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1 *usr_21.txt* For Vim version 7.1b. Last change: 2007 May 01
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2
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3 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar
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4
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5 Go away and come back
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6
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7
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8 This chapter goes into mixing the use of other programs with Vim. Either by
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9 executing program from inside Vim or by leaving Vim and coming back later.
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10 Furthermore, this is about the ways to remember the state of Vim and restore
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11 it later.
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12
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13 |21.1| Suspend and resume
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14 |21.2| Executing shell commands
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15 |21.3| Remembering information; viminfo
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16 |21.4| Sessions
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17 |21.5| Views
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18 |21.6| Modelines
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19
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20 Next chapter: |usr_22.txt| Finding the file to edit
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21 Previous chapter: |usr_20.txt| Typing command-line commands quickly
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22 Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|
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23
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24 ==============================================================================
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25 *21.1* Suspend and resume
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26
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27 Like most Unix programs Vim can be suspended by pressing CTRL-Z. This stops
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28 Vim and takes you back to the shell it was started in. You can then do any
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29 other commands until you are bored with them. Then bring back Vim with the
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30 "fg" command. >
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31
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32 CTRL-Z
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33 {any sequence of shell commands}
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34 fg
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35
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36 You are right back where you left Vim, nothing has changed.
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37 In case pressing CTRL-Z doesn't work, you can also use ":suspend".
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38 Don't forget to bring Vim back to the foreground, you would lose any changes
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39 that you made!
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40
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41 Only Unix has support for this. On other systems Vim will start a shell for
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42 you. This also has the functionality of being able to execute shell commands.
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43 But it's a new shell, not the one that you started Vim from.
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44 When you are running the GUI you can't go back to the shell where Vim was
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45 started. CTRL-Z will minimize the Vim window instead.
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46
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47 ==============================================================================
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48 *21.2* Executing shell commands
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49
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50 To execute a single shell command from Vim use ":!{command}". For example, to
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51 see a directory listing: >
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52
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53 :!ls
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54 :!dir
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55
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56 The first one is for Unix, the second one for MS-Windows.
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57 Vim will execute the program. When it ends you will get a prompt to hit
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58 <Enter>. This allows you to have a look at the output from the command before
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59 returning to the text you were editing.
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60 The "!" is also used in other places where a program is run. Let's take
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61 a look at an overview:
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62
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63 :!{program} execute {program}
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64 :r !{program} execute {program} and read its output
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65 :w !{program} execute {program} and send text to its input
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66 :[range]!{program} filter text through {program}
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67
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68 Notice that the presence of a range before "!{program}" makes a big
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69 difference. Without it executes the program normally, with the range a number
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70 of text lines is filtered through the program.
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71
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72 Executing a whole row of programs this way is possible. But a shell is much
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73 better at it. You can start a new shell this way: >
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74
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75 :shell
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76
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77 This is similar to using CTRL-Z to suspend Vim. The difference is that a new
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78 shell is started.
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79
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80 When using the GUI the shell will be using the Vim window for its input and
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81 output. Since Vim is not a terminal emulator, this will not work perfectly.
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82 If you have trouble, try toggling the 'guipty' option. If this still doesn't
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83 work well enough, start a new terminal to run the shell in. For example with:
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84 >
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85 :!xterm&
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86
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87 ==============================================================================
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88 *21.3* Remembering information; viminfo
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89
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90 After editing for a while you will have text in registers, marks in various
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91 files, a command line history filled with carefully crafted commands. When
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92 you exit Vim all of this is lost. But you can get it back!
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93
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94 The viminfo file is designed to store status information:
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95
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96 Command-line and Search pattern history
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97 Text in registers
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98 Marks for various files
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99 The buffer list
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100 Global variables
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101
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102 Each time you exit Vim it will store this information in a file, the viminfo
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103 file. When Vim starts again, the viminfo file is read and the information
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104 restored.
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105
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106 The 'viminfo' option is set by default to restore a limited number of items.
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107 You might want to set it to remember more information. This is done through
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108 the following command: >
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109
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110 :set viminfo=string
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111
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112 The string specifies what to save. The syntax of this string is an option
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113 character followed by an argument. The option/argument pairs are separated by
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114 commas.
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115 Take a look at how you can build up your own viminfo string. First, the '
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116 option is used to specify how many files for which you save marks (a-z). Pick
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117 a nice even number for this option (1000, for instance). Your command now
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118 looks like this: >
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119
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120 :set viminfo='1000
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121
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122 The f option controls whether global marks (A-Z and 0-9) are stored. If this
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236
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123 option is 0, none are stored. If it is 1 or you do not specify an f option,
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124 the marks are stored. You want this feature, so now you have this: >
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125
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126 :set viminfo='1000,f1
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127
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128 The < option controls how many lines are saved for each of the registers. By
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129 default, all the lines are saved. If 0, nothing is saved. To avoid adding
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130 thousands of lines to your viminfo file (which might never get used and makes
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131 starting Vim slower) you use a maximum of 500 lines: >
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132
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133 :set viminfo='1000,f1,<500
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134 <
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135 Other options you might want to use:
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136 : number of lines to save from the command line history
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137 @ number of lines to save from the input line history
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138 / number of lines to save from the search history
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139 r removable media, for which no marks will be stored (can be
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140 used several times)
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141 ! global variables that start with an uppercase letter and
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142 don't contain lowercase letters
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143 h disable 'hlsearch' highlighting when starting
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144 % the buffer list (only restored when starting Vim without file
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145 arguments)
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146 c convert the text using 'encoding'
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147 n name used for the viminfo file (must be the last option)
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148
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149 See the 'viminfo' option and |viminfo-file| for more information.
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150
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151 When you run Vim multiple times, the last one exiting will store its
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152 information. This may cause information that previously exiting Vims stored
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153 to be lost. Each item can be remembered only once.
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154
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155
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156 GETTING BACK TO WHERE YOU WERE
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157
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158 You are halfway editing a file and it's time to leave for holidays. You exit
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159 Vim and go enjoy yourselves, forgetting all about your work. After a couple
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160 of weeks you start Vim, and type:
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161 >
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162 '0
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163
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164 And you are right back where you left Vim. So you can get on with your work.
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165 Vim creates a mark each time you exit Vim. The last one is '0. The
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166 position that '0 pointed to is made '1. And '1 is made to '2, and so forth.
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167 Mark '9 is lost.
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843
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168 The |:marks| command is useful to find out where '0 to '9 will take you.
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169
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170
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171 MOVE INFO FROM ONE VIM TO ANOTHER
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172
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173 You can use the ":wviminfo" and ":rviminfo" commands to save and restore the
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174 information while still running Vim. This is useful for exchanging register
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175 contents between two instances of Vim, for example. In the first Vim do: >
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176
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177 :wviminfo! ~/tmp/viminfo
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178
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179 And in the second Vim do: >
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180
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181 :rviminfo! ~/tmp/viminfo
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182
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183 Obviously, the "w" stands for "write" and the "r" for "read".
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184 The ! character is used by ":wviminfo" to forcefully overwrite an existing
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185 file. When it is omitted, and the file exists, the information is merged into
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186 the file.
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187 The ! character used for ":rviminfo" means that all the information is
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188 used, this may overwrite existing information. Without the ! only information
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189 that wasn't set is used.
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190 These commands can also be used to store info and use it again later. You
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191 could make a directory full of viminfo files, each containing info for a
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192 different purpose.
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193
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194 ==============================================================================
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195 *21.4* Sessions
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196
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197 Suppose you are editing along, and it is the end of the day. You want to quit
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198 work and pick up where you left off the next day. You can do this by saving
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199 your editing session and restoring it the next day.
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200 A Vim session contains all the information about what you are editing.
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201 This includes things such as the file list, window layout, global variables,
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202 options and other information. (Exactly what is remembered is controlled by
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203 the 'sessionoptions' option, described below.)
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204 The following command creates a session file: >
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205
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206 :mksession vimbook.vim
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207
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208 Later if you want to restore this session, you can use this command: >
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209
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210 :source vimbook.vim
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211
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212 If you want to start Vim and restore a specific session, you can use the
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213 following command: >
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214
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215 vim -S vimbook.vim
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216
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217 This tells Vim to read a specific file on startup. The 'S' stands for
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218 session (actually, you can source any Vim script with -S, thus it might as
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219 well stand for "source").
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220
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221 The windows that were open are restored, with the same position and size as
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222 before. Mappings and option values are like before.
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223 What exactly is restored depends on the 'sessionoptions' option. The
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224 default value is "blank,buffers,curdir,folds,help,options,winsize".
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225
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226 blank keep empty windows
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227 buffers all buffers, not only the ones in a window
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228 curdir the current directory
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229 folds folds, also manually created ones
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230 help the help window
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231 options all options and mappings
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232 winsize window sizes
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233
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234 Change this to your liking. To also restore the size of the Vim window, for
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235 example, use: >
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236
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237 :set sessionoptions+=resize
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238
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239
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240 SESSION HERE, SESSION THERE
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241
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242 The obvious way to use sessions is when working on different projects.
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243 Suppose you store you session files in the directory "~/.vim". You are
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244 currently working on the "secret" project and have to switch to the "boring"
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245 project: >
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246
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247 :wall
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248 :mksession! ~/.vim/secret.vim
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249 :source ~/.vim/boring.vim
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250
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251 This first uses ":wall" to write all modified files. Then the current session
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252 is saved, using ":mksession!". This overwrites the previous session. The
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253 next time you load the secret session you can continue where you were at this
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254 point. And finally you load the new "boring" session.
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255
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256 If you open help windows, split and close various window, and generally mess
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257 up the window layout, you can go back to the last saved session: >
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258
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259 :source ~/.vim/boring.vim
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260
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261 Thus you have complete control over whether you want to continue next time
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262 where you are now, by saving the current setup in a session, or keep the
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263 session file as a starting point.
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264 Another way of using sessions is to create a window layout that you like to
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265 use, and save this in a session. Then you can go back to this layout whenever
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266 you want.
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267 For example, this is a nice layout to use:
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268
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269 +----------------------------------------+
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270 | VIM - main help file |
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271 | |
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272 |Move around: Use the cursor keys, or "h|
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273 |help.txt================================|
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274 |explorer | |
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275 |dir |~ |
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276 |dir |~ |
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277 |file |~ |
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278 |file |~ |
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279 |file |~ |
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280 |file |~ |
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281 |~/=========|[No File]===================|
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282 | |
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283 +----------------------------------------+
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284
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285 This has a help window at the top, so that you can read this text. The narrow
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286 vertical window on the left contains a file explorer. This is a Vim plugin
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287 that lists the contents of a directory. You can select files to edit there.
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288 More about this in the next chapter.
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289 Create this from a just started Vim with: >
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290
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291 :help
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292 CTRL-W w
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293 :vertical split ~/
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294
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295 You can resize the windows a bit to your liking. Then save the session with:
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296 >
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297 :mksession ~/.vim/mine.vim
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298
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299 Now you can start Vim with this layout: >
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300
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301 vim -S ~/.vim/mine.vim
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302
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303 Hint: To open a file you see listed in the explorer window in the empty
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304 window, move the cursor to the filename and press "O". Double clicking with
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305 the mouse will also do this.
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306
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307
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308 UNIX AND MS-WINDOWS
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309
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310 Some people have to do work on MS-Windows systems one day and on Unix another
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311 day. If you are one of them, consider adding "slash" and "unix" to
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312 'sessionoptions'. The session files will then be written in a format that can
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313 be used on both systems. This is the command to put in your vimrc file: >
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314
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315 :set sessionoptions+=unix,slash
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316
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317 Vim will use the Unix format then, because the MS-Windows Vim can read and
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318 write Unix files, but Unix Vim can't read MS-Windows format session files.
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319 Similarly, MS-Windows Vim understands file names with / to separate names, but
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320 Unix Vim doesn't understand \.
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321
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322
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323 SESSIONS AND VIMINFO
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324
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325 Sessions store many things, but not the position of marks, contents of
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326 registers and the command line history. You need to use the viminfo feature
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327 for these things.
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328 In most situations you will want to use sessions separately from viminfo.
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329 This can be used to switch to another session, but keep the command line
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330 history. And yank text into registers in one session, and paste it back in
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331 another session.
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332 You might prefer to keep the info with the session. You will have to do
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333 this yourself then. Example: >
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334
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335 :mksession! ~/.vim/secret.vim
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336 :wviminfo! ~/.vim/secret.viminfo
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337
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338 And to restore this again: >
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339
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340 :source ~/.vim/secret.vim
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341 :rviminfo! ~/.vim/secret.viminfo
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342
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343 ==============================================================================
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344 *21.5* Views
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345
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346 A session stores the looks of the whole of Vim. When you want to store the
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347 properties for one window only, use a view.
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348 The use of a view is for when you want to edit a file in a specific way.
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349 For example, you have line numbers enabled with the 'number' option and
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350 defined a few folds. Just like with sessions, you can remember this view on
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351 the file and restore it later. Actually, when you store a session, it stores
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352 the view of each window.
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353 There are two basic ways to use views. The first is to let Vim pick a name
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354 for the view file. You can restore the view when you later edit the same
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355 file. To store the view for the current window: >
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356
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357 :mkview
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358
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359 Vim will decide where to store the view. When you later edit the same file
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360 you get the view back with this command: >
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361
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362 :loadview
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363
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364 That's easy, isn't it?
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365 Now you want to view the file without the 'number' option on, or with all
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366 folds open, you can set the options to make the window look that way. Then
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367 store this view with: >
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368
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369 :mkview 1
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370
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371 Obviously, you can get this back with: >
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372
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373 :loadview 1
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374
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375 Now you can switch between the two views on the file by using ":loadview" with
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376 and without the "1" argument.
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377 You can store up to ten views for the same file this way, one unnumbered
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378 and nine numbered 1 to 9.
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379
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380
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381 A VIEW WITH A NAME
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382
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383 The second basic way to use views is by storing the view in a file with a name
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384 you chose. This view can be loaded while editing another file. Vim will then
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385 switch to editing the file specified in the view. Thus you can use this to
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386 quickly switch to editing another file, with all its options set as you saved
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387 them.
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388 For example, to save the view of the current file: >
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389
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390 :mkview ~/.vim/main.vim
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391
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392 You can restore it with: >
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393
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394 :source ~/.vim/main.vim
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395
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396 ==============================================================================
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397 *21.6* Modelines
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398
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399 When editing a specific file, you might set options specifically for that
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400 file. Typing these commands each time is boring. Using a session or view for
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401 editing a file doesn't work when sharing the file between several people.
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402 The solution for this situation is adding a modeline to the file. This is
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403 a line of text that tells Vim the values of options, to be used in this file
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404 only.
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405 A typical example is a C program where you make indents by a multiple of 4
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406 spaces. This requires setting the 'shiftwidth' option to 4. This modeline
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407 will do that:
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408
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409 /* vim:set shiftwidth=4: */ ~
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410
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411 Put this line as one of the first or last five lines in the file. When
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412 editing the file, you will notice that 'shiftwidth' will have been set to
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413 four. When editing another file, it's set back to the default value of eight.
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414 For some files the modeline fits well in the header, thus it can be put at
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415 the top of the file. For text files and other files where the modeline gets
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416 in the way of the normal contents, put it at the end of the file.
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417
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418 The 'modelines' option specifies how many lines at the start and end of the
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419 file are inspected for containing a modeline. To inspect ten lines: >
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420
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421 :set modelines=10
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422
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423 The 'modeline' option can be used to switch this off. Do this when you are
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1122
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424 working as root on Unix or Administrator on MS-Windows, or when you don't
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425 trust the files you are editing: >
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7
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426
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427 :set nomodeline
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428
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429 Use this format for the modeline:
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430
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431 any-text vim:set {option}={value} ... : any-text ~
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432
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433 The "any-text" indicates that you can put any text before and after the part
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434 that Vim will use. This allows making it look like a comment, like what was
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435 done above with /* and */.
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436 The " vim:" part is what makes Vim recognize this line. There must be
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437 white space before "vim", or "vim" must be at the start of the line. Thus
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438 using something like "gvim:" will not work.
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7
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439 The part between the colons is a ":set" command. It works the same way as
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440 typing the ":set" command, except that you need to insert a backslash before a
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441 colon (otherwise it would be seen as the end of the modeline).
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442
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443 Another example:
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444
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445 // vim:set textwidth=72 dir=c\:\tmp: use c:\tmp here ~
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446
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447 There is an extra backslash before the first colon, so that it's included in
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448 the ":set" command. The text after the second colon is ignored, thus a remark
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449 can be placed there.
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450
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451 For more details see |modeline|.
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452
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453 ==============================================================================
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454
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455 Next chapter: |usr_22.txt| Finding the file to edit
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456
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457 Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
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