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annotate runtime/doc/change.txt @ 24911:fd37be6dc258
Update runtime files
Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/2346a6378483c9871016f9fc821ec5cbea638f13
Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
Date: Sun Jun 13 19:02:49 2021 +0200
Update runtime files
author | Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> |
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date | Sun, 13 Jun 2021 19:15:03 +0200 |
parents | f1121eb17e14 |
children | 43593a5d873f |
rev | line source |
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24911 | 1 *change.txt* For Vim version 8.2. Last change: 2021 Jun 10 |
7 | 2 |
3 | |
4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar | |
5 | |
6 | |
7 This file describes commands that delete or change text. In this context, | |
8 changing text means deleting the text and replacing it with other text using | |
9 one command. You can undo all of these commands. You can repeat the non-Ex | |
10 commands with the "." command. | |
11 | |
12 1. Deleting text |deleting| | |
13 2. Delete and insert |delete-insert| | |
14 3. Simple changes |simple-change| *changing* | |
15 4. Complex changes |complex-change| | |
32 | 16 4.1 Filter commands |filter| |
17 4.2 Substitute |:substitute| | |
18 4.3 Search and replace |search-replace| | |
19 4.4 Changing tabs |change-tabs| | |
7 | 20 5. Copying and moving text |copy-move| |
21 6. Formatting text |formatting| | |
282 | 22 7. Sorting text |sorting| |
7 | 23 |
24 For inserting text see |insert.txt|. | |
25 | |
26 ============================================================================== | |
27 1. Deleting text *deleting* *E470* | |
28 | |
29 ["x]<Del> or *<Del>* *x* *dl* | |
30 ["x]x Delete [count] characters under and after the cursor | |
31 [into register x] (not |linewise|). Does the same as | |
32 "dl". | |
33 The <Del> key does not take a [count]. Instead, it | |
34 deletes the last character of the count. | |
35 See |:fixdel| if the <Del> key does not do what you | |
36 want. See |'whichwrap'| for deleting a line break | |
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37 (join lines). |
7 | 38 |
39 *X* *dh* | |
40 ["x]X Delete [count] characters before the cursor [into | |
41 register x] (not |linewise|). Does the same as "dh". | |
42 Also see |'whichwrap'|. | |
43 | |
44 *d* | |
45 ["x]d{motion} Delete text that {motion} moves over [into register | |
46 x]. See below for exceptions. | |
47 | |
48 *dd* | |
49 ["x]dd Delete [count] lines [into register x] |linewise|. | |
50 | |
51 *D* | |
52 ["x]D Delete the characters under the cursor until the end | |
53 of the line and [count]-1 more lines [into register | |
54 x]; synonym for "d$". | |
55 (not |linewise|) | |
164 | 56 When the '#' flag is in 'cpoptions' the count is |
57 ignored. | |
7 | 58 |
59 {Visual}["x]x or *v_x* *v_d* *v_<Del>* | |
60 {Visual}["x]d or | |
61 {Visual}["x]<Del> Delete the highlighted text [into register x] (for | |
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62 {Visual} see |Visual-mode|). |
7 | 63 |
64 {Visual}["x]CTRL-H or *v_CTRL-H* *v_<BS>* | |
65 {Visual}["x]<BS> When in Select mode: Delete the highlighted text [into | |
66 register x]. | |
67 | |
68 {Visual}["x]X or *v_X* *v_D* *v_b_D* | |
69 {Visual}["x]D Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] (for | |
70 {Visual} see |Visual-mode|). In Visual block mode, | |
71 "D" deletes the highlighted text plus all text until | |
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72 the end of the line. |
7 | 73 |
5220 | 74 *:d* *:de* *:del* *:delete* *:dl* *:dp* |
7 | 75 :[range]d[elete] [x] Delete [range] lines (default: current line) [into |
76 register x]. | |
5220 | 77 Note these weird abbreviations: |
78 :dl delete and list | |
79 :dell idem | |
80 :delel idem | |
81 :deletl idem | |
82 :deletel idem | |
83 :dp delete and print | |
84 :dep idem | |
85 :delp idem | |
86 :delep idem | |
87 :deletp idem | |
88 :deletep idem | |
7 | 89 |
90 :[range]d[elete] [x] {count} | |
91 Delete {count} lines, starting with [range] | |
92 (default: current line |cmdline-ranges|) [into | |
93 register x]. | |
94 | |
3492 | 95 These commands delete text. You can repeat them with the `.` command |
96 (except `:d`) and undo them. Use Visual mode to delete blocks of text. See | |
7 | 97 |registers| for an explanation of registers. |
98 | |
99 An exception for the d{motion} command: If the motion is not linewise, the | |
100 start and end of the motion are not in the same line, and there are only | |
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101 blanks before the start and there are no non-blanks after the end of the |
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102 motion, the delete becomes linewise. This means that the delete also removes |
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103 the line of blanks that you might expect to remain. Use the |o_v| operator to |
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104 force the motion to be characterwise. |
7 | 105 |
106 Trying to delete an empty region of text (e.g., "d0" in the first column) | |
107 is an error when 'cpoptions' includes the 'E' flag. | |
108 | |
109 *J* | |
110 J Join [count] lines, with a minimum of two lines. | |
111 Remove the indent and insert up to two spaces (see | |
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112 below). Fails when on the last line of the buffer. |
13857 | 113 If [count] is too big it is reduced to the number of |
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114 lines available. |
7 | 115 |
116 *v_J* | |
117 {Visual}J Join the highlighted lines, with a minimum of two | |
118 lines. Remove the indent and insert up to two spaces | |
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119 (see below). |
7 | 120 |
121 *gJ* | |
122 gJ Join [count] lines, with a minimum of two lines. | |
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123 Don't insert or remove any spaces. |
7 | 124 |
125 *v_gJ* | |
126 {Visual}gJ Join the highlighted lines, with a minimum of two | |
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127 lines. Don't insert or remove any spaces. |
7 | 128 |
129 *:j* *:join* | |
168 | 130 :[range]j[oin][!] [flags] |
131 Join [range] lines. Same as "J", except with [!] | |
7 | 132 the join does not insert or delete any spaces. |
133 If a [range] has equal start and end values, this | |
134 command does nothing. The default behavior is to | |
135 join the current line with the line below it. | |
168 | 136 See |ex-flags| for [flags]. |
7 | 137 |
168 | 138 :[range]j[oin][!] {count} [flags] |
7 | 139 Join {count} lines, starting with [range] (default: |
140 current line |cmdline-ranges|). Same as "J", except | |
141 with [!] the join does not insert or delete any | |
142 spaces. | |
168 | 143 See |ex-flags| for [flags]. |
7 | 144 |
145 These commands delete the <EOL> between lines. This has the effect of joining | |
3492 | 146 multiple lines into one line. You can repeat these commands (except `:j`) and |
7 | 147 undo them. |
148 | |
149 These commands, except "gJ", insert one space in place of the <EOL> unless | |
150 there is trailing white space or the next line starts with a ')'. These | |
151 commands, except "gJ", delete any leading white space on the next line. If | |
152 the 'joinspaces' option is on, these commands insert two spaces after a '.', | |
153 '!' or '?' (but if 'cpoptions' includes the 'j' flag, they insert two spaces | |
154 only after a '.'). | |
155 The 'B' and 'M' flags in 'formatoptions' change the behavior for inserting | |
21991 | 156 spaces before and after a multibyte character |fo-table|. |
7 | 157 |
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158 The '[ mark is set at the end of the first line that was joined, '] at the end |
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159 of the resulting line. |
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160 |
7 | 161 |
162 ============================================================================== | |
163 2. Delete and insert *delete-insert* *replacing* | |
164 | |
165 *R* | |
166 R Enter Replace mode: Each character you type replaces | |
167 an existing character, starting with the character | |
168 under the cursor. Repeat the entered text [count]-1 | |
169 times. See |Replace-mode| for more details. | |
170 | |
171 *gR* | |
172 gR Enter Virtual Replace mode: Each character you type | |
173 replaces existing characters in screen space. So a | |
174 <Tab> may replace several characters at once. | |
175 Repeat the entered text [count]-1 times. See | |
176 |Virtual-Replace-mode| for more details. | |
177 | |
178 *c* | |
179 ["x]c{motion} Delete {motion} text [into register x] and start | |
180 insert. When 'cpoptions' includes the 'E' flag and | |
181 there is no text to delete (e.g., with "cTx" when the | |
182 cursor is just after an 'x'), an error occurs and | |
183 insert mode does not start (this is Vi compatible). | |
184 When 'cpoptions' does not include the 'E' flag, the | |
185 "c" command always starts insert mode, even if there | |
186 is no text to delete. | |
187 | |
188 *cc* | |
189 ["x]cc Delete [count] lines [into register x] and start | |
190 insert |linewise|. If 'autoindent' is on, preserve | |
191 the indent of the first line. | |
192 | |
193 *C* | |
194 ["x]C Delete from the cursor position to the end of the | |
195 line and [count]-1 more lines [into register x], and | |
196 start insert. Synonym for c$ (not |linewise|). | |
197 | |
198 *s* | |
199 ["x]s Delete [count] characters [into register x] and start | |
200 insert (s stands for Substitute). Synonym for "cl" | |
201 (not |linewise|). | |
202 | |
203 *S* | |
204 ["x]S Delete [count] lines [into register x] and start | |
205 insert. Synonym for "cc" |linewise|. | |
206 | |
207 {Visual}["x]c or *v_c* *v_s* | |
208 {Visual}["x]s Delete the highlighted text [into register x] and | |
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209 start insert (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|). |
7 | 210 |
211 *v_r* | |
20115 | 212 {Visual}r{char} Replace all selected characters by {char}. |
7 | 213 |
214 *v_C* | |
215 {Visual}["x]C Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] and | |
216 start insert. In Visual block mode it works | |
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217 differently |v_b_C|. |
7 | 218 *v_S* |
219 {Visual}["x]S Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] and | |
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220 start insert (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|). |
7 | 221 *v_R* |
222 {Visual}["x]R Currently just like {Visual}["x]S. In a next version | |
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223 it might work differently. |
7 | 224 |
225 Notes: | |
226 - You can end Insert and Replace mode with <Esc>. | |
227 - See the section "Insert and Replace mode" |mode-ins-repl| for the other | |
228 special characters in these modes. | |
229 - The effect of [count] takes place after Vim exits Insert or Replace mode. | |
230 - When the 'cpoptions' option contains '$' and the change is within one line, | |
231 Vim continues to show the text to be deleted and puts a '$' at the last | |
232 deleted character. | |
233 | |
234 See |registers| for an explanation of registers. | |
235 | |
236 Replace mode is just like Insert mode, except that every character you enter | |
237 deletes one character. If you reach the end of a line, Vim appends any | |
238 further characters (just like Insert mode). In Replace mode, the backspace | |
239 key restores the original text (if there was any). (See section "Insert and | |
240 Replace mode" |mode-ins-repl|). | |
241 | |
242 *cw* *cW* | |
1621 | 243 Special case: When the cursor is in a word, "cw" and "cW" do not include the |
244 white space after a word, they only change up to the end of the word. This is | |
245 because Vim interprets "cw" as change-word, and a word does not include the | |
246 following white space. | |
247 {Vi: "cw" when on a blank followed by other blanks changes only the first | |
248 blank; this is probably a bug, because "dw" deletes all the blanks; use the | |
249 'w' flag in 'cpoptions' to make it work like Vi anyway} | |
7 | 250 |
251 If you prefer "cw" to include the space after a word, use this mapping: > | |
252 :map cw dwi | |
1621 | 253 Or use "caw" (see |aw|). |
254 | |
7 | 255 *:c* *:ch* *:change* |
168 | 256 :{range}c[hange][!] Replace lines of text with some different text. |
7 | 257 Type a line containing only "." to stop replacing. |
258 Without {range}, this command changes only the current | |
259 line. | |
168 | 260 Adding [!] toggles 'autoindent' for the time this |
261 command is executed. | |
7 | 262 |
263 ============================================================================== | |
264 3. Simple changes *simple-change* | |
265 | |
266 *r* | |
267 r{char} Replace the character under the cursor with {char}. | |
268 If {char} is a <CR> or <NL>, a line break replaces the | |
269 character. To replace with a real <CR>, use CTRL-V | |
270 <CR>. CTRL-V <NL> replaces with a <Nul>. | |
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271 |
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272 If {char} is CTRL-E or CTRL-Y the character from the |
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273 line below or above is used, just like with |i_CTRL-E| |
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274 and |i_CTRL-Y|. This also works with a count, thus |
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275 `10r<C-E>` copies 10 characters from the line below. |
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276 |
7 | 277 If you give a [count], Vim replaces [count] characters |
278 with [count] {char}s. When {char} is a <CR> or <NL>, | |
279 however, Vim inserts only one <CR>: "5r<CR>" replaces | |
280 five characters with a single line break. | |
281 When {char} is a <CR> or <NL>, Vim performs | |
282 autoindenting. This works just like deleting the | |
283 characters that are replaced and then doing | |
284 "i<CR><Esc>". | |
285 {char} can be entered as a digraph |digraph-arg|. | |
286 |:lmap| mappings apply to {char}. The CTRL-^ command | |
287 in Insert mode can be used to switch this on/off | |
288 |i_CTRL-^|. See |utf-8-char-arg| about using | |
289 composing characters when 'encoding' is Unicode. | |
290 | |
291 *gr* | |
292 gr{char} Replace the virtual characters under the cursor with | |
293 {char}. This replaces in screen space, not file | |
294 space. See |gR| and |Virtual-Replace-mode| for more | |
295 details. As with |r| a count may be given. | |
296 {char} can be entered like with |r|. | |
297 | |
298 *digraph-arg* | |
299 The argument for Normal mode commands like |r| and |t| is a single character. | |
300 When 'cpo' doesn't contain the 'D' flag, this character can also be entered | |
301 like |digraphs|. First type CTRL-K and then the two digraph characters. | |
302 {not available when compiled without the |+digraphs| feature} | |
303 | |
304 *case* | |
305 The following commands change the case of letters. The currently active | |
306 |locale| is used. See |:language|. The LC_CTYPE value matters here. | |
307 | |
308 *~* | |
309 ~ 'notildeop' option: Switch case of the character | |
310 under the cursor and move the cursor to the right. | |
16610 | 311 If a [count] is given, do that many characters. |
7 | 312 |
16610 | 313 ~{motion} 'tildeop' option: switch case of {motion} text. |
7 | 314 |
315 *g~* | |
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316 g~{motion} Switch case of {motion} text. |
7 | 317 |
318 g~g~ *g~g~* *g~~* | |
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319 g~~ Switch case of current line. |
7 | 320 |
321 *v_~* | |
322 {Visual}~ Switch case of highlighted text (for {Visual} see | |
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323 |Visual-mode|). |
7 | 324 |
325 *v_U* | |
326 {Visual}U Make highlighted text uppercase (for {Visual} see | |
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327 |Visual-mode|). |
7 | 328 |
329 *gU* *uppercase* | |
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330 gU{motion} Make {motion} text uppercase. |
7 | 331 Example: > |
332 :map! <C-F> <Esc>gUiw`]a | |
333 < This works in Insert mode: press CTRL-F to make the | |
334 word before the cursor uppercase. Handy to type | |
335 words in lowercase and then make them uppercase. | |
336 | |
337 | |
338 gUgU *gUgU* *gUU* | |
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339 gUU Make current line uppercase. |
7 | 340 |
341 *v_u* | |
342 {Visual}u Make highlighted text lowercase (for {Visual} see | |
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343 |Visual-mode|). |
7 | 344 |
345 *gu* *lowercase* | |
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346 gu{motion} Make {motion} text lowercase. |
7 | 347 |
348 gugu *gugu* *guu* | |
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349 guu Make current line lowercase. |
7 | 350 |
351 *g?* *rot13* | |
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352 g?{motion} Rot13 encode {motion} text. |
7 | 353 |
354 *v_g?* | |
355 {Visual}g? Rot13 encode the highlighted text (for {Visual} see | |
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356 |Visual-mode|). |
7 | 357 |
358 g?g? *g?g?* *g??* | |
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359 g?? Rot13 encode current line. |
7 | 360 |
1621 | 361 To turn one line into title caps, make every first letter of a word |
362 uppercase: > | |
363 :s/\v<(.)(\w*)/\u\1\L\2/g | |
364 | |
7 | 365 |
366 Adding and subtracting ~ | |
367 *CTRL-A* | |
368 CTRL-A Add [count] to the number or alphabetic character at | |
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369 or after the cursor. |
7 | 370 |
6884 | 371 *v_CTRL-A* |
372 {Visual}CTRL-A Add [count] to the number or alphabetic character in | |
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373 the highlighted text. |
6884 | 374 |
375 *v_g_CTRL-A* | |
376 {Visual}g CTRL-A Add [count] to the number or alphabetic character in | |
377 the highlighted text. If several lines are | |
378 highlighted, each one will be incremented by an | |
379 additional [count] (so effectively creating a | |
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380 [count] incrementing sequence). |
6884 | 381 For Example, if you have this list of numbers: |
382 1. ~ | |
383 1. ~ | |
384 1. ~ | |
385 1. ~ | |
386 Move to the second "1." and Visually select three | |
387 lines, pressing g CTRL-A results in: | |
388 1. ~ | |
389 2. ~ | |
390 3. ~ | |
391 4. ~ | |
392 | |
7 | 393 *CTRL-X* |
394 CTRL-X Subtract [count] from the number or alphabetic | |
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395 character at or after the cursor. |
7 | 396 |
6884 | 397 *v_CTRL-X* |
398 {Visual}CTRL-X Subtract [count] from the number or alphabetic | |
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399 character in the highlighted text. |
6884 | 400 |
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401 On MS-Windows, this is mapped to cut Visual text |
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402 |dos-standard-mappings|. If you want to disable the |
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403 mapping, use this: > |
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404 silent! vunmap <C-X> |
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405 < |
6884 | 406 *v_g_CTRL-X* |
407 {Visual}g CTRL-X Subtract [count] from the number or alphabetic | |
408 character in the highlighted text. If several lines | |
409 are highlighted, each value will be decremented by an | |
410 additional [count] (so effectively creating a [count] | |
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411 decrementing sequence). |
6884 | 412 |
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413 The CTRL-A and CTRL-X commands can work for: |
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414 - signed and unsigned decimal numbers |
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415 - unsigned binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers |
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416 - alphabetic characters |
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417 |
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418 This depends on the 'nrformats' option: |
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419 - When 'nrformats' includes "bin", Vim assumes numbers starting with '0b' or |
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420 '0B' are binary. |
36 | 421 - When 'nrformats' includes "octal", Vim considers numbers starting with a '0' |
39 | 422 to be octal, unless the number includes a '8' or '9'. Other numbers are |
423 decimal and may have a preceding minus sign. | |
36 | 424 If the cursor is on a number, the commands apply to that number; otherwise |
425 Vim uses the number to the right of the cursor. | |
7 | 426 - When 'nrformats' includes "hex", Vim assumes numbers starting with '0x' or |
427 '0X' are hexadecimal. The case of the rightmost letter in the number | |
428 determines the case of the resulting hexadecimal number. If there is no | |
429 letter in the current number, Vim uses the previously detected case. | |
36 | 430 - When 'nrformats' includes "alpha", Vim will change the alphabetic character |
431 under or after the cursor. This is useful to make lists with an alphabetic | |
432 index. | |
7 | 433 |
6884 | 434 For decimals a leading negative sign is considered for incrementing/ |
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435 decrementing, for binary, octal and hex values, it won't be considered. To |
13857 | 436 ignore the sign Visually select the number before using CTRL-A or CTRL-X. |
6884 | 437 |
7 | 438 For numbers with leading zeros (including all octal and hexadecimal numbers), |
439 Vim preserves the number of characters in the number when possible. CTRL-A on | |
36 | 440 "0077" results in "0100", CTRL-X on "0x100" results in "0x0ff". |
39 | 441 There is one exception: When a number that starts with a zero is found not to |
442 be octal (it contains a '8' or '9'), but 'nrformats' does include "octal", | |
443 leading zeros are removed to avoid that the result may be recognized as an | |
444 octal number. | |
36 | 445 |
446 Note that when 'nrformats' includes "octal", decimal numbers with leading | |
39 | 447 zeros cause mistakes, because they can be confused with octal numbers. |
7 | 448 |
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449 Note similarly, when 'nrformats' includes "bin", binary numbers with a leading |
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450 '0x' or '0X' can be interpreted as hexadecimal rather than binary since '0b' |
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451 are valid hexadecimal digits. |
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452 |
7 | 453 The CTRL-A command is very useful in a macro. Example: Use the following |
454 steps to make a numbered list. | |
455 | |
456 1. Create the first list entry, make sure it starts with a number. | |
99 | 457 2. qa - start recording into register 'a' |
7 | 458 3. Y - yank the entry |
459 4. p - put a copy of the entry below the first one | |
460 5. CTRL-A - increment the number | |
461 6. q - stop recording | |
462 7. <count>@a - repeat the yank, put and increment <count> times | |
463 | |
464 | |
465 SHIFTING LINES LEFT OR RIGHT *shift-left-right* | |
466 | |
467 *<* | |
468 <{motion} Shift {motion} lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards. | |
469 | |
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470 If the 'vartabstop' feature is enabled, and the |
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471 'shiftwidth' option is set to zero, the amount of |
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472 indent is calculated at the first non-blank character |
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473 in the line. |
7 | 474 *<<* |
475 << Shift [count] lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards. | |
476 | |
477 *v_<* | |
478 {Visual}[count]< Shift the highlighted lines [count] 'shiftwidth' | |
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479 leftwards (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|). |
7 | 480 |
481 *>* | |
482 >{motion} Shift {motion} lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards. | |
483 | |
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484 If the 'vartabstop' feature is enabled, and the |
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485 'shiftwidth' option is set to zero, the amount of |
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486 indent is calculated at the first non-blank character |
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487 in the line. |
7 | 488 *>>* |
489 >> Shift [count] lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards. | |
490 | |
491 *v_>* | |
492 {Visual}[count]> Shift the highlighted lines [count] 'shiftwidth' | |
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493 rightwards (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|). |
7 | 494 |
495 *:<* | |
496 :[range]< Shift [range] lines one 'shiftwidth' left. Repeat '<' | |
497 for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's. | |
498 | |
499 :[range]< {count} Shift {count} lines one 'shiftwidth' left, starting | |
500 with [range] (default current line |cmdline-ranges|). | |
501 Repeat '<' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's. | |
502 | |
503 :[range]le[ft] [indent] left align lines in [range]. Sets the indent in the | |
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504 lines to [indent] (default 0). |
7 | 505 |
506 *:>* | |
168 | 507 :[range]> [flags] Shift {count} [range] lines one 'shiftwidth' right. |
7 | 508 Repeat '>' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's. |
168 | 509 See |ex-flags| for [flags]. |
7 | 510 |
168 | 511 :[range]> {count} [flags] |
512 Shift {count} lines one 'shiftwidth' right, starting | |
7 | 513 with [range] (default current line |cmdline-ranges|). |
514 Repeat '>' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's. | |
168 | 515 See |ex-flags| for [flags]. |
7 | 516 |
517 The ">" and "<" commands are handy for changing the indentation within | |
518 programs. Use the 'shiftwidth' option to set the size of the white space | |
519 which these commands insert or delete. Normally the 'shiftwidth' option is 8, | |
520 but you can set it to, say, 3 to make smaller indents. The shift leftwards | |
521 stops when there is no indent. The shift right does not affect empty lines. | |
522 | |
523 If the 'shiftround' option is on, the indent is rounded to a multiple of | |
524 'shiftwidth'. | |
525 | |
526 If the 'smartindent' option is on, or 'cindent' is on and 'cinkeys' contains | |
5466 | 527 '#' with a zero value, shift right does not affect lines starting with '#' |
528 (these are supposed to be C preprocessor lines that must stay in column 1). | |
13735 | 529 This can be changed with the 'cino' option, see |cino-#|. |
7 | 530 |
531 When the 'expandtab' option is off (this is the default) Vim uses <Tab>s as | |
532 much as possible to make the indent. You can use ">><<" to replace an indent | |
533 made out of spaces with the same indent made out of <Tab>s (and a few spaces | |
534 if necessary). If the 'expandtab' option is on, Vim uses only spaces. Then | |
535 you can use ">><<" to replace <Tab>s in the indent by spaces (or use | |
3492 | 536 `:retab!`). |
7 | 537 |
3492 | 538 To move a line several 'shiftwidth's, use Visual mode or the `:` commands. |
7 | 539 For example: > |
540 Vjj4> move three lines 4 indents to the right | |
541 :<<< move current line 3 indents to the left | |
542 :>> 5 move 5 lines 2 indents to the right | |
543 :5>> move line 5 2 indents to the right | |
544 | |
545 ============================================================================== | |
546 4. Complex changes *complex-change* | |
547 | |
856 | 548 4.1 Filter commands *filter* |
32 | 549 |
550 A filter is a program that accepts text at standard input, changes it in some | |
551 way, and sends it to standard output. You can use the commands below to send | |
1621 | 552 some text through a filter, so that it is replaced by the filter output. |
32 | 553 Examples of filters are "sort", which sorts lines alphabetically, and |
554 "indent", which formats C program files (you need a version of indent that | |
555 works like a filter; not all versions do). The 'shell' option specifies the | |
556 shell Vim uses to execute the filter command (See also the 'shelltype' | |
557 option). You can repeat filter commands with ".". Vim does not recognize a | |
3492 | 558 comment (starting with '"') after the `:!` command. |
32 | 559 |
560 *!* | |
7 | 561 !{motion}{filter} Filter {motion} text lines through the external |
562 program {filter}. | |
563 | |
564 *!!* | |
565 !!{filter} Filter [count] lines through the external program | |
566 {filter}. | |
567 | |
568 *v_!* | |
569 {Visual}!{filter} Filter the highlighted lines through the external | |
570 program {filter} (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|). | |
571 | |
572 :{range}![!]{filter} [!][arg] *:range!* | |
573 Filter {range} lines through the external program | |
574 {filter}. Vim replaces the optional bangs with the | |
575 latest given command and appends the optional [arg]. | |
576 Vim saves the output of the filter command in a | |
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577 temporary file and then reads the file into the buffer |
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578 |tempfile|. Vim uses the 'shellredir' option to |
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579 redirect the filter output to the temporary file. |
603 | 580 However, if the 'shelltemp' option is off then pipes |
581 are used when possible (on Unix). | |
7 | 582 When the 'R' flag is included in 'cpoptions' marks in |
583 the filtered lines are deleted, unless the | |
584 |:keepmarks| command is used. Example: > | |
585 :keepmarks '<,'>!sort | |
586 < When the number of lines after filtering is less than | |
587 before, marks in the missing lines are deleted anyway. | |
588 | |
589 *=* | |
590 ={motion} Filter {motion} lines through the external program | |
591 given with the 'equalprg' option. When the 'equalprg' | |
592 option is empty (this is the default), use the | |
2833 | 593 internal formatting function |C-indenting| and |
594 |'lisp'|. But when 'indentexpr' is not empty, it will | |
595 be used instead |indent-expression|. When Vim was | |
596 compiled without internal formatting then the "indent" | |
597 program is used as a last resort. | |
7 | 598 |
599 *==* | |
600 == Filter [count] lines like with ={motion}. | |
601 | |
602 *v_=* | |
603 {Visual}= Filter the highlighted lines like with ={motion}. | |
604 | |
605 | |
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606 *tempfile* *setuid* |
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607 Vim uses temporary files for filtering, generating diffs and also for |
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608 tempname(). For Unix, the file will be in a private directory (only |
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609 accessible by the current user) to avoid security problems (e.g., a symlink |
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610 attack or other people reading your file). When Vim exits the directory and |
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611 all files in it are deleted. When Vim has the setuid bit set this may cause |
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612 problems, the temp file is owned by the setuid user but the filter command |
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613 probably runs as the original user. |
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614 On MS-Windows the first of these directories that works is used: $TMP, |
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615 $TEMP, c:\TMP, c:\TEMP. |
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616 For Unix the list of directories is: $TMPDIR, /tmp, current-dir, $HOME. |
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617 For MS-Windows the GetTempFileName() system function is used. |
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618 For other systems the tmpnam() library function is used. |
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619 |
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620 |
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621 |
32 | 622 4.2 Substitute *:substitute* |
623 *:s* *:su* | |
170 | 624 :[range]s[ubstitute]/{pattern}/{string}/[flags] [count] |
7 | 625 For each line in [range] replace a match of {pattern} |
626 with {string}. | |
627 For the {pattern} see |pattern|. | |
628 {string} can be a literal string, or something | |
629 special; see |sub-replace-special|. | |
630 When [range] and [count] are omitted, replace in the | |
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631 current line only. When [count] is given, replace in |
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632 [count] lines, starting with the last line in [range]. |
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633 When [range] is omitted start in the current line. |
15878 | 634 *E939* |
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635 [count] must be a positive number. Also see |
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636 |cmdline-ranges|. |
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637 |
170 | 638 See |:s_flags| for [flags]. |
19404 | 639 The delimiter doesn't need to be /, see |
640 |pattern-delimiter|. | |
7 | 641 |
170 | 642 :[range]s[ubstitute] [flags] [count] |
643 :[range]&[&][flags] [count] *:&* | |
7 | 644 Repeat last :substitute with same search pattern and |
645 substitute string, but without the same flags. You | |
170 | 646 may add [flags], see |:s_flags|. |
3492 | 647 Note that after `:substitute` the '&' flag can't be |
7 | 648 used, it's recognized as a pattern separator. |
7013 | 649 The space between `:substitute` and the 'c', 'g', |
650 'i', 'I' and 'r' flags isn't required, but in scripts | |
651 it's a good idea to keep it to avoid confusion. | |
24103 | 652 Also see the two and three letter commands to repeat |
653 :substitute below |:substitute-repeat|. | |
7 | 654 |
170 | 655 :[range]~[&][flags] [count] *:~* |
7 | 656 Repeat last substitute with same substitute string |
657 but with last used search pattern. This is like | |
3492 | 658 `:&r`. See |:s_flags| for [flags]. |
7 | 659 |
170 | 660 *&* |
3492 | 661 & Synonym for `:s` (repeat last substitute). Note |
7 | 662 that the flags are not remembered, thus it might |
3492 | 663 actually work differently. You can use `:&&` to keep |
7 | 664 the flags. |
665 | |
170 | 666 *g&* |
3920 | 667 g& Synonym for `:%s//~/&` (repeat last substitute with |
668 last search pattern on all lines with the same flags). | |
4186 | 669 For example, when you first do a substitution with |
3920 | 670 `:s/pattern/repl/flags` and then `/search` for |
671 something else, `g&` will do `:%s/search/repl/flags`. | |
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672 Mnemonic: global substitute. |
7 | 673 |
674 *:snomagic* *:sno* | |
3492 | 675 :[range]sno[magic] ... Same as `:substitute`, but always use 'nomagic'. |
7 | 676 |
677 *:smagic* *:sm* | |
3492 | 678 :[range]sm[agic] ... Same as `:substitute`, but always use 'magic'. |
7 | 679 |
680 *:s_flags* | |
681 The flags that you can use for the substitute commands: | |
682 | |
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683 *:&&* |
7 | 684 [&] Must be the first one: Keep the flags from the previous substitute |
685 command. Examples: > | |
686 :&& | |
687 :s/this/that/& | |
3492 | 688 < Note that `:s` and `:&` don't keep the flags. |
7 | 689 |
690 [c] Confirm each substitution. Vim highlights the matching string (with | |
691 |hl-IncSearch|). You can type: *:s_c* | |
692 'y' to substitute this match | |
693 'l' to substitute this match and then quit ("last") | |
694 'n' to skip this match | |
695 <Esc> to quit substituting | |
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696 'a' to substitute this and all remaining matches |
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697 'q' to quit substituting |
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698 CTRL-E to scroll the screen up |
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699 CTRL-Y to scroll the screen down |
7 | 700 If the 'edcompatible' option is on, Vim remembers the [c] flag and |
701 toggles it each time you use it, but resets it when you give a new | |
702 search pattern. | |
703 | |
14864 | 704 *:s_e* |
7 | 705 [e] When the search pattern fails, do not issue an error message and, in |
706 particular, continue in maps as if no error occurred. This is most | |
707 useful to prevent the "No match" error from breaking a mapping. Vim | |
708 does not suppress the following error messages, however: | |
709 Regular expressions can't be delimited by letters | |
710 \ should be followed by /, ? or & | |
711 No previous substitute regular expression | |
712 Trailing characters | |
713 Interrupted | |
714 | |
14864 | 715 *:s_g* |
7 | 716 [g] Replace all occurrences in the line. Without this argument, |
717 replacement occurs only for the first occurrence in each line. If | |
718 the 'edcompatible' option is on, Vim remembers this flag and toggles | |
719 it each time you use it, but resets it when you give a new search | |
720 pattern. If the 'gdefault' option is on, this flag is on by default | |
721 and the [g] argument switches it off. | |
722 | |
14864 | 723 *:s_i* |
7 | 724 [i] Ignore case for the pattern. The 'ignorecase' and 'smartcase' options |
725 are not used. | |
726 | |
14864 | 727 *:s_I* |
7 | 728 [I] Don't ignore case for the pattern. The 'ignorecase' and 'smartcase' |
729 options are not used. | |
730 | |
14864 | 731 *:s_n* |
170 | 732 [n] Report the number of matches, do not actually substitute. The [c] |
733 flag is ignored. The matches are reported as if 'report' is zero. | |
734 Useful to |count-items|. | |
3750 | 735 If \= |sub-replace-expression| is used, the expression will be |
736 evaluated in the |sandbox| at every match. | |
170 | 737 |
14864 | 738 [p] Print the line containing the last substitute. *:s_p* |
739 | |
740 [#] Like [p] and prepend the line number. *:s_#* | |
168 | 741 |
14864 | 742 [l] Like [p] but print the text like |:list|. *:s_l* |
168 | 743 |
14864 | 744 *:s_r* |
3492 | 745 [r] Only useful in combination with `:&` or `:s` without arguments. `:&r` |
746 works the same way as `:~`: When the search pattern is empty, use the | |
7 | 747 previously used search pattern instead of the search pattern from the |
3492 | 748 last substitute or `:global`. If the last command that did a search |
749 was a substitute or `:global`, there is no effect. If the last | |
7 | 750 command was a search command such as "/", use the pattern from that |
751 command. | |
3492 | 752 For `:s` with an argument this already happens: > |
7 | 753 :s/blue/red/ |
754 /green | |
755 :s//red/ or :~ or :&r | |
756 < The last commands will replace "green" with "red". > | |
757 :s/blue/red/ | |
758 /green | |
759 :& | |
760 < The last command will replace "blue" with "red". | |
761 | |
762 Note that there is no flag to change the "magicness" of the pattern. A | |
1621 | 763 different command is used instead, or you can use |/\v| and friends. The |
764 reason is that the flags can only be found by skipping the pattern, and in | |
765 order to skip the pattern the "magicness" must be known. Catch 22! | |
7 | 766 |
767 If the {pattern} for the substitute command is empty, the command uses the | |
3492 | 768 pattern from the last substitute or `:global` command. If there is none, but |
2725 | 769 there is a previous search pattern, that one is used. With the [r] flag, the |
3492 | 770 command uses the pattern from the last substitute, `:global`, or search |
7 | 771 command. |
772 | |
1121 | 773 If the {string} is omitted the substitute is done as if it's empty. Thus the |
774 matched pattern is deleted. The separator after {pattern} can also be left | |
775 out then. Example: > | |
776 :%s/TESTING | |
777 This deletes "TESTING" from all lines, but only one per line. | |
778 | |
7 | 779 For compatibility with Vi these two exceptions are allowed: |
780 "\/{string}/" and "\?{string}?" do the same as "//{string}/r". | |
781 "\&{string}&" does the same as "//{string}/". | |
19404 | 782 *pattern-delimiter* *E146* |
7 | 783 Instead of the '/' which surrounds the pattern and replacement string, you |
1121 | 784 can use any other single-byte character, but not an alphanumeric character, |
785 '\', '"' or '|'. This is useful if you want to include a '/' in the search | |
786 pattern or replacement string. Example: > | |
7 | 787 :s+/+//+ |
788 | |
1621 | 789 For the definition of a pattern, see |pattern|. In Visual block mode, use |
790 |/\%V| in the pattern to have the substitute work in the block only. | |
791 Otherwise it works on whole lines anyway. | |
7 | 792 |
793 *sub-replace-special* *:s\=* | |
794 When the {string} starts with "\=" it is evaluated as an expression, see | |
2908 | 795 |sub-replace-expression|. You can use that for complex replacement or special |
796 characters. | |
797 | |
452 | 798 Otherwise these characters in {string} have a special meaning: |
168 | 799 *:s%* |
843 | 800 When {string} is equal to "%" and '/' is included with the 'cpoptions' option, |
2908 | 801 then the {string} of the previous substitute command is used, see |cpo-/| |
7 | 802 |
803 magic nomagic action ~ | |
804 & \& replaced with the whole matched pattern *s/\&* | |
805 \& & replaced with & | |
806 \0 replaced with the whole matched pattern *\0* *s/\0* | |
807 \1 replaced with the matched pattern in the first | |
808 pair of () *s/\1* | |
26 | 809 \2 replaced with the matched pattern in the second |
7 | 810 pair of () *s/\2* |
811 .. .. *s/\3* | |
812 \9 replaced with the matched pattern in the ninth | |
813 pair of () *s/\9* | |
814 ~ \~ replaced with the {string} of the previous | |
815 substitute *s~* | |
816 \~ ~ replaced with ~ *s/\~* | |
817 \u next character made uppercase *s/\u* | |
818 \U following characters made uppercase, until \E *s/\U* | |
819 \l next character made lowercase *s/\l* | |
820 \L following characters made lowercase, until \E *s/\L* | |
821 \e end of \u, \U, \l and \L (NOTE: not <Esc>!) *s/\e* | |
822 \E end of \u, \U, \l and \L *s/\E* | |
823 <CR> split line in two at this point | |
824 (Type the <CR> as CTRL-V <Enter>) *s<CR>* | |
825 \r idem *s/\r* | |
826 \<CR> insert a carriage-return (CTRL-M) | |
827 (Type the <CR> as CTRL-V <Enter>) *s/\<CR>* | |
828 \n insert a <NL> (<NUL> in the file) | |
829 (does NOT break the line) *s/\n* | |
830 \b insert a <BS> *s/\b* | |
831 \t insert a <Tab> *s/\t* | |
832 \\ insert a single backslash *s/\\* | |
833 \x where x is any character not mentioned above: | |
834 Reserved for future expansion | |
835 | |
2908 | 836 The special meaning is also used inside the third argument {sub} of |
837 the |substitute()| function with the following exceptions: | |
838 - A % inserts a percent literally without regard to 'cpoptions'. | |
839 - magic is always set without regard to 'magic'. | |
840 - A ~ inserts a tilde literally. | |
841 - <CR> and \r inserts a carriage-return (CTRL-M). | |
14999 | 842 - \<CR> does not have a special meaning. It's just one of \x. |
2908 | 843 |
7 | 844 Examples: > |
845 :s/a\|b/xxx\0xxx/g modifies "a b" to "xxxaxxx xxxbxxx" | |
846 :s/\([abc]\)\([efg]\)/\2\1/g modifies "af fa bg" to "fa fa gb" | |
847 :s/abcde/abc^Mde/ modifies "abcde" to "abc", "de" (two lines) | |
848 :s/$/\^M/ modifies "abcde" to "abcde^M" | |
772 | 849 :s/\w\+/\u\0/g modifies "bla bla" to "Bla Bla" |
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850 :s/\w\+/\L\u\0/g modifies "BLA bla" to "Bla Bla" |
4264 | 851 |
852 Note: "\L\u" can be used to capitalize the first letter of a word. This is | |
853 not compatible with Vi and older versions of Vim, where the "\u" would cancel | |
854 out the "\L". Same for "\U\l". | |
7 | 855 |
856 Note: In previous versions CTRL-V was handled in a special way. Since this is | |
857 not Vi compatible, this was removed. Use a backslash instead. | |
858 | |
859 command text result ~ | |
860 :s/aa/a^Ma/ aa a<line-break>a | |
861 :s/aa/a\^Ma/ aa a^Ma | |
862 :s/aa/a\\^Ma/ aa a\<line-break>a | |
863 | |
864 (you need to type CTRL-V <CR> to get a ^M here) | |
865 | |
866 The numbering of "\1", "\2" etc. is done based on which "\(" comes first in | |
867 the pattern (going left to right). When a parentheses group matches several | |
868 times, the last one will be used for "\1", "\2", etc. Example: > | |
869 :s/\(\(a[a-d] \)*\)/\2/ modifies "aa ab x" to "ab x" | |
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870 The "\2" is for "\(a[a-d] \)". At first it matches "aa ", secondly "ab ". |
7 | 871 |
872 When using parentheses in combination with '|', like in \([ab]\)\|\([cd]\), | |
873 either the first or second pattern in parentheses did not match, so either | |
874 \1 or \2 is empty. Example: > | |
875 :s/\([ab]\)\|\([cd]\)/\1x/g modifies "a b c d" to "ax bx x x" | |
876 < | |
877 | |
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878 *:sc* *:sce* *:scg* *:sci* *:scI* *:scl* *:scp* *:sg* *:sgc* |
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879 *:sge* *:sgi* *:sgI* *:sgl* *:sgn* *:sgp* *:sgr* *:sI* *:si* |
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880 *:sic* *:sIc* *:sie* *:sIe* *:sIg* *:sIl* *:sin* *:sIn* *:sIp* |
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881 *:sip* *:sIr* *:sir* *:sr* *:src* *:srg* *:sri* *:srI* *:srl* |
24103 | 882 *:srn* *:srp* *:substitute-repeat* |
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883 2-letter and 3-letter :substitute commands ~ |
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884 |
24103 | 885 These commands repeat the previous `:substitute` command with the given flags. |
886 The first letter is always "s", followed by one or two of the possible flag | |
887 characters. For example `:sce` works like `:s///ce`. The table lists the | |
888 possible combinations, not all flags are possible, because the command is | |
889 short for another command. | |
890 | |
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891 List of :substitute commands |
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892 | c e g i I n p l r |
24103 | 893 | c :sc :sce :scg :sci :scI :scn :scp :scl |
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894 | e |
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895 | g :sgc :sge :sg :sgi :sgI :sgn :sgp :sgl :sgr |
24103 | 896 | i :sic :sie :si :siI :sin :sip :sir |
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897 | I :sIc :sIe :sIg :sIi :sI :sIn :sIp :sIl :sIr |
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898 | n |
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899 | p |
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900 | l |
24103 | 901 | r :src :srg :sri :srI :srn :srp :srl :sr |
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902 |
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903 Exceptions: |
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904 :scr is `:scriptnames` |
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905 :se is `:set` |
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906 :sig is `:sign` |
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907 :sil is `:silent` |
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908 :sn is `:snext` |
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909 :sp is `:split` |
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910 :sl is `:sleep` |
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911 :sre is `:srewind` |
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912 |
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913 |
7 | 914 Substitute with an expression *sub-replace-expression* |
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915 *sub-replace-\=* *s/\=* |
270 | 916 When the substitute string starts with "\=" the remainder is interpreted as an |
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917 expression. |
7 | 918 |
919 The special meaning for characters as mentioned at |sub-replace-special| does | |
2908 | 920 not apply except for "<CR>". A <NL> character is used as a line break, you |
921 can get one with a double-quote string: "\n". Prepend a backslash to get a | |
922 real <NL> character (which will be a NUL in the file). | |
7 | 923 |
2908 | 924 The "\=" notation can also be used inside the third argument {sub} of |
925 |substitute()| function. In this case, the special meaning for characters as | |
926 mentioned at |sub-replace-special| does not apply at all. Especially, <CR> and | |
927 <NL> are interpreted not as a line break but as a carriage-return and a | |
928 new-line respectively. | |
7 | 929 |
714 | 930 When the result is a |List| then the items are joined with separating line |
931 breaks. Thus each item becomes a line, except that they can contain line | |
932 breaks themselves. | |
933 | |
15194 | 934 The |submatch()| function can be used to obtain matched text. The whole |
935 matched text can be accessed with "submatch(0)". The text matched with the | |
936 first pair of () with "submatch(1)". Likewise for further sub-matches in (). | |
7 | 937 |
938 Be careful: The separation character must not appear in the expression! | |
939 Consider using a character like "@" or ":". There is no problem if the result | |
940 of the expression contains the separation character. | |
941 | |
452 | 942 Examples: > |
7 | 943 :s@\n@\="\r" . expand("$HOME") . "\r"@ |
452 | 944 This replaces an end-of-line with a new line containing the value of $HOME. > |
945 | |
946 s/E/\="\<Char-0x20ac>"/g | |
1668 | 947 This replaces each 'E' character with a euro sign. Read more in |<Char->|. |
7 | 948 |
949 | |
32 | 950 4.3 Search and replace *search-replace* |
951 | |
952 *:pro* *:promptfind* | |
7 | 953 :promptf[ind] [string] |
954 Put up a Search dialog. When [string] is given, it is | |
955 used as the initial search string. | |
956 {only for Win32, Motif and GTK GUI} | |
957 | |
958 *:promptr* *:promptrepl* | |
959 :promptr[epl] [string] | |
960 Put up a Search/Replace dialog. When [string] is | |
961 given, it is used as the initial search string. | |
962 {only for Win32, Motif and GTK GUI} | |
963 | |
32 | 964 |
965 4.4 Changing tabs *change-tabs* | |
3492 | 966 *:ret* *:retab* *:retab!* |
7 | 967 :[range]ret[ab][!] [new_tabstop] |
968 Replace all sequences of white-space containing a | |
969 <Tab> with new strings of white-space using the new | |
970 tabstop value given. If you do not specify a new | |
971 tabstop size or it is zero, Vim uses the current value | |
972 of 'tabstop'. | |
973 The current value of 'tabstop' is always used to | |
974 compute the width of existing tabs. | |
975 With !, Vim also replaces strings of only normal | |
976 spaces with tabs where appropriate. | |
977 With 'expandtab' on, Vim replaces all tabs with the | |
978 appropriate number of spaces. | |
979 This command sets 'tabstop' to the new value given, | |
980 and if performed on the whole file, which is default, | |
981 should not make any visible change. | |
982 Careful: This command modifies any <Tab> characters | |
983 inside of strings in a C program. Use "\t" to avoid | |
984 this (that's a good habit anyway). | |
3492 | 985 `:retab!` may also change a sequence of spaces by |
7 | 986 <Tab> characters, which can mess up a printf(). |
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987 If the |+vartabs| feature is enabled then a list of |
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988 tab widths separated by commas may be used in place of |
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989 a single tabstop. Each value in the list represents |
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990 the width of one tabstop, except the final value which |
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991 applies to all following tabstops. |
7 | 992 |
993 *retab-example* | |
994 Example for using autocommands and ":retab" to edit a file which is stored | |
995 with tabstops at 8 but edited with tabstops set at 4. Warning: white space | |
996 inside of strings can change! Also see 'softtabstop' option. > | |
997 | |
998 :auto BufReadPost *.xx retab! 4 | |
999 :auto BufWritePre *.xx retab! 8 | |
1000 :auto BufWritePost *.xx retab! 4 | |
1001 :auto BufNewFile *.xx set ts=4 | |
1002 | |
1003 ============================================================================== | |
1004 5. Copying and moving text *copy-move* | |
1005 | |
1006 *quote* | |
20241 | 1007 "{register} Use {register} for next delete, yank or put. Use |
1008 an uppercase character to append with delete and yank. | |
1009 Registers ".", "%", "#" and ":" only work with put. | |
7 | 1010 |
1011 *:reg* *:registers* | |
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1012 :reg[isters] Display the type and contents of all numbered and |
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1013 named registers. If a register is written to for |
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1014 |:redir| it will not be listed. |
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1015 Type can be one of: |
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1016 "c" for |characterwise| text |
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1017 "l" for |linewise| text |
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1018 "b" for |blockwise-visual| text |
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1019 |
7 | 1020 |
1021 :reg[isters] {arg} Display the contents of the numbered and named | |
1022 registers that are mentioned in {arg}. For example: > | |
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1023 :reg 1a |
7 | 1024 < to display registers '1' and 'a'. Spaces are allowed |
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1025 in {arg}. |
7 | 1026 |
1027 *:di* *:display* | |
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1028 :di[splay] [arg] Same as :registers. |
7 | 1029 |
1030 *y* *yank* | |
1031 ["x]y{motion} Yank {motion} text [into register x]. When no | |
1032 characters are to be yanked (e.g., "y0" in column 1), | |
1033 this is an error when 'cpoptions' includes the 'E' | |
1034 flag. | |
1035 | |
1036 *yy* | |
1037 ["x]yy Yank [count] lines [into register x] |linewise|. | |
1038 | |
1039 *Y* | |
1040 ["x]Y yank [count] lines [into register x] (synonym for | |
1041 yy, |linewise|). If you like "Y" to work from the | |
1042 cursor to the end of line (which is more logical, | |
1043 but not Vi-compatible) use ":map Y y$". | |
1044 | |
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1045 *zy* |
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1046 ["x]zy{motion} Yank {motion} text [into register x]. Only differs |
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1047 from `y` when selecting a block of text, see |v_zy|. |
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1048 |
7 | 1049 *v_y* |
1050 {Visual}["x]y Yank the highlighted text [into register x] (for | |
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1051 {Visual} see |Visual-mode|). |
7 | 1052 |
1053 *v_Y* | |
1054 {Visual}["x]Y Yank the highlighted lines [into register x] (for | |
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1055 {Visual} see |Visual-mode|). |
7 | 1056 |
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1057 *v_zy* |
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1058 {Visual}["x]zy Yank the highlighted text [into register x]. Trailing |
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1059 whitespace at the end of each line of a selected block |
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1060 won't be yanked. Especially useful in combination |
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1061 with `zp`. (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|) |
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1062 |
2791 | 1063 *:y* *:yank* *E850* |
1064 :[range]y[ank] [x] Yank [range] lines [into register x]. Yanking to the | |
2826 | 1065 "* or "+ registers is possible only when the |
1066 |+clipboard| feature is included. | |
7 | 1067 |
1068 :[range]y[ank] [x] {count} | |
1069 Yank {count} lines, starting with last line number | |
1070 in [range] (default: current line |cmdline-ranges|), | |
1071 [into register x]. | |
1072 | |
1073 *p* *put* *E353* | |
1074 ["x]p Put the text [from register x] after the cursor | |
16610 | 1075 [count] times. |
7 | 1076 |
1077 *P* | |
1078 ["x]P Put the text [from register x] before the cursor | |
16610 | 1079 [count] times. |
7 | 1080 |
1081 *<MiddleMouse>* | |
1082 ["x]<MiddleMouse> Put the text from a register before the cursor [count] | |
1083 times. Uses the "* register, unless another is | |
856 | 1084 specified. |
36 | 1085 Leaves the cursor at the end of the new text. |
1086 Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n' | |
1087 or 'a'. | |
7 | 1088 If you have a scrollwheel and often accidentally paste |
1089 text, you can use these mappings to disable the | |
1090 pasting with the middle mouse button: > | |
1091 :map <MiddleMouse> <Nop> | |
1092 :imap <MiddleMouse> <Nop> | |
1093 < You might want to disable the multi-click versions | |
1094 too, see |double-click|. | |
1095 | |
1096 *gp* | |
1097 ["x]gp Just like "p", but leave the cursor just after the new | |
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1098 text. |
7 | 1099 |
1100 *gP* | |
1101 ["x]gP Just like "P", but leave the cursor just after the new | |
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1102 text. |
7 | 1103 |
1104 *:pu* *:put* | |
1105 :[line]pu[t] [x] Put the text [from register x] after [line] (default | |
1106 current line). This always works |linewise|, thus | |
1107 this command can be used to put a yanked block as new | |
1108 lines. | |
3492 | 1109 If no register is specified, it depends on the 'cb' |
1110 option: If 'cb' contains "unnamedplus", paste from the | |
1111 + register |quoteplus|. Otherwise, if 'cb' contains | |
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1112 "unnamed", paste from the * register |quotestar|. |
3492 | 1113 Otherwise, paste from the unnamed register |
1114 |quote_quote|. | |
7 | 1115 The register can also be '=' followed by an optional |
1116 expression. The expression continues until the end of | |
1117 the command. You need to escape the '|' and '"' | |
1118 characters to prevent them from terminating the | |
1119 command. Example: > | |
1120 :put ='path' . \",/test\" | |
1121 < If there is no expression after '=', Vim uses the | |
1122 previous expression. You can see it with ":dis =". | |
1123 | |
1124 :[line]pu[t]! [x] Put the text [from register x] before [line] (default | |
1125 current line). | |
1126 | |
1127 ["x]]p or *]p* *]<MiddleMouse>* | |
1128 ["x]]<MiddleMouse> Like "p", but adjust the indent to the current line. | |
1129 Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n' | |
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1130 or 'a'. |
7 | 1131 |
1132 ["x][P or *[P* | |
1133 ["x]]P or *]P* | |
1134 ["x][p or *[p* *[<MiddleMouse>* | |
1135 ["x][<MiddleMouse> Like "P", but adjust the indent to the current line. | |
1136 Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n' | |
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1137 or 'a'. |
7 | 1138 |
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1139 ["x]zp or *zp* *zP* |
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1140 ["x]zP Like "p" and "P", except without adding trailing spaces |
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1141 when pasting a block. Thus the inserted text will not |
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1142 always be a rectangle. Especially useful in |
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1143 combination with |v_zy|. |
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1144 |
7 | 1145 You can use these commands to copy text from one place to another. Do this |
1146 by first getting the text into a register with a yank, delete or change | |
1147 command, then inserting the register contents with a put command. You can | |
1148 also use these commands to move text from one file to another, because Vim | |
1149 preserves all registers when changing buffers (the CTRL-^ command is a quick | |
1150 way to toggle between two files). | |
1151 | |
1152 *linewise-register* *characterwise-register* | |
1153 You can repeat the put commands with "." (except for :put) and undo them. If | |
1154 the command that was used to get the text into the register was |linewise|, | |
1155 Vim inserts the text below ("p") or above ("P") the line where the cursor is. | |
1156 Otherwise Vim inserts the text after ("p") or before ("P") the cursor. With | |
1157 the ":put" command, Vim always inserts the text in the next line. You can | |
1158 exchange two characters with the command sequence "xp". You can exchange two | |
1159 lines with the command sequence "ddp". You can exchange two words with the | |
1160 command sequence "deep" (start with the cursor in the blank space before the | |
1161 first word). You can use the "']" or "`]" command after the put command to | |
1162 move the cursor to the end of the inserted text, or use "'[" or "`[" to move | |
1163 the cursor to the start. | |
1164 | |
1165 *put-Visual-mode* *v_p* *v_P* | |
1166 When using a put command like |p| or |P| in Visual mode, Vim will try to | |
1167 replace the selected text with the contents of the register. Whether this | |
1168 works well depends on the type of selection and the type of the text in the | |
1169 register. With blockwise selection it also depends on the size of the block | |
236 | 1170 and whether the corners are on an existing character. (Implementation detail: |
7 | 1171 it actually works by first putting the register after the selection and then |
236 | 1172 deleting the selection.) |
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1173 The previously selected text is put in the unnamed register. If you want to |
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1174 put the same text into a Visual selection several times you need to use |
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1175 another register. E.g., yank the text to copy, Visually select the text to |
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1176 replace and use "0p . You can repeat this as many times as you like, the |
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1177 unnamed register will be changed each time. |
7 | 1178 |
5365 | 1179 When you use a blockwise Visual mode command and yank only a single line into |
1180 a register, a paste on a visual selected area will paste that single line on | |
1181 each of the selected lines (thus replacing the blockwise selected region by a | |
1182 block of the pasted line). | |
1183 | |
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1184 Use |zP|/|zp| to paste a blockwise yanked register without appending trailing |
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1185 spaces. |
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1186 |
7 | 1187 *blockwise-register* |
1188 If you use a blockwise Visual mode command to get the text into the register, | |
1189 the block of text will be inserted before ("P") or after ("p") the cursor | |
1190 column in the current and next lines. Vim makes the whole block of text start | |
1191 in the same column. Thus the inserted text looks the same as when it was | |
1192 yanked or deleted. Vim may replace some <Tab> characters with spaces to make | |
1193 this happen. However, if the width of the block is not a multiple of a <Tab> | |
1194 width and the text after the inserted block contains <Tab>s, that text may be | |
1195 misaligned. | |
1196 | |
1197 Note that after a characterwise yank command, Vim leaves the cursor on the | |
1198 first yanked character that is closest to the start of the buffer. This means | |
1199 that "yl" doesn't move the cursor, but "yh" moves the cursor one character | |
1200 left. | |
1201 Rationale: In Vi the "y" command followed by a backwards motion would | |
1202 sometimes not move the cursor to the first yanked character, | |
1203 because redisplaying was skipped. In Vim it always moves to | |
1204 the first character, as specified by Posix. | |
1205 With a linewise yank command the cursor is put in the first line, but the | |
1206 column is unmodified, thus it may not be on the first yanked character. | |
1207 | |
18186 | 1208 There are ten types of registers: *registers* *{register}* *E354* |
7 | 1209 1. The unnamed register "" |
1210 2. 10 numbered registers "0 to "9 | |
1211 3. The small delete register "- | |
1212 4. 26 named registers "a to "z or "A to "Z | |
17372 | 1213 5. Three read-only registers ":, "., "% |
1214 6. Alternate buffer register "# | |
1215 7. The expression register "= | |
6557 | 1216 8. The selection and drop registers "*, "+ and "~ |
1217 9. The black hole register "_ | |
1218 10. Last search pattern register "/ | |
7 | 1219 |
1220 1. Unnamed register "" *quote_quote* *quotequote* | |
1221 Vim fills this register with text deleted with the "d", "c", "s", "x" commands | |
1222 or copied with the yank "y" command, regardless of whether or not a specific | |
8 | 1223 register was used (e.g. "xdd). This is like the unnamed register is pointing |
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1224 to the last used register. Thus when appending using an uppercase register |
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1225 name, the unnamed register contains the same text as the named register. |
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1226 An exception is the '_' register: "_dd does not store the deleted text in any |
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1227 register. |
42 | 1228 Vim uses the contents of the unnamed register for any put command (p or P) |
1229 which does not specify a register. Additionally you can access it with the | |
1230 name '"'. This means you have to type two double quotes. Writing to the "" | |
1231 register writes to register "0. | |
7 | 1232 {Vi: register contents are lost when changing files, no '"'} |
1233 | |
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1234 2. Numbered registers "0 to "9 *quote_number* *quote0* *quote1* |
7 | 1235 *quote2* *quote3* *quote4* *quote9* |
1236 Vim fills these registers with text from yank and delete commands. | |
1237 Numbered register 0 contains the text from the most recent yank command, | |
1238 unless the command specified another register with ["x]. | |
1239 Numbered register 1 contains the text deleted by the most recent delete or | |
1240 change command, unless the command specified another register or the text is | |
1241 less than one line (the small delete register is used then). An exception is | |
42 | 1242 made for the delete operator with these movement commands: |%|, |(|, |)|, |`|, |
1243 |/|, |?|, |n|, |N|, |{| and |}|. Register "1 is always used then (this is Vi | |
1244 compatible). The "- register is used as well if the delete is within a line. | |
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1245 Note that these characters may be mapped. E.g. |%| is mapped by the matchit |
5340 | 1246 plugin. |
7 | 1247 With each successive deletion or change, Vim shifts the previous contents |
1248 of register 1 into register 2, 2 into 3, and so forth, losing the previous | |
1249 contents of register 9. | |
1250 {Vi: numbered register contents are lost when changing files; register 0 does | |
1251 not exist} | |
1252 | |
1253 3. Small delete register "- *quote_-* *quote-* | |
1254 This register contains text from commands that delete less than one line, | |
1255 except when the command specifies a register with ["x]. | |
1256 | |
1257 4. Named registers "a to "z or "A to "Z *quote_alpha* *quotea* | |
1258 Vim fills these registers only when you say so. Specify them as lowercase | |
1259 letters to replace their previous contents or as uppercase letters to append | |
164 | 1260 to their previous contents. When the '>' flag is present in 'cpoptions' then |
1261 a line break is inserted before the appended text. | |
7 | 1262 |
6557 | 1263 5. Read-only registers ":, ". and "% |
7 | 1264 These are '%', '#', ':' and '.'. You can use them only with the "p", "P", |
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1265 and ":put" commands and with CTRL-R. |
7 | 1266 *quote_.* *quote.* *E29* |
1267 ". Contains the last inserted text (the same as what is inserted | |
1268 with the insert mode commands CTRL-A and CTRL-@). Note: this | |
1269 doesn't work with CTRL-R on the command-line. It works a bit | |
1270 differently, like inserting the text instead of putting it | |
1271 ('textwidth' and other options affect what is inserted). | |
1272 *quote_%* *quote%* | |
1273 "% Contains the name of the current file. | |
1274 *quote_:* *quote:* *E30* | |
1275 ": Contains the most recent executed command-line. Example: Use | |
1276 "@:" to repeat the previous command-line command. | |
1277 The command-line is only stored in this register when at least | |
1278 one character of it was typed. Thus it remains unchanged if | |
1279 the command was completely from a mapping. | |
1280 {not available when compiled without the |+cmdline_hist| | |
1281 feature} | |
6557 | 1282 *quote_#* *quote#* |
1283 6. Alternate file register "# | |
1284 Contains the name of the alternate file for the current window. It will | |
1285 change how the |CTRL-^| command works. | |
1286 This register is writable, mainly to allow for restoring it after a plugin has | |
1287 changed it. It accepts buffer number: > | |
1288 let altbuf = bufnr(@#) | |
1289 ... | |
1290 let @# = altbuf | |
1291 It will give error |E86| if you pass buffer number and this buffer does not | |
1292 exist. | |
1293 It can also accept a match with an existing buffer name: > | |
1294 let @# = 'buffer_name' | |
1295 Error |E93| if there is more than one buffer matching the given name or |E94| | |
1296 if none of buffers matches the given name. | |
7 | 1297 |
6557 | 1298 7. Expression register "= *quote_=* *quote=* *@=* |
7 | 1299 This is not really a register that stores text, but is a way to use an |
1300 expression in commands which use a register. The expression register is | |
6647 | 1301 read-write. |
1302 | |
1303 When typing the '=' after " or CTRL-R the cursor moves to the command-line, | |
1304 where you can enter any expression (see |expression|). All normal | |
1305 command-line editing commands are available, including a special history for | |
1306 expressions. When you end the command-line by typing <CR>, Vim computes the | |
1307 result of the expression. If you end it with <Esc>, Vim abandons the | |
1308 expression. If you do not enter an expression, Vim uses the previous | |
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1309 expression (like with the "/" command). |
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1310 |
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1311 The expression must evaluate to a String. A Number is always automatically |
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1312 converted to a String. For the "p" and ":put" command, if the result is a |
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1313 Float it's converted into a String. If the result is a List each element is |
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1314 turned into a String and used as a line. A Dictionary or FuncRef results in |
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1315 an error message (use string() to convert). |
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1316 |
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1317 If the "= register is used for the "p" command, the String is split up at <NL> |
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1318 characters. If the String ends in a <NL>, it is regarded as a linewise |
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1319 register. |
7 | 1320 |
6557 | 1321 8. Selection and drop registers "*, "+ and "~ |
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1322 Use these registers for storing and retrieving the selected text for the GUI. |
7 | 1323 See |quotestar| and |quoteplus|. When the clipboard is not available or not |
571 | 1324 working, the unnamed register is used instead. For Unix systems the clipboard |
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1325 is only available when the |+xterm_clipboard| feature is present. |
7 | 1326 |
1327 Note that there is only a distinction between "* and "+ for X11 systems. For | |
1328 an explanation of the difference, see |x11-selection|. Under MS-Windows, use | |
1329 of "* and "+ is actually synonymous and refers to the |gui-clipboard|. | |
1330 | |
1331 *quote_~* *quote~* *<Drop>* | |
1332 The read-only "~ register stores the dropped text from the last drag'n'drop | |
1333 operation. When something has been dropped onto Vim, the "~ register is | |
1334 filled in and the <Drop> pseudo key is sent for notification. You can remap | |
1335 this key if you want; the default action (for all modes) is to insert the | |
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1336 contents of the "~ register at the cursor position. |
9 | 1337 {only available when compiled with the |+dnd| feature, currently only with the |
7 | 1338 GTK GUI} |
1339 | |
1340 Note: The "~ register is only used when dropping plain text onto Vim. | |
1341 Drag'n'drop of URI lists is handled internally. | |
1342 | |
6557 | 1343 9. Black hole register "_ *quote_* |
7 | 1344 When writing to this register, nothing happens. This can be used to delete |
1345 text without affecting the normal registers. When reading from this register, | |
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1346 nothing is returned. |
7 | 1347 |
18186 | 1348 10. Last search pattern register "/ *quote_/* *quote/* |
7 | 1349 Contains the most recent search-pattern. This is used for "n" and 'hlsearch'. |
3492 | 1350 It is writable with `:let`, you can change it to have 'hlsearch' highlight |
7 | 1351 other matches without actually searching. You can't yank or delete into this |
1621 | 1352 register. The search direction is available in |v:searchforward|. |
6647 | 1353 Note that the value is restored when returning from a function |
1621 | 1354 |function-search-undo|. |
7 | 1355 |
1356 *@/* | |
3492 | 1357 You can write to a register with a `:let` command |:let-@|. Example: > |
7 | 1358 :let @/ = "the" |
1359 | |
1360 If you use a put command without specifying a register, Vim uses the register | |
1361 that was last filled (this is also the contents of the unnamed register). If | |
3492 | 1362 you are confused, use the `:dis` command to find out what Vim will put (this |
7 | 1363 command displays all named and numbered registers; the unnamed register is |
1364 labelled '"'). | |
1365 | |
1366 The next three commands always work on whole lines. | |
1367 | |
1368 :[range]co[py] {address} *:co* *:copy* | |
1369 Copy the lines given by [range] to below the line | |
1370 given by {address}. | |
1371 | |
1372 *:t* | |
1373 :t Synonym for copy. | |
1374 | |
1375 :[range]m[ove] {address} *:m* *:mo* *:move* *E134* | |
1376 Move the lines given by [range] to below the line | |
1377 given by {address}. | |
1378 | |
1379 ============================================================================== | |
1380 6. Formatting text *formatting* | |
1381 | |
1382 :[range]ce[nter] [width] *:ce* *:center* | |
1383 Center lines in [range] between [width] columns | |
1384 (default 'textwidth' or 80 when 'textwidth' is 0). | |
1385 | |
1386 :[range]ri[ght] [width] *:ri* *:right* | |
1387 Right-align lines in [range] at [width] columns | |
1388 (default 'textwidth' or 80 when 'textwidth' is 0). | |
1389 | |
1390 *:le* *:left* | |
1391 :[range]le[ft] [indent] | |
1392 Left-align lines in [range]. Sets the indent in the | |
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1393 lines to [indent] (default 0). |
7 | 1394 |
1395 *gq* | |
216 | 1396 gq{motion} Format the lines that {motion} moves over. |
667 | 1397 Formatting is done with one of three methods: |
1398 1. If 'formatexpr' is not empty the expression is | |
1399 evaluated. This can differ for each buffer. | |
670 | 1400 2. If 'formatprg' is not empty an external program |
667 | 1401 is used. |
843 | 1402 3. Otherwise formatting is done internally. |
667 | 1403 |
1404 In the third case the 'textwidth' option controls the | |
1405 length of each formatted line (see below). | |
216 | 1406 If the 'textwidth' option is 0, the formatted line |
1407 length is the screen width (with a maximum width of | |
667 | 1408 79). |
7 | 1409 The 'formatoptions' option controls the type of |
1410 formatting |fo-table|. | |
216 | 1411 The cursor is left on the first non-blank of the last |
1412 formatted line. | |
7 | 1413 NOTE: The "Q" command formerly performed this |
1414 function. If you still want to use "Q" for | |
1415 formatting, use this mapping: > | |
1416 :nnoremap Q gq | |
1417 | |
1418 gqgq *gqgq* *gqq* | |
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1419 gqq Format the current line. With a count format that |
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1420 many lines. |
7 | 1421 |
1422 *v_gq* | |
1423 {Visual}gq Format the highlighted text. (for {Visual} see | |
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1424 |Visual-mode|). |
7 | 1425 |
1426 *gw* | |
1427 gw{motion} Format the lines that {motion} moves over. Similar to | |
1428 |gq| but puts the cursor back at the same position in | |
667 | 1429 the text. However, 'formatprg' and 'formatexpr' are |
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1430 not used. |
7 | 1431 |
9 | 1432 gwgw *gwgw* *gww* |
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1433 gww Format the current line as with "gw". |
9 | 1434 |
1435 *v_gw* | |
1436 {Visual}gw Format the highlighted text as with "gw". (for | |
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1437 {Visual} see |Visual-mode|). |
9 | 1438 |
7 | 1439 Example: To format the current paragraph use: *gqap* > |
1440 gqap | |
1441 | |
1442 The "gq" command leaves the cursor in the line where the motion command takes | |
1443 the cursor. This allows you to repeat formatting repeated with ".". This | |
1444 works well with "gqj" (format current and next line) and "gq}" (format until | |
1445 end of paragraph). Note: When 'formatprg' is set, "gq" leaves the cursor on | |
1446 the first formatted line (as with using a filter command). | |
1447 | |
1448 If you want to format the current paragraph and continue where you were, use: > | |
1449 gwap | |
1450 If you always want to keep paragraphs formatted you may want to add the 'a' | |
1451 flag to 'formatoptions'. See |auto-format|. | |
1452 | |
1453 If the 'autoindent' option is on, Vim uses the indent of the first line for | |
1454 the following lines. | |
1455 | |
1456 Formatting does not change empty lines (but it does change lines with only | |
1457 white space!). | |
1458 | |
1459 The 'joinspaces' option is used when lines are joined together. | |
1460 | |
667 | 1461 You can set the 'formatexpr' option to an expression or the 'formatprg' option |
1462 to the name of an external program for Vim to use for text formatting. The | |
1463 'textwidth' and other options have no effect on formatting by an external | |
1464 program. | |
7 | 1465 |
13912 | 1466 *format-formatexpr* |
14519 | 1467 The 'formatexpr' option can be set to a Vim script function that performs |
13912 | 1468 reformatting of the buffer. This should usually happen in an |ftplugin|, |
1469 since formatting is highly dependent on the type of file. It makes | |
1470 sense to use an |autoload| script, so the corresponding script is only loaded | |
1471 when actually needed and the script should be called <filetype>format.vim. | |
1472 | |
1473 For example, the XML filetype plugin distributed with Vim in the $VIMRUNTIME | |
1474 directory, sets the 'formatexpr' option to: > | |
1475 | |
1476 setlocal formatexpr=xmlformat#Format() | |
1477 | |
1478 That means, you will find the corresponding script, defining the | |
1479 xmlformat#Format() function, in the directory: | |
1480 `$VIMRUNTIME/autoload/xmlformat.vim` | |
1481 | |
1482 Here is an example script that removes trailing whitespace from the selected | |
1483 text. Put it in your autoload directory, e.g. ~/.vim/autoload/format.vim: > | |
1484 | |
1485 func! format#Format() | |
1486 " only reformat on explicit gq command | |
1487 if mode() != 'n' | |
19968 | 1488 " fall back to Vim's internal reformatting |
13912 | 1489 return 1 |
1490 endif | |
1491 let lines = getline(v:lnum, v:lnum + v:count - 1) | |
1492 call map(lines, {key, val -> substitute(val, '\s\+$', '', 'g')}) | |
1493 call setline('.', lines) | |
1494 | |
1495 " do not run internal formatter! | |
1496 return 0 | |
1497 endfunc | |
1498 | |
1499 You can then enable the formatting by executing: > | |
1500 setlocal formatexpr=format#Format() | |
14519 | 1501 |
13912 | 1502 Note: this function explicitly returns non-zero when called from insert mode |
1503 (which basically means, text is inserted beyond the 'textwidth' limit). This | |
1504 causes Vim to fall back to reformat the text by using the internal formatter. | |
1505 | |
1506 However, if the |gq| command is used to reformat the text, the function | |
1507 will receive the selected lines, trim trailing whitespace from those lines and | |
1508 put them back in place. If you are going to split single lines into multiple | |
1509 lines, be careful not to overwrite anything. | |
1510 | |
1511 If you want to allow reformatting of text from insert or replace mode, one has | |
1512 to be very careful, because the function might be called recursively. For | |
1513 debugging it helps to set the 'debug' option. | |
1514 | |
7 | 1515 *right-justify* |
1516 There is no command in Vim to right justify text. You can do it with | |
1517 an external command, like "par" (e.g.: "!}par" to format until the end of the | |
1518 paragraph) or set 'formatprg' to "par". | |
1519 | |
1520 *format-comments* | |
1621 | 1521 An overview of comment formatting is in section |30.6| of the user manual. |
1522 | |
1523 Vim can automatically insert and format comments in a special way. Vim | |
1524 recognizes a comment by a specific string at the start of the line (ignoring | |
1525 white space). Three types of comments can be used: | |
7 | 1526 |
1527 - A comment string that repeats at the start of each line. An example is the | |
1528 type of comment used in shell scripts, starting with "#". | |
1529 - A comment string that occurs only in the first line, not in the following | |
1530 lines. An example is this list with dashes. | |
1531 - Three-piece comments that have a start string, an end string, and optional | |
1532 lines in between. The strings for the start, middle and end are different. | |
1621 | 1533 An example is the C style comment: |
7 | 1534 /* |
1535 * this is a C comment | |
1536 */ | |
1537 | |
1538 The 'comments' option is a comma-separated list of parts. Each part defines a | |
1539 type of comment string. A part consists of: | |
1540 {flags}:{string} | |
1541 | |
1542 {string} is the literal text that must appear. | |
1543 | |
1544 {flags}: | |
1545 n Nested comment. Nesting with mixed parts is allowed. If 'comments' | |
1546 is "n:),n:>" a line starting with "> ) >" is a comment. | |
1547 | |
1548 b Blank (<Space>, <Tab> or <EOL>) required after {string}. | |
1549 | |
1550 f Only the first line has the comment string. Do not repeat comment on | |
1551 the next line, but preserve indentation (e.g., a bullet-list). | |
1552 | |
1553 s Start of three-piece comment | |
1554 | |
1555 m Middle of a three-piece comment | |
1556 | |
1557 e End of a three-piece comment | |
1558 | |
1621 | 1559 l Left align. Used together with 's' or 'e', the leftmost character of |
1560 start or end will line up with the leftmost character from the middle. | |
1561 This is the default and can be omitted. See below for more details. | |
7 | 1562 |
1621 | 1563 r Right align. Same as above but rightmost instead of leftmost. See |
1564 below for more details. | |
7 | 1565 |
1621 | 1566 O Don't consider this comment for the "O" command. |
7 | 1567 |
1568 x Allows three-piece comments to be ended by just typing the last | |
1621 | 1569 character of the end-comment string as the first action on a new |
1570 line when the middle-comment string has been inserted automatically. | |
1571 See below for more details. | |
7 | 1572 |
1573 {digits} | |
1621 | 1574 When together with 's' or 'e': add {digit} amount of offset to an |
1575 automatically inserted middle or end comment leader. The offset begins | |
1576 from a left alignment. See below for more details. | |
7 | 1577 |
1578 -{digits} | |
1579 Like {digits} but reduce the indent. This only works when there is | |
1580 some indent for the start or end part that can be removed. | |
1581 | |
1582 When a string has none of the 'f', 's', 'm' or 'e' flags, Vim assumes the | |
1583 comment string repeats at the start of each line. The flags field may be | |
1584 empty. | |
1585 | |
1586 Any blank space in the text before and after the {string} is part of the | |
1587 {string}, so do not include leading or trailing blanks unless the blanks are a | |
1588 required part of the comment string. | |
1589 | |
1590 When one comment leader is part of another, specify the part after the whole. | |
1591 For example, to include both "-" and "->", use > | |
1592 :set comments=f:->,f:- | |
1593 | |
1594 A three-piece comment must always be given as start,middle,end, with no other | |
1595 parts in between. An example of a three-piece comment is > | |
1596 sr:/*,mb:*,ex:*/ | |
1597 for C-comments. To avoid recognizing "*ptr" as a comment, the middle string | |
1598 includes the 'b' flag. For three-piece comments, Vim checks the text after | |
1599 the start and middle strings for the end string. If Vim finds the end string, | |
1600 the comment does not continue on the next line. Three-piece comments must | |
1601 have a middle string because otherwise Vim can't recognize the middle lines. | |
1602 | |
1603 Notice the use of the "x" flag in the above three-piece comment definition. | |
1604 When you hit Return in a C-comment, Vim will insert the middle comment leader | |
1621 | 1605 for the new line: " * ". To close this comment you just have to type "/" |
7 | 1606 before typing anything else on the new line. This will replace the |
1621 | 1607 middle-comment leader with the end-comment leader and apply any specified |
6647 | 1608 alignment, leaving just " */". There is no need to hit Backspace first. |
1621 | 1609 |
6647 | 1610 When there is a match with a middle part, but there also is a matching end |
1611 part which is longer, the end part is used. This makes a C style comment work | |
2826 | 1612 without requiring the middle part to end with a space. |
1621 | 1613 |
1614 Here is an example of alignment flags at work to make a comment stand out | |
2826 | 1615 (kind of looks like a 1 too). Consider comment string: > |
1616 :set comments=sr:/***,m:**,ex-2:******/ | |
1617 < | |
1618 /*** ~ | |
1619 **<--right aligned from "r" flag ~ | |
1620 ** ~ | |
1621 offset 2 spaces for the "-2" flag--->** ~ | |
1622 ******/ ~ | |
1621 | 1623 In this case, the first comment was typed, then return was pressed 4 times, |
1624 then "/" was pressed to end the comment. | |
7 | 1625 |
1621 | 1626 Here are some finer points of three part comments. There are three times when |
1627 alignment and offset flags are taken into consideration: opening a new line | |
1628 after a start-comment, opening a new line before an end-comment, and | |
1629 automatically ending a three-piece comment. The end alignment flag has a | |
1630 backwards perspective; the result is that the same alignment flag used with | |
1631 "s" and "e" will result in the same indent for the starting and ending pieces. | |
1632 Only one alignment per comment part is meant to be used, but an offset number | |
1633 will override the "r" and "l" flag. | |
1634 | |
1635 Enabling 'cindent' will override the alignment flags in many cases. | |
1636 Reindenting using a different method like |gq| or |=| will not consult | |
1637 alignment flags either. The same behaviour can be defined in those other | |
1638 formatting options. One consideration is that 'cindent' has additional options | |
1639 for context based indenting of comments but cannot replicate many three piece | |
2826 | 1640 indent alignments. However, 'indentexpr' has the ability to work better with |
1641 three piece comments. | |
1621 | 1642 |
1643 Other examples: > | |
7 | 1644 "b:*" Includes lines starting with "*", but not if the "*" is |
1645 followed by a non-blank. This avoids a pointer dereference | |
1646 like "*str" to be recognized as a comment. | |
1647 "n:>" Includes a line starting with ">", ">>", ">>>", etc. | |
1648 "fb:-" Format a list that starts with "- ". | |
1649 | |
1650 By default, "b:#" is included. This means that a line that starts with | |
1651 "#include" is not recognized as a comment line. But a line that starts with | |
1652 "# define" is recognized. This is a compromise. | |
1653 | |
1654 *fo-table* | |
1655 You can use the 'formatoptions' option to influence how Vim formats text. | |
1656 'formatoptions' is a string that can contain any of the letters below. The | |
1657 default setting is "tcq". You can separate the option letters with commas for | |
1658 readability. | |
1659 | |
1660 letter meaning when present in 'formatoptions' ~ | |
23737 | 1661 *fo-t* |
1121 | 1662 t Auto-wrap text using textwidth |
23737 | 1663 *fo-c* |
7 | 1664 c Auto-wrap comments using textwidth, inserting the current comment |
1665 leader automatically. | |
23737 | 1666 *fo-r* |
7 | 1667 r Automatically insert the current comment leader after hitting |
1668 <Enter> in Insert mode. | |
23737 | 1669 *fo-o* |
7 | 1670 o Automatically insert the current comment leader after hitting 'o' or |
1671 'O' in Normal mode. | |
23737 | 1672 *fo-q* |
7 | 1673 q Allow formatting of comments with "gq". |
1674 Note that formatting will not change blank lines or lines containing | |
1675 only the comment leader. A new paragraph starts after such a line, | |
1676 or when the comment leader changes. | |
23737 | 1677 *fo-w* |
7 | 1678 w Trailing white space indicates a paragraph continues in the next line. |
1679 A line that ends in a non-white character ends a paragraph. | |
23737 | 1680 *fo-a* |
7 | 1681 a Automatic formatting of paragraphs. Every time text is inserted or |
1682 deleted the paragraph will be reformatted. See |auto-format|. | |
1683 When the 'c' flag is present this only happens for recognized | |
1684 comments. | |
23737 | 1685 *fo-n* |
41 | 1686 n When formatting text, recognize numbered lists. This actually uses |
1687 the 'formatlistpat' option, thus any kind of list can be used. The | |
1688 indent of the text after the number is used for the next line. The | |
1621 | 1689 default is to find a number, optionally followed by '.', ':', ')', |
41 | 1690 ']' or '}'. Note that 'autoindent' must be set too. Doesn't work |
1691 well together with "2". | |
7 | 1692 Example: > |
1693 1. the first item | |
1694 wraps | |
1695 2. the second item | |
23737 | 1696 < *fo-2* |
7 | 1697 2 When formatting text, use the indent of the second line of a paragraph |
1698 for the rest of the paragraph, instead of the indent of the first | |
1699 line. This supports paragraphs in which the first line has a | |
1700 different indent than the rest. Note that 'autoindent' must be set | |
1701 too. Example: > | |
1702 first line of a paragraph | |
1703 second line of the same paragraph | |
1704 third line. | |
3682 | 1705 < This also works inside comments, ignoring the comment leader. |
23737 | 1706 *fo-v* |
7 | 1707 v Vi-compatible auto-wrapping in insert mode: Only break a line at a |
1708 blank that you have entered during the current insert command. (Note: | |
1709 this is not 100% Vi compatible. Vi has some "unexpected features" or | |
1710 bugs in this area. It uses the screen column instead of the line | |
1711 column.) | |
23737 | 1712 *fo-b* |
7 | 1713 b Like 'v', but only auto-wrap if you enter a blank at or before |
1714 the wrap margin. If the line was longer than 'textwidth' when you | |
1715 started the insert, or you do not enter a blank in the insert before | |
1716 reaching 'textwidth', Vim does not perform auto-wrapping. | |
23737 | 1717 *fo-l* |
7 | 1718 l Long lines are not broken in insert mode: When a line was longer than |
1719 'textwidth' when the insert command started, Vim does not | |
1720 automatically format it. | |
23737 | 1721 *fo-m* |
21991 | 1722 m Also break at a multibyte character above 255. This is useful for |
7 | 1723 Asian text where every character is a word on its own. |
23737 | 1724 *fo-M* |
21991 | 1725 M When joining lines, don't insert a space before or after a multibyte |
7 | 1726 character. Overrules the 'B' flag. |
23737 | 1727 *fo-B* |
21991 | 1728 B When joining lines, don't insert a space between two multibyte |
7 | 1729 characters. Overruled by the 'M' flag. |
23737 | 1730 *fo-1* |
7 | 1731 1 Don't break a line after a one-letter word. It's broken before it |
1732 instead (if possible). | |
23737 | 1733 *fo-]* |
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1734 ] Respect textwidth rigorously. With this flag set, no line can be |
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1735 longer than textwidth, unless line-break-prohibition rules make this |
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1736 impossible. Mainly for CJK scripts and works only if 'encoding' is |
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1737 "utf-8". |
23737 | 1738 *fo-j* |
3562 | 1739 j Where it makes sense, remove a comment leader when joining lines. For |
1740 example, joining: | |
1741 int i; // the index ~ | |
1742 // in the list ~ | |
1743 Becomes: | |
1744 int i; // the index in the list ~ | |
23737 | 1745 *fo-p* |
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1746 p Don't break lines at single spaces that follow periods. This is |
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1747 intended to complement 'joinspaces' and |cpo-J|, for prose with |
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1748 sentences separated by two spaces. For example, with 'textwidth' set |
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1749 to 28: > |
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1750 Surely you're joking, Mr. Feynman! |
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1751 < Becomes: > |
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1752 Surely you're joking, |
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1753 Mr. Feynman! |
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1754 < Instead of: > |
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1755 Surely you're joking, Mr. |
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1756 Feynman! |
7 | 1757 |
1758 | |
1759 With 't' and 'c' you can specify when Vim performs auto-wrapping: | |
1760 value action ~ | |
1761 "" no automatic formatting (you can use "gq" for manual formatting) | |
1762 "t" automatic formatting of text, but not comments | |
1763 "c" automatic formatting for comments, but not text (good for C code) | |
1764 "tc" automatic formatting for text and comments | |
1765 | |
867 | 1766 Note that when 'textwidth' is 0, Vim does no automatic formatting anyway (but |
1767 does insert comment leaders according to the 'comments' option). An exception | |
1768 is when the 'a' flag is present. |auto-format| | |
7 | 1769 |
1770 Note that when 'paste' is on, Vim does no formatting at all. | |
1771 | |
1772 Note that 'textwidth' can be non-zero even if Vim never performs auto-wrapping; | |
1773 'textwidth' is still useful for formatting with "gq". | |
1774 | |
1775 If the 'comments' option includes "/*", "*" and/or "*/", then Vim has some | |
1776 built in stuff to treat these types of comments a bit more cleverly. | |
1777 Opening a new line before or after "/*" or "*/" (with 'r' or 'o' present in | |
1778 'formatoptions') gives the correct start of the line automatically. The same | |
236 | 1779 happens with formatting and auto-wrapping. Opening a line after a line |
7 | 1780 starting with "/*" or "*" and containing "*/", will cause no comment leader to |
1781 be inserted, and the indent of the new line is taken from the line containing | |
1782 the start of the comment. | |
1783 E.g.: | |
1784 /* ~ | |
1785 * Your typical comment. ~ | |
1786 */ ~ | |
1787 The indent on this line is the same as the start of the above | |
1788 comment. | |
1789 | |
1790 All of this should be really cool, especially in conjunction with the new | |
1791 :autocmd command to prepare different settings for different types of file. | |
1792 | |
1793 Some examples: | |
1794 for C code (only format comments): > | |
1795 :set fo=croq | |
1796 < for Mail/news (format all, don't start comment with "o" command): > | |
1797 :set fo=tcrq | |
1798 < | |
1799 | |
3492 | 1800 Automatic formatting *auto-format* *autoformat* |
7 | 1801 |
1802 When the 'a' flag is present in 'formatoptions' text is formatted | |
21499 | 1803 automatically when inserting text or deleting text. This works nicely for |
7 | 1804 editing text paragraphs. A few hints on how to use this: |
1805 | |
1806 - You need to properly define paragraphs. The simplest is paragraphs that are | |
1807 separated by a blank line. When there is no separating blank line, consider | |
1808 using the 'w' flag and adding a space at the end of each line in the | |
1809 paragraphs except the last one. | |
1810 | |
1811 - You can set the 'formatoptions' based on the type of file |filetype| or | |
1812 specifically for one file with a |modeline|. | |
1813 | |
1814 - Set 'formatoptions' to "aw2tq" to make text with indents like this: | |
1815 | |
1816 bla bla foobar bla | |
1817 bla foobar bla foobar bla | |
1818 bla bla foobar bla | |
1819 bla foobar bla bla foobar | |
1820 | |
1821 - Add the 'c' flag to only auto-format comments. Useful in source code. | |
1822 | |
867 | 1823 - Set 'textwidth' to the desired width. If it is zero then 79 is used, or the |
1824 width of the screen if this is smaller. | |
1825 | |
7 | 1826 And a few warnings: |
1827 | |
1828 - When part of the text is not properly separated in paragraphs, making | |
1829 changes in this text will cause it to be formatted anyway. Consider doing > | |
1830 | |
1831 :set fo-=a | |
1832 | |
1833 - When using the 'w' flag (trailing space means paragraph continues) and | |
1834 deleting the last line of a paragraph with |dd|, the paragraph will be | |
1835 joined with the next one. | |
1836 | |
1837 - Changed text is saved for undo. Formatting is also a change. Thus each | |
1838 format action saves text for undo. This may consume quite a lot of memory. | |
1839 | |
1840 - Formatting a long paragraph and/or with complicated indenting may be slow. | |
1841 | |
282 | 1842 ============================================================================== |
1843 7. Sorting text *sorting* | |
1844 | |
1845 Vim has a sorting function and a sorting command. The sorting function can be | |
5747 | 1846 found here: |sort()|, |uniq()|. |
282 | 1847 |
1848 *:sor* *:sort* | |
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1849 :[range]sor[t][!] [b][f][i][l][n][o][r][u][x] [/{pattern}/] |
586 | 1850 Sort lines in [range]. When no range is given all |
1851 lines are sorted. | |
282 | 1852 |
1853 With [!] the order is reversed. | |
1854 | |
1855 With [i] case is ignored. | |
1856 | |
22824 | 1857 With [l] sort uses the current collation locale. |
1858 Implementation details: strcoll() is used to compare | |
1859 strings. See |:language| to check or set the collation | |
1860 locale. Example: > | |
1861 :language collate en_US.UTF-8 | |
1862 :%sort l | |
1863 < |v:collate| can also used to check the current locale. | |
1864 Sorting using the locale typically ignores case. | |
1865 This does not work properly on Mac. | |
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1866 |
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1867 Options [n][f][x][o][b] are mutually exclusive. |
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1868 |
293 | 1869 With [n] sorting is done on the first decimal number |
826 | 1870 in the line (after or inside a {pattern} match). |
1698 | 1871 One leading '-' is included in the number. |
293 | 1872 |
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1873 With [f] sorting is done on the Float in the line. |
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1874 The value of Float is determined similar to passing |
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1875 the text (after or inside a {pattern} match) to |
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1876 str2float() function. This option is available only |
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1877 if Vim was compiled with Floating point support. |
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1878 |
293 | 1879 With [x] sorting is done on the first hexadecimal |
826 | 1880 number in the line (after or inside a {pattern} |
1881 match). A leading "0x" or "0X" is ignored. | |
1698 | 1882 One leading '-' is included in the number. |
293 | 1883 |
1884 With [o] sorting is done on the first octal number in | |
826 | 1885 the line (after or inside a {pattern} match). |
293 | 1886 |
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1887 With [b] sorting is done on the first binary number in |
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1888 the line (after or inside a {pattern} match). |
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1889 |
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1890 With [u] (u stands for unique) only keep the first of |
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1891 a sequence of identical lines (ignoring case when [i] |
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1892 is used). Without this flag, a sequence of identical |
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1893 lines will be kept in their original order. |
293 | 1894 Note that leading and trailing white space may cause |
1895 lines to be different. | |
282 | 1896 |
826 | 1897 When /{pattern}/ is specified and there is no [r] flag |
1898 the text matched with {pattern} is skipped, so that | |
1899 you sort on what comes after the match. | |
22958 | 1900 'ignorecase' applies to the pattern, but 'smartcase' |
1901 is not used. | |
282 | 1902 Instead of the slash any non-letter can be used. |
1903 For example, to sort on the second comma-separated | |
1904 field: > | |
1905 :sort /[^,]*,/ | |
1906 < To sort on the text at virtual column 10 (thus | |
1907 ignoring the difference between tabs and spaces): > | |
1908 :sort /.*\%10v/ | |
824 | 1909 < To sort on the first number in the line, no matter |
1910 what is in front of it: > | |
1621 | 1911 :sort /.\{-}\ze\d/ |
1912 < (Explanation: ".\{-}" matches any text, "\ze" sets the | |
1913 end of the match and \d matches a digit.) | |
1914 With [r] sorting is done on the matching {pattern} | |
826 | 1915 instead of skipping past it as described above. |
1916 For example, to sort on only the first three letters | |
1917 of each line: > | |
1918 :sort /\a\a\a/ r | |
1919 | |
1920 < If a {pattern} is used, any lines which don't have a | |
1921 match for {pattern} are kept in their current order, | |
1922 but separate from the lines which do match {pattern}. | |
1923 If you sorted in reverse, they will be in reverse | |
1924 order after the sorted lines, otherwise they will be | |
1925 in their original order, right before the sorted | |
1926 lines. | |
1927 | |
1314 | 1928 If {pattern} is empty (e.g. // is specified), the |
1929 last search pattern is used. This allows trying out | |
1930 a pattern first. | |
1931 | |
3492 | 1932 Note that using `:sort` with `:global` doesn't sort the matching lines, it's |
293 | 1933 quite useless. |
7 | 1934 |
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1935 `:sort` does not use the current locale unless the l flag is used. |
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1936 Vim does do a "stable" sort. |
359 | 1937 |
826 | 1938 The sorting can be interrupted, but if you interrupt it too late in the |
1939 process you may end up with duplicated lines. This also depends on the system | |
1940 library function used. | |
481 | 1941 |
14421 | 1942 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |