Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/tutor/tutor.utf-8 @ 14347:723487cd7876
Update runtime files.
commit https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/b477af2260d9bc7ae7f743f0a14265d7ee12ee09
Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
Date: Sun Jul 15 20:20:18 2018 +0200
Update runtime files.
| author | Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Sun, 15 Jul 2018 20:30:05 +0200 |
| parents | 167a030448fa |
| children | 314694a2e74a |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 1624 | 1 =============================================================================== |
| 2 = W e l c o m e t o t h e V I M T u t o r - Version 1.7 = | |
| 3 =============================================================================== | |
| 4 | |
| 5 Vim is a very powerful editor that has many commands, too many to | |
| 6 explain in a tutor such as this. This tutor is designed to describe | |
| 7 enough of the commands that you will be able to easily use Vim as | |
| 8 an all-purpose editor. | |
| 9 | |
| 10 The approximate time required to complete the tutor is 25-30 minutes, | |
| 11 depending upon how much time is spent with experimentation. | |
| 12 | |
| 13 ATTENTION: | |
| 14 The commands in the lessons will modify the text. Make a copy of this | |
| 12499 | 15 file to practice on (if you started "vimtutor" this is already a copy). |
| 1624 | 16 |
| 17 It is important to remember that this tutor is set up to teach by | |
| 18 use. That means that you need to execute the commands to learn them | |
| 19 properly. If you only read the text, you will forget the commands! | |
| 20 | |
| 13231 | 21 Now, make sure that your Caps-Lock key is NOT depressed and press |
| 14347 | 22 the j key enough times to move the cursor so that lesson 1.1 |
| 1624 | 23 completely fills the screen. |
| 24 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 25 Lesson 1.1: MOVING THE CURSOR | |
| 26 | |
| 27 | |
| 28 ** To move the cursor, press the h,j,k,l keys as indicated. ** | |
| 29 ^ | |
| 30 k Hint: The h key is at the left and moves left. | |
| 31 < h l > The l key is at the right and moves right. | |
| 32 j The j key looks like a down arrow. | |
| 33 v | |
| 34 1. Move the cursor around the screen until you are comfortable. | |
| 35 | |
| 36 2. Hold down the down key (j) until it repeats. | |
| 37 Now you know how to move to the next lesson. | |
| 38 | |
| 14347 | 39 3. Using the down key, move to lesson 1.2. |
| 1624 | 40 |
| 41 NOTE: If you are ever unsure about something you typed, press <ESC> to place | |
| 42 you in Normal mode. Then retype the command you wanted. | |
| 43 | |
| 44 NOTE: The cursor keys should also work. But using hjkl you will be able to | |
| 45 move around much faster, once you get used to it. Really! | |
| 46 | |
| 47 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 48 Lesson 1.2: EXITING VIM | |
| 49 | |
| 50 | |
| 51 !! NOTE: Before executing any of the steps below, read this entire lesson!! | |
| 52 | |
| 53 1. Press the <ESC> key (to make sure you are in Normal mode). | |
| 54 | |
| 55 2. Type: :q! <ENTER>. | |
| 56 This exits the editor, DISCARDING any changes you have made. | |
| 57 | |
| 6153 | 58 3. Get back here by executing the command that got you into this tutor. That |
| 59 might be: vimtutor <ENTER> | |
| 1624 | 60 |
| 61 4. If you have these steps memorized and are confident, execute steps | |
| 62 1 through 3 to exit and re-enter the editor. | |
| 63 | |
| 64 NOTE: :q! <ENTER> discards any changes you made. In a few lessons you | |
| 65 will learn how to save the changes to a file. | |
| 66 | |
| 14347 | 67 5. Move the cursor down to lesson 1.3. |
| 1624 | 68 |
| 69 | |
| 70 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 71 Lesson 1.3: TEXT EDITING - DELETION | |
| 72 | |
| 73 | |
| 74 ** Press x to delete the character under the cursor. ** | |
| 75 | |
| 76 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. | |
| 77 | |
| 78 2. To fix the errors, move the cursor until it is on top of the | |
| 79 character to be deleted. | |
| 80 | |
| 81 3. Press the x key to delete the unwanted character. | |
| 82 | |
| 83 4. Repeat steps 2 through 4 until the sentence is correct. | |
| 84 | |
| 85 ---> The ccow jumpedd ovverr thhe mooon. | |
| 86 | |
| 14347 | 87 5. Now that the line is correct, go on to lesson 1.4. |
| 1624 | 88 |
| 89 NOTE: As you go through this tutor, do not try to memorize, learn by usage. | |
| 90 | |
| 91 | |
| 92 | |
| 93 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 94 Lesson 1.4: TEXT EDITING - INSERTION | |
| 95 | |
| 96 | |
| 97 ** Press i to insert text. ** | |
| 98 | |
| 99 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. | |
| 100 | |
| 101 2. To make the first line the same as the second, move the cursor on top | |
| 102 of the first character AFTER where the text is to be inserted. | |
| 103 | |
| 104 3. Press i and type in the necessary additions. | |
| 105 | |
| 106 4. As each error is fixed press <ESC> to return to Normal mode. | |
| 107 Repeat steps 2 through 4 to correct the sentence. | |
| 108 | |
| 109 ---> There is text misng this . | |
| 110 ---> There is some text missing from this line. | |
| 111 | |
| 112 5. When you are comfortable inserting text move to lesson 1.5. | |
| 113 | |
| 114 | |
| 115 | |
| 116 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 117 Lesson 1.5: TEXT EDITING - APPENDING | |
| 118 | |
| 119 | |
| 120 ** Press A to append text. ** | |
| 121 | |
| 122 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. | |
| 123 It does not matter on what character the cursor is in that line. | |
| 124 | |
| 125 2. Press A and type in the necessary additions. | |
| 126 | |
| 127 3. As the text has been appended press <ESC> to return to Normal mode. | |
| 128 | |
| 14347 | 129 4. Move the cursor to the second line marked ---> and repeat |
| 1624 | 130 steps 2 and 3 to correct this sentence. |
| 131 | |
| 132 ---> There is some text missing from th | |
| 133 There is some text missing from this line. | |
| 134 ---> There is also some text miss | |
| 135 There is also some text missing here. | |
| 136 | |
| 137 5. When you are comfortable appending text move to lesson 1.6. | |
| 138 | |
| 139 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 140 Lesson 1.6: EDITING A FILE | |
| 141 | |
| 142 ** Use :wq to save a file and exit. ** | |
| 143 | |
| 144 !! NOTE: Before executing any of the steps below, read this entire lesson!! | |
| 145 | |
| 146 1. Exit this tutor as you did in lesson 1.2: :q! | |
| 147 Or, if you have access to another terminal, do the following there. | |
| 148 | |
| 149 2. At the shell prompt type this command: vim tutor <ENTER> | |
| 150 'vim' is the command to start the Vim editor, 'tutor' is the name of the | |
| 151 file you wish to edit. Use a file that may be changed. | |
| 152 | |
| 153 3. Insert and delete text as you learned in the previous lessons. | |
| 154 | |
| 14347 | 155 4. Save the file with changes and exit Vim with: :wq <ENTER> |
| 1624 | 156 |
| 157 5. If you have quit vimtutor in step 1 restart the vimtutor and move down to | |
| 158 the following summary. | |
| 159 | |
| 160 6. After reading the above steps and understanding them: do it. | |
| 14347 | 161 |
| 1624 | 162 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
| 163 Lesson 1 SUMMARY | |
| 164 | |
| 165 | |
| 166 1. The cursor is moved using either the arrow keys or the hjkl keys. | |
| 167 h (left) j (down) k (up) l (right) | |
| 168 | |
| 169 2. To start Vim from the shell prompt type: vim FILENAME <ENTER> | |
| 170 | |
| 171 3. To exit Vim type: <ESC> :q! <ENTER> to trash all changes. | |
| 172 OR type: <ESC> :wq <ENTER> to save the changes. | |
| 173 | |
| 174 4. To delete the character at the cursor type: x | |
| 175 | |
| 176 5. To insert or append text type: | |
| 177 i type inserted text <ESC> insert before the cursor | |
| 178 A type appended text <ESC> append after the line | |
| 179 | |
| 180 NOTE: Pressing <ESC> will place you in Normal mode or will cancel | |
| 181 an unwanted and partially completed command. | |
| 182 | |
| 14347 | 183 Now continue with lesson 2. |
| 1624 | 184 |
| 185 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 186 Lesson 2.1: DELETION COMMANDS | |
| 187 | |
| 188 | |
| 189 ** Type dw to delete a word. ** | |
| 190 | |
| 191 1. Press <ESC> to make sure you are in Normal mode. | |
| 192 | |
| 193 2. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. | |
| 194 | |
| 195 3. Move the cursor to the beginning of a word that needs to be deleted. | |
| 196 | |
| 197 4. Type dw to make the word disappear. | |
| 198 | |
| 199 NOTE: The letter d will appear on the last line of the screen as you type | |
| 200 it. Vim is waiting for you to type w . If you see another character | |
| 201 than d you typed something wrong; press <ESC> and start over. | |
| 202 | |
| 203 ---> There are a some words fun that don't belong paper in this sentence. | |
| 204 | |
| 14347 | 205 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the sentence is correct and go to lesson 2.2. |
| 1624 | 206 |
| 207 | |
| 208 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 209 Lesson 2.2: MORE DELETION COMMANDS | |
| 210 | |
| 211 | |
| 212 ** Type d$ to delete to the end of the line. ** | |
| 213 | |
| 214 1. Press <ESC> to make sure you are in Normal mode. | |
| 215 | |
| 216 2. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. | |
| 217 | |
| 218 3. Move the cursor to the end of the correct line (AFTER the first . ). | |
| 219 | |
| 220 4. Type d$ to delete to the end of the line. | |
| 221 | |
| 222 ---> Somebody typed the end of this line twice. end of this line twice. | |
| 223 | |
| 224 | |
| 14347 | 225 5. Move on to lesson 2.3 to understand what is happening. |
| 1624 | 226 |
| 227 | |
| 228 | |
| 229 | |
| 230 | |
| 231 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 232 Lesson 2.3: ON OPERATORS AND MOTIONS | |
| 233 | |
| 234 | |
| 235 Many commands that change text are made from an operator and a motion. | |
| 236 The format for a delete command with the d delete operator is as follows: | |
| 237 | |
| 238 d motion | |
| 239 | |
| 240 Where: | |
| 241 d - is the delete operator. | |
| 242 motion - is what the operator will operate on (listed below). | |
| 243 | |
| 244 A short list of motions: | |
| 245 w - until the start of the next word, EXCLUDING its first character. | |
| 246 e - to the end of the current word, INCLUDING the last character. | |
| 247 $ - to the end of the line, INCLUDING the last character. | |
| 248 | |
| 249 Thus typing de will delete from the cursor to the end of the word. | |
| 250 | |
| 251 NOTE: Pressing just the motion while in Normal mode without an operator will | |
| 252 move the cursor as specified. | |
| 253 | |
| 254 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 255 Lesson 2.4: USING A COUNT FOR A MOTION | |
| 256 | |
| 257 | |
| 258 ** Typing a number before a motion repeats it that many times. ** | |
| 259 | |
| 14347 | 260 1. Move the cursor to the start of the line below marked --->. |
| 1624 | 261 |
| 262 2. Type 2w to move the cursor two words forward. | |
| 263 | |
| 264 3. Type 3e to move the cursor to the end of the third word forward. | |
| 265 | |
| 266 4. Type 0 (zero) to move to the start of the line. | |
| 267 | |
| 268 5. Repeat steps 2 and 3 with different numbers. | |
| 269 | |
| 270 ---> This is just a line with words you can move around in. | |
| 271 | |
| 14347 | 272 6. Move on to lesson 2.5. |
| 1624 | 273 |
| 274 | |
| 275 | |
| 276 | |
| 277 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 278 Lesson 2.5: USING A COUNT TO DELETE MORE | |
| 279 | |
| 280 | |
| 281 ** Typing a number with an operator repeats it that many times. ** | |
| 282 | |
| 283 In the combination of the delete operator and a motion mentioned above you | |
| 284 insert a count before the motion to delete more: | |
| 285 d number motion | |
| 286 | |
| 287 1. Move the cursor to the first UPPER CASE word in the line marked --->. | |
| 288 | |
| 14347 | 289 2. Type d2w to delete the two UPPER CASE words. |
| 1624 | 290 |
| 291 3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 with a different count to delete the consecutive | |
| 14347 | 292 UPPER CASE words with one command. |
| 1624 | 293 |
| 294 ---> this ABC DE line FGHI JK LMN OP of words is Q RS TUV cleaned up. | |
| 295 | |
| 296 | |
| 297 | |
| 298 | |
| 299 | |
| 300 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 301 Lesson 2.6: OPERATING ON LINES | |
| 302 | |
| 303 | |
| 304 ** Type dd to delete a whole line. ** | |
| 305 | |
| 306 Due to the frequency of whole line deletion, the designers of Vi decided | |
| 307 it would be easier to simply type two d's to delete a line. | |
| 308 | |
| 309 1. Move the cursor to the second line in the phrase below. | |
| 310 2. Type dd to delete the line. | |
| 311 3. Now move to the fourth line. | |
| 312 4. Type 2dd to delete two lines. | |
| 313 | |
| 314 ---> 1) Roses are red, | |
| 315 ---> 2) Mud is fun, | |
| 316 ---> 3) Violets are blue, | |
| 317 ---> 4) I have a car, | |
| 318 ---> 5) Clocks tell time, | |
| 319 ---> 6) Sugar is sweet | |
| 320 ---> 7) And so are you. | |
| 321 | |
| 322 | |
| 323 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 324 Lesson 2.7: THE UNDO COMMAND | |
| 325 | |
| 326 | |
| 327 ** Press u to undo the last commands, U to fix a whole line. ** | |
| 328 | |
| 329 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked ---> and place it on the | |
| 330 first error. | |
| 331 2. Type x to delete the first unwanted character. | |
| 332 3. Now type u to undo the last command executed. | |
| 333 4. This time fix all the errors on the line using the x command. | |
| 334 5. Now type a capital U to return the line to its original state. | |
| 335 6. Now type u a few times to undo the U and preceding commands. | |
| 336 7. Now type CTRL-R (keeping CTRL key pressed while hitting R) a few times | |
| 337 to redo the commands (undo the undo's). | |
| 338 | |
| 339 ---> Fiix the errors oon thhis line and reeplace them witth undo. | |
| 340 | |
| 14347 | 341 8. These are very useful commands. Now move on to the lesson 2 Summary. |
| 1624 | 342 |
| 343 | |
| 344 | |
| 345 | |
| 346 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 347 Lesson 2 SUMMARY | |
| 348 | |
| 349 | |
| 350 1. To delete from the cursor up to the next word type: dw | |
| 351 2. To delete from the cursor to the end of a line type: d$ | |
| 352 3. To delete a whole line type: dd | |
| 353 | |
| 354 4. To repeat a motion prepend it with a number: 2w | |
| 355 5. The format for a change command is: | |
| 356 operator [number] motion | |
| 357 where: | |
| 358 operator - is what to do, such as d for delete | |
| 359 [number] - is an optional count to repeat the motion | |
| 360 motion - moves over the text to operate on, such as w (word), | |
| 361 $ (to the end of line), etc. | |
| 362 | |
| 363 6. To move to the start of the line use a zero: 0 | |
| 364 | |
| 365 7. To undo previous actions, type: u (lowercase u) | |
| 366 To undo all the changes on a line, type: U (capital U) | |
| 367 To undo the undo's, type: CTRL-R | |
| 368 | |
| 369 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 370 Lesson 3.1: THE PUT COMMAND | |
| 371 | |
| 372 | |
| 373 ** Type p to put previously deleted text after the cursor. ** | |
| 374 | |
| 14347 | 375 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. |
| 1624 | 376 |
| 377 2. Type dd to delete the line and store it in a Vim register. | |
| 378 | |
| 379 3. Move the cursor to the c) line, ABOVE where the deleted line should go. | |
| 380 | |
| 381 4. Type p to put the line below the cursor. | |
| 382 | |
| 383 5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 to put all the lines in correct order. | |
| 384 | |
| 385 ---> d) Can you learn too? | |
| 386 ---> b) Violets are blue, | |
| 387 ---> c) Intelligence is learned, | |
| 388 ---> a) Roses are red, | |
| 389 | |
| 390 | |
| 391 | |
| 392 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 393 Lesson 3.2: THE REPLACE COMMAND | |
| 394 | |
| 395 | |
| 396 ** Type rx to replace the character at the cursor with x . ** | |
| 397 | |
| 398 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. | |
| 399 | |
| 400 2. Move the cursor so that it is on top of the first error. | |
| 401 | |
| 402 3. Type r and then the character which should be there. | |
| 403 | |
| 404 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the first line is equal to the second one. | |
| 405 | |
| 406 ---> Whan this lime was tuoed in, someone presswd some wrojg keys! | |
| 407 ---> When this line was typed in, someone pressed some wrong keys! | |
| 408 | |
| 14347 | 409 5. Now move on to lesson 3.3. |
| 1624 | 410 |
| 411 NOTE: Remember that you should be learning by doing, not memorization. | |
| 412 | |
| 413 | |
| 414 | |
| 415 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 416 Lesson 3.3: THE CHANGE OPERATOR | |
| 417 | |
| 418 | |
| 419 ** To change until the end of a word, type ce . ** | |
| 420 | |
| 421 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. | |
| 422 | |
| 423 2. Place the cursor on the u in lubw. | |
| 424 | |
| 425 3. Type ce and the correct word (in this case, type ine ). | |
| 426 | |
| 427 4. Press <ESC> and move to the next character that needs to be changed. | |
| 428 | |
| 429 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the first sentence is the same as the second. | |
| 430 | |
| 431 ---> This lubw has a few wptfd that mrrf changing usf the change operator. | |
| 432 ---> This line has a few words that need changing using the change operator. | |
| 433 | |
| 434 Notice that ce deletes the word and places you in Insert mode. | |
| 435 | |
| 436 | |
| 437 | |
| 438 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 439 Lesson 3.4: MORE CHANGES USING c | |
| 440 | |
| 441 | |
| 442 ** The change operator is used with the same motions as delete. ** | |
| 443 | |
| 444 1. The change operator works in the same way as delete. The format is: | |
| 445 | |
| 446 c [number] motion | |
| 447 | |
| 448 2. The motions are the same, such as w (word) and $ (end of line). | |
| 449 | |
| 14347 | 450 3. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. |
| 1624 | 451 |
| 452 4. Move the cursor to the first error. | |
| 453 | |
| 454 5. Type c$ and type the rest of the line like the second and press <ESC>. | |
| 455 | |
| 456 ---> The end of this line needs some help to make it like the second. | |
| 457 ---> The end of this line needs to be corrected using the c$ command. | |
| 458 | |
| 459 NOTE: You can use the Backspace key to correct mistakes while typing. | |
| 460 | |
| 461 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 462 Lesson 3 SUMMARY | |
| 463 | |
| 464 | |
| 465 1. To put back text that has just been deleted, type p . This puts the | |
| 466 deleted text AFTER the cursor (if a line was deleted it will go on the | |
| 467 line below the cursor). | |
| 468 | |
| 469 2. To replace the character under the cursor, type r and then the | |
| 470 character you want to have there. | |
| 471 | |
| 472 3. The change operator allows you to change from the cursor to where the | |
| 473 motion takes you. eg. Type ce to change from the cursor to the end of | |
| 474 the word, c$ to change to the end of a line. | |
| 475 | |
| 476 4. The format for change is: | |
| 477 | |
| 478 c [number] motion | |
| 479 | |
| 480 Now go on to the next lesson. | |
| 481 | |
| 482 | |
| 483 | |
| 484 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 485 Lesson 4.1: CURSOR LOCATION AND FILE STATUS | |
| 486 | |
| 487 ** Type CTRL-G to show your location in the file and the file status. | |
| 488 Type G to move to a line in the file. ** | |
| 489 | |
| 490 NOTE: Read this entire lesson before executing any of the steps!! | |
| 491 | |
| 492 1. Hold down the Ctrl key and press g . We call this CTRL-G. | |
| 493 A message will appear at the bottom of the page with the filename and the | |
| 494 position in the file. Remember the line number for Step 3. | |
| 495 | |
| 496 NOTE: You may see the cursor position in the lower right corner of the screen | |
| 497 This happens when the 'ruler' option is set (see :help 'ruler' ) | |
| 498 | |
| 499 2. Press G to move you to the bottom of the file. | |
| 500 Type gg to move you to the start of the file. | |
| 501 | |
| 502 3. Type the number of the line you were on and then G . This will | |
| 503 return you to the line you were on when you first pressed CTRL-G. | |
| 504 | |
| 505 4. If you feel confident to do this, execute steps 1 through 3. | |
| 506 | |
| 507 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 508 Lesson 4.2: THE SEARCH COMMAND | |
| 509 | |
| 510 | |
| 511 ** Type / followed by a phrase to search for the phrase. ** | |
| 512 | |
| 513 1. In Normal mode type the / character. Notice that it and the cursor | |
| 514 appear at the bottom of the screen as with the : command. | |
| 515 | |
| 516 2. Now type 'errroor' <ENTER>. This is the word you want to search for. | |
| 517 | |
| 518 3. To search for the same phrase again, simply type n . | |
| 519 To search for the same phrase in the opposite direction, type N . | |
| 520 | |
| 521 4. To search for a phrase in the backward direction, use ? instead of / . | |
| 522 | |
| 523 5. To go back to where you came from press CTRL-O (Keep Ctrl down while | |
| 524 pressing the letter o). Repeat to go back further. CTRL-I goes forward. | |
| 525 | |
| 526 ---> "errroor" is not the way to spell error; errroor is an error. | |
| 527 NOTE: When the search reaches the end of the file it will continue at the | |
| 528 start, unless the 'wrapscan' option has been reset. | |
| 529 | |
| 530 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 531 Lesson 4.3: MATCHING PARENTHESES SEARCH | |
| 532 | |
| 533 | |
| 534 ** Type % to find a matching ),], or } . ** | |
| 535 | |
| 536 1. Place the cursor on any (, [, or { in the line below marked --->. | |
| 537 | |
| 538 2. Now type the % character. | |
| 539 | |
| 540 3. The cursor will move to the matching parenthesis or bracket. | |
| 541 | |
| 542 4. Type % to move the cursor to the other matching bracket. | |
| 543 | |
| 544 5. Move the cursor to another (,),[,],{ or } and see what % does. | |
| 545 | |
| 546 ---> This ( is a test line with ('s, ['s ] and {'s } in it. )) | |
| 547 | |
| 548 | |
| 549 NOTE: This is very useful in debugging a program with unmatched parentheses! | |
| 550 | |
| 551 | |
| 552 | |
| 553 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 554 Lesson 4.4: THE SUBSTITUTE COMMAND | |
| 555 | |
| 556 | |
| 557 ** Type :s/old/new/g to substitute 'new' for 'old'. ** | |
| 558 | |
| 559 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. | |
| 560 | |
| 14347 | 561 2. Type :s/thee/the <ENTER> . Note that this command only changes the |
| 1624 | 562 first occurrence of "thee" in the line. |
| 563 | |
| 564 3. Now type :s/thee/the/g . Adding the g flag means to substitute | |
| 565 globally in the line, change all occurrences of "thee" in the line. | |
| 566 | |
| 567 ---> thee best time to see thee flowers is in thee spring. | |
| 568 | |
| 569 4. To change every occurrence of a character string between two lines, | |
| 570 type :#,#s/old/new/g where #,# are the line numbers of the range | |
| 571 of lines where the substitution is to be done. | |
| 572 Type :%s/old/new/g to change every occurrence in the whole file. | |
| 573 Type :%s/old/new/gc to find every occurrence in the whole file, | |
| 574 with a prompt whether to substitute or not. | |
| 575 | |
| 576 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 577 Lesson 4 SUMMARY | |
| 578 | |
| 579 | |
| 580 1. CTRL-G displays your location in the file and the file status. | |
| 581 G moves to the end of the file. | |
| 582 number G moves to that line number. | |
| 583 gg moves to the first line. | |
| 584 | |
| 585 2. Typing / followed by a phrase searches FORWARD for the phrase. | |
| 586 Typing ? followed by a phrase searches BACKWARD for the phrase. | |
| 587 After a search type n to find the next occurrence in the same direction | |
| 588 or N to search in the opposite direction. | |
| 589 CTRL-O takes you back to older positions, CTRL-I to newer positions. | |
| 590 | |
| 591 3. Typing % while the cursor is on a (,),[,],{, or } goes to its match. | |
| 592 | |
| 593 4. To substitute new for the first old in a line type :s/old/new | |
| 594 To substitute new for all 'old's on a line type :s/old/new/g | |
| 595 To substitute phrases between two line #'s type :#,#s/old/new/g | |
| 596 To substitute all occurrences in the file type :%s/old/new/g | |
| 597 To ask for confirmation each time add 'c' :%s/old/new/gc | |
| 598 | |
| 599 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 600 Lesson 5.1: HOW TO EXECUTE AN EXTERNAL COMMAND | |
| 601 | |
| 602 | |
| 603 ** Type :! followed by an external command to execute that command. ** | |
| 604 | |
| 605 1. Type the familiar command : to set the cursor at the bottom of the | |
| 606 screen. This allows you to enter a command-line command. | |
| 607 | |
| 608 2. Now type the ! (exclamation point) character. This allows you to | |
| 609 execute any external shell command. | |
| 610 | |
| 611 3. As an example type ls following the ! and then hit <ENTER>. This | |
| 612 will show you a listing of your directory, just as if you were at the | |
| 613 shell prompt. Or use :!dir if ls doesn't work. | |
| 614 | |
| 615 NOTE: It is possible to execute any external command this way, also with | |
| 616 arguments. | |
| 617 | |
| 618 NOTE: All : commands must be finished by hitting <ENTER> | |
| 619 From here on we will not always mention it. | |
| 620 | |
| 621 | |
| 622 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 623 Lesson 5.2: MORE ON WRITING FILES | |
| 624 | |
| 625 | |
| 14347 | 626 ** To save the changes made to the text, type :w FILENAME ** |
| 1624 | 627 |
| 628 1. Type :!dir or :!ls to get a listing of your directory. | |
| 629 You already know you must hit <ENTER> after this. | |
| 630 | |
| 631 2. Choose a filename that does not exist yet, such as TEST. | |
| 632 | |
| 633 3. Now type: :w TEST (where TEST is the filename you chose.) | |
| 634 | |
| 635 4. This saves the whole file (the Vim Tutor) under the name TEST. | |
| 636 To verify this, type :!dir or :!ls again to see your directory. | |
| 637 | |
| 638 NOTE: If you were to exit Vim and start it again with vim TEST , the file | |
| 639 would be an exact copy of the tutor when you saved it. | |
| 640 | |
| 14347 | 641 5. Now remove the file by typing (Windows): :!del TEST |
| 1624 | 642 or (Unix): :!rm TEST |
| 643 | |
| 644 | |
| 645 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 646 Lesson 5.3: SELECTING TEXT TO WRITE | |
| 647 | |
| 648 | |
| 649 ** To save part of the file, type v motion :w FILENAME ** | |
| 650 | |
| 651 1. Move the cursor to this line. | |
| 652 | |
| 653 2. Press v and move the cursor to the fifth item below. Notice that the | |
| 654 text is highlighted. | |
| 655 | |
| 656 3. Press the : character. At the bottom of the screen :'<,'> will appear. | |
| 657 | |
| 658 4. Type w TEST , where TEST is a filename that does not exist yet. Verify | |
|
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|
659 that you see :'<,'>w TEST before you press <ENTER>. |
| 1624 | 660 |
| 3847 | 661 5. Vim will write the selected lines to the file TEST. Use :!dir or :!ls |
| 1624 | 662 to see it. Do not remove it yet! We will use it in the next lesson. |
| 663 | |
| 664 NOTE: Pressing v starts Visual selection. You can move the cursor around | |
| 665 to make the selection bigger or smaller. Then you can use an operator | |
| 666 to do something with the text. For example, d deletes the text. | |
| 667 | |
| 668 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 669 Lesson 5.4: RETRIEVING AND MERGING FILES | |
| 670 | |
| 671 | |
| 672 ** To insert the contents of a file, type :r FILENAME ** | |
| 673 | |
| 674 1. Place the cursor just above this line. | |
| 675 | |
| 14347 | 676 NOTE: After executing Step 2 you will see text from lesson 5.3. Then move |
| 1624 | 677 DOWN to see this lesson again. |
| 678 | |
| 679 2. Now retrieve your TEST file using the command :r TEST where TEST is | |
| 680 the name of the file you used. | |
| 681 The file you retrieve is placed below the cursor line. | |
| 682 | |
| 683 3. To verify that a file was retrieved, cursor back and notice that there | |
| 14347 | 684 are now two copies of lesson 5.3, the original and the file version. |
| 1624 | 685 |
| 686 NOTE: You can also read the output of an external command. For example, | |
| 687 :r !ls reads the output of the ls command and puts it below the | |
| 688 cursor. | |
| 689 | |
| 690 | |
| 691 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 692 Lesson 5 SUMMARY | |
| 693 | |
| 694 | |
| 695 1. :!command executes an external command. | |
| 696 | |
| 697 Some useful examples are: | |
| 14347 | 698 (Windows) (Unix) |
| 1624 | 699 :!dir :!ls - shows a directory listing. |
| 700 :!del FILENAME :!rm FILENAME - removes file FILENAME. | |
| 701 | |
| 702 2. :w FILENAME writes the current Vim file to disk with name FILENAME. | |
| 703 | |
| 704 3. v motion :w FILENAME saves the Visually selected lines in file | |
| 705 FILENAME. | |
| 706 | |
| 707 4. :r FILENAME retrieves disk file FILENAME and puts it below the | |
| 708 cursor position. | |
| 709 | |
| 710 5. :r !dir reads the output of the dir command and puts it below the | |
| 711 cursor position. | |
| 712 | |
| 713 | |
| 714 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 715 Lesson 6.1: THE OPEN COMMAND | |
| 716 | |
| 717 | |
| 718 ** Type o to open a line below the cursor and place you in Insert mode. ** | |
| 719 | |
| 14347 | 720 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. |
| 1624 | 721 |
| 722 2. Type the lowercase letter o to open up a line BELOW the cursor and place | |
| 723 you in Insert mode. | |
| 724 | |
| 725 3. Now type some text and press <ESC> to exit Insert mode. | |
| 726 | |
| 727 ---> After typing o the cursor is placed on the open line in Insert mode. | |
| 728 | |
| 729 4. To open up a line ABOVE the cursor, simply type a capital O , rather | |
| 730 than a lowercase o. Try this on the line below. | |
| 731 | |
| 732 ---> Open up a line above this by typing O while the cursor is on this line. | |
| 733 | |
| 734 | |
| 735 | |
| 736 | |
| 737 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 738 Lesson 6.2: THE APPEND COMMAND | |
| 739 | |
| 740 | |
| 741 ** Type a to insert text AFTER the cursor. ** | |
| 742 | |
| 14347 | 743 1. Move the cursor to the start of the first line below marked --->. |
| 744 | |
| 1624 | 745 2. Press e until the cursor is on the end of li . |
| 746 | |
| 747 3. Type an a (lowercase) to append text AFTER the cursor. | |
| 748 | |
| 749 4. Complete the word like the line below it. Press <ESC> to exit Insert | |
| 750 mode. | |
| 751 | |
| 752 5. Use e to move to the next incomplete word and repeat steps 3 and 4. | |
| 14347 | 753 |
| 1624 | 754 ---> This li will allow you to pract appendi text to a line. |
| 755 ---> This line will allow you to practice appending text to a line. | |
| 756 | |
| 757 NOTE: a, i and A all go to the same Insert mode, the only difference is where | |
| 758 the characters are inserted. | |
| 759 | |
| 760 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 761 Lesson 6.3: ANOTHER WAY TO REPLACE | |
| 762 | |
| 763 | |
| 764 ** Type a capital R to replace more than one character. ** | |
| 765 | |
| 766 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. Move the cursor to | |
| 767 the beginning of the first xxx . | |
| 768 | |
| 769 2. Now press R and type the number below it in the second line, so that it | |
| 770 replaces the xxx . | |
| 771 | |
| 772 3. Press <ESC> to leave Replace mode. Notice that the rest of the line | |
| 773 remains unmodified. | |
| 774 | |
| 775 4. Repeat the steps to replace the remaining xxx. | |
| 776 | |
| 777 ---> Adding 123 to xxx gives you xxx. | |
| 778 ---> Adding 123 to 456 gives you 579. | |
| 779 | |
| 780 NOTE: Replace mode is like Insert mode, but every typed character deletes an | |
| 781 existing character. | |
| 782 | |
| 783 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 784 Lesson 6.4: COPY AND PASTE TEXT | |
| 785 | |
| 786 | |
| 787 ** Use the y operator to copy text and p to paste it ** | |
| 788 | |
| 14347 | 789 1. Move to the line below marked ---> and place the cursor after "a)". |
| 790 | |
| 1624 | 791 2. Start Visual mode with v and move the cursor to just before "first". |
| 14347 | 792 |
| 1624 | 793 3. Type y to yank (copy) the highlighted text. |
| 794 | |
| 795 4. Move the cursor to the end of the next line: j$ | |
| 796 | |
| 797 5. Type p to put (paste) the text. Then type: a second <ESC> . | |
| 798 | |
| 799 6. Use Visual mode to select " item.", yank it with y , move to the end of | |
| 800 the next line with j$ and put the text there with p . | |
| 801 | |
| 802 ---> a) this is the first item. | |
| 803 b) | |
| 804 | |
| 14347 | 805 NOTE: You can also use y as an operator; yw yanks one word. |
| 1624 | 806 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
| 807 Lesson 6.5: SET OPTION | |
| 808 | |
| 809 | |
| 810 ** Set an option so a search or substitute ignores case ** | |
| 811 | |
| 14347 | 812 1. Search for 'ignore' by entering: /ignore <ENTER> |
| 1624 | 813 Repeat several times by pressing n . |
| 814 | |
| 815 2. Set the 'ic' (Ignore case) option by entering: :set ic | |
| 816 | |
| 817 3. Now search for 'ignore' again by pressing n | |
| 818 Notice that Ignore and IGNORE are now also found. | |
| 819 | |
| 820 4. Set the 'hlsearch' and 'incsearch' options: :set hls is | |
| 821 | |
| 822 5. Now type the search command again and see what happens: /ignore <ENTER> | |
| 823 | |
| 824 6. To disable ignoring case enter: :set noic | |
| 825 | |
| 14347 | 826 NOTE: To remove the highlighting of matches enter: :nohlsearch |
| 1624 | 827 NOTE: If you want to ignore case for just one search command, use \c |
| 14347 | 828 in the phrase: /ignore\c <ENTER> |
| 1624 | 829 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
| 830 Lesson 6 SUMMARY | |
| 831 | |
| 832 1. Type o to open a line BELOW the cursor and start Insert mode. | |
| 833 Type O to open a line ABOVE the cursor. | |
| 834 | |
| 835 2. Type a to insert text AFTER the cursor. | |
| 836 Type A to insert text after the end of the line. | |
| 837 | |
| 838 3. The e command moves to the end of a word. | |
| 839 | |
| 840 4. The y operator yanks (copies) text, p puts (pastes) it. | |
| 841 | |
| 842 5. Typing a capital R enters Replace mode until <ESC> is pressed. | |
| 843 | |
| 844 6. Typing ":set xxx" sets the option "xxx". Some options are: | |
| 845 'ic' 'ignorecase' ignore upper/lower case when searching | |
| 846 'is' 'incsearch' show partial matches for a search phrase | |
| 847 'hls' 'hlsearch' highlight all matching phrases | |
| 848 You can either use the long or the short option name. | |
| 849 | |
| 850 7. Prepend "no" to switch an option off: :set noic | |
| 851 | |
| 852 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 853 Lesson 7.1: GETTING HELP | |
| 854 | |
| 855 | |
| 856 ** Use the on-line help system ** | |
| 857 | |
| 858 Vim has a comprehensive on-line help system. To get started, try one of | |
| 859 these three: | |
| 860 - press the <HELP> key (if you have one) | |
| 861 - press the <F1> key (if you have one) | |
| 862 - type :help <ENTER> | |
| 863 | |
| 864 Read the text in the help window to find out how the help works. | |
| 865 Type CTRL-W CTRL-W to jump from one window to another. | |
| 866 Type :q <ENTER> to close the help window. | |
| 867 | |
| 868 You can find help on just about any subject, by giving an argument to the | |
| 869 ":help" command. Try these (don't forget pressing <ENTER>): | |
| 870 | |
| 871 :help w | |
| 872 :help c_CTRL-D | |
| 873 :help insert-index | |
| 874 :help user-manual | |
| 875 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 876 Lesson 7.2: CREATE A STARTUP SCRIPT | |
| 877 | |
| 878 | |
| 879 ** Enable Vim features ** | |
| 880 | |
| 881 Vim has many more features than Vi, but most of them are disabled by | |
| 882 default. To start using more features you have to create a "vimrc" file. | |
| 883 | |
| 884 1. Start editing the "vimrc" file. This depends on your system: | |
| 885 :e ~/.vimrc for Unix | |
| 14347 | 886 :e $VIM/_vimrc for Windows |
| 1624 | 887 |
| 888 2. Now read the example "vimrc" file contents: | |
| 889 :r $VIMRUNTIME/vimrc_example.vim | |
| 890 | |
| 891 3. Write the file with: | |
| 892 :w | |
| 893 | |
| 894 The next time you start Vim it will use syntax highlighting. | |
| 895 You can add all your preferred settings to this "vimrc" file. | |
| 896 For more information type :help vimrc-intro | |
| 897 | |
| 898 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 899 Lesson 7.3: COMPLETION | |
| 900 | |
| 901 | |
| 902 ** Command line completion with CTRL-D and <TAB> ** | |
| 903 | |
| 904 1. Make sure Vim is not in compatible mode: :set nocp | |
| 905 | |
| 906 2. Look what files exist in the directory: :!ls or :!dir | |
| 907 | |
| 908 3. Type the start of a command: :e | |
| 909 | |
| 910 4. Press CTRL-D and Vim will show a list of commands that start with "e". | |
| 911 | |
| 14347 | 912 5. Type d<TAB> and Vim will complete the command name to ":edit". |
| 1624 | 913 |
| 914 6. Now add a space and the start of an existing file name: :edit FIL | |
| 915 | |
| 916 7. Press <TAB>. Vim will complete the name (if it is unique). | |
| 917 | |
| 918 NOTE: Completion works for many commands. Just try pressing CTRL-D and | |
| 919 <TAB>. It is especially useful for :help . | |
| 920 | |
| 921 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 922 Lesson 7 SUMMARY | |
| 923 | |
| 924 | |
| 14347 | 925 1. Type :help or press <F1> or <HELP> to open a help window. |
| 1624 | 926 |
| 927 2. Type :help cmd to find help on cmd . | |
| 928 | |
| 14347 | 929 3. Type CTRL-W CTRL-W to jump to another window. |
| 1624 | 930 |
| 14347 | 931 4. Type :q to close the help window. |
| 1624 | 932 |
| 933 5. Create a vimrc startup script to keep your preferred settings. | |
| 934 | |
| 935 6. When typing a : command, press CTRL-D to see possible completions. | |
| 936 Press <TAB> to use one completion. | |
| 937 | |
| 938 | |
| 939 | |
| 940 | |
| 941 | |
| 942 | |
| 943 | |
| 944 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
| 945 | |
| 946 This concludes the Vim Tutor. It was intended to give a brief overview of | |
| 947 the Vim editor, just enough to allow you to use the editor fairly easily. | |
| 948 It is far from complete as Vim has many many more commands. Read the user | |
| 949 manual next: ":help user-manual". | |
| 950 | |
| 951 For further reading and studying, this book is recommended: | |
| 952 Vim - Vi Improved - by Steve Oualline | |
| 953 Publisher: New Riders | |
| 954 The first book completely dedicated to Vim. Especially useful for beginners. | |
| 955 There are many examples and pictures. | |
| 956 See http://iccf-holland.org/click5.html | |
| 957 | |
| 958 This book is older and more about Vi than Vim, but also recommended: | |
| 959 Learning the Vi Editor - by Linda Lamb | |
| 960 Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates Inc. | |
| 961 It is a good book to get to know almost anything you want to do with Vi. | |
| 962 The sixth edition also includes information on Vim. | |
| 963 | |
| 964 This tutorial was written by Michael C. Pierce and Robert K. Ware, | |
| 965 Colorado School of Mines using ideas supplied by Charles Smith, | |
| 966 Colorado State University. E-mail: bware@mines.colorado.edu. | |
| 967 | |
| 968 Modified for Vim by Bram Moolenaar. | |
| 969 | |
| 970 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |