Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/vim9.txt @ 20534:ae758aa4ee5e v8.2.0821
patch 8.2.0821: Vim9: memory leak in expr test
Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/45a1508a229b1d1d2eb79cabe55a183dc18fd040
Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
Date: Mon May 25 00:28:33 2020 +0200
patch 8.2.0821: Vim9: memory leak in expr test
Problem: Vim9: memory leak in expr test.
Solution: Do not decrement the length of the list of functions if the
current function is not at the end.
author | Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> |
---|---|
date | Mon, 25 May 2020 00:30:03 +0200 |
parents | 7f88f6a3ed4c |
children | 74e3316c1d5a |
rev | line source |
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20379 | 1 *vim9.txt* For Vim version 8.2. Last change: 2020 May 09 |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar |
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5 |
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6 |
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7 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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8 |
20241 | 9 Vim9 script commands and expressions. *vim9* |
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10 |
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11 Most expression help is in |eval.txt|. This file is about the new syntax and |
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12 features in Vim9 script. |
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13 |
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14 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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15 |
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16 |
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17 1 What is Vim9 script? |vim9-script| |
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18 2. Differences |vim9-differences| |
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19 3. New style functions |fast-functions| |
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20 4. Types |vim9-types| |
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21 5. Namespace, Import and Export |vim9script| |
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22 |
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23 9. Rationale |vim9-rationale| |
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24 |
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25 ============================================================================== |
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26 |
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27 1. What is Vim9 script? *vim9-script* |
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28 |
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29 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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30 |
20241 | 31 Vim script has been growing over time, while preserving backwards |
32 compatibility. That means bad choices from the past often can't be changed | |
33 and compability with Vi restricts possible solutions. Execution is quite | |
34 slow, each line is parsed every time it is executed. | |
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35 |
20241 | 36 The main goal of Vim9 script is to drastically improve performance. This is |
37 accomplished by compiling commands into instructions that can be efficiently | |
38 executed. An increase in execution speed of 10 to 100 times can be expected. | |
39 | |
40 A secondary goal is to avoid Vim-specific constructs and get closer to | |
41 commonly used programming languages, such as JavaScript, TypeScript and Java. | |
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42 |
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43 The performance improvements can only be achieved by not being 100% backwards |
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44 compatible. For example, in a function the arguments are not available in the |
20241 | 45 "a:" dictionary, because creating that dictionary adds quite a lot of |
46 overhead. Other differences are more subtle, such as how errors are handled. | |
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47 |
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48 The Vim9 script syntax and semantics are used in: |
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49 - a function defined with the `:def` command |
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50 - a script file where the first command is `vim9script` |
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51 |
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52 When using `:function` in a Vim9 script file the legacy syntax is used. |
20241 | 53 However, this can be confusing and is therefore discouraged. |
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54 |
20241 | 55 Vim9 script and legacy Vim script can be mixed. There is no requirement to |
56 rewrite old scripts, they keep working as before. | |
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57 |
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58 ============================================================================== |
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59 |
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60 2. Differences from legacy Vim script *vim9-differences* |
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61 |
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62 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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63 |
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64 Comments starting with # ~ |
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65 |
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66 In Vim script comments normally start with double quote. That can also be the |
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67 start of a string, thus in many places it cannot be used. In Vim9 script a |
20241 | 68 comment can also start with #. In Vi this is a command to list text with |
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69 numbers, but you can also use `:number` for that. > |
20241 | 70 let count = 0 # number of occurences |
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71 |
20115 | 72 To improve readability there must be a space between the command and the # |
73 that starts a comment. Note that #{ is the start of a dictionary, therefore | |
74 it cannot start a comment. | |
75 | |
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76 |
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77 Vim9 functions ~ |
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78 |
20241 | 79 A function defined with `:def` is compiled. Execution is many times faster, |
80 often 10x to 100x times. | |
81 | |
82 Many errors are already found when compiling, before the function is called. | |
83 The syntax is strict, to enforce code that is easy to read and understand. | |
84 | |
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85 `:def` has no extra arguments like `:function` does: "range", "abort", "dict" |
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86 or "closure". A `:def` function always aborts on an error, does not get a |
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87 range passed and cannot be a "dict" function. |
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88 |
20241 | 89 The argument types and return type need to be specified. The "any" type can |
90 be used, type checking will then be done at runtime, like with legacy | |
91 functions. | |
92 | |
93 Arguments are accessed by name, without "a:". There is no "a:" dictionary or | |
94 "a:000" list. | |
95 | |
96 Variable arguments are defined as the last argument, with a name and have a | |
97 list type, similar to Typescript. For example, a list of numbers: > | |
98 def MyFunc(...itemlist: list<number>) | |
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99 for item in itemlist |
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100 ... |
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101 |
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102 |
20241 | 103 Functions and variables are script-local by default ~ |
20115 | 104 |
105 When using `:function` or `:def` to specify a new function at the script level | |
106 in a Vim9 script, the function is local to the script, as if "s:" was | |
20241 | 107 prefixed. Using the "s:" prefix is optional. |
108 | |
109 To define or use a global function or variable the "g:" prefix must be used. | |
20115 | 110 |
111 When using `:function` or `:def` to specify a new function inside a function, | |
112 the function is local to the function. It is not possible to define a | |
20241 | 113 script-local function inside a function. It is possible to define a global |
114 function, using the "g:" prefix. | |
20115 | 115 |
116 When referring to a function and no "s:" or "g:" prefix is used, Vim will | |
117 search for the function in this order: | |
20241 | 118 - Local to the current scope and outer scopes up to the function scope. |
20115 | 119 - Local to the current script file. |
120 - Imported functions, see `:import`. | |
20241 | 121 In all cases the function must be defined before used. To make a call cycle a |
122 global function needs to be used. (TODO: can we fix this?) | |
123 | |
124 The result is that functions and variables without a namespace can always be | |
125 found in the script, either defined there or imported. Global functions and | |
126 variables could be defined anywhere (good luck finding where!). | |
20115 | 127 |
20317 | 128 Global functions can be still be defined and deleted at nearly any time. In |
129 Vim9 script script-local functions are defined once when the script is sourced | |
130 and cannot be deleted. | |
131 | |
132 | |
133 Four phases when loading a Vim9 script ~ | |
134 | |
135 In legacy script the functions are created when encountered, but parsed only | |
136 when used. This allows for defining functions in any order and having them | |
20379 | 137 call each other, so long as the function is defined when it is called: > |
20317 | 138 func One() |
139 call Two() | |
140 endfunc | |
141 func Two() | |
142 if cond | |
143 call One() " recursive call | |
144 endif | |
145 endfunc | |
146 call One() | |
147 | |
20379 | 148 In Vim9 script the functions are compiled. When using the same functions as |
149 the above example it is not possible to compile function One without knowing | |
150 that function Two exists. Or this would require a runtime check, which is slow | |
151 and does not allow for compile time type checking. | |
20317 | 152 |
153 When sourcing a Vim9 script this happens in four phases: | |
154 1. Cleanup: If the script was sourced before all script-local variables, | |
155 imports and functions are deleted. | |
20379 | 156 2. Discovery: The script is read and declarations of functions, imports and |
157 variables are recognized and the type is parsed. Variable initializers | |
158 that are a constant are evaluated, this can also give the type of the | |
159 variable. | |
20317 | 160 3. Compilation: Functions are compiled. The script-local functions, imports |
20379 | 161 and variables from the discovery phase are found and types are checked. |
162 4. Execution: the commands in the script are executed, top to bottom. | |
163 Functions are skipped over, they do do not need to be processed again. | |
164 Variable initializers are evaluated when encountered. Note that if a | |
165 function called earlier has set the value this will be over-written. It is | |
166 best to declare variables before where they are used to avoid confusion. | |
20317 | 167 |
168 The result is that items defined at the script level can be used anywhere in | |
169 the script. This allows for putting the main function at the top: > | |
170 def Main() | |
171 SubOne() | |
172 SubTwo() | |
173 enddef | |
174 def SubOne() | |
175 ... | |
176 def SubTwo() | |
177 ... | |
178 | |
179 Note that script-local variables should either have a type defined or have a | |
180 constant initializer. Otherwise an error is given for the type being unknown. | |
20115 | 181 |
182 | |
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183 Variable declarations with :let and :const ~ |
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184 |
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185 Local variables need to be declared with `:let`. Local constants need to be |
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186 declared with `:const`. We refer to both as "variables". |
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187 |
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188 Variables can be local to a script, function or code block: > |
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189 vim9script |
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190 let script_var = 123 |
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191 def SomeFunc() |
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192 let func_var = script_var |
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193 if cond |
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194 let block_var = func_var |
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195 ... |
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196 |
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197 The variables are only visible in the block where they are defined and nested |
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198 blocks. Once the block ends the variable is no longer accessible: > |
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199 if cond |
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200 let inner = 5 |
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201 else |
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202 let inner = 0 |
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203 endif |
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204 echo inner " Error! |
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205 |
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206 The declaration must be done earlier: > |
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207 let inner: number |
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208 if cond |
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209 inner = 5 |
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210 else |
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211 inner = 0 |
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212 endif |
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213 echo inner |
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214 |
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215 To intentionally use a variable that won't be available later, a block can be |
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216 used: > |
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217 { |
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218 let temp = 'temp' |
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219 ... |
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220 } |
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221 echo temp " Error! |
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222 |
19303 | 223 An existing variable cannot be assigned to with `:let`, since that implies a |
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224 declaration. An exception is global variables: these can be both used with |
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225 and without `:let`, because there is no rule about where they are declared. |
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226 |
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227 Variables cannot shadow previously defined variables. |
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228 Variables may shadow Ex commands, rename the variable if needed. |
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229 |
20241 | 230 Global variables and user defined functions must be prefixed with "g:", also |
231 at the script level. > | |
19968 | 232 vim9script |
233 let script_local = 'text' | |
234 let g:global = 'value' | |
20241 | 235 let Funcref = g:ThatFunction |
19968 | 236 |
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237 Since "&opt = value" is now assigning a value to option "opt", ":&" cannot be |
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238 used to repeat a `:substitute` command. |
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239 |
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240 |
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241 Omitting :call and :eval ~ |
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242 |
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243 Functions can be called without `:call`: > |
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244 writefile(lines, 'file') |
19303 | 245 Using `:call` is still possible, but this is discouraged. |
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246 |
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247 A method call without `eval` is possible, so long as the start is an |
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248 identifier or can't be an Ex command. It does NOT work for string constants: > |
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249 myList->add(123) " works |
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250 g:myList->add(123) " works |
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251 [1, 2, 3]->Process() " works |
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252 #{a: 1, b: 2}->Process() " works |
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253 {'a': 1, 'b': 2}->Process() " works |
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254 "foobar"->Process() " does NOT work |
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255 ("foobar")->Process() " works |
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256 'foobar'->Process() " does NOT work |
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257 ('foobar')->Process() " works |
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258 |
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259 In case there is ambiguity between a function name and an Ex command, use ":" |
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260 to make clear you want to use the Ex command. For example, there is both the |
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261 `:substitute` command and the `substitute()` function. When the line starts |
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262 with `substitute(` this will use the function, prepend a colon to use the |
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263 command instead: > |
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264 :substitute(pattern (replacement ( |
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265 |
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266 Note that while variables need to be defined before they can be used, |
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267 functions can be called before being defined. This is required to be able |
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268 have cyclic dependencies between functions. It is slightly less efficient, |
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269 since the function has to be looked up by name. And a typo in the function |
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270 name will only be found when the call is executed. |
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271 |
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272 |
19968 | 273 Omitting function() ~ |
274 | |
275 A user defined function can be used as a function reference in an expression | |
276 without `function()`. The argument types and return type will then be checked. | |
277 The function must already have been defined. > | |
278 | |
279 let Funcref = MyFunction | |
280 | |
281 When using `function()` the resulting type is "func", a function with any | |
282 number of arguments and any return type. The function can be defined later. | |
283 | |
284 | |
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285 Automatic line continuation ~ |
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286 |
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287 In many cases it is obvious that an expression continues on the next line. In |
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288 those cases there is no need to prefix the line with a backslash. For |
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289 example, when a list spans multiple lines: > |
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290 let mylist = [ |
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291 'one', |
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292 'two', |
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293 ] |
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294 And when a dict spans multiple lines: > |
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295 let mydict = #{ |
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296 one: 1, |
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297 two: 2, |
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298 } |
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299 Function call: > |
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300 let result = Func( |
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301 arg1, |
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302 arg2 |
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303 ) |
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304 |
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305 For binary operators iin expressions not in [], {} or () a line break is |
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306 possible AFTER the operators. For example: > |
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307 let text = lead .. |
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308 middle .. |
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309 end |
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310 let total = start + |
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311 end - |
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312 correction |
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313 let result = positive ? |
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314 PosFunc(arg) : |
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315 NegFunc(arg) |
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316 |
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317 Note that "enddef" cannot be used at the start of a continuation line, it ends |
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318 the current function. |
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319 |
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320 It is also possible to split a function header over multiple lines, in between |
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321 arguments: > |
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322 def MyFunc( |
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323 text: string, |
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324 separator = '-' |
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325 ): string |
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326 |
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327 |
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328 No curly braces expansion ~ |
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329 |
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330 |curly-braces-names| cannot be used. |
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331 |
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332 |
19303 | 333 No :append, :change or :insert ~ |
334 | |
335 These commands are too quickly confused with local variable names. | |
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336 |
19303 | 337 |
338 Comparators ~ | |
339 | |
340 The 'ignorecase' option is not used for comparators that use strings. | |
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341 |
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342 |
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343 White space ~ |
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344 |
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345 Vim9 script enforces proper use of white space. This is no longer allowed: > |
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346 let var=234 " Error! |
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347 let var= 234 " Error! |
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348 let var =234 " Error! |
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349 There must be white space before and after the "=": > |
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350 let var = 234 " OK |
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351 White space must also be put before the # that starts a comment: > |
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352 let var = 234# Error! |
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353 let var = 234 # OK |
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354 |
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355 White space is required around most operators. |
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356 |
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357 White space is not allowed: |
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358 - Between a function name and the "(": > |
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359 call Func (arg) " Error! |
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360 call Func |
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361 \ (arg) " Error! |
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362 call Func(arg) " OK |
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363 call Func( |
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364 \ arg) " OK |
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365 call Func( |
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366 \ arg " OK |
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367 \ ) |
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368 |
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369 |
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370 Conditions and expressions ~ |
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371 |
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372 Conditions and expression are mostly working like they do in JavaScript. A |
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373 difference is made where JavaScript does not work like most people expect. |
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374 Specifically, an empty list is falsey. |
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375 |
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376 Any type of variable can be used as a condition, there is no error, not even |
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377 for using a list or job. This is very much like JavaScript, but there are a |
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378 few exceptions. |
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379 |
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380 type TRUE when ~ |
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381 bool v:true |
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382 number non-zero |
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383 float non-zero |
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384 string non-empty |
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385 blob non-empty |
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386 list non-empty (different from JavaScript) |
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387 dictionary non-empty (different from JavaScript) |
19968 | 388 func when there is a function name |
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389 special v:true |
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390 job when not NULL |
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391 channel when not NULL |
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392 class when not NULL |
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393 object when not NULL (TODO: when isTrue() returns v:true) |
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394 |
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395 The boolean operators "||" and "&&" do not change the value: > |
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396 8 || 2 == 8 |
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397 0 || 2 == 2 |
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398 0 || '' == '' |
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399 8 && 2 == 2 |
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400 0 && 2 == 0 |
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401 [] && 2 == [] |
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402 |
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403 When using `..` for string concatenation the arguments are always converted to |
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404 string. > |
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405 'hello ' .. 123 == 'hello 123' |
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406 'hello ' .. v:true == 'hello true' |
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407 |
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408 In Vim9 script one can use "true" for v:true and "false" for v:false. |
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409 |
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410 |
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411 ============================================================================== |
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412 |
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413 3. New style functions *fast-functions* |
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414 |
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415 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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416 |
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417 *:def* |
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418 :def[!] {name}([arguments])[: {return-type} |
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419 Define a new function by the name {name}. The body of |
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420 the function follows in the next lines, until the |
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421 matching `:enddef`. |
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422 |
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423 When {return-type} is omitted or is "void" the |
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424 function is not expected to return anything. |
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425 |
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426 {arguments} is a sequence of zero or more argument |
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427 declarations. There are three forms: |
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428 {name}: {type} |
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429 {name} = {value} |
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430 {name}: {type} = {value} |
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431 The first form is a mandatory argument, the caller |
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432 must always provide them. |
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433 The second and third form are optional arguments. |
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434 When the caller omits an argument the {value} is used. |
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435 |
19303 | 436 NOTE: It is possible to nest `:def` inside another |
437 `:def`, but it is not possible to nest `:def` inside | |
438 `:function`, for backwards compatibility. | |
439 | |
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440 [!] is used as with `:function`. |
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441 |
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442 *:enddef* |
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443 :enddef End of a function defined with `:def`. |
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444 |
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445 |
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446 If the script the function is defined in is Vim9 script, then script-local |
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447 variables can be accessed without the "s:" prefix. They must be defined |
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448 before the function. If the script the function is defined in is legacy |
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449 script, then script-local variables must be accessed with the "s:" prefix. |
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450 |
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451 |
19404 | 452 *:disa* *:disassemble* |
453 :disa[ssemble] {func} Show the instructions generated for {func}. | |
454 This is for debugging and testing. | |
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455 Note that for command line completion of {func} you |
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456 can prepend "s:" to find script-local functions. |
19404 | 457 |
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458 ============================================================================== |
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459 |
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460 4. Types *vim9-types* |
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461 |
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462 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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463 |
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464 The following builtin types are supported: |
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465 bool |
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466 number |
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467 float |
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468 string |
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469 blob |
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470 list<{type}> |
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471 dict<{type}> |
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472 job |
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473 channel |
19646 | 474 func |
19968 | 475 func: {type} |
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476 func({type}, ...) |
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477 func({type}, ...): {type} |
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478 |
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479 Not supported yet: |
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480 tuple<a: {type}, b: {type}, ...> |
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481 |
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482 These types can be used in declarations, but no value will have this type: |
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483 {type}|{type} |
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484 void |
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485 any |
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486 |
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487 There is no array type, use list<{type}> instead. For a list constant an |
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488 efficient implementation is used that avoids allocating lot of small pieces of |
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489 memory. |
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490 |
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491 A partial and function can be declared in more or less specific ways: |
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492 func any kind of function reference, no type |
19968 | 493 checking for arguments or return value |
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494 func: {type} any number and type of arguments with specific |
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495 return type |
19968 | 496 func({type}) function with argument type, does not return |
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497 a value |
19968 | 498 func({type}): {type} function with argument type and return type |
499 func(?{type}) function with type of optional argument, does | |
500 not return a value | |
501 func(...{type}) function with type of variable number of | |
502 arguments, does not return a value | |
503 func({type}, ?{type}, ...{type}): {type} | |
504 function with: | |
505 - type of mandatory argument | |
506 - type of optional argument | |
507 - type of variable number of arguments | |
508 - return type | |
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509 |
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510 If the return type is "void" the function does not return a value. |
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511 |
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512 The reference can also be a |Partial|, in which case it stores extra arguments |
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513 and/or a dictionary, which are not visible to the caller. Since they are |
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514 called in the same way the declaration is the same. |
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515 |
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516 Custom types can be defined with `:type`: > |
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517 :type MyList list<string> |
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518 {not implemented yet} |
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519 |
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520 And classes and interfaces can be used as types: > |
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521 :class MyClass |
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522 :let mine: MyClass |
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523 |
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524 :interface MyInterface |
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525 :let mine: MyInterface |
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526 |
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527 :class MyTemplate<Targ> |
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528 :let mine: MyTemplate<number> |
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529 :let mine: MyTemplate<string> |
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530 |
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531 :class MyInterface<Targ> |
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532 :let mine: MyInterface<number> |
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533 :let mine: MyInterface<string> |
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534 {not implemented yet} |
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535 |
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536 |
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537 Type inference *type-inference* |
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538 |
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539 In general: Whenever the type is clear it can be omitted. For example, when |
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540 declaring a variable and giving it a value: > |
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541 let var = 0 " infers number type |
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542 let var = 'hello' " infers string type |
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543 |
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544 |
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545 ============================================================================== |
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546 |
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547 5. Namespace, Import and Export |
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548 *vim9script* *vim9-export* *vim9-import* |
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549 |
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550 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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551 |
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552 A Vim9 script can be written to be imported. This means that everything in |
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553 the script is local, unless exported. Those exported items, and only those |
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554 items, can then be imported in another script. |
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555 |
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556 |
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557 Namespace ~ |
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558 *:vim9script* *:vim9* |
19303 | 559 To recognize a file that can be imported the `vim9script` statement must |
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560 appear as the first statement in the file. It tells Vim to interpret the |
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561 script in its own namespace, instead of the global namespace. If a file |
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562 starts with: > |
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563 vim9script |
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564 let myvar = 'yes' |
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565 Then "myvar" will only exist in this file. While without `vim9script` it would |
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566 be available as `g:myvar` from any other script and function. |
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567 |
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568 The variables at the file level are very much like the script-local "s:" |
20115 | 569 variables in legacy Vim script, but the "s:" is omitted. And they cannot be |
570 deleted. | |
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571 |
20115 | 572 In Vim9 script the global "g:" namespace can still be used as before. And the |
573 "w:", "b:" and "t:" namespaces. These have in common that variables are not | |
574 declared and they can be deleted. | |
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575 |
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576 A side effect of `:vim9script` is that the 'cpoptions' option is set to the |
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577 Vim default value, like with: > |
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578 :set cpo&vim |
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579 One of the effects is that |line-continuation| is always enabled. |
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580 The original value of 'cpoptions' is restored at the end of the script. |
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581 |
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582 |
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583 Export ~ |
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584 *:export* *:exp* |
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585 Exporting one item can be written as: > |
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586 export const EXPORTED_CONST = 1234 |
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587 export let someValue = ... |
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588 export def MyFunc() ... |
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589 export class MyClass ... |
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590 |
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591 As this suggests, only constants, variables, `:def` functions and classes can |
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592 be exported. |
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593 |
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594 Alternatively, an export statement can be used to export several already |
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595 defined (otherwise script-local) items: > |
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596 export {EXPORTED_CONST, someValue, MyFunc, MyClass} |
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597 |
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598 |
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599 Import ~ |
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600 *:import* *:imp* |
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601 The exported items can be imported individually in another Vim9 script: > |
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602 import EXPORTED_CONST from "thatscript.vim" |
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603 import MyClass from "myclass.vim" |
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604 |
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605 To import multiple items at the same time: > |
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606 import {someValue, MyClass} from "thatscript.vim" |
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607 |
19303 | 608 In case the name is ambiguous, another name can be specified: > |
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609 import MyClass as ThatClass from "myclass.vim" |
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610 import {someValue, MyClass as ThatClass} from "myclass.vim" |
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611 |
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612 To import all exported items under a specific identifier: > |
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613 import * as That from 'thatscript.vim' |
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614 |
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615 Then you can use "That.EXPORTED_CONST", "That.someValue", etc. You are free |
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616 to choose the name "That", but it is highly recommended to use the name of the |
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617 script file to avoid confusion. |
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618 |
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619 The script name after `import` can be: |
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620 - A relative path, starting "." or "..". This finds a file relative to the |
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621 location of the script file itself. This is useful to split up a large |
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622 plugin into several files. |
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623 - An absolute path, starting with "/" on Unix or "D:/" on MS-Windows. This |
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624 will be rarely used. |
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625 - A path not being relative or absolute. This will be found in the |
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626 "import" subdirectories of 'runtimepath' entries. The name will usually be |
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627 longer and unique, to avoid loading the wrong file. |
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628 |
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629 Once a vim9 script file has been imported, the result is cached and used the |
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630 next time the same script is imported. It will not be read again. |
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631 *:import-cycle* |
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632 The `import` commands are executed when encountered. If that script (directly |
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633 or indirectly) imports the current script, then items defined after the |
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634 `import` won't be processed yet. Therefore cyclic imports can exist, but may |
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635 result in undefined items. |
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636 |
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637 |
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638 Import in an autoload script ~ |
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639 |
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640 For optimal startup speed, loading scripts should be postponed until they are |
19303 | 641 actually needed. A recommended mechanism: |
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642 |
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643 1. In the plugin define user commands, functions and/or mappings that refer to |
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644 an autoload script. > |
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645 command -nargs=1 SearchForStuff call searchfor#Stuff(<f-args>) |
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646 |
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647 < This goes in .../plugin/anyname.vim. "anyname.vim" can be freely chosen. |
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648 |
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649 2. In the autocommand script do the actual work. You can import items from |
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650 other files to split up functionality in appropriate pieces. > |
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651 vim9script |
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652 import FilterFunc from "../import/someother.vim" |
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653 def searchfor#Stuff(arg: string) |
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654 let filtered = FilterFunc(arg) |
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655 ... |
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656 < This goes in .../autoload/searchfor.vim. "searchfor" in the file name |
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657 must be exactly the same as the prefix for the function name, that is how |
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658 Vim finds the file. |
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659 |
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660 3. Other functionality, possibly shared between plugins, contains the exported |
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661 items and any private items. > |
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662 vim9script |
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663 let localVar = 'local' |
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664 export def FilterFunc(arg: string): string |
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665 ... |
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666 < This goes in .../import/someother.vim. |
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667 |
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668 |
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669 Import in legacy Vim script ~ |
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670 |
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671 If an `import` statement is used in legacy Vim script, for identifier the |
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672 script-local "s:" namespace will be used, even when "s:" is not specified. |
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673 |
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674 |
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675 ============================================================================== |
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676 |
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677 9. Rationale *vim9-rationale* |
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678 |
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679 The :def command ~ |
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680 |
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681 Plugin writers have asked for a much faster Vim script. Investigation have |
19303 | 682 shown that keeping the existing semantics of function calls make this close to |
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683 impossible, because of the overhead involved with calling a function, setting |
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684 up the local function scope and executing lines. There are many details that |
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685 need to be handled, such as error messages and exceptions. The need to create |
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686 a dictionary for a: and l: scopes, the a:000 list and several others add too |
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687 much overhead that cannot be avoided. |
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688 |
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689 Therefore the `:def` method to define a new-style function had to be added, |
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690 which allows for a function with different semantics. Most things still work |
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691 as before, but some parts do not. A new way to define a function was |
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692 considered the best way to separate the old-style code from Vim9 script code. |
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693 |
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694 Using "def" to define a function comes from Python. Other languages use |
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695 "function" which clashes with legacy Vim script. |
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696 |
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697 |
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698 Type checking ~ |
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699 |
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700 When compiling lines of Vim commands into instructions as much as possible |
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701 should be done at compile time. Postponing it to runtime makes the execution |
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702 slower and means mistakes are found only later. For example, when |
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703 encountering the "+" character and compiling this into a generic add |
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704 instruction, at execution time the instruction would have to inspect the type |
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705 of the arguments and decide what kind of addition to do. And when the |
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706 type is dictionary throw an error. If the types are known to be numbers then |
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707 an "add number" instruction can be used, which is faster. The error can be |
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708 given at compile time, no error handling is needed at runtime. |
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709 |
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710 The syntax for types is similar to Java, since it is easy to understand and |
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711 widely used. The type names are what was used in Vim before, with some |
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712 additions such as "void" and "bool". |
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713 |
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714 |
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715 JavaScript/TypeScript syntax and semantics ~ |
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716 |
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717 Script writers have complained that the Vim script syntax is unexpectedly |
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718 different from what they are used to. To reduce this complaint popular |
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719 languages will be used as an example. At the same time, we do not want to |
19303 | 720 abandon the well-known parts of legacy Vim script. |
19181
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721 |
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722 Since Vim already uses `:let` and `:const` and optional type checking is |
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723 desirable, the JavaScript/TypeScript syntax fits best for variable |
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724 declarations. > |
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725 const greeting = 'hello' " string type is inferred |
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726 let name: string |
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727 ... |
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728 name = 'John' |
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729 |
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730 Expression evaluation was already close to what JavaScript and other languages |
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731 are doing. Some details are unexpected and can be fixed. For example how the |
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732 || and && operators work. Legacy Vim script: > |
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733 let result = 44 |
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734 ... |
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735 return result || 0 " returns 1 |
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736 |
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737 Vim9 script works like JavaScript, keep the value: > |
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738 let result = 44 |
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739 ... |
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740 return result || 0 " returns 44 |
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741 |
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742 On the other hand, overloading "+" to use both for addition and string |
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743 concatenation goes against legacy Vim script and often leads to mistakes. |
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744 For that reason we will keep using ".." for string concatenation. Lua also |
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745 uses ".." this way. |
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746 |
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747 |
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748 Import and Export ~ |
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749 |
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750 A problem of legacy Vim script is that by default all functions and variables |
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751 are global. It is possible to make them script-local, but then they are not |
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752 available in other scripts. |
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753 |
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754 In Vim9 script a mechanism very similar to the Javascript import and export |
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755 mechanism is supported. It is a variant to the existing `:source` command |
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756 that works like one would expect: |
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757 - Instead of making everything global by default, everything is script-local, |
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758 unless exported. |
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759 - When importing a script the symbols that are imported are listed, avoiding |
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760 name conflicts and failures if later functionality is added. |
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761 - The mechanism allows for writing a big, long script with a very clear API: |
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762 the exported function(s) and class(es). |
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763 - By using relative paths loading can be much faster for an import inside of a |
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764 package, no need to search many directories. |
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765 - Once an import has been used, it can be cached and loading it again can be |
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766 avoided. |
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767 - The Vim-specific use of "s:" to make things script-local can be dropped. |
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768 |
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769 |
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770 Classes ~ |
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771 |
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772 Vim supports interfaces to Perl, Python, Lua, Tcl and a few others. But |
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773 these have never become widespread. When Vim 9 was designed a decision was |
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774 made to phase out these interfaces and concentrate on Vim script, while |
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775 encouraging plugin authors to write code in any language and run it as an |
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776 external tool, using jobs and channels. |
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777 |
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778 Still, using an external tool has disadvantages. An alternative is to convert |
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779 the tool into Vim script. For that to be possible without too much |
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780 translation, and keeping the code fast at the same time, the constructs of the |
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781 tool need to be supported. Since most languages support classes the lack of |
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782 class support in Vim is then a problem. |
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783 |
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784 Previously Vim supported a kind-of object oriented programming by adding |
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785 methods to a dictionary. With some care this could be made to work, but it |
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786 does not look like real classes. On top of that, it's very slow, because of |
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787 the use of dictionaries. |
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788 |
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789 The support of classes in Vim9 script is a "minimal common functionality" of |
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790 class support in most languages. It works mostly like Java, which is the most |
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791 popular programming language. |
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792 |
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793 |
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794 |
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795 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |