Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/pattern.txt @ 23950:4279c1c66df1 v8.2.2517
patch 8.2.2517: Vim9: fix for s390 not tested on other systems
Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/7c5b3c03699a4ab31f47c24290852d441ea8c12a
Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
Date: Sun Feb 14 22:40:57 2021 +0100
patch 8.2.2517: Vim9: fix for s390 not tested on other systems
Problem: Vim9: fix for s390 not tested on other systems.
Solution: Add a test.
author | Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> |
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date | Sun, 14 Feb 2021 22:45:03 +0100 |
parents | e2e2cc5d0856 |
children | ef454a7f485d |
rev | line source |
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23573 | 1 *pattern.txt* For Vim version 8.2. Last change: 2021 Jan 08 |
7 | 2 |
3 | |
4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar | |
5 | |
6 | |
7 Patterns and search commands *pattern-searches* | |
8 | |
9 The very basics can be found in section |03.9| of the user manual. A few more | |
10 explanations are in chapter 27 |usr_27.txt|. | |
11 | |
12 1. Search commands |search-commands| | |
13 2. The definition of a pattern |search-pattern| | |
14 3. Magic |/magic| | |
15 4. Overview of pattern items |pattern-overview| | |
16 5. Multi items |pattern-multi-items| | |
17 6. Ordinary atoms |pattern-atoms| | |
18 7. Ignoring case in a pattern |/ignorecase| | |
714 | 19 8. Composing characters |patterns-composing| |
20 9. Compare with Perl patterns |perl-patterns| | |
21 10. Highlighting matches |match-highlight| | |
7 | 22 |
23 ============================================================================== | |
3153 | 24 1. Search commands *search-commands* |
7 | 25 |
26 */* | |
27 /{pattern}[/]<CR> Search forward for the [count]'th occurrence of | |
28 {pattern} |exclusive|. | |
29 | |
30 /{pattern}/{offset}<CR> Search forward for the [count]'th occurrence of | |
31 {pattern} and go |{offset}| lines up or down. | |
32 |linewise|. | |
33 | |
34 */<CR>* | |
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35 /<CR> Search forward for the [count]'th occurrence of the |
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36 latest used pattern |last-pattern| with latest used |
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37 |{offset}|. |
7 | 38 |
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39 //{offset}<CR> Search forward for the [count]'th occurrence of the |
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40 latest used pattern |last-pattern| with new |
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41 |{offset}|. If {offset} is empty no offset is used. |
7 | 42 |
43 *?* | |
44 ?{pattern}[?]<CR> Search backward for the [count]'th previous | |
45 occurrence of {pattern} |exclusive|. | |
46 | |
47 ?{pattern}?{offset}<CR> Search backward for the [count]'th previous | |
48 occurrence of {pattern} and go |{offset}| lines up or | |
49 down |linewise|. | |
50 | |
51 *?<CR>* | |
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52 ?<CR> Search backward for the [count]'th occurrence of the |
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53 latest used pattern |last-pattern| with latest used |
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54 |{offset}|. |
7 | 55 |
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56 ??{offset}<CR> Search backward for the [count]'th occurrence of the |
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58 |{offset}|. If {offset} is empty no offset is used. |
7 | 59 |
60 *n* | |
61 n Repeat the latest "/" or "?" [count] times. | |
6647 | 62 If the cursor doesn't move the search is repeated with |
63 count + 1. | |
16808 | 64 |last-pattern| |
7 | 65 |
66 *N* | |
67 N Repeat the latest "/" or "?" [count] times in | |
16808 | 68 opposite direction. |last-pattern| |
7 | 69 |
70 *star* *E348* *E349* | |
71 * Search forward for the [count]'th occurrence of the | |
72 word nearest to the cursor. The word used for the | |
73 search is the first of: | |
74 1. the keyword under the cursor |'iskeyword'| | |
75 2. the first keyword after the cursor, in the | |
76 current line | |
77 3. the non-blank word under the cursor | |
78 4. the first non-blank word after the cursor, | |
79 in the current line | |
80 Only whole keywords are searched for, like with the | |
18831 | 81 command "/\<keyword\>". |exclusive| |
7 | 82 'ignorecase' is used, 'smartcase' is not. |
83 | |
84 *#* | |
85 # Same as "*", but search backward. The pound sign | |
86 (character 163) also works. If the "#" key works as | |
87 backspace, try using "stty erase <BS>" before starting | |
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88 Vim (<BS> is CTRL-H or a real backspace). |
7 | 89 |
90 *gstar* | |
91 g* Like "*", but don't put "\<" and "\>" around the word. | |
92 This makes the search also find matches that are not a | |
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93 whole word. |
7 | 94 |
95 *g#* | |
96 g# Like "#", but don't put "\<" and "\>" around the word. | |
97 This makes the search also find matches that are not a | |
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98 whole word. |
7 | 99 |
100 *gd* | |
101 gd Goto local Declaration. When the cursor is on a local | |
102 variable, this command will jump to its declaration. | |
103 First Vim searches for the start of the current | |
104 function, just like "[[". If it is not found the | |
105 search stops in line 1. If it is found, Vim goes back | |
106 until a blank line is found. From this position Vim | |
107 searches for the keyword under the cursor, like with | |
108 "*", but lines that look like a comment are ignored | |
109 (see 'comments' option). | |
110 Note that this is not guaranteed to work, Vim does not | |
111 really check the syntax, it only searches for a match | |
112 with the keyword. If included files also need to be | |
113 searched use the commands listed in |include-search|. | |
114 After this command |n| searches forward for the next | |
115 match (not backward). | |
116 | |
117 *gD* | |
118 gD Goto global Declaration. When the cursor is on a | |
119 global variable that is defined in the file, this | |
120 command will jump to its declaration. This works just | |
121 like "gd", except that the search for the keyword | |
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122 always starts in line 1. |
7 | 123 |
523 | 124 *1gd* |
125 1gd Like "gd", but ignore matches inside a {} block that | |
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126 ends before the cursor position. |
523 | 127 |
128 *1gD* | |
129 1gD Like "gD", but ignore matches inside a {} block that | |
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130 ends before the cursor position. |
523 | 131 |
7 | 132 *CTRL-C* |
133 CTRL-C Interrupt current (search) command. Use CTRL-Break on | |
18972 | 134 MS-Windows |dos-CTRL-Break|. |
7 | 135 In Normal mode, any pending command is aborted. |
136 | |
137 *:noh* *:nohlsearch* | |
138 :noh[lsearch] Stop the highlighting for the 'hlsearch' option. It | |
139 is automatically turned back on when using a search | |
140 command, or setting the 'hlsearch' option. | |
141 This command doesn't work in an autocommand, because | |
142 the highlighting state is saved and restored when | |
143 executing autocommands |autocmd-searchpat|. | |
1620 | 144 Same thing for when invoking a user function. |
7 | 145 |
146 While typing the search pattern the current match will be shown if the | |
147 'incsearch' option is on. Remember that you still have to finish the search | |
148 command with <CR> to actually position the cursor at the displayed match. Or | |
149 use <Esc> to abandon the search. | |
150 | |
151 All matches for the last used search pattern will be highlighted if you set | |
152 the 'hlsearch' option. This can be suspended with the |:nohlsearch| command. | |
153 | |
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154 When 'shortmess' does not include the "S" flag, Vim will automatically show an |
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155 index, on which the cursor is. This can look like this: > |
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156 |
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157 [1/5] Cursor is on first of 5 matches. |
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158 [1/>99] Cursor is on first of more than 99 matches. |
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159 [>99/>99] Cursor is after 99 match of more than 99 matches. |
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160 [?/??] Unknown how many matches exists, generating the |
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161 statistics was aborted because of search timeout. |
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162 |
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163 Note: the count does not take offset into account. |
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164 |
3153 | 165 When no match is found you get the error: *E486* Pattern not found |
166 Note that for the |:global| command this behaves like a normal message, for Vi | |
167 compatibility. For the |:s| command the "e" flag can be used to avoid the | |
168 error message |:s_flags|. | |
169 | |
7 | 170 *search-offset* *{offset}* |
171 These commands search for the specified pattern. With "/" and "?" an | |
172 additional offset may be given. There are two types of offsets: line offsets | |
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173 and character offsets. |
7 | 174 |
175 The offset gives the cursor position relative to the found match: | |
176 [num] [num] lines downwards, in column 1 | |
177 +[num] [num] lines downwards, in column 1 | |
178 -[num] [num] lines upwards, in column 1 | |
179 e[+num] [num] characters to the right of the end of the match | |
180 e[-num] [num] characters to the left of the end of the match | |
181 s[+num] [num] characters to the right of the start of the match | |
182 s[-num] [num] characters to the left of the start of the match | |
183 b[+num] [num] identical to s[+num] above (mnemonic: begin) | |
184 b[-num] [num] identical to s[-num] above (mnemonic: begin) | |
667 | 185 ;{pattern} perform another search, see |//;| |
7 | 186 |
187 If a '-' or '+' is given but [num] is omitted, a count of one will be used. | |
188 When including an offset with 'e', the search becomes inclusive (the | |
189 character the cursor lands on is included in operations). | |
190 | |
191 Examples: | |
192 | |
193 pattern cursor position ~ | |
194 /test/+1 one line below "test", in column 1 | |
195 /test/e on the last t of "test" | |
196 /test/s+2 on the 's' of "test" | |
197 /test/b-3 three characters before "test" | |
198 | |
199 If one of these commands is used after an operator, the characters between | |
200 the cursor position before and after the search is affected. However, if a | |
201 line offset is given, the whole lines between the two cursor positions are | |
202 affected. | |
203 | |
204 An example of how to search for matches with a pattern and change the match | |
205 with another word: > | |
206 /foo<CR> find "foo" | |
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207 c//e<CR> change until end of match |
7 | 208 bar<Esc> type replacement |
209 //<CR> go to start of next match | |
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210 c//e<CR> change until end of match |
7 | 211 beep<Esc> type another replacement |
212 etc. | |
213 < | |
214 *//;* *E386* | |
215 A very special offset is ';' followed by another search command. For example: > | |
216 | |
217 /test 1/;/test | |
218 /test.*/+1;?ing? | |
219 | |
220 The first one first finds the next occurrence of "test 1", and then the first | |
221 occurrence of "test" after that. | |
222 | |
223 This is like executing two search commands after each other, except that: | |
224 - It can be used as a single motion command after an operator. | |
225 - The direction for a following "n" or "N" command comes from the first | |
226 search command. | |
227 - When an error occurs the cursor is not moved at all. | |
228 | |
229 *last-pattern* | |
230 The last used pattern and offset are remembered. They can be used to repeat | |
231 the search, possibly in another direction or with another count. Note that | |
232 two patterns are remembered: One for 'normal' search commands and one for the | |
233 substitute command ":s". Each time an empty pattern is given, the previously | |
2725 | 234 used pattern is used. However, if there is no previous search command, a |
235 previous substitute pattern is used, if possible. | |
7 | 236 |
237 The 'magic' option sticks with the last used pattern. If you change 'magic', | |
238 this will not change how the last used pattern will be interpreted. | |
239 The 'ignorecase' option does not do this. When 'ignorecase' is changed, it | |
240 will result in the pattern to match other text. | |
241 | |
242 All matches for the last used search pattern will be highlighted if you set | |
243 the 'hlsearch' option. | |
244 | |
245 To clear the last used search pattern: > | |
246 :let @/ = "" | |
247 This will not set the pattern to an empty string, because that would match | |
248 everywhere. The pattern is really cleared, like when starting Vim. | |
249 | |
133 | 250 The search usually skips matches that don't move the cursor. Whether the next |
7 | 251 match is found at the next character or after the skipped match depends on the |
252 'c' flag in 'cpoptions'. See |cpo-c|. | |
253 with 'c' flag: "/..." advances 1 to 3 characters | |
254 without 'c' flag: "/..." advances 1 character | |
255 The unpredictability with the 'c' flag is caused by starting the search in the | |
256 first column, skipping matches until one is found past the cursor position. | |
257 | |
133 | 258 When searching backwards, searching starts at the start of the line, using the |
259 'c' flag in 'cpoptions' as described above. Then the last match before the | |
260 cursor position is used. | |
261 | |
7 | 262 In Vi the ":tag" command sets the last search pattern when the tag is searched |
263 for. In Vim this is not done, the previous search pattern is still remembered, | |
264 unless the 't' flag is present in 'cpoptions'. The search pattern is always | |
265 put in the search history. | |
266 | |
267 If the 'wrapscan' option is on (which is the default), searches wrap around | |
268 the end of the buffer. If 'wrapscan' is not set, the backward search stops | |
269 at the beginning and the forward search stops at the end of the buffer. If | |
270 'wrapscan' is set and the pattern was not found the error message "pattern | |
271 not found" is given, and the cursor will not be moved. If 'wrapscan' is not | |
272 set the message becomes "search hit BOTTOM without match" when searching | |
273 forward, or "search hit TOP without match" when searching backward. If | |
274 wrapscan is set and the search wraps around the end of the file the message | |
275 "search hit TOP, continuing at BOTTOM" or "search hit BOTTOM, continuing at | |
276 TOP" is given when searching backwards or forwards respectively. This can be | |
277 switched off by setting the 's' flag in the 'shortmess' option. The highlight | |
278 method 'w' is used for this message (default: standout). | |
279 | |
280 *search-range* | |
625 | 281 You can limit the search command "/" to a certain range of lines by including |
282 \%>l items. For example, to match the word "limit" below line 199 and above | |
283 line 300: > | |
284 /\%>199l\%<300llimit | |
285 Also see |/\%>l|. | |
286 | |
287 Another way is to use the ":substitute" command with the 'c' flag. Example: > | |
7 | 288 :.,300s/Pattern//gc |
289 This command will search from the cursor position until line 300 for | |
290 "Pattern". At the match, you will be asked to type a character. Type 'q' to | |
291 stop at this match, type 'n' to find the next match. | |
292 | |
293 The "*", "#", "g*" and "g#" commands look for a word near the cursor in this | |
294 order, the first one that is found is used: | |
295 - The keyword currently under the cursor. | |
296 - The first keyword to the right of the cursor, in the same line. | |
297 - The WORD currently under the cursor. | |
298 - The first WORD to the right of the cursor, in the same line. | |
299 The keyword may only contain letters and characters in 'iskeyword'. | |
300 The WORD may contain any non-blanks (<Tab>s and/or <Space>s). | |
301 Note that if you type with ten fingers, the characters are easy to remember: | |
302 the "#" is under your left hand middle finger (search to the left and up) and | |
303 the "*" is under your right hand middle finger (search to the right and down). | |
304 (this depends on your keyboard layout though). | |
305 | |
14372 | 306 *E956* |
307 In very rare cases a regular expression is used recursively. This can happen | |
15033 | 308 when executing a pattern takes a long time and when checking for messages on |
14372 | 309 channels a callback is invoked that also uses a pattern or an autocommand is |
310 triggered. In most cases this should be fine, but if a pattern is in use when | |
311 it's used again it fails. Usually this means there is something wrong with | |
312 the pattern. | |
313 | |
7 | 314 ============================================================================== |
315 2. The definition of a pattern *search-pattern* *pattern* *[pattern]* | |
316 *regular-expression* *regexp* *Pattern* | |
190 | 317 *E76* *E383* *E476* |
7 | 318 |
319 For starters, read chapter 27 of the user manual |usr_27.txt|. | |
320 | |
321 */bar* */\bar* */pattern* | |
322 1. A pattern is one or more branches, separated by "\|". It matches anything | |
323 that matches one of the branches. Example: "foo\|beep" matches "foo" and | |
324 matches "beep". If more than one branch matches, the first one is used. | |
325 | |
326 pattern ::= branch | |
327 or branch \| branch | |
328 or branch \| branch \| branch | |
329 etc. | |
330 | |
331 */branch* */\&* | |
332 2. A branch is one or more concats, separated by "\&". It matches the last | |
333 concat, but only if all the preceding concats also match at the same | |
334 position. Examples: | |
335 "foobeep\&..." matches "foo" in "foobeep". | |
336 ".*Peter\&.*Bob" matches in a line containing both "Peter" and "Bob" | |
337 | |
338 branch ::= concat | |
339 or concat \& concat | |
340 or concat \& concat \& concat | |
341 etc. | |
342 | |
343 */concat* | |
344 3. A concat is one or more pieces, concatenated. It matches a match for the | |
345 first piece, followed by a match for the second piece, etc. Example: | |
346 "f[0-9]b", first matches "f", then a digit and then "b". | |
347 | |
348 concat ::= piece | |
349 or piece piece | |
350 or piece piece piece | |
351 etc. | |
352 | |
353 */piece* | |
354 4. A piece is an atom, possibly followed by a multi, an indication of how many | |
355 times the atom can be matched. Example: "a*" matches any sequence of "a" | |
356 characters: "", "a", "aa", etc. See |/multi|. | |
357 | |
358 piece ::= atom | |
359 or atom multi | |
360 | |
361 */atom* | |
362 5. An atom can be one of a long list of items. Many atoms match one character | |
363 in the text. It is often an ordinary character or a character class. | |
23164 | 364 Parentheses can be used to make a pattern into an atom. The "\z(\)" |
365 construct is only for syntax highlighting. | |
7 | 366 |
367 atom ::= ordinary-atom |/ordinary-atom| | |
368 or \( pattern \) |/\(| | |
369 or \%( pattern \) |/\%(| | |
370 or \z( pattern \) |/\z(| | |
371 | |
372 | |
5146 | 373 */\%#=* *two-engines* *NFA* |
4444 | 374 Vim includes two regexp engines: |
375 1. An old, backtracking engine that supports everything. | |
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376 2. A new, NFA engine that works much faster on some patterns, possibly slower |
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377 on some patterns. |
4444 | 378 |
379 Vim will automatically select the right engine for you. However, if you run | |
380 into a problem or want to specifically select one engine or the other, you can | |
381 prepend one of the following to the pattern: | |
382 | |
383 \%#=0 Force automatic selection. Only has an effect when | |
384 'regexpengine' has been set to a non-zero value. | |
385 \%#=1 Force using the old engine. | |
386 \%#=2 Force using the NFA engine. | |
387 | |
388 You can also use the 'regexpengine' option to change the default. | |
389 | |
390 *E864* *E868* *E874* *E875* *E876* *E877* *E878* | |
391 If selecting the NFA engine and it runs into something that is not implemented | |
392 the pattern will not match. This is only useful when debugging Vim. | |
393 | |
7 | 394 ============================================================================== |
840 | 395 3. Magic */magic* |
396 | |
23466 | 397 Some characters in the pattern, such as letters, are taken literally. They |
398 match exactly the same character in the text. When preceded with a backslash | |
399 however, these characters may get a special meaning. For example, "a" matches | |
400 the letter "a", while "\a" matches any alphabetic character. | |
840 | 401 |
402 Other characters have a special meaning without a backslash. They need to be | |
23466 | 403 preceded with a backslash to match literally. For example "." matches any |
404 character while "\." matches a dot. | |
840 | 405 |
406 If a character is taken literally or not depends on the 'magic' option and the | |
23466 | 407 items in the pattern mentioned next. The 'magic' option should always be set, |
408 but it can be switched off for Vi compatibility. We mention the effect of | |
409 'nomagic' here for completeness, but we recommend against using that. | |
840 | 410 */\m* */\M* |
411 Use of "\m" makes the pattern after it be interpreted as if 'magic' is set, | |
412 ignoring the actual value of the 'magic' option. | |
413 Use of "\M" makes the pattern after it be interpreted as if 'nomagic' is used. | |
414 */\v* */\V* | |
15281 | 415 Use of "\v" means that after it, all ASCII characters except '0'-'9', 'a'-'z', |
416 'A'-'Z' and '_' have special meaning: "very magic" | |
840 | 417 |
23466 | 418 Use of "\V" means that after it, only a backslash and the terminating |
419 character (usually / or ?) have special meaning: "very nomagic" | |
840 | 420 |
421 Examples: | |
422 after: \v \m \M \V matches ~ | |
423 'magic' 'nomagic' | |
23466 | 424 a a a a literal 'a' |
425 \a \a \a \a any alphabetic character | |
426 . . \. \. any character | |
427 \. \. . . literal dot | |
428 $ $ $ \$ end-of-line | |
840 | 429 * * \* \* any number of the previous atom |
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430 ~ ~ \~ \~ latest substitute string |
23466 | 431 () \(\) \(\) \(\) group as an atom |
432 | \| \| \| nothing: separates alternatives | |
840 | 433 \\ \\ \\ \\ literal backslash |
23466 | 434 \{ { { { literal curly brace |
840 | 435 |
436 {only Vim supports \m, \M, \v and \V} | |
437 | |
23466 | 438 If you want to you can make a pattern immune to the 'magic' option being set |
439 or not by putting "\m" or "\M" at the start of the pattern. | |
840 | 440 |
441 ============================================================================== | |
7 | 442 4. Overview of pattern items *pattern-overview* |
4444 | 443 *E865* *E866* *E867* *E869* |
7 | 444 |
445 Overview of multi items. */multi* *E61* *E62* | |
4444 | 446 More explanation and examples below, follow the links. *E64* *E871* |
7 | 447 |
448 multi ~ | |
449 'magic' 'nomagic' matches of the preceding atom ~ | |
450 |/star| * \* 0 or more as many as possible | |
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451 |/\+| \+ \+ 1 or more as many as possible |
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452 |/\=| \= \= 0 or 1 as many as possible |
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453 |/\?| \? \? 0 or 1 as many as possible |
7 | 454 |
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455 |/\{| \{n,m} \{n,m} n to m as many as possible |
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456 \{n} \{n} n exactly |
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457 \{n,} \{n,} at least n as many as possible |
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458 \{,m} \{,m} 0 to m as many as possible |
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459 \{} \{} 0 or more as many as possible (same as *) |
7 | 460 |
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461 |/\{-| \{-n,m} \{-n,m} n to m as few as possible |
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462 \{-n} \{-n} n exactly |
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463 \{-n,} \{-n,} at least n as few as possible |
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464 \{-,m} \{-,m} 0 to m as few as possible |
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465 \{-} \{-} 0 or more as few as possible |
7 | 466 |
467 *E59* | |
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468 |/\@>| \@> \@> 1, like matching a whole pattern |
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469 |/\@=| \@= \@= nothing, requires a match |/zero-width| |
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470 |/\@!| \@! \@! nothing, requires NO match |/zero-width| |
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471 |/\@<=| \@<= \@<= nothing, requires a match behind |/zero-width| |
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472 |/\@<!| \@<! \@<! nothing, requires NO match behind |/zero-width| |
7 | 473 |
474 | |
475 Overview of ordinary atoms. */ordinary-atom* | |
476 More explanation and examples below, follow the links. | |
477 | |
478 ordinary atom ~ | |
479 magic nomagic matches ~ | |
480 |/^| ^ ^ start-of-line (at start of pattern) |/zero-width| | |
481 |/\^| \^ \^ literal '^' | |
482 |/\_^| \_^ \_^ start-of-line (used anywhere) |/zero-width| | |
483 |/$| $ $ end-of-line (at end of pattern) |/zero-width| | |
484 |/\$| \$ \$ literal '$' | |
485 |/\_$| \_$ \_$ end-of-line (used anywhere) |/zero-width| | |
486 |/.| . \. any single character (not an end-of-line) | |
487 |/\_.| \_. \_. any single character or end-of-line | |
488 |/\<| \< \< beginning of a word |/zero-width| | |
489 |/\>| \> \> end of a word |/zero-width| | |
490 |/\zs| \zs \zs anything, sets start of match | |
491 |/\ze| \ze \ze anything, sets end of match | |
492 |/\%^| \%^ \%^ beginning of file |/zero-width| *E71* | |
493 |/\%$| \%$ \%$ end of file |/zero-width| | |
640 | 494 |/\%V| \%V \%V inside Visual area |/zero-width| |
7 | 495 |/\%#| \%# \%# cursor position |/zero-width| |
640 | 496 |/\%'m| \%'m \%'m mark m position |/zero-width| |
7 | 497 |/\%l| \%23l \%23l in line 23 |/zero-width| |
498 |/\%c| \%23c \%23c in column 23 |/zero-width| | |
499 |/\%v| \%23v \%23v in virtual column 23 |/zero-width| | |
500 | |
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501 Character classes: */character-classes* |
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502 magic nomagic matches ~ |
7 | 503 |/\i| \i \i identifier character (see 'isident' option) |
504 |/\I| \I \I like "\i", but excluding digits | |
505 |/\k| \k \k keyword character (see 'iskeyword' option) | |
506 |/\K| \K \K like "\k", but excluding digits | |
507 |/\f| \f \f file name character (see 'isfname' option) | |
508 |/\F| \F \F like "\f", but excluding digits | |
509 |/\p| \p \p printable character (see 'isprint' option) | |
510 |/\P| \P \P like "\p", but excluding digits | |
511 |/\s| \s \s whitespace character: <Space> and <Tab> | |
512 |/\S| \S \S non-whitespace character; opposite of \s | |
513 |/\d| \d \d digit: [0-9] | |
514 |/\D| \D \D non-digit: [^0-9] | |
515 |/\x| \x \x hex digit: [0-9A-Fa-f] | |
516 |/\X| \X \X non-hex digit: [^0-9A-Fa-f] | |
517 |/\o| \o \o octal digit: [0-7] | |
518 |/\O| \O \O non-octal digit: [^0-7] | |
519 |/\w| \w \w word character: [0-9A-Za-z_] | |
520 |/\W| \W \W non-word character: [^0-9A-Za-z_] | |
521 |/\h| \h \h head of word character: [A-Za-z_] | |
522 |/\H| \H \H non-head of word character: [^A-Za-z_] | |
523 |/\a| \a \a alphabetic character: [A-Za-z] | |
524 |/\A| \A \A non-alphabetic character: [^A-Za-z] | |
525 |/\l| \l \l lowercase character: [a-z] | |
526 |/\L| \L \L non-lowercase character: [^a-z] | |
527 |/\u| \u \u uppercase character: [A-Z] | |
528 |/\U| \U \U non-uppercase character [^A-Z] | |
529 |/\_| \_x \_x where x is any of the characters above: character | |
530 class with end-of-line included | |
531 (end of character classes) | |
532 | |
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533 magic nomagic matches ~ |
7 | 534 |/\e| \e \e <Esc> |
535 |/\t| \t \t <Tab> | |
536 |/\r| \r \r <CR> | |
537 |/\b| \b \b <BS> | |
538 |/\n| \n \n end-of-line | |
539 |/~| ~ \~ last given substitute string | |
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540 |/\1| \1 \1 same string as matched by first \(\) |
7 | 541 |/\2| \2 \2 Like "\1", but uses second \(\) |
542 ... | |
543 |/\9| \9 \9 Like "\1", but uses ninth \(\) | |
544 *E68* | |
545 |/\z1| \z1 \z1 only for syntax highlighting, see |:syn-ext-match| | |
546 ... | |
547 |/\z1| \z9 \z9 only for syntax highlighting, see |:syn-ext-match| | |
548 | |
549 x x a character with no special meaning matches itself | |
550 | |
551 |/[]| [] \[] any character specified inside the [] | |
4119 | 552 |/\%[]| \%[] \%[] a sequence of optionally matched atoms |
7 | 553 |
1620 | 554 |/\c| \c \c ignore case, do not use the 'ignorecase' option |
555 |/\C| \C \C match case, do not use the 'ignorecase' option | |
4444 | 556 |/\Z| \Z \Z ignore differences in Unicode "combining characters". |
557 Useful when searching voweled Hebrew or Arabic text. | |
558 | |
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559 magic nomagic matches ~ |
7 | 560 |/\m| \m \m 'magic' on for the following chars in the pattern |
561 |/\M| \M \M 'magic' off for the following chars in the pattern | |
562 |/\v| \v \v the following chars in the pattern are "very magic" | |
563 |/\V| \V \V the following chars in the pattern are "very nomagic" | |
4444 | 564 |/\%#=| \%#=1 \%#=1 select regexp engine |/zero-width| |
7 | 565 |
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566 |/\%d| \%d \%d match specified decimal character (eg \%d123) |
24 | 567 |/\%x| \%x \%x match specified hex character (eg \%x2a) |
568 |/\%o| \%o \%o match specified octal character (eg \%o040) | |
569 |/\%u| \%u \%u match specified multibyte character (eg \%u20ac) | |
570 |/\%U| \%U \%U match specified large multibyte character (eg | |
571 \%U12345678) | |
5901 | 572 |/\%C| \%C \%C match any composing characters |
7 | 573 |
574 Example matches ~ | |
575 \<\I\i* or | |
576 \<\h\w* | |
577 \<[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]* | |
578 An identifier (e.g., in a C program). | |
579 | |
580 \(\.$\|\. \) A period followed by <EOL> or a space. | |
581 | |
582 [.!?][])"']*\($\|[ ]\) A search pattern that finds the end of a sentence, | |
583 with almost the same definition as the ")" command. | |
584 | |
585 cat\Z Both "cat" and "càt" ("a" followed by 0x0300) | |
586 Does not match "càt" (character 0x00e0), even | |
587 though it may look the same. | |
588 | |
589 | |
590 ============================================================================== | |
591 5. Multi items *pattern-multi-items* | |
592 | |
593 An atom can be followed by an indication of how many times the atom can be | |
594 matched and in what way. This is called a multi. See |/multi| for an | |
595 overview. | |
596 | |
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597 */star* */\star* |
7 | 598 * (use \* when 'magic' is not set) |
599 Matches 0 or more of the preceding atom, as many as possible. | |
600 Example 'nomagic' matches ~ | |
601 a* a\* "", "a", "aa", "aaa", etc. | |
602 .* \.\* anything, also an empty string, no end-of-line | |
603 \_.* \_.\* everything up to the end of the buffer | |
604 \_.*END \_.\*END everything up to and including the last "END" | |
605 in the buffer | |
606 | |
607 Exception: When "*" is used at the start of the pattern or just after | |
608 "^" it matches the star character. | |
609 | |
610 Be aware that repeating "\_." can match a lot of text and take a long | |
611 time. For example, "\_.*END" matches all text from the current | |
612 position to the last occurrence of "END" in the file. Since the "*" | |
613 will match as many as possible, this first skips over all lines until | |
614 the end of the file and then tries matching "END", backing up one | |
615 character at a time. | |
616 | |
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617 */\+* |
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618 \+ Matches 1 or more of the preceding atom, as many as possible. |
7 | 619 Example matches ~ |
620 ^.\+$ any non-empty line | |
621 \s\+ white space of at least one character | |
622 | |
623 */\=* | |
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624 \= Matches 0 or 1 of the preceding atom, as many as possible. |
7 | 625 Example matches ~ |
626 foo\= "fo" and "foo" | |
627 | |
628 */\?* | |
629 \? Just like \=. Cannot be used when searching backwards with the "?" | |
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630 command. |
7 | 631 |
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632 */\{* *E60* *E554* *E870* |
7 | 633 \{n,m} Matches n to m of the preceding atom, as many as possible |
634 \{n} Matches n of the preceding atom | |
635 \{n,} Matches at least n of the preceding atom, as many as possible | |
636 \{,m} Matches 0 to m of the preceding atom, as many as possible | |
637 \{} Matches 0 or more of the preceding atom, as many as possible (like *) | |
638 */\{-* | |
639 \{-n,m} matches n to m of the preceding atom, as few as possible | |
640 \{-n} matches n of the preceding atom | |
641 \{-n,} matches at least n of the preceding atom, as few as possible | |
642 \{-,m} matches 0 to m of the preceding atom, as few as possible | |
643 \{-} matches 0 or more of the preceding atom, as few as possible | |
644 | |
168 | 645 n and m are positive decimal numbers or zero |
1125 | 646 *non-greedy* |
7 | 647 If a "-" appears immediately after the "{", then a shortest match |
648 first algorithm is used (see example below). In particular, "\{-}" is | |
649 the same as "*" but uses the shortest match first algorithm. BUT: A | |
650 match that starts earlier is preferred over a shorter match: "a\{-}b" | |
651 matches "aaab" in "xaaab". | |
652 | |
653 Example matches ~ | |
654 ab\{2,3}c "abbc" or "abbbc" | |
1620 | 655 a\{5} "aaaaa" |
656 ab\{2,}c "abbc", "abbbc", "abbbbc", etc. | |
657 ab\{,3}c "ac", "abc", "abbc" or "abbbc" | |
7 | 658 a[bc]\{3}d "abbbd", "abbcd", "acbcd", "acccd", etc. |
659 a\(bc\)\{1,2}d "abcd" or "abcbcd" | |
660 a[bc]\{-}[cd] "abc" in "abcd" | |
661 a[bc]*[cd] "abcd" in "abcd" | |
662 | |
663 The } may optionally be preceded with a backslash: \{n,m\}. | |
664 | |
665 */\@=* | |
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666 \@= Matches the preceding atom with zero width. |
7 | 667 Like "(?=pattern)" in Perl. |
668 Example matches ~ | |
669 foo\(bar\)\@= "foo" in "foobar" | |
670 foo\(bar\)\@=foo nothing | |
671 */zero-width* | |
672 When using "\@=" (or "^", "$", "\<", "\>") no characters are included | |
673 in the match. These items are only used to check if a match can be | |
674 made. This can be tricky, because a match with following items will | |
675 be done in the same position. The last example above will not match | |
676 "foobarfoo", because it tries match "foo" in the same position where | |
677 "bar" matched. | |
678 | |
679 Note that using "\&" works the same as using "\@=": "foo\&.." is the | |
680 same as "\(foo\)\@=..". But using "\&" is easier, you don't need the | |
23164 | 681 parentheses. |
7 | 682 |
683 | |
684 */\@!* | |
685 \@! Matches with zero width if the preceding atom does NOT match at the | |
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686 current position. |/zero-width| |
3513 | 687 Like "(?!pattern)" in Perl. |
7 | 688 Example matches ~ |
689 foo\(bar\)\@! any "foo" not followed by "bar" | |
3513 | 690 a.\{-}p\@! "a", "ap", "app", "appp", etc. not immediately |
2908 | 691 followed by a "p" |
7 | 692 if \(\(then\)\@!.\)*$ "if " not followed by "then" |
693 | |
694 Using "\@!" is tricky, because there are many places where a pattern | |
695 does not match. "a.*p\@!" will match from an "a" to the end of the | |
696 line, because ".*" can match all characters in the line and the "p" | |
697 doesn't match at the end of the line. "a.\{-}p\@!" will match any | |
3513 | 698 "a", "ap", "app", etc. that isn't followed by a "p", because the "." |
7 | 699 can match a "p" and "p\@!" doesn't match after that. |
700 | |
701 You can't use "\@!" to look for a non-match before the matching | |
702 position: "\(foo\)\@!bar" will match "bar" in "foobar", because at the | |
703 position where "bar" matches, "foo" does not match. To avoid matching | |
704 "foobar" you could use "\(foo\)\@!...bar", but that doesn't match a | |
237 | 705 bar at the start of a line. Use "\(foo\)\@<!bar". |
7 | 706 |
2788 | 707 Useful example: to find "foo" in a line that does not contain "bar": > |
708 /^\%(.*bar\)\@!.*\zsfoo | |
709 < This pattern first checks that there is not a single position in the | |
710 line where "bar" matches. If ".*bar" matches somewhere the \@! will | |
711 reject the pattern. When there is no match any "foo" will be found. | |
712 The "\zs" is to have the match start just before "foo". | |
713 | |
7 | 714 */\@<=* |
715 \@<= Matches with zero width if the preceding atom matches just before what | |
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716 follows. |/zero-width| |
3513 | 717 Like "(?<=pattern)" in Perl, but Vim allows non-fixed-width patterns. |
7 | 718 Example matches ~ |
719 \(an\_s\+\)\@<=file "file" after "an" and white space or an | |
720 end-of-line | |
721 For speed it's often much better to avoid this multi. Try using "\zs" | |
722 instead |/\zs|. To match the same as the above example: | |
723 an\_s\+\zsfile | |
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724 At least set a limit for the look-behind, see below. |
7 | 725 |
726 "\@<=" and "\@<!" check for matches just before what follows. | |
727 Theoretically these matches could start anywhere before this position. | |
728 But to limit the time needed, only the line where what follows matches | |
729 is searched, and one line before that (if there is one). This should | |
730 be sufficient to match most things and not be too slow. | |
6153 | 731 |
732 In the old regexp engine the part of the pattern after "\@<=" and | |
733 "\@<!" are checked for a match first, thus things like "\1" don't work | |
734 to reference \(\) inside the preceding atom. It does work the other | |
735 way around: | |
736 Bad example matches ~ | |
737 \%#=1\1\@<=,\([a-z]\+\) ",abc" in "abc,abc" | |
738 | |
739 However, the new regexp engine works differently, it is better to not | |
740 rely on this behavior, do not use \@<= if it can be avoided: | |
741 Example matches ~ | |
742 \([a-z]\+\)\zs,\1 ",abc" in "abc,abc" | |
7 | 743 |
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744 \@123<= |
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745 Like "\@<=" but only look back 123 bytes. This avoids trying lots |
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746 of matches that are known to fail and make executing the pattern very |
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747 slow. Example, check if there is a "<" just before "span": |
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748 /<\@1<=span |
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749 This will try matching "<" only one byte before "span", which is the |
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750 only place that works anyway. |
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751 After crossing a line boundary, the limit is relative to the end of |
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752 the line. Thus the characters at the start of the line with the match |
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753 are not counted (this is just to keep it simple). |
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754 The number zero is the same as no limit. |
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755 |
7 | 756 */\@<!* |
757 \@<! Matches with zero width if the preceding atom does NOT match just | |
758 before what follows. Thus this matches if there is no position in the | |
759 current or previous line where the atom matches such that it ends just | |
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760 before what follows. |/zero-width| |
3513 | 761 Like "(?<!pattern)" in Perl, but Vim allows non-fixed-width patterns. |
7 | 762 The match with the preceding atom is made to end just before the match |
763 with what follows, thus an atom that ends in ".*" will work. | |
764 Warning: This can be slow (because many positions need to be checked | |
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765 for a match). Use a limit if you can, see below. |
7 | 766 Example matches ~ |
767 \(foo\)\@<!bar any "bar" that's not in "foobar" | |
1620 | 768 \(\/\/.*\)\@<!in "in" which is not after "//" |
7 | 769 |
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770 \@123<! |
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771 Like "\@<!" but only look back 123 bytes. This avoids trying lots of |
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772 matches that are known to fail and make executing the pattern very |
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773 slow. |
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774 |
7 | 775 */\@>* |
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776 \@> Matches the preceding atom like matching a whole pattern. |
1620 | 777 Like "(?>pattern)" in Perl. |
7 | 778 Example matches ~ |
779 \(a*\)\@>a nothing (the "a*" takes all the "a"'s, there can't be | |
780 another one following) | |
781 | |
782 This matches the preceding atom as if it was a pattern by itself. If | |
783 it doesn't match, there is no retry with shorter sub-matches or | |
784 anything. Observe this difference: "a*b" and "a*ab" both match | |
785 "aaab", but in the second case the "a*" matches only the first two | |
786 "a"s. "\(a*\)\@>ab" will not match "aaab", because the "a*" matches | |
787 the "aaa" (as many "a"s as possible), thus the "ab" can't match. | |
788 | |
789 | |
790 ============================================================================== | |
791 6. Ordinary atoms *pattern-atoms* | |
792 | |
793 An ordinary atom can be: | |
794 | |
795 */^* | |
796 ^ At beginning of pattern or after "\|", "\(", "\%(" or "\n": matches | |
797 start-of-line; at other positions, matches literal '^'. |/zero-width| | |
798 Example matches ~ | |
799 ^beep( the start of the C function "beep" (probably). | |
800 | |
801 */\^* | |
22171 | 802 \^ Matches literal '^'. Can be used at any position in the pattern, but |
803 not inside []. | |
7 | 804 |
805 */\_^* | |
806 \_^ Matches start-of-line. |/zero-width| Can be used at any position in | |
22171 | 807 the pattern, but not inside []. |
7 | 808 Example matches ~ |
809 \_s*\_^foo white space and blank lines and then "foo" at | |
810 start-of-line | |
811 | |
812 */$* | |
1620 | 813 $ At end of pattern or in front of "\|", "\)" or "\n" ('magic' on): |
7 | 814 matches end-of-line <EOL>; at other positions, matches literal '$'. |
815 |/zero-width| | |
816 | |
817 */\$* | |
22171 | 818 \$ Matches literal '$'. Can be used at any position in the pattern, but |
819 not inside []. | |
7 | 820 |
821 */\_$* | |
822 \_$ Matches end-of-line. |/zero-width| Can be used at any position in the | |
22171 | 823 pattern, but not inside []. Note that "a\_$b" never matches, since |
824 "b" cannot match an end-of-line. Use "a\nb" instead |/\n|. | |
7 | 825 Example matches ~ |
826 foo\_$\_s* "foo" at end-of-line and following white space and | |
827 blank lines | |
828 | |
829 . (with 'nomagic': \.) */.* */\.* | |
830 Matches any single character, but not an end-of-line. | |
831 | |
832 */\_.* | |
833 \_. Matches any single character or end-of-line. | |
834 Careful: "\_.*" matches all text to the end of the buffer! | |
835 | |
836 */\<* | |
837 \< Matches the beginning of a word: The next char is the first char of a | |
838 word. The 'iskeyword' option specifies what is a word character. | |
839 |/zero-width| | |
840 | |
841 */\>* | |
842 \> Matches the end of a word: The previous char is the last char of a | |
237 | 843 word. The 'iskeyword' option specifies what is a word character. |
7 | 844 |/zero-width| |
845 | |
846 */\zs* | |
22171 | 847 \zs Matches at any position, but not inside [], and sets the start of the |
848 match there: The next char is the first char of the whole match. | |
849 |/zero-width| | |
7 | 850 Example: > |
851 /^\s*\zsif | |
852 < matches an "if" at the start of a line, ignoring white space. | |
853 Can be used multiple times, the last one encountered in a matching | |
237 | 854 branch is used. Example: > |
7 | 855 /\(.\{-}\zsFab\)\{3} |
856 < Finds the third occurrence of "Fab". | |
6180 | 857 This cannot be followed by a multi. *E888* |
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858 {not available when compiled without the |+syntax| feature} |
7 | 859 */\ze* |
22171 | 860 \ze Matches at any position, but not inside [], and sets the end of the |
861 match there: The previous char is the last char of the whole match. | |
862 |/zero-width| | |
7 | 863 Can be used multiple times, the last one encountered in a matching |
864 branch is used. | |
865 Example: "end\ze\(if\|for\)" matches the "end" in "endif" and | |
866 "endfor". | |
6213 | 867 This cannot be followed by a multi. |E888| |
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868 {not available when compiled without the |+syntax| feature} |
7 | 869 |
870 */\%^* *start-of-file* | |
871 \%^ Matches start of the file. When matching with a string, matches the | |
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872 start of the string. |
7 | 873 For example, to find the first "VIM" in a file: > |
874 /\%^\_.\{-}\zsVIM | |
875 < | |
876 */\%$* *end-of-file* | |
877 \%$ Matches end of the file. When matching with a string, matches the | |
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878 end of the string. |
7 | 879 Note that this does NOT find the last "VIM" in a file: > |
880 /VIM\_.\{-}\%$ | |
881 < It will find the next VIM, because the part after it will always | |
882 match. This one will find the last "VIM" in the file: > | |
883 /VIM\ze\(\(VIM\)\@!\_.\)*\%$ | |
884 < This uses |/\@!| to ascertain that "VIM" does NOT match in any | |
885 position after the first "VIM". | |
886 Searching from the end of the file backwards is easier! | |
887 | |
640 | 888 */\%V* |
889 \%V Match inside the Visual area. When Visual mode has already been | |
890 stopped match in the area that |gv| would reselect. | |
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891 This is a |/zero-width| match. To make sure the whole pattern is |
11062 | 892 inside the Visual area put it at the start and just before the end of |
893 the pattern, e.g.: > | |
894 /\%Vfoo.*ba\%Vr | |
11160 | 895 < This also works if only "foo bar" was Visually selected. This: > |
896 /\%Vfoo.*bar\%V | |
11062 | 897 < would match "foo bar" if the Visual selection continues after the "r". |
898 Only works for the current buffer. | |
640 | 899 |
7 | 900 */\%#* *cursor-position* |
901 \%# Matches with the cursor position. Only works when matching in a | |
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902 buffer displayed in a window. |
7 | 903 WARNING: When the cursor is moved after the pattern was used, the |
904 result becomes invalid. Vim doesn't automatically update the matches. | |
905 This is especially relevant for syntax highlighting and 'hlsearch'. | |
906 In other words: When the cursor moves the display isn't updated for | |
907 this change. An update is done for lines which are changed (the whole | |
908 line is updated) or when using the |CTRL-L| command (the whole screen | |
909 is updated). Example, to highlight the word under the cursor: > | |
910 /\k*\%#\k* | |
911 < When 'hlsearch' is set and you move the cursor around and make changes | |
912 this will clearly show when the match is updated or not. | |
913 | |
640 | 914 */\%'m* */\%<'m* */\%>'m* |
915 \%'m Matches with the position of mark m. | |
916 \%<'m Matches before the position of mark m. | |
917 \%>'m Matches after the position of mark m. | |
918 Example, to highlight the text from mark 's to 'e: > | |
919 /.\%>'s.*\%<'e.. | |
920 < Note that two dots are required to include mark 'e in the match. That | |
921 is because "\%<'e" matches at the character before the 'e mark, and | |
922 since it's a |/zero-width| match it doesn't include that character. | |
923 WARNING: When the mark is moved after the pattern was used, the result | |
924 becomes invalid. Vim doesn't automatically update the matches. | |
651 | 925 Similar to moving the cursor for "\%#" |/\%#|. |
640 | 926 |
13231 | 927 */\%l* */\%>l* */\%<l* *E951* |
7 | 928 \%23l Matches in a specific line. |
625 | 929 \%<23l Matches above a specific line (lower line number). |
930 \%>23l Matches below a specific line (higher line number). | |
7 | 931 These three can be used to match specific lines in a buffer. The "23" |
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932 can be any line number. The first line is 1. |
7 | 933 WARNING: When inserting or deleting lines Vim does not automatically |
934 update the matches. This means Syntax highlighting quickly becomes | |
935 wrong. | |
936 Example, to highlight the line where the cursor currently is: > | |
937 :exe '/\%' . line(".") . 'l.*' | |
938 < When 'hlsearch' is set and you move the cursor around and make changes | |
939 this will clearly show when the match is updated or not. | |
940 | |
941 */\%c* */\%>c* */\%<c* | |
942 \%23c Matches in a specific column. | |
943 \%<23c Matches before a specific column. | |
944 \%>23c Matches after a specific column. | |
945 These three can be used to match specific columns in a buffer or | |
946 string. The "23" can be any column number. The first column is 1. | |
947 Actually, the column is the byte number (thus it's not exactly right | |
21991 | 948 for multibyte characters). |
7 | 949 WARNING: When inserting or deleting text Vim does not automatically |
950 update the matches. This means Syntax highlighting quickly becomes | |
951 wrong. | |
952 Example, to highlight the column where the cursor currently is: > | |
953 :exe '/\%' . col(".") . 'c' | |
954 < When 'hlsearch' is set and you move the cursor around and make changes | |
955 this will clearly show when the match is updated or not. | |
956 Example for matching a single byte in column 44: > | |
957 /\%>43c.\%<46c | |
958 < Note that "\%<46c" matches in column 45 when the "." matches a byte in | |
959 column 44. | |
960 */\%v* */\%>v* */\%<v* | |
961 \%23v Matches in a specific virtual column. | |
962 \%<23v Matches before a specific virtual column. | |
963 \%>23v Matches after a specific virtual column. | |
964 These three can be used to match specific virtual columns in a buffer | |
965 or string. When not matching with a buffer in a window, the option | |
966 values of the current window are used (e.g., 'tabstop'). | |
967 The "23" can be any column number. The first column is 1. | |
968 Note that some virtual column positions will never match, because they | |
1270 | 969 are halfway through a tab or other character that occupies more than |
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970 one screen character. |
7 | 971 WARNING: When inserting or deleting text Vim does not automatically |
283 | 972 update highlighted matches. This means Syntax highlighting quickly |
973 becomes wrong. | |
1620 | 974 Example, to highlight all the characters after virtual column 72: > |
7 | 975 /\%>72v.* |
976 < When 'hlsearch' is set and you move the cursor around and make changes | |
977 this will clearly show when the match is updated or not. | |
978 To match the text up to column 17: > | |
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979 /^.*\%17v |
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980 < Column 17 is not included, because this is a |/zero-width| match. To |
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981 include the column use: > |
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982 /^.*\%17v. |
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983 < This command does the same thing, but also matches when there is no |
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984 character in column 17: > |
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985 /^.*\%<18v. |
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986 < Note that without the "^" to anchor the match in the first column, |
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987 this will also highlight column 17: > |
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988 /.*\%17v |
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989 < Column 17 is highlighted by 'hlsearch' because there is another match |
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990 where ".*" matches zero characters. |
7 | 991 < |
992 | |
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993 Character classes: |
7 | 994 \i identifier character (see 'isident' option) */\i* |
995 \I like "\i", but excluding digits */\I* | |
996 \k keyword character (see 'iskeyword' option) */\k* | |
997 \K like "\k", but excluding digits */\K* | |
998 \f file name character (see 'isfname' option) */\f* | |
999 \F like "\f", but excluding digits */\F* | |
1000 \p printable character (see 'isprint' option) */\p* | |
1001 \P like "\p", but excluding digits */\P* | |
1002 | |
21991 | 1003 NOTE: the above also work for multibyte characters. The ones below only |
7 | 1004 match ASCII characters, as indicated by the range. |
1005 | |
1006 *whitespace* *white-space* | |
1007 \s whitespace character: <Space> and <Tab> */\s* | |
1008 \S non-whitespace character; opposite of \s */\S* | |
1009 \d digit: [0-9] */\d* | |
1010 \D non-digit: [^0-9] */\D* | |
1011 \x hex digit: [0-9A-Fa-f] */\x* | |
1012 \X non-hex digit: [^0-9A-Fa-f] */\X* | |
1013 \o octal digit: [0-7] */\o* | |
1014 \O non-octal digit: [^0-7] */\O* | |
1015 \w word character: [0-9A-Za-z_] */\w* | |
1016 \W non-word character: [^0-9A-Za-z_] */\W* | |
1017 \h head of word character: [A-Za-z_] */\h* | |
1018 \H non-head of word character: [^A-Za-z_] */\H* | |
1019 \a alphabetic character: [A-Za-z] */\a* | |
1020 \A non-alphabetic character: [^A-Za-z] */\A* | |
1021 \l lowercase character: [a-z] */\l* | |
1022 \L non-lowercase character: [^a-z] */\L* | |
1023 \u uppercase character: [A-Z] */\u* | |
3224 | 1024 \U non-uppercase character: [^A-Z] */\U* |
7 | 1025 |
1026 NOTE: Using the atom is faster than the [] form. | |
1027 | |
1028 NOTE: 'ignorecase', "\c" and "\C" are not used by character classes. | |
1029 | |
1030 */\_* *E63* */\_i* */\_I* */\_k* */\_K* */\_f* */\_F* | |
1031 */\_p* */\_P* */\_s* */\_S* */\_d* */\_D* */\_x* */\_X* | |
1032 */\_o* */\_O* */\_w* */\_W* */\_h* */\_H* */\_a* */\_A* | |
1033 */\_l* */\_L* */\_u* */\_U* | |
1034 \_x Where "x" is any of the characters above: The character class with | |
1035 end-of-line added | |
1036 (end of character classes) | |
1037 | |
1038 \e matches <Esc> */\e* | |
1039 \t matches <Tab> */\t* | |
1040 \r matches <CR> */\r* | |
1041 \b matches <BS> */\b* | |
1042 \n matches an end-of-line */\n* | |
1043 When matching in a string instead of buffer text a literal newline | |
1044 character is matched. | |
1045 | |
1046 ~ matches the last given substitute string */~* */\~* | |
1047 | |
1048 \(\) A pattern enclosed by escaped parentheses. */\(* */\(\)* */\)* | |
4444 | 1049 E.g., "\(^a\)" matches 'a' at the start of a line. |
1050 *E51* *E54* *E55* *E872* *E873* | |
7 | 1051 |
1052 \1 Matches the same string that was matched by */\1* *E65* | |
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1053 the first sub-expression in \( and \). |
7 | 1054 Example: "\([a-z]\).\1" matches "ata", "ehe", "tot", etc. |
1055 \2 Like "\1", but uses second sub-expression, */\2* | |
1056 ... */\3* | |
1057 \9 Like "\1", but uses ninth sub-expression. */\9* | |
1058 Note: The numbering of groups is done based on which "\(" comes first | |
1059 in the pattern (going left to right), NOT based on what is matched | |
1060 first. | |
1061 | |
1062 \%(\) A pattern enclosed by escaped parentheses. */\%(\)* */\%(* *E53* | |
1063 Just like \(\), but without counting it as a sub-expression. This | |
1064 allows using more groups and it's a little bit faster. | |
1065 | |
1066 x A single character, with no special meaning, matches itself | |
1067 | |
1068 */\* */\\* | |
1069 \x A backslash followed by a single character, with no special meaning, | |
1070 is reserved for future expansions | |
1071 | |
1072 [] (with 'nomagic': \[]) */[]* */\[]* */\_[]* */collection* | |
1073 \_[] | |
23164 | 1074 A collection. This is a sequence of characters enclosed in square |
1075 brackets. It matches any single character in the collection. | |
7 | 1076 Example matches ~ |
1077 [xyz] any 'x', 'y' or 'z' | |
1078 [a-zA-Z]$ any alphabetic character at the end of a line | |
1079 \c[a-z]$ same | |
4073 | 1080 [А-яЁё] Russian alphabet (with utf-8 and cp1251) |
1081 | |
1125 | 1082 */[\n]* |
7 | 1083 With "\_" prepended the collection also includes the end-of-line. |
1084 The same can be done by including "\n" in the collection. The | |
1085 end-of-line is also matched when the collection starts with "^"! Thus | |
1086 "\_[^ab]" matches the end-of-line and any character but "a" and "b". | |
1087 This makes it Vi compatible: Without the "\_" or "\n" the collection | |
1088 does not match an end-of-line. | |
484 | 1089 *E769* |
481 | 1090 When the ']' is not there Vim will not give an error message but |
484 | 1091 assume no collection is used. Useful to search for '['. However, you |
6697 | 1092 do get E769 for internal searching. And be aware that in a |
1093 `:substitute` command the whole command becomes the pattern. E.g. | |
1094 ":s/[/x/" searches for "[/x" and replaces it with nothing. It does | |
1095 not search for "[" and replaces it with "x"! | |
481 | 1096 |
11518 | 1097 *E944* *E945* |
7 | 1098 If the sequence begins with "^", it matches any single character NOT |
1099 in the collection: "[^xyz]" matches anything but 'x', 'y' and 'z'. | |
1100 - If two characters in the sequence are separated by '-', this is | |
1101 shorthand for the full list of ASCII characters between them. E.g., | |
11518 | 1102 "[0-9]" matches any decimal digit. If the starting character exceeds |
1103 the ending character, e.g. [c-a], E944 occurs. Non-ASCII characters | |
1104 can be used, but the character values must not be more than 256 apart | |
1105 in the old regexp engine. For example, searching by [\u3000-\u4000] | |
1106 after setting re=1 emits a E945 error. Prepending \%#=2 will fix it. | |
7 | 1107 - A character class expression is evaluated to the set of characters |
1108 belonging to that character class. The following character classes | |
1109 are supported: | |
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1110 Name Func Contents ~ |
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1111 *[:alnum:]* [:alnum:] isalnum ASCII letters and digits |
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1112 *[:alpha:]* [:alpha:] isalpha ASCII letters |
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1113 *[:blank:]* [:blank:] space and tab |
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1114 *[:cntrl:]* [:cntrl:] iscntrl ASCII control characters |
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1115 *[:digit:]* [:digit:] decimal digits '0' to '9' |
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1116 *[:graph:]* [:graph:] isgraph ASCII printable characters excluding |
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1117 space |
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1118 *[:lower:]* [:lower:] (1) lowercase letters (all letters when |
7 | 1119 'ignorecase' is used) |
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1120 *[:print:]* [:print:] (2) printable characters including space |
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1121 *[:punct:]* [:punct:] ispunct ASCII punctuation characters |
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1122 *[:space:]* [:space:] whitespace characters: space, tab, CR, |
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1123 NL, vertical tab, form feed |
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1124 *[:upper:]* [:upper:] (3) uppercase letters (all letters when |
7 | 1125 'ignorecase' is used) |
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1126 *[:xdigit:]* [:xdigit:] hexadecimal digits: 0-9, a-f, A-F |
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1127 *[:return:]* [:return:] the <CR> character |
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1128 *[:tab:]* [:tab:] the <Tab> character |
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1129 *[:escape:]* [:escape:] the <Esc> character |
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1130 *[:backspace:]* [:backspace:] the <BS> character |
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1131 *[:ident:]* [:ident:] identifier character (same as "\i") |
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1132 *[:keyword:]* [:keyword:] keyword character (same as "\k") |
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1133 *[:fname:]* [:fname:] file name character (same as "\f") |
23164 | 1134 The square brackets in character class expressions are additional to |
1135 the square brackets delimiting a collection. For example, the | |
1136 following is a plausible pattern for a UNIX filename: | |
1137 "[-./[:alnum:]_~]\+". That is, a list of at least one character, | |
1138 each of which is either '-', '.', '/', alphabetic, numeric, '_' or | |
1139 '~'. | |
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1140 These items only work for 8-bit characters, except [:lower:] and |
21991 | 1141 [:upper:] also work for multibyte characters when using the new |
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1142 regexp engine. See |two-engines|. In the future these items may |
21991 | 1143 work for multibyte characters. For now, to get all "alpha" |
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1144 characters you can use: [[:lower:][:upper:]]. |
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1145 |
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1146 The "Func" column shows what library function is used. The |
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1147 implementation depends on the system. Otherwise: |
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1148 (1) Uses islower() for ASCII and Vim builtin rules for other |
15878 | 1149 characters. |
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1150 (2) Uses Vim builtin rules |
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1151 (3) As with (1) but using isupper() |
168 | 1152 */[[=* *[==]* |
1153 - An equivalence class. This means that characters are matched that | |
2974 | 1154 have almost the same meaning, e.g., when ignoring accents. This |
1155 only works for Unicode, latin1 and latin9. The form is: | |
856 | 1156 [=a=] |
168 | 1157 */[[.* *[..]* |
1158 - A collation element. This currently simply accepts a single | |
1159 character in the form: | |
856 | 1160 [.a.] |
7 | 1161 */\]* |
1162 - To include a literal ']', '^', '-' or '\' in the collection, put a | |
1163 backslash before it: "[xyz\]]", "[\^xyz]", "[xy\-z]" and "[xyz\\]". | |
1164 (Note: POSIX does not support the use of a backslash this way). For | |
1165 ']' you can also make it the first character (following a possible | |
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1166 "^"): "[]xyz]" or "[^]xyz]". |
7 | 1167 For '-' you can also make it the first or last character: "[-xyz]", |
1168 "[^-xyz]" or "[xyz-]". For '\' you can also let it be followed by | |
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1169 any character that's not in "^]-\bdertnoUux". "[\xyz]" matches '\', |
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1170 'x', 'y' and 'z'. It's better to use "\\" though, future expansions |
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1171 may use other characters after '\'. |
4339 | 1172 - Omitting the trailing ] is not considered an error. "[]" works like |
1173 "[]]", it matches the ']' character. | |
7 | 1174 - The following translations are accepted when the 'l' flag is not |
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1175 included in 'cpoptions': |
7 | 1176 \e <Esc> |
1177 \t <Tab> | |
1178 \r <CR> (NOT end-of-line!) | |
1179 \b <BS> | |
1125 | 1180 \n line break, see above |/[\n]| |
24 | 1181 \d123 decimal number of character |
23573 | 1182 \o40 octal number of character up to 0o377 |
24 | 1183 \x20 hexadecimal number of character up to 0xff |
1184 \u20AC hex. number of multibyte character up to 0xffff | |
1185 \U1234 hex. number of multibyte character up to 0xffffffff | |
7 | 1186 NOTE: The other backslash codes mentioned above do not work inside |
1187 []! | |
1188 - Matching with a collection can be slow, because each character in | |
1189 the text has to be compared with each character in the collection. | |
1190 Use one of the other atoms above when possible. Example: "\d" is | |
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1191 much faster than "[0-9]" and matches the same characters. However, |
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1192 the new |NFA| regexp engine deals with this better than the old one. |
7 | 1193 |
1194 */\%[]* *E69* *E70* *E369* | |
24 | 1195 \%[] A sequence of optionally matched atoms. This always matches. |
7 | 1196 It matches as much of the list of atoms it contains as possible. Thus |
1197 it stops at the first atom that doesn't match. For example: > | |
1198 /r\%[ead] | |
1199 < matches "r", "re", "rea" or "read". The longest that matches is used. | |
1200 To match the Ex command "function", where "fu" is required and | |
1201 "nction" is optional, this would work: > | |
1202 /\<fu\%[nction]\> | |
1203 < The end-of-word atom "\>" is used to avoid matching "fu" in "full". | |
1204 It gets more complicated when the atoms are not ordinary characters. | |
1205 You don't often have to use it, but it is possible. Example: > | |
1206 /\<r\%[[eo]ad]\> | |
1207 < Matches the words "r", "re", "ro", "rea", "roa", "read" and "road". | |
1125 | 1208 There can be no \(\), \%(\) or \z(\) items inside the [] and \%[] does |
1209 not nest. | |
1620 | 1210 To include a "[" use "[[]" and for "]" use []]", e.g.,: > |
1211 /index\%[[[]0[]]] | |
1212 < matches "index" "index[", "index[0" and "index[0]". | |
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1213 {not available when compiled without the |+syntax| feature} |
7 | 1214 |
140 | 1215 */\%d* */\%x* */\%o* */\%u* */\%U* *E678* |
24 | 1216 |
1217 \%d123 Matches the character specified with a decimal number. Must be | |
1218 followed by a non-digit. | |
1219 \%o40 Matches the character specified with an octal number up to 0377. | |
23573 | 1220 Numbers below 0o40 must be followed by a non-octal digit or a |
1221 non-digit. | |
24 | 1222 \%x2a Matches the character specified with up to two hexadecimal characters. |
1223 \%u20AC Matches the character specified with up to four hexadecimal | |
1224 characters. | |
1225 \%U1234abcd Matches the character specified with up to eight hexadecimal | |
15932 | 1226 characters, up to 0x7fffffff |
7 | 1227 |
1228 ============================================================================== | |
1229 7. Ignoring case in a pattern */ignorecase* | |
1230 | |
1231 If the 'ignorecase' option is on, the case of normal letters is ignored. | |
1232 'smartcase' can be set to ignore case when the pattern contains lowercase | |
1233 letters only. | |
1234 */\c* */\C* | |
1235 When "\c" appears anywhere in the pattern, the whole pattern is handled like | |
1236 'ignorecase' is on. The actual value of 'ignorecase' and 'smartcase' is | |
1237 ignored. "\C" does the opposite: Force matching case for the whole pattern. | |
1238 {only Vim supports \c and \C} | |
1239 Note that 'ignorecase', "\c" and "\C" are not used for the character classes. | |
1240 | |
1241 Examples: | |
1242 pattern 'ignorecase' 'smartcase' matches ~ | |
1243 foo off - foo | |
1244 foo on - foo Foo FOO | |
1245 Foo on off foo Foo FOO | |
1246 Foo on on Foo | |
1247 \cfoo - - foo Foo FOO | |
1248 foo\C - - foo | |
1249 | |
1250 Technical detail: *NL-used-for-Nul* | |
1251 <Nul> characters in the file are stored as <NL> in memory. In the display | |
1252 they are shown as "^@". The translation is done when reading and writing | |
1253 files. To match a <Nul> with a search pattern you can just enter CTRL-@ or | |
1254 "CTRL-V 000". This is probably just what you expect. Internally the | |
1255 character is replaced with a <NL> in the search pattern. What is unusual is | |
1256 that typing CTRL-V CTRL-J also inserts a <NL>, thus also searches for a <Nul> | |
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1257 in the file. |
7 | 1258 |
1259 *CR-used-for-NL* | |
1260 When 'fileformat' is "mac", <NL> characters in the file are stored as <CR> | |
1698 | 1261 characters internally. In the text they are shown as "^J". Otherwise this |
7 | 1262 works similar to the usage of <NL> for a <Nul>. |
1263 | |
1264 When working with expression evaluation, a <NL> character in the pattern | |
1265 matches a <NL> in the string. The use of "\n" (backslash n) to match a <NL> | |
1266 doesn't work there, it only works to match text in the buffer. | |
1267 | |
21991 | 1268 *pattern-multi-byte* *pattern-multibyte* |
1269 Patterns will also work with multibyte characters, mostly as you would | |
7 | 1270 expect. But invalid bytes may cause trouble, a pattern with an invalid byte |
1271 will probably never match. | |
1272 | |
1273 ============================================================================== | |
714 | 1274 8. Composing characters *patterns-composing* |
1275 | |
1276 */\Z* | |
5901 | 1277 When "\Z" appears anywhere in the pattern, all composing characters are |
1278 ignored. Thus only the base characters need to match, the composing | |
1279 characters may be different and the number of composing characters may differ. | |
1280 Only relevant when 'encoding' is "utf-8". | |
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1281 Exception: If the pattern starts with one or more composing characters, these |
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1282 must match. |
5901 | 1283 */\%C* |
1284 Use "\%C" to skip any composing characters. For example, the pattern "a" does | |
1285 not match in "càt" (where the a has the composing character 0x0300), but | |
1286 "a\%C" does. Note that this does not match "cát" (where the á is character | |
1287 0xe1, it does not have a compositing character). It does match "cat" (where | |
1288 the a is just an a). | |
714 | 1289 |
21250 | 1290 When a composing character appears at the start of the pattern or after an |
714 | 1291 item that doesn't include the composing character, a match is found at any |
1292 character that includes this composing character. | |
1293 | |
1294 When using a dot and a composing character, this works the same as the | |
1295 composing character by itself, except that it doesn't matter what comes before | |
1296 this. | |
1297 | |
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1298 The order of composing characters does not matter. Also, the text may have |
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1299 more composing characters than the pattern, it still matches. But all |
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1300 composing characters in the pattern must be found in the text. |
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1301 |
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1302 Suppose B is a base character and x and y are composing characters: |
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1303 pattern text match ~ |
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1304 Bxy Bxy yes (perfect match) |
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1305 Bxy Byx yes (order ignored) |
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1306 Bxy By no (x missing) |
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1307 Bxy Bx no (y missing) |
4780 | 1308 Bx Bx yes (perfect match) |
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1309 Bx By no (x missing) |
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1310 Bx Bxy yes (extra y ignored) |
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1311 Bx Byx yes (extra y ignored) |
714 | 1312 |
1313 ============================================================================== | |
1314 9. Compare with Perl patterns *perl-patterns* | |
7 | 1315 |
1316 Vim's regexes are most similar to Perl's, in terms of what you can do. The | |
1317 difference between them is mostly just notation; here's a summary of where | |
1318 they differ: | |
1319 | |
1320 Capability in Vimspeak in Perlspeak ~ | |
1321 ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
1322 force case insensitivity \c (?i) | |
1323 force case sensitivity \C (?-i) | |
714 | 1324 backref-less grouping \%(atom\) (?:atom) |
7 | 1325 conservative quantifiers \{-n,m} *?, +?, ??, {}? |
1326 0-width match atom\@= (?=atom) | |
1327 0-width non-match atom\@! (?!atom) | |
1328 0-width preceding match atom\@<= (?<=atom) | |
1329 0-width preceding non-match atom\@<! (?<!atom) | |
1330 match without retry atom\@> (?>atom) | |
1331 | |
1332 Vim and Perl handle newline characters inside a string a bit differently: | |
1333 | |
1334 In Perl, ^ and $ only match at the very beginning and end of the text, | |
1335 by default, but you can set the 'm' flag, which lets them match at | |
1336 embedded newlines as well. You can also set the 's' flag, which causes | |
1337 a . to match newlines as well. (Both these flags can be changed inside | |
1338 a pattern using the same syntax used for the i flag above, BTW.) | |
1339 | |
1340 On the other hand, Vim's ^ and $ always match at embedded newlines, and | |
1341 you get two separate atoms, \%^ and \%$, which only match at the very | |
1342 start and end of the text, respectively. Vim solves the second problem | |
1343 by giving you the \_ "modifier": put it in front of a . or a character | |
1344 class, and they will match newlines as well. | |
1345 | |
1346 Finally, these constructs are unique to Perl: | |
1347 - execution of arbitrary code in the regex: (?{perl code}) | |
1348 - conditional expressions: (?(condition)true-expr|false-expr) | |
1349 | |
1350 ...and these are unique to Vim: | |
1351 - changing the magic-ness of a pattern: \v \V \m \M | |
1352 (very useful for avoiding backslashitis) | |
1353 - sequence of optionally matching atoms: \%[atoms] | |
1354 - \& (which is to \| what "and" is to "or"; it forces several branches | |
1355 to match at one spot) | |
1356 - matching lines/columns by number: \%5l \%5c \%5v | |
714 | 1357 - setting the start and end of the match: \zs \ze |
7 | 1358 |
1359 ============================================================================== | |
714 | 1360 10. Highlighting matches *match-highlight* |
7 | 1361 |
1362 *:mat* *:match* | |
1363 :mat[ch] {group} /{pattern}/ | |
1364 Define a pattern to highlight in the current window. It will | |
1365 be highlighted with {group}. Example: > | |
1366 :highlight MyGroup ctermbg=green guibg=green | |
1367 :match MyGroup /TODO/ | |
1368 < Instead of // any character can be used to mark the start and | |
1369 end of the {pattern}. Watch out for using special characters, | |
1370 such as '"' and '|'. | |
699 | 1371 |
7 | 1372 {group} must exist at the moment this command is executed. |
699 | 1373 |
1374 The {group} highlighting still applies when a character is | |
1326 | 1375 to be highlighted for 'hlsearch', as the highlighting for |
1376 matches is given higher priority than that of 'hlsearch'. | |
1377 Syntax highlighting (see 'syntax') is also overruled by | |
1378 matches. | |
699 | 1379 |
7 | 1380 Note that highlighting the last used search pattern with |
1381 'hlsearch' is used in all windows, while the pattern defined | |
1382 with ":match" only exists in the current window. It is kept | |
1383 when switching to another buffer. | |
699 | 1384 |
1385 'ignorecase' does not apply, use |/\c| in the pattern to | |
1386 ignore case. Otherwise case is not ignored. | |
1387 | |
1620 | 1388 'redrawtime' defines the maximum time searched for pattern |
1389 matches. | |
1390 | |
1125 | 1391 When matching end-of-line and Vim redraws only part of the |
1392 display you may get unexpected results. That is because Vim | |
1393 looks for a match in the line where redrawing starts. | |
1394 | |
1620 | 1395 Also see |matcharg()| and |getmatches()|. The former returns |
1326 | 1396 the highlight group and pattern of a previous |:match| |
1397 command. The latter returns a list with highlight groups and | |
1398 patterns defined by both |matchadd()| and |:match|. | |
1399 | |
1400 Highlighting matches using |:match| are limited to three | |
5968 | 1401 matches (aside from |:match|, |:2match| and |:3match| are |
1326 | 1402 available). |matchadd()| does not have this limitation and in |
1403 addition makes it possible to prioritize matches. | |
819 | 1404 |
7 | 1405 Another example, which highlights all characters in virtual |
1406 column 72 and more: > | |
1407 :highlight rightMargin term=bold ctermfg=blue guifg=blue | |
1408 :match rightMargin /.\%>72v/ | |
1409 < To highlight all character that are in virtual column 7: > | |
1410 :highlight col8 ctermbg=grey guibg=grey | |
1411 :match col8 /\%<8v.\%>7v/ | |
1412 < Note the use of two items to also match a character that | |
1413 occupies more than one virtual column, such as a TAB. | |
1414 | |
1415 :mat[ch] | |
1416 :mat[ch] none | |
1417 Clear a previously defined match pattern. | |
1418 | |
699 | 1419 |
819 | 1420 :2mat[ch] {group} /{pattern}/ *:2match* |
699 | 1421 :2mat[ch] |
1422 :2mat[ch] none | |
819 | 1423 :3mat[ch] {group} /{pattern}/ *:3match* |
699 | 1424 :3mat[ch] |
1425 :3mat[ch] none | |
1426 Just like |:match| above, but set a separate match. Thus | |
1427 there can be three matches active at the same time. The match | |
1428 with the lowest number has priority if several match at the | |
1429 same position. | |
1430 The ":3match" command is used by the |matchparen| plugin. You | |
1431 are suggested to use ":match" for manual matching and | |
1432 ":2match" for another plugin. | |
1433 | |
1434 | |
14421 | 1435 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |