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1 *vi_diff.txt* For Vim version 7.0d. Last change: 2006 Jan 02
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
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5
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6
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7 Differences between Vim and Vi *vi-differences*
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8
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9 Throughout the help files differences between Vim and Vi/Ex are given in
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10 curly braces, like "{not in Vi}". This file only lists what has not been
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11 mentioned in other files and gives an overview.
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12
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13 Vim is mostly POSIX 1003.2-1 compliant. The only command known to be missing
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14 is ":open". There are probably a lot of small differences (either because Vim
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15 is missing something or because Posix is beside the mark).
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16
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166
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17 1. Simulated command |simulated-command|
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18 2. Missing options |missing-options|
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19 3. Limits |limits|
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20 4. The most interesting additions |vim-additions|
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21 5. Other vim features |other-features|
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22 6. Command-line arguments |cmdline-arguments|
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160
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23 7. POSIX compliance |posix-compliance|
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24
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25 ==============================================================================
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166
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26 1. Simulated command *simulated-command*
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27
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28 This command is in Vi, but Vim only simuates it:
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29
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30 *:o* *:op* *:open*
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31 :[range]o[pen] Works like |:visual|: end Ex mode.
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32 {Vi: start editing in open mode}
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33
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166
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34 :[range]o[pen] /pattern/ As above, additionally move the cursor to the
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35 column where "pattern" matches in the cursor
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36 line.
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37
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166
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38 Vim does not support open mode, since it's not really useful. For those
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39 situations where ":open" would start open mode Vim will leave Ex mode, which
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40 allows executing the same commands, but updates the whole screen instead of
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41 only one line.
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42
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43 ==============================================================================
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44 2. Missing options *missing-options*
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45
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46 These options are in the Unix Vi, but not in Vim. If you try to set one of
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47 them you won't get an error message, but the value is not used and cannot be
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48 printed.
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49
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50 autoprint (ap) boolean (default on) *'autoprint'* *'ap'*
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51 beautify (bf) boolean (default off) *'beautify'* *'bf'*
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52 flash (fl) boolean (default ??) *'flash'* *'fl'*
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53 graphic (gr) boolean (default off) *'graphic'* *'gr'*
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54 hardtabs (ht) number (default 8) *'hardtabs'* *'ht'*
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55 number of spaces that a <Tab> moves on the display
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56 mesg boolean (default on) *'mesg'*
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57 novice boolean (default off) *'novice'*
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58 open boolean (default on) *'open'*
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59 optimize (op) boolean (default off) *'optimize'* *'op'*
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60 redraw boolean (default off) *'redraw'*
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61 slowopen (slow) boolean (default off) *'slowopen'* *'slow'*
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62 sourceany boolean (default off) *'sourceany'*
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63 w300 number (default 23) *'w300'*
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64 w1200 number (default 23) *'w1200'*
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65 w9600 number (default 23) *'w9600'*
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66
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67 ==============================================================================
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68 3. Limits *limits*
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69
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70 Vim has only a few limits for the files that can be edited {Vi: can not handle
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71 <Nul> characters and characters above 128, has limited line length, many other
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72 limits}.
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73 *E340*
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74 Maximum line length On machines with 16-bit ints (Amiga and MS-DOS real
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75 mode): 32767, otherwise 2147483647 characters.
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76 Longer lines are split.
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77 Maximum number of lines 2147483647 lines.
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78 Maximum file size 2147483647 bytes (2 Gbyte) when a long integer is
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79 32 bits. Much more for 64 bit longs. Also limited
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80 by available disk space for the |swap-file|.
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81 *E75*
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82 Length of a file path Unix and Win32: 1024 characters, otherwise 256
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83 characters (or as much as the system supports).
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84 Length of an expanded string option
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85 Unix and Win32: 1024 characters, otherwise 256
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86 characters
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87 Maximum display width Unix and Win32: 1024 characters, otherwise 255
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88 characters
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89 Maximum lhs of a mapping 50 characters.
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625
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90 Number of different highlighting types: over 30000
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91 Range of a Number variable: -2147483648 to 2147483647 (more on 64 bit
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92 systems)
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93
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94 Information for undo and text in registers is kept in memory, thus when making
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95 (big) changes the amount of (virtual) memory available limits the number of
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96 undo levels and the text that can be kept in registers. Other things are also
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97 kept in memory: Command-line history, error messages for Quickfix mode, etc.
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98
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99 Memory usage limits
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100 -------------------
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101
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102 The option 'maxmem' ('mm') is used to set the maximum memory used for one
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103 buffer (in kilobytes). 'maxmemtot' is used to set the maximum memory used for
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104 all buffers (in kilobytes). The defaults depend on the system used. For the
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105 Amiga and MS-DOS, 'maxmemtot' is set depending on the amount of memory
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106 available. If you don't like Vim to swap to a file, set 'maxmem' and
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107 'maxmemtot' to a very large value. The swap file will then only be used for
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108 recovery. If you don't want a swap file at all, set 'updatecount' to 0, or
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109 use the "-n" argument when starting Vim. Note that the 'maxmem' option is
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110 only used when a buffer is created. Changing this option does not affect
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111 buffers that have already been loaded. Thus you can set it to different
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112 values for different files. 'maxmemtot' works always.
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113
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114 ==============================================================================
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115 4. The most interesting additions *vim-additions*
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116
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117 Vi compatibility. |'compatible'|
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118 Although Vim is 99% Vi compatible, some things in Vi can be
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119 considered to be a bug, or at least need improvement. But still, Vim
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120 starts in a mode which behaves like the "real" Vi as much as possible.
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121 To make Vim behave a little bit better, try resetting the 'compatible'
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122 option:
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123 :set nocompatible
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124 Or start Vim with the "-N" argument:
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125 vim -N
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126 This is done automatically if you have a .vimrc file. See |startup|.
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127 The 'cpoptions' option can be used to set Vi compatibility on/off for
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128 a number of specific items.
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129
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130 Support for different systems.
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131 Vim can be used on:
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132 - All Unix systems (it works on all systems it was tested on, although
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133 the GUI and Perl interface may not work everywhere).
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134 - Amiga (500, 1000, 1200, 2000, 3000, 4000, ...).
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135 - MS-DOS in real-mode (no additional drivers required).
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136 - In protected mode on Windows 3.1 and MS-DOS (DPMI driver required).
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137 - Windows 95 and Windows NT, with support for long file names.
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138 - OS/2 (needs emx.dll)
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139 - Atari MiNT
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140 - VMS
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141 - BeOS
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142 - Macintosh
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143 - Risc OS
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144 - IBM OS/390
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145
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146 Multi level undo. |undo|
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147 'u' goes backward in time, 'CTRL-R' goes forward again. Set option
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148 'undolevels' to the number of changes to be remembered (default 1000).
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235
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149 Set 'undolevels' to 0 for a vi-compatible one level undo. Set it to
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150 -1 for no undo at all.
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151
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152 When all changes in a buffer have been undone, the buffer is not
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153 considered changed anymore. You can exit it with :q, without <!>.
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154
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155 Graphical User Interface (GUI) |gui|
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156 Included support for GUI: menu's, mouse, scrollbars, etc. You can
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157 define your own menus. Better support for CTRL/SHIFT/ALT keys in
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158 combination with special keys and mouse. Supported for various
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159 platforms, such as X11 (with Motif and Athena interfaces), GTK, Win32
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160 (Windows 95 and later), BeOS, Amiga and Macintosh.
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161
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162 Multiple windows and buffers. |windows.txt|
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163 Vim can split the screen into several windows, each editing a
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164 different buffer or the same buffer at a different location. Buffers
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165 can still be loaded (and changed) but not displayed in a window. This
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166 is called a hidden buffer. Many commands and options have been added
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167 for this facility.
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168
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169 Syntax highlighting. |:syntax|
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170 Vim can highlight keywords, patterns and other things. This is
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171 defined by a number of ":syntax" commands, and can be made to
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172 highlight most languages and file types. A number of files are
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173 included for highlighting the most common languages, like C, C++,
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174 Java, Pascal, Makefiles, shell scripts, etc. The colors used for
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175 highlighting can be defined for ordinary terminals, color terminals
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176 and the GUI with the ":highlight" command.
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177
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178 Folding |folding|
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179 A range of lines can be shown as one "folded" line. This allows
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180 overviewing a file and moving blocks of text around quickly.
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181 Folds can be created manually, from the syntax of the file, by indent,
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182 etc.
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183
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184 Plugins |add-plugin|
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185 The functionality can be extended by dropping a plugin file in the
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186 right directory. That's an easy way to start using Vim scripts
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187 written by others. Plugins can be for all kind of files, or
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188 specifically for a filetype.
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189
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190 Repeat a series of commands. |q|
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191 "q{c}" starts recording typed characters into named register {c}
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192 (append to the register if register name is uppercase). A subsequent
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193 "q" stops recording. The register can then be executed with the
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194 "@{c}" command. This is very useful to repeat a complex action.
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195
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196 Flexible insert mode. |ins-special-special|
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197 The arrow keys can be used in insert mode to move around in the file.
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198 This breaks the insert in two parts as far as undo and redo is
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199 concerned.
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200
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201 CTRL-O can be used to execute a single command-mode command. This is
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202 almost the same as hitting <Esc>, typing the command and doing "a".
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203
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204 Visual mode. |Visual-mode|
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205 Visual can be used to first highlight a piece of text and then give a
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206 command to do something with it. This is an (easy to use) alternative
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207 to first giving the operator and then moving to the end of the text
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208 to be operated upon. "v" and "V" are used to start Visual mode. "v"
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209 works on characters and 'V' on lines. Move the cursor to extend the
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210 Visual part. It is shown highlighted on the screen. By typing "o"
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211 the other end of the Visual text can be moved. The Visual text can
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212 be affected by an operator:
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213 d delete
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214 c change
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215 y yank
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216 > or < insert or delete indent
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217 ! filter through external program
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218 = filter through indent
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219 : start ":" command for the Visual lines.
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220 gq format text to 'textwidth' columns
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221 J join lines
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222 ~ swap case
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223 u make lowercase
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224 U make uppercase
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225
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226 Block operators. |visual-block|
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227 With Visual a rectangular block of text can be selected. Start Visual
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228 with CTRL-V. The block can be deleted ("d"), yanked ("y") or its case
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229 can be changed ("~", "u" and "U"). A deleted or yanked block can be
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230 put into the text with the "p" and "P" commands.
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231
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232 Online help system. |:help|
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233 Help is displayed in a window. The usual commands can be used to
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234 move around, search for a string, etc. Tags can be used to jump
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235 around in the help files, just like hypertext links. The ":help"
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236 command takes an argument to quickly jump to the info on a subject.
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237 <F1> is the quick access to the help system. The name of the help
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238 index file can be set with the 'helpfile' option.
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239
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240 Command-line editing and history. |cmdline-editing|
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241 You can insert or delete at any place in the command-line using the
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242 cursor keys. The right/left cursor keys can be used to move
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243 forward/backward one character. The shifted right/left cursor keys
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244 can be used to move forward/backward one word. CTRL-B/CTRL-E can be
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245 used to go to the begin/end of the command-line.
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246
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247 |cmdline-history|
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248 The command-lines are remembered. The up/down cursor keys can be used
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249 to recall previous command-lines. The 'history' option can be set to
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250 the number of lines that will be remembered. There is a separate
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251 history for commands and for search patterns.
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252
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253 Command-line completion. |cmdline-completion|
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254 While entering a command-line (on the bottom line of the screen)
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255 <Tab> can be typed to complete
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256 what example ~
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257 - command :e<Tab>
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258 - tag :ta scr<Tab>
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259 - option :set sc<Tab>
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260 - option value :set hf=<Tab>
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261 - file name :e ve<Tab>
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262 - etc.
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263
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264 If there are multiple matches, CTRL-N (next) and CTRL-P (previous)
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265 will walk through the matches. <Tab> works like CTRL-N, but wraps
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266 around to the first match.
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267
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268 The 'wildchar' option can be set to the character for command-line
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269 completion, <Tab> is the default. CTRL-D can be typed after an
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270 (incomplete) wildcard; all matches will be listed. CTRL-A will insert
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271 all matches. CTRL-L will insert the longest common part of the
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272 matches.
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273
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274 Insert-mode completion |ins-completion|
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275 In insert mode the CTRL-N and CTRL-P keys can be used to complete a
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276 word that has previously been used. |i_CTRL-N|
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277 With CTRL-X another mode is entered, through which completion can be
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278 done for:
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279 |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-F| file names
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280 |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-K| words from 'dictionary' files
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281 |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-T| words from 'thesaurus' files
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282 |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-I| words from included files
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283 |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-L| whole lines
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284 |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-]| words from the tags file
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285 |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-D| definitions or macros
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286
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287 Long line support |'wrap'| |'linebreak'|
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288 If the 'wrap' option is off, long lines will not wrap and only part
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289 of them will be shown. When the cursor is moved to a part that is not
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290 shown, the screen will scroll horizontally. The minimum number of
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291 columns to scroll can be set with the 'sidescroll' option. The "zh"
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292 and "zl" commands can be used to scroll sideways.
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293 Alternatively, long lines are broken in between words when the
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294 'linebreak' option is set. This allows editing a single-line
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295 paragraph conveniently (e.g. when the text is later read into a DTP
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296 program). Move the cursor up/down with the "gk" and "gj" commands.
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297
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298 Text formatting. |formatting|
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299 The 'textwidth' option can be used to automatically limit the line
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300 length. This supplements the 'wrapmargin' option of Vi, which was not
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301 very useful. The "gq" operator can be used to format a piece of text
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302 (for example, "gqap" formats the current paragraph). Commands for
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303 text alignment: ":center", ":left" and ":right".
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304
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305 Extended search patterns |pattern|
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306 There are many extra items to match various text items. Examples:
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307 A "\n" can be used in a search pattern to match a line break.
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308 "x\{2,4}" matches "x" 2 to 4 times.
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309 "\s" matches a white space character.
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310
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311 Edit-compile-edit speedup. |quickfix|
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312 The ":make" command can be used to run the compilation and jump to
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313 the first error. Alternatively Vim can be started with the "-q"
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314 option from the compiler. A file with compiler error messages is
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315 interpreted. Vim starts editing at the first error.
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316
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317 Each line in the error file is scanned for the name of a file, line
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318 number and error message. The 'errorformat' option can be set to a
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319 list of scanf-like strings to handle output from many compilers.
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320
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321 The ":cn" command can be used to jump to the next error.
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322 ":cl" lists all the error messages. Other commands are available
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323 (almost the same as with Manx's Z editor on the Amiga).
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324 The 'makeef' option has the name of the file with error messages.
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325 The 'makeprg' option contains the name of the program to be executed
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326 with the ":make" command.
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327 The 'shellpipe' option contains the string to be used to put the
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328 output of the compiler into the errorfile.
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329
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330 Improved indenting for C programs |'cindent'|
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331 When the 'cindent' option is on the indent of each line is
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332 automatically adjusted. C syntax is mostly recognized. The indent
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333 for various styles can be set with 'cinoptions'. The keys to trigger
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334 indenting can be set with 'cinkeys'.
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335
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336 Comments can be automatically formatted. The 'comments' option can be
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337 set to the characters that start and end a comment. This works best
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338 for C code, but also works for e-mail (">" at start of the line) and
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339 other types of text. The "=" operator can be used to re-indent
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340 lines.
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341
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342 Searching for words in include files |include-search|
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343 The "[i" command can be used to search for a match of the word under
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344 the cursor in the current and included files. The 'include' option
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345 can be set the a pattern that describes a command to include a file
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346 (the default is for C programs).
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347 The "[I" command lists all matches, the "[ CTRL-I" command jumps to
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348 a match.
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349 The "[d", "[D" and "[ CTRL-D" commands do the same, but only for
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350 lines where the pattern given with the 'define' option matches.
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351
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352 Automatic commands |autocommand|
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353 Commands can be automatically executed when reading a file, writing a
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354 file, jumping to another buffer, etc., depending on the file name.
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355 This is useful to set options and mappings for C programs,
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356 documentation, plain text, e-mail, etc. This also makes it possible
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357 to edit compressed files.
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358
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359 Scripts and Expressions |expression|
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360 Commands have been added to form up a simple but powerful script
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361 language.
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362 |:if| Conditional execution, which can be used for example
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363 to set options depending on the value of $TERM.
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364 |:while| Repeat a number of commands.
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365 |:echo| Print the result of an expression.
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366 |:let| Assign a value to an internal variable, option, etc.
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367 |:execute| Execute a command formed by an expression.
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368 etc.
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369
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370 Viminfo |viminfo-file|
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371 The command-line history, marks and registers can be stored in a file
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372 that is read on startup. This can be used to repeat a search command
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373 or command-line command after exiting and restarting Vim. It is also
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374 possible to jump right back to where the last edit stopped with "'0".
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375 The 'viminfo' option can be set to select which items to store in the
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376 .viminfo file. This is off by default.
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377
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378 Mouse support |mouse-using|
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379 The mouse is supported in the GUI version, in an xterm for Unix, for
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380 Linux with gpm, for MS-DOS, and Win32. It can be used to position the
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381 cursor, select the visual area, paste a register, etc.
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382
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383 Usage of key names |<>| |key-notation|
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384 Special keys now all have a name like <Up>, <End>, etc.
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385 This name can be used in mappings, to make it easy to edit them.
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386
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387 Editing binary files |edit-binary|
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388 Vim can edit binary files. You can change a few characters in an
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389 executable file, without corrupting it. Vim doesn't remove NUL
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390 characters (they are represented as <NL> internally).
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391 |-b| command-line argument to start editing a binary file
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392 |'binary'| Option set by "-b". Prevents adding an <EOL> for the
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393 last line in the file.
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394
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395 Multi-language support |multi-lang|
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396 Files in double-byte or multi-byte encodings can be edited. There is
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397 UTF-8 support to be able to edit various languages at the same time,
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398 without switching fonts. |UTF-8|
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399 Messages and menus are available in different languages.
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400
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401 ==============================================================================
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402 5. Other vim features *other-features*
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403
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404 A random collection of nice extra features.
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405
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406
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407 When Vim is started with "-s scriptfile", the characters read from
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408 "scriptfile" are treated as if you typed them. If end of file is reached
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409 before the editor exits, further characters are read from the console.
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410
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411 The "-w" option can be used to record all typed characters in a script file.
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412 This file can then be used to redo the editing, possibly on another file or
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413 after changing some commands in the script file.
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414
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415 The "-o" option opens a window for each argument. "-o4" opens four windows.
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416
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417 Vi requires several termcap entries to be able to work full-screen. Vim only
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418 requires the "cm" entry (cursor motion).
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419
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420
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421 In command mode:
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422
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423 When the 'showcmd' option is set, the command characters are shown in the last
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424 line of the screen. They are removed when the command is finished.
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425
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426 If the 'ruler' option is set, the current cursor position is shown in the
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427 last line of the screen.
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428
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429 "U" still works after having moved off the last changed line and after "u".
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430
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431 Characters with the 8th bit set are displayed. The characters between '~' and
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432 0xa0 are displayed as "~?", "~@", "~A", etc., unless they are included in the
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433 'isprint' option.
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434
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435 "][" goes to the next ending of a C function ('}' in column 1).
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436 "[]" goes to the previous ending of a C function ('}' in column 1).
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437
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438 "]f", "[f" and "gf" start editing the file whose name is under the cursor.
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439 CTRL-W f splits the window and starts editing the file whose name is under
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440 the cursor.
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441
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442 "*" searches forward for the identifier under the cursor, "#" backward.
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443 "K" runs the program defined by the 'keywordprg' option, with the identifier
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444 under the cursor as argument.
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445
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446 "%" can be preceded with a count. The cursor jumps to the line that
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447 percentage down in the file. The normal "%" function to jump to the matching
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448 brace skips braces inside quotes.
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449
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450 With the CTRL-] command, the cursor may be in the middle of the identifier.
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451
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452 The used tags are remembered. Commands that can be used with the tag stack
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453 are CTRL-T, ":pop" and ":tag". ":tags" lists the tag stack.
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454
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455 The 'tags' option can be set to a list of tag file names. Thus multiple
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456 tag files can be used. For file names that start with "./", the "./" is
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457 replaced with the path of the current file. This makes it possible to use a
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458 tags file in the same directory as the file being edited.
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459
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460 Previously used file names are remembered in the alternate file name list.
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461 CTRL-^ accepts a count, which is an index in this list.
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462 ":files" command shows the list of alternate file names.
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463 "#<N>" is replaced with the <N>th alternate file name in the list.
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464 "#<" is replaced with the current file name without extension.
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465
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466 Search patterns have more features. The <NL> character is seen as part of the
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467 search pattern and the substitute string of ":s". Vi sees it as the end of
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468 the command.
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469
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470 Searches can put the cursor on the end of a match and may include a character
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471 offset.
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472
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473 Count added to "~", ":next", ":Next", "n" and "N".
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474
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475 The command ":next!" with 'autowrite' set does not write the file. In vi the
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476 file was written, but this is considered to be a bug, because one does not
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477 expect it and the file is not written with ":rewind!".
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478
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479 In Vi when entering a <CR> in replace mode deletes a character only when 'ai'
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480 is set (but does not show it until you hit <Esc>). Vim always deletes a
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481 character (and shows it immediately).
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482
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483 Added :wnext command. Same as ":write" followed by ":next".
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484
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485 The ":w!" command always writes, also when the file is write protected. In Vi
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486 you would have to do ":!chmod +w %" and ":set noro".
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487
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488 When 'tildeop' has been set, "~" is an operator (must be followed by a
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489 movement command).
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490
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491 With the "J" (join) command you can reset the 'joinspaces' option to have only
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492 one space after a period (Vi inserts two spaces).
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493
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494 "cw" can be used to change white space formed by several characters (Vi is
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495 confusing: "cw" only changes one space, while "dw" deletes all white space).
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496
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497 "o" and "O" accept a count for repeating the insert (Vi clears a part of
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498 display).
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499
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500 Flags after Ex commands not supported (no plans to include it).
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501
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502 On non-UNIX systems ":cd" command shows current directory instead of going to
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503 the home directory (there isn't one). ":pwd" prints the current directory on
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504 all systems.
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505
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506 After a ":cd" command the file names (in the argument list, opened files)
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507 still point to the same files. In Vi ":cd" is not allowed in a changed file;
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508 otherwise the meaning of file names change.
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509
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510 ":source!" command reads Vi commands from a file.
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511
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512 ":mkexrc" command writes current modified options and mappings to a ".exrc"
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513 file. ":mkvimrc" writes to a ".vimrc" file.
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514
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515 No check for "tail recursion" with mappings. This allows things like
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516 ":map! foo ^]foo".
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517
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518 When a mapping starts with number, vi loses the count typed before it (e.g.
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519 when using the mapping ":map g 4G" the command "7g" goes to line 4). This is
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520 considered a vi bug. Vim concatenates the counts (in the example it becomes
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521 "74G"), as most people would expect.
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522
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523 The :put! command inserts the contents of a register above the current line.
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524
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525 The "p" and "P" commands of vi cannot be repeated with "." when the putted
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526 text is less than a line. In Vim they can always be repeated.
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527
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528 ":noremap" command can be used to enter a mapping that will not be remapped.
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529 This is useful to exchange the meaning of two keys. ":cmap", ":cunmap" and
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530 ":cnoremap" can be used for mapping in command-line editing only. ":imap",
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531 ":iunmap" and ":inoremap" can be used for mapping in insert mode only.
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532 Similar commands exist for abbreviations: ":noreabbrev", ":iabbrev"
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533 ":cabbrev", ":iunabbrev", ":cunabbrev", ":inoreabbrev", ":cnoreabbrev".
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534
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535 In Vi the command ":map foo bar" would remove a previous mapping
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536 ":map bug foo". This is considered a bug, so it is not included in Vim.
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537 ":unmap! foo" does remove ":map! bug foo", because unmapping would be very
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538 difficult otherwise (this is vi compatible).
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539
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540 The ':' register contains the last command-line.
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541 The '%' register contains the current file name.
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542 The '.' register contains the last inserted text.
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543
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544 ":dis" command shows the contents of the yank registers.
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545
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546 CTRL-O/CTRL-I can be used to jump to older/newer positions. These are the
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547 same positions as used with the '' command, but may be in another file. The
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548 ":jumps" command lists the older positions.
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549
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550 If the 'shiftround' option is set, an indent is rounded to a multiple of
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551 'shiftwidth' with ">" and "<" commands.
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552
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553 The 'scrolljump' option can be set to the minimum number of lines to scroll
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554 when the cursor gets off the screen. Use this when scrolling is slow.
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555
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556 The 'scrolloff' option can be set to the minimum number of lines to keep
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557 above and below the cursor. This gives some context to where you are
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558 editing. When set to a large number the cursor line is always in the middle
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559 of the window.
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560
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561 Uppercase marks can be used to jump between files. The ":marks" command lists
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562 all currently set marks. The commands "']" and "`]" jump to the end of the
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563 previous operator or end of the text inserted with the put command. "'[" and
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564 "`[" do jump to the start.
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565
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566 The 'shelltype' option can be set to reflect the type of shell used on the
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567 Amiga.
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568
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569 The 'highlight' option can be set for the highlight mode to be used for
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570 several commands.
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571
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572 The CTRL-A (add) and CTRL-X (subtract) commands are new. The count to the
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573 command (default 1) is added to/subtracted from the number at or after the
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574 cursor. That number may be decimal, octal (starts with a '0') or hexadecimal
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575 (starts with '0x'). Very useful in macros.
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576
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577 With the :set command the prefix "inv" can be used to invert boolean options.
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578
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579 In both Vi and Vim you can create a line break with the ":substitute" command
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580 by using a CTRL-M. For Vi this means you cannot insert a real CTRL-M in the
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581 text. With Vim you can put a real CTRL-M in the text by preceding it with a
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582 CTRL-V.
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583
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584
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585 In Insert mode:
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586
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587 If the 'revins' option is set, insert happens backwards. This is for typing
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588 Hebrew. When inserting normal characters the cursor will not be shifted and
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589 the text moves rightwards. Backspace, CTRL-W and CTRL-U will also work in
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590 the opposite direction. CTRL-B toggles the 'revins' option. In replace mode
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591 'revins' has no effect. Only when enabled at compile time.
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592
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593 The backspace key can be used just like CTRL-D to remove auto-indents.
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594
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595 You can backspace, CTRL-U and CTRL-W over line breaks if the 'backspace' (bs)
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596 option includes "eol". You can backspace over the start of insert if the
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597 'backspace' option includes "start".
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598
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599 When the 'paste' option is set, a few option are reset and mapping in insert
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600 mode and abbreviation are disabled. This allows for pasting text in windowing
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601 systems without unexpected results. When the 'paste' option is reset, the old
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602 option values are restored.
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603
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604 CTRL-T/CTRL-D always insert/delete an indent in the current line, no matter
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605 what column the cursor is in.
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606
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607 CTRL-@ (insert previously inserted text) works always (Vi: only when typed as
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608 first character).
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609
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610 CTRL-A works like CTRL-@ but does not leave insert mode.
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611
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612 CTRL-R {0-9a-z..} can be used to insert the contents of a register.
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613
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614 When the 'smartindent' option is set, C programs will be better auto-indented.
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615 With 'cindent' even more.
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616
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617 CTRL-Y and CTRL-E can be used to copy a character from above/below the
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618 current cursor position.
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619
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620 After CTRL-V you can enter a three digit decimal number. This byte value is
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621 inserted in the text as a single character. Useful for international
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622 characters that are not on your keyboard.
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|
623
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624 When the 'expandtab' (et) option is set, a <Tab> is expanded to the
|
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625 appropriate number of spaces.
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626
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627 The window always reflects the contents of the buffer (Vi does not do this
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628 when changing text and in some other cases).
|
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629
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630 If Vim is compiled with DIGRAPHS defined, digraphs are supported. A set of
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631 normal digraphs is included. They are shown with the ":digraph" command.
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632 More can be added with ":digraph {char1}{char2} {number}". A digraph is
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633 entered with "CTRL-K {char1} {char2}" or "{char1} BS {char2}" (only when
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634 'digraph' option is set).
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635
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636 When repeating an insert, e.g. "10atest <Esc>" vi would only handle wrapmargin
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637 for the first insert. Vim does it for all.
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638
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639 A count to the "i" or "a" command is used for all the text. Vi uses the count
|
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640 only for one line. "3iabc<NL>def<Esc>" would insert "abcabcabc<NL>def" in Vi
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641 but "abc<NL>defabc<NL>defabc<NL>def" in Vim.
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642
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643
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644 In Command-line mode:
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645
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235
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646 <Esc> terminates the command-line without executing it. In vi the command
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7
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647 line would be executed, which is not what most people expect (hitting <Esc>
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648 should always get you back to command mode). To avoid problems with some
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649 obscure macros, an <Esc> in a macro will execute the command. If you want a
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650 typed <Esc> to execute the command like vi does you can fix this with
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651 ":cmap ^V<Esc> ^V<CR>"
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652
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653 General:
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654
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655 The 'ttimeout' option is like 'timeout', but only works for cursor and
|
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656 function keys, not for ordinary mapped characters. The 'timeoutlen' option
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|
657 gives the number of milliseconds that is waited for. If the 'esckeys' option
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658 is not set, cursor and function keys that start with <Esc> are not recognized
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659 in insert mode.
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660
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661 There is an option for each terminal string. Can be used when termcap is not
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662 supported or to change individual strings.
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|
663
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664 The 'fileformat' option can be set to select the <EOL>: "dos" <CR><NL>, "unix"
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|
665 <NL> or "mac" <CR>.
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666 When the 'fileformats' option is not empty, Vim tries to detect the type of
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667 <EOL> automatically. The 'fileformat' option is set accordingly.
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668
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669 On systems that have no job control (older Unix systems and non-Unix systems)
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670 the CTRL-Z, ":stop" or ":suspend" command starts a new shell.
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671
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672 If Vim is started on the Amiga without an interactive window for output, a
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673 window is opened (and :sh still works). You can give a device to use for
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674 editing with the |-d| argument, e.g. "-d con:20/20/600/150".
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675
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676 The 'columns' and 'lines' options are used to set or get the width and height
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677 of the display.
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678
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679 Option settings are read from the first and last few lines of the file.
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|
680 Option 'modelines' determines how many lines are tried (default is 5). Note
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681 that this is different from the Vi versions that can execute any Ex command
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|
682 in a modeline (a major security problem). |trojan-horse|
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683
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684 If the 'insertmode' option is set (e.g. in .exrc), Vim starts in insert mode.
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685 And it comes back there, when pressing <Esc>.
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686
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|
687 Undo information is kept in memory. Available memory limits the number and
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688 size of change that can be undone. This may be a problem with MS-DOS, is
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|
689 hardly a problem on the Amiga and almost never with Unix and Win32.
|
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|
690
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691 If the 'backup' or 'writebackup' option is set: Before a file is overwritten,
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|
692 a backup file (.bak) is made. If the "backup" option is set it is left
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693 behind.
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|
694
|
|
|
695 Vim creates a file ending in ".swp" to store parts of the file that have been
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|
696 changed or that do not fit in memory. This file can be used to recover from
|
|
|
697 an aborted editing session with "vim -r file". Using the swap file can be
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698 switched off by setting the 'updatecount' option to 0 or starting Vim with
|
|
|
699 the "-n" option. Use the 'directory' option for placing the .swp file
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700 somewhere else.
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|
701
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|
702 Vim is able to work correctly on filesystems with 8.3 file names, also when
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703 using messydos or crossdos filesystems on the Amiga, or any 8.3 mounted
|
|
|
704 filesystem under Unix. See |'shortname'|.
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705
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|
706 Error messages are shown at least one second (Vi overwrites error messages).
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707
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708 If Vim gives the |hit-enter| prompt, you can hit any key. Characters other
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709 than <CR>, <NL> and <Space> are interpreted as the (start of) a command. (Vi
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710 only accepts a command starting with ':').
|
|
|
711
|
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|
712 The contents of the numbered and unnamed registers is remembered when
|
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713 changing files.
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|
714
|
|
|
715 The "No lines in buffer" message is a normal message instead of an error
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|
716 message, since that may cause a mapping to be aborted.
|
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|
717
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|
718 The AUX: device of the Amiga is supported.
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|
719
|
|
|
720 ==============================================================================
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|
|
721 6. Command-line arguments *cmdline-arguments*
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722
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|
|
723 Different versions of Vi have different command-line arguments. This can be
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|
|
724 confusing. To help you, this section gives an overview of the differences.
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725
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|
|
726 Five variants of Vi will be considered here:
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|
727 Elvis Elvis version 2.1b
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|
728 Nvi Nvi version 1.79
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|
729 Posix Posix 1003.2
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|
730 Vi Vi version 3.7 (for Sun 4.1.x)
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|
731 Vile Vile version 7.4 (incomplete)
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|
732 Vim Vim version 5.2
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|
733
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|
734 Only Vim is able to accept options in between and after the file names.
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735
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|
736 +{command} Elvis, Nvi, Posix, Vi, Vim: Same as "-c {command}".
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|
737
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|
|
738 - Nvi, Posix, Vi: Run Ex in batch mode.
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|
739 Vim: Read file from stdin (use -s for batch mode).
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740
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|
741 -- Vim: End of options, only file names are following.
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742
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|
743 --cmd {command} Vim: execute {command} before sourcing vimrc files.
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744
|
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|
745 --echo-wid Vim: GTK+ echoes the Window ID on stdout
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|
746
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|
747 --help Vim: show help message and exit.
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748
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|
|
749 --literal Vim: take file names literally, don't expand wildcards.
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|
750
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|
751 --nofork Vim: same as |-f|
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|
752
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|
753 --noplugin[s] Vim: Skip loading plugins.
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|
754
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|
755 --remote Vim: edit the files in another Vim server
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756
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|
757 --remote-expr {expr} Vim: evaluate {expr} in another Vim server
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|
758
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|
|
759 --remote-send {keys} Vim: send {keys} to a Vim server and exit
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|
|
760
|
|
|
761 --remote-silent {file} Vim: edit the files in another Vim server if possible
|
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|
762
|
|
|
763 --remote-wait Vim: edit the files in another Vim server and wait for it
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|
|
764
|
|
|
765 --remote-wait-silent Vim: like --remote-wait, no complaints if not possible
|
|
|
766
|
|
|
767 --role {role} Vim: GTK+ 2: set role of main window
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|
|
768
|
|
|
769 --serverlist Vim: Output a list of Vim servers and exit
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|
|
770
|
|
|
771 --servername {name} Vim: Specify Vim server name
|
|
|
772
|
|
|
773 --socketid {id} Vim: GTK window socket to run Vim in
|
|
|
774
|
|
|
775 --version Vim: show version message and exit.
|
|
|
776
|
|
|
777 -? Vile: print usage summary and exit.
|
|
|
778
|
|
|
779 -a Elvis: Load all specified file names into a window (use -o for
|
|
|
780 Vim).
|
|
|
781
|
|
|
782 -A Vim: Start in Arabic mode (when compiled with Arabic).
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|
|
783
|
|
|
784 -b {blksize} Elvis: Use {blksize} blocksize for the session file.
|
|
|
785 -b Vim: set 'binary' mode.
|
|
|
786
|
|
|
787 -C Vim: Compatible mode.
|
|
|
788
|
|
|
789 -c {command} Elvis, Nvi, Posix, Vim: run {command} as an Ex command after
|
|
|
790 loading the edit buffer.
|
|
|
791 Vim: allow up to 10 "-c" arguments
|
|
|
792
|
|
|
793 -d {device} Vim: Use {device} for I/O (Amiga only). {only when compiled
|
|
|
794 without the |+diff| feature}
|
|
|
795 -d Vim: start with 'diff' set. |vimdiff|
|
|
|
796
|
|
|
797 -dev {device} Vim: Use {device} for I/O (Amiga only).
|
|
|
798
|
|
|
799 -D Vim: debug mode.
|
|
|
800
|
|
|
801 -e Elvis, Nvi, Vim: Start in Ex mode, as if the executable is
|
|
|
802 called "ex".
|
|
|
803
|
|
|
804 -E Vim: Start in improved Ex mode |gQ|, like "exim".
|
|
|
805
|
|
|
806 -f Vim: Run GUI in foreground (Amiga: don't open new window).
|
|
|
807 -f {session} Elvis: Use {session} as the session file.
|
|
|
808
|
|
|
809 -F Vim: Start in Farsi mode (when compiled with Farsi).
|
|
|
810 Nvi: Fast start, don't read the entire file when editing
|
|
|
811 starts.
|
|
|
812
|
|
|
813 -G {gui} Elvis: Use the {gui} as user interface.
|
|
|
814
|
|
|
815 -g Vim: Start GUI.
|
|
|
816 -g N Vile: start editing at line N
|
|
|
817
|
|
|
818 -h Vim: Give help message.
|
|
|
819 Vile: edit the help file
|
|
|
820
|
|
|
821 -H Vim: start Hebrew mode (when compiled with it).
|
|
|
822
|
|
|
823 -i Elvis: Start each window in Insert mode.
|
|
|
824 -i {viminfo} Vim: Use {viminfo} for viminfo file.
|
|
|
825
|
|
|
826 -L Vim: Same as "-r" (also in some versions of Vi).
|
|
|
827
|
|
|
828 -l Nvi, Vi, Vim: Set 'lisp' and 'showmatch' options.
|
|
|
829
|
|
|
830 -m Vim: Modifications not allowed to be written, resets 'write'
|
|
|
831 option.
|
|
|
832
|
|
|
833 -M Vim: Modifications not allowed, resets 'modifiable' and the
|
|
|
834 'write' option.
|
|
|
835
|
|
|
836 -N Vim: No-compatible mode.
|
|
|
837
|
|
|
838 -n Vim: No swap file used.
|
|
|
839
|
|
|
840 -nb[args] Vim: open a NetBeans interface connection
|
|
|
841
|
|
|
842 -O[N] Vim: Like -o, but use vertically split windows.
|
|
|
843
|
|
|
844 -o[N] Vim: Open [N] windows, or one for each file.
|
|
|
845
|
|
|
846 -P {parent-title} Win32 Vim: open Vim inside a parent application window
|
|
|
847
|
|
|
848 -q {name} Vim: Use {name} for quickfix error file.
|
|
|
849 -q{name} Vim: Idem.
|
|
|
850
|
|
|
851 -R Elvis, Nvi, Posix, Vile, Vim: Set the 'readonly' option.
|
|
|
852
|
|
|
853 -r Elvis, Nvi, Posix, Vi, Vim: Recovery mode.
|
|
|
854
|
|
|
855 -S Nvi: Set 'secure' option.
|
|
|
856 -S {script} Vim: source script after starting up.
|
|
|
857
|
|
|
858 -s Nvi, Posix, Vim: Same as "-" (silent mode), when in Ex mode.
|
|
|
859 Elvis: Sets the 'safer' option.
|
|
|
860 -s {scriptin} Vim: Read from script file {scriptin}; only when not in Ex
|
|
|
861 mode.
|
|
|
862 -s {pattern} Vile: search for {pattern}
|
|
|
863
|
|
|
864 -t {tag} Elvis, Nvi, Posix, Vi, Vim: Edit the file containing {tag}.
|
|
|
865 -t{tag} Vim: Idem.
|
|
|
866
|
|
|
867 -T {term} Vim: Set terminal name to {term}.
|
|
|
868
|
|
|
869 -u {vimrc} Vim: Read initializations from {vimrc} file.
|
|
|
870
|
|
|
871 -U {gvimrc} Vim: Read GUI initializations from {gvimrc} file.
|
|
|
872
|
|
|
873 -v Nvi, Posix, Vi, Vim: Begin in Normal mode (visual mode, in Vi
|
|
|
874 terms).
|
|
|
875 Vile: View mode, no changes possible.
|
|
|
876
|
|
|
877 -V Elvis, Vim: Verbose mode.
|
|
|
878 -V{nr} Vim: Verbose mode with specified level.
|
|
|
879
|
|
|
880 -w {size} Elvis, Posix, Nvi, Vi, Vim: Set value of 'window' to {size}.
|
|
|
881 -w{size} Nvi, Vi: Same as "-w {size}".
|
|
|
882 -w {name} Vim: Write to script file {name} (must start with non-digit).
|
|
|
883
|
|
|
884 -W {name} Vim: Append to script file {name}.
|
|
|
885
|
|
|
886 -x Vi, Vim: Ask for encryption key. See |encryption|.
|
|
|
887
|
|
|
888 -X Vim: Don't connect to the X server.
|
|
|
889
|
|
|
890 -y Vim: Start in easy mode, like |evim|.
|
|
|
891
|
|
|
892 -Z Vim: restricted mode
|
|
|
893
|
|
|
894 @{cmdfile} Vile: use {cmdfile} as startup file.
|
|
|
895
|
|
160
|
896 ==============================================================================
|
|
164
|
897 7. POSIX compliance *posix* *posix-compliance*
|
|
160
|
898
|
|
|
899 In 2005 the POSIX test suite was run to check the compatiblity of Vim. Most
|
|
164
|
900 of the test was executed properly. There are the few things where Vim
|
|
166
|
901 is not POSIX compliant, even when run in Vi compatibility mode.
|
|
160
|
902
|
|
164
|
903 Set the $VIM_POSIX environment variable to have 'cpoptions' include the POSIX
|
|
|
904 flags when Vim starts up. This makes Vim run as POSIX as it can. That's
|
|
166
|
905 a bit different from being Vi compatible.
|
|
164
|
906
|
|
|
907 This is where Vim does not behave as POSIX specifies and why:
|
|
|
908
|
|
160
|
909 *posix-screen-size*
|
|
164
|
910 The $COLUMNS and $LINES environment variables are ignored by Vim if
|
|
|
911 the size can be obtained from the terminal in a more reliable way.
|
|
|
912 Add the '|' flag to 'cpoptions' to have $COLUMNS and $LINES overrule
|
|
|
913 sizes obtained in another way.
|
|
160
|
914
|
|
164
|
915 The "{" and "}" commands don't stop at a "{" in the original Vi, but
|
|
|
916 POSIX specifies it does. Add the '{' flag to 'cpoptions' if you want
|
|
|
917 it the POSIX way.
|
|
|
918
|
|
|
919 The "D", "o" and "O" commands accept a count. Also when repeated.
|
|
|
920 Add the '#' flag to 'cpoptions' if you want to ignore the count.
|
|
160
|
921
|
|
166
|
922 The ":cd" command fails if the current buffer is modified when the '.'
|
|
|
923 flag is present in 'cpoptions'.
|
|
|
924
|
|
|
925 There is no ATTENTION message, the "A" flag is added to 'shortmess'.
|
|
|
926
|
|
|
927 These are remarks about running the POSIX test suite:
|
|
|
928 - vi test 33 sometimes fails for unknown reasons
|
|
|
929 - vi test 250 fails; behavior will be changed in a new revision
|
|
|
930 http://www.opengroup.org/austin/mailarchives/ag-review/msg01710.html
|
|
|
931 - vi test 310 fails; exit code non-zero when any error occurred?
|
|
|
932 - ex test 24 fails because test is wrong. Changed between SUSv2 and SUSv3.
|
|
|
933 - ex tests 47, 48, 49, 72, 73 fail because .exrc file isn't read in silent
|
|
|
934 mode and $EXINIT isn't used.
|
|
|
935 - ex tests 76, 78 fail because echo is used instead of printf. (fixed)
|
|
|
936 Also: problem with \s not changed to space.
|
|
|
937 - ex test 355 fails because 'window' isn't used for "30z".
|
|
|
938 - ex test 368 fails because shell command isn't echoed in silent mode.
|
|
|
939 - ex test 394 fails because "=" command output isn't visible in silent mode.
|
|
|
940 - ex test 411 fails because test file is wrong, contains stray ':'.
|
|
|
941 - ex test 475 and 476 fail because reprint output isn't visible in silent mode.
|
|
|
942 - ex test 480 and 481 fail because the tags file has spaces instead of a tab.
|
|
|
943 - ex test 502 fails because .exrc isn't read in silent mode.
|
|
|
944 - ex test 509 fails because .exrc isn't read in silent mode. and exit code is
|
|
|
945 1 instead of 2.
|
|
|
946 - ex test 534 fails because .exrc isn't read in silent mode.
|
|
|
947
|
|
160
|
948
|
|
7
|
949 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
|
