be used, but you cannot
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174 use Ex commands, commands that make changes or abandon the file. Commands
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175 (starting with) ".pPiIaAO&", CTRL-^, "Z", CTRL-], CTRL-T, CTRL-R, CTRL-I
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176 and CTRL-O cause a beep and Visual mode continues.
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177
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178 When switching to another window on the same buffer, the cursor position in
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179 that window is adjusted, so that the same Visual area is still selected. This
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180 is especially useful to view the start of the Visual area in one window, and
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181 the end in another. You can then use <RightMouse> (or <S-LeftMouse> when
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182 'mousemodel' is "popup") to drag either end of the Visual area.
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183
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184 ==============================================================================
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185 4. Operating on the Visual area *visual-operators*
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186
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187 The operators that can be used are:
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188 ~ switch case |v_~|
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189 d delete |v_d|
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190 c change (4) |v_c|
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191 y yank |v_y|
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192 > shift right (4) |v_>|
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193 < shift left (4) |v_<|
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194 ! filter through external command (1) |v_!|
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195 = filter through 'equalprg' option command (1) |v_=|
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196 gq format lines to 'textwidth' length (1) |v_gq|
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197
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198 The objects that can be used are:
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199 aw a word (with white space) |v_aw|
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200 iw inner word |v_iw|
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201 aW a WORD (with white space) |v_aW|
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202 iW inner WORD |v_iW|
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203 as a sentence (with white space) |v_as|
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204 is inner sentence |v_is|
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205 ap a paragraph (with white space) |v_ap|
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206 ip inner paragraph |v_ip|
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207 ab a () block (with parenthesis) |v_ab|
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208 ib inner () block |v_ib|
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209 aB a {} block (with braces) |v_aB|
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210 iB inner {} block |v_iB|
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211 a< a <> block (with <>) |v_a<|
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212 i< inner <> block |v_i<|
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213 a[ a [] block (with []) |v_a[|
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214 i[ inner [] block |v_i[|
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215
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216 Additionally the following commands can be used:
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217 : start ex command for highlighted lines (1) |v_:|
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218 r change (4) |v_r|
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219 s change |v_s|
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220 C change (2)(4) |v_C|
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221 S change (2) |v_S|
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222 R change (2) |v_R|
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223 x delete |v_x|
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224 D delete (3) |v_D|
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225 X delete (2) |v_X|
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226 Y yank (2) |v_Y|
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227 p put |v_p|
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228 J join (1) |v_J|
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229 U make uppercase |v_U|
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230 u make lowercase |v_u|
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231 ^] find tag |v_CTRL-]|
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232 I block insert |v_b_I|
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233 A block append |v_b_A|
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234
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235 (1): Always whole lines, see |:visual_example|.
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236 (2): Whole lines when not using CTRL-V.
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237 (3): Whole lines when not using CTRL-V, delete until the end of the line when
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238 using CTRL-V.
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239 (4): When using CTRL-V operates on the block only.
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240
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241 Note that the ":vmap" command can be used to specifically map keys in Visual
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242 mode. For example, if you would like the "/" command not to extend the Visual
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243 area, but instead take the highlighted text and search for that: >
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244 :vmap / y/<C-R>"<CR>
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245 (In the <> notation |<>|, when typing it you should type it literally; you
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246 need to remove the 'B' and '<' flags from 'cpoptions'.)
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247
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248 If you want to give a register name using the """ command, do this just before
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249 typing the operator character: "v{move-around}"xd".
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250
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251 If you want to give a count to the command, do this just before typing the
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252 operator character: "v{move-around}3>" (move lines 3 indents to the right).
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253
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254 *{move-around}*
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255 The {move-around} is any sequence of movement commands. Note the difference
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256 with {motion}, which is only ONE movement command.
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257
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258 ==============================================================================
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259 5. Blockwise operators *blockwise-operators*
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260
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261 {not available when compiled without the |+visualextra| feature}
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262
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263 Reminder: Use 'virtualedit' to be able to select blocks that start or end
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264 after the end of a line or halfway a tab.
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265
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266 Visual-block Insert *v_b_I*
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267 With a blockwise selection, I{string}<ESC> will insert {string} at the start
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268 of block on every line of the block, provided that the line extends into the
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269 block. Thus lines that are short will remain unmodified. TABs are split to
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270 retain visual columns.
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271 See |v_b_I_example|.
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272
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273 Visual-block Append *v_b_A*
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274 With a blockwise selection, A{string}<ESC> will append {string} to the end of
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275 block on every line of the block. There is some differing behavior where the
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276 block RHS is not straight, due to different line lengths:
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277
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278 1. Block was created with <C-v>$
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279 In this case the string is appended to the end of each line.
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280 2. Block was created with <C-v>{move-around}
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281 In this case the string is appended to the end of the block on each line,
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282 and whitespace is inserted to pad to the end-of-block column.
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283 See |v_b_A_example|.
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284 Note: "I" and "A" behave differently for lines that don't extend into the
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285 selected block. This was done intentionally, so that you can do it the way
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286 you want.
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287
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288 Visual-block change *v_b_c*
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289 All selected text in the block will be replaced by the same text string. When
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290 using "c" the selected text is deleted and Insert mode started. You can then
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291 enter text (without a line break). When you hit <Esc>, the same string is
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292 inserted in all previously selected lines.
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293
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294 Visual-block Change *v_b_C*
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295 Like using "c", but the selection is extended until the end of the line for
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296 all lines.
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297
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298 *v_b_<*
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299 Visual-block Shift *v_b_>*
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300 The block is shifted by 'shiftwidth'. The RHS of the block is irrelevant. The
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301 LHS of the block determines the point from which to apply a right shift, and
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302 padding includes TABs optimally according to 'ts' and 'et'. The LHS of the
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303 block determines the point upto which to shift left.
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304 Note: v_< padding is buggy if the Visual Block starts and ends in the same
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305 TAB. (Vim 5.4c).
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306 See |v_b_>_example|.
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307 See |v_b_<_example|.
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308
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309 Visual-block Replace *v_b_r*
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310 Every screen char in the highlighted region is replaced with the same char, ie
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311 TABs are split and the virtual whitespace is replaced, maintaining screen
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312 layout.
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313 See |v_b_r_example|.
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314
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315
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316 ==============================================================================
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317 6. Repeating *visual-repeat*
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318
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319 When repeating a Visual mode operator, the operator will be applied to the
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320 same amount of text as the last time:
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321 - Linewise Visual mode: The same number of lines.
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322 - Blockwise Visual mode: The same number of lines and columns.
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323 - Normal Visual mode within one line: The same number of characters.
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324 - Normal Visual mode with several lines: The same number of lines, in the
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325 last line the same number of characters as in the last line the last time.
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326 The start of the text is the Cursor position. If the "$" command was used as
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327 one of the last commands to extend the highlighted text, the repeating will
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328 be applied up to the rightmost column of the longest line.
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329
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330
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331 ==============================================================================
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332 7. Examples *visual-examples*
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333
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334 *:visual_example*
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335 Currently the ":" command works on whole lines only. When you select part of
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336 a line, doing something like ":!date" will replace the whole line. If you
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337 want only part of the line to be replaced you will have to make a mapping for
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338 it. In a future release ":" may work on partial lines.
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339
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340 Here is an example, to replace the selected text with the output of "date": >
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341 :vmap _a <Esc>`>a<CR><Esc>`<i<CR><Esc>!!date<CR>kJJ
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342
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343 (In the <> notation |<>|, when typing it you should type it literally; you
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344 need to remove the 'B' and '<' flags from 'cpoptions')
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345
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346 What this does is:
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347 <Esc> stop Visual mode
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348 `> go to the end of the Visual area
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349 a<CR><Esc> break the line after the Visual area
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350 `< jump to the start of the Visual area
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351 i<CR><Esc> break the line before the Visual area
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352 !!date<CR> filter the Visual text through date
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353 kJJ Join the lines back together
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354
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355 *visual-search*
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356 Here is an idea for a mapping that makes it possible to do a search for the
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357 selected text: >
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358 :vmap X y/<C-R>"<CR>
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359
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360 (In the <> notation |<>|, when typing it you should type it literally; you
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361 need to remove the 'B' and '<' flags from 'cpoptions')
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362
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363 Note that special characters (like '.' and '*') will cause problems.
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364
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365 Visual-block Examples *blockwise-examples*
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366 With the following text, I will indicate the commands to produce the block and
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367 the results below. In all cases, the cursor begins on the 'a' in the first
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368 line of the test text.
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369 The following modeline settings are assumed ":ts=8:sw=4:".
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370
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371 It will be helpful to
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372 :set hls
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373 /<TAB>
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374 where <TAB> is a real TAB. This helps visualise the operations.
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375
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376 The test text is:
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377
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378 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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379 abc defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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380 abcdef ghi jklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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381 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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382
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383 1. fo<C-v>3jISTRING<ESC> *v_b_I_example*
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384
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385 abcdefghijklmnSTRINGopqrstuvwxyz
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386 abc STRING defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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387 abcdef ghi STRING jklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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388 abcdefghijklmnSTRINGopqrstuvwxyz
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389
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390 2. fo<C-v>3j$ASTRING<ESC> *v_b_A_example*
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391
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392 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzSTRING
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393 abc defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzSTRING
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394 abcdef ghi jklmnopqrstuvwxyzSTRING
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395 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzSTRING
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396
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397 3. fo<C-v>3j3l<.. *v_b_<_example*
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398
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399 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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400 abc defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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401 abcdef ghi jklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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402 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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403
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404 4. fo<C-v>3j>.. *v_b_>_example*
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405
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406 abcdefghijklmn opqrstuvwxyz
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407 abc defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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408 abcdef ghi jklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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409 abcdefghijklmn opqrstuvwxyz
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410
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411 5. fo<C-v>5l3jrX *v_b_r_example*
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412
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413 abcdefghijklmnXXXXXXuvwxyz
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414 abc XXXXXXhijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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415 abcdef ghi XXXXXX jklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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416 abcdefghijklmnXXXXXXuvwxyz
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417
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418 ==============================================================================
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419 8. Select mode *Select* *Select-mode*
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420
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421 Select mode looks like Visual mode, but the commands accepted are quite
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422 different. This resembles the selection mode in Microsoft Windows.
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423 When the 'showmode' option is set, "-- SELECT --" is shown in the last line.
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424
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425 Entering Select mode:
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426 - Using the mouse to select an area, and 'selectmode' contains "mouse".
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427 'mouse' must also contain a flag for the current mode.
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428 - Using a non-printable movement command, with the Shift key pressed, and
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429 'selectmode' contains "key". For example: <S-Left> and <S-End>. 'keymodel'
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430 must also contain "startsel".
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431 - Using "v", "V" or CTRL-V command, and 'selectmode' contains "cmd".
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432 - Using "gh", "gH" or "g_CTRL-H" command in Normal mode.
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433 - From Visual mode, press CTRL-G. *v_CTRL-G*
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434
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435 Commands in Select mode:
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436 - Printable characters, <NL> and <CR> cause the selection to be deleted, and
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437 Vim enters Insert mode. The typed character is inserted.
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438 - Non-printable movement commands, with the Shift key pressed, extend the
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439 selection. 'keymodel' must include "startsel".
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440 - Non-printable movement commands, with the Shift key NOT pressed, stop Select
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441 mode. 'keymodel' must include "stopsel".
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442 - ESC stops Select mode.
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443 - CTRL-O switches to Visual mode for the duration of one command. *v_CTRL-O*
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444 - CTRL-G switches to Visual mode.
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445
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446 Otherwise, typed characters are handled as in Visual mode.
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447
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448 When using an operator in Select mode, and the selection is linewise, the
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449 selected lines are operated upon, but like in characterwise selection. For
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450 example, when a whole line is deleted, it can later be pasted halfway a line.
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451
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452
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453 Mappings and menus in Select mode. *Select-mode-mapping*
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454
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455 In Select mode the mappings and menus of Visual mode are used. Before it is
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456 executed, Vim automatically switches to Visual mode, so that the same
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457 behavior as in Visual mode is effective.
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458
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459 After the mapping or menu finishes, the selection is enabled again and Select
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460 mode entered, unless the selected area was deleted, another buffer became
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461 the current one or the window layout was changed.
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462
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463 When a character was typed that causes the selection to be deleted and Insert
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464 mode started, Insert mode mappings are applied to this character. This may
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465 cause some confusion, because it means Insert mode mappings apply to a
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466 character typed in Select mode. Language mappings apply as well.
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467
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468 *gV* *v_gV*
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469 gV Avoid the automatic reselection of the Visual area
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470 after a Select mode mapping or menu has finished.
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471 Put this just before the end of the mapping or menu.
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472 At least it should be after any operations on the
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473 selection.
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474
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475 *gh*
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476 gh Start Select mode, characterwise. This is like "v",
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477 but starts Select mode instead of Visual mode.
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478 Mnemonic: "get highlighted".
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479
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480 *gH*
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481 gH Start Select mode, linewise. This is like "V",
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482 but starts Select mode instead of Visual mode.
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483 Mnemonic: "get Highlighted".
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484
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485 *g_CTRL-H*
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486 g CTRL-H Start Select mode, blockwise. This is like CTRL-V,
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487 but starts Select mode instead of Visual mode.
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488 Mnemonic: "get Highlighted".
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489
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490 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
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