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1 *undo.txt* For Vim version 7.0b. Last change: 2006 Mar 24
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
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7 Undo and redo *undo-redo*
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8
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9 The basics are explained in section |02.5| of the user manual.
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10
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11 1. Undo and redo commands |undo-commands|
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12 2. Two ways of undo |undo-two-ways|
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13 3. Undo blocks |undo-blocks|
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14 4. Undo branches |undo-branches|
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15 5. Remarks about undo |undo-remarks|
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16
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17 ==============================================================================
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18 1. Undo and redo commands *undo-commands*
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19
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20 <Undo> or *undo* *<Undo>* *u*
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21 u Undo [count] changes. {Vi: only one level}
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22
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23 *:u* *:un* *:undo*
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24 :u[ndo] Undo one change. {Vi: only one level}
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25
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26 :u[ndo] {N} Jump to after change number {N}. See |undo-branches|
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27 for the meaning of {N}. {not in Vi}
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28
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29 *CTRL-R*
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30 CTRL-R Redo [count] changes which were undone. {Vi: redraw
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31 screen}
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32
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33 *:red* *:redo* *redo*
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34 :red[o] Redo one change which was undone. {Vi: no redo}
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35
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36 *U*
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37 U Undo all latest changes on one line. {Vi: while not
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38 moved off of it}
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39
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40 The last changes are remembered. You can use the undo and redo commands above
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41 to revert the text to how it was before each change. You can also apply the
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42 changes again, getting back the text before the undo.
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43
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44 The "U" command is treated by undo/redo just like any other command. Thus a
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45 "u" command undoes a "U" command and a 'CTRL-R' command redoes it again. When
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46 mixing "U", "u" and 'CTRL-R' you will notice that the "U" command will
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47 restore the situation of a line to before the previous "U" command. This may
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48 be confusing. Try it out to get used to it.
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49 The "U" command will always mark the buffer as changed. When "U" changes the
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50 buffer back to how it was without changes, it is still considered changed.
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51 Use "u" to undo changes until the buffer becomes unchanged.
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52
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53 ==============================================================================
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54 2. Two ways of undo *undo-two-ways*
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55
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56 How undo and redo commands work depends on the 'u' flag in 'cpoptions'.
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57 There is the Vim way ('u' excluded) and the vi-compatible way ('u' included).
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58 In the Vim way, "uu" undoes two changes. In the Vi-compatible way, "uu" does
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59 nothing (undoes an undo).
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60
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61 'u' excluded, the Vim way:
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62 You can go back in time with the undo command. You can then go forward again
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63 with the redo command. If you make a new change after the undo command,
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64 the redo will not be possible anymore.
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65
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66 'u' included, the Vi-compatible way:
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67 The undo command undoes the previous change, and also the previous undo command.
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68 The redo command repeats the previous undo command. It does NOT repeat a
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69 change command, use "." for that.
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70
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71 Examples Vim way Vi-compatible way ~
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72 "uu" two times undo no-op
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73 "u CTRL-R" no-op two times undo
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74
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75 Rationale: Nvi uses the "." command instead of CTRL-R. Unfortunately, this
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76 is not Vi compatible. For example "dwdwu." in Vi deletes two
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77 words, in Nvi it does nothing.
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78
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79 ==============================================================================
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80 3. Undo blocks *undo-blocks*
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81
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82 One undo command normally undoes a typed command, no matter how many changes
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83 that command makes. This sequence of undo-able changes forms an undo block.
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84 Thus if the typed key(s) call a function, all the commands in the function are
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85 undone together.
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86
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87 If you want to write a function or script that doesn't create a new undoable
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88 change but joins in with the previous change use this command:
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89
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90 *:undoj* *:undojoin*
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91 :undoj[oin] Join further changes with the previous undo block.
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92 Warning: Use with care, it may prevent the user from
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93 properly undoing changes.
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94 {not in Vi}
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95
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96 This is most useful when you need to prompt the user halfway a change. For
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97 example in a function that calls |getchar()|. Do make sure that there was a
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98 related change before this that you must join with.
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99
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100 This doesn't work by itself, because the next key press will start a new
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101 change again. But you can do something like this: >
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102
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103 :undojoin | delete
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104
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105 After this an "u" command will undo the delete command and the previous
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106 change.
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107
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108 ==============================================================================
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109 4. Undo branches *undo-branches*
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110
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111 Above we only discussed one line of undo/redo. But it is also possible to
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112 branch off. This happens when you undo a few changes and then make a new
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113 change. The undone changes become a branch. You can go to that branch with
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114 the following commands.
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115
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116 This is explained in the user manual: |usr_32.txt|.
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117
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118 *:undol* *:undolist*
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119 :undol[ist] List the leafs in the tree of changes. Example:
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120 number changes time ~
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121 4 10 10:34:11
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122 18 4 11:01:46
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123
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124 The "number" column is the change number. This number
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125 continuously increases and can be used to identify a
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126 specific undo-able change, see |:undo|.
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127 The "changes" column is the number of changes to this
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128 leaf from the root of the tree.
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129 The "time" column is the time this change was made.
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130
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131 *g-*
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132 g- Go to older text state. With a count repeat that many
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133 times. {not in Vi}
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134 *:ea* *:earlier*
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135 :earlier {count} Go to older text state {count} times.
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136 :earlier {N}s Go to older text state about {N} seconds before.
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137 :earlier {N}m Go to older text state about {N} minutes before.
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138 :earlier {N}h Go to older text state about {N} hours before.
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139
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140 *g+*
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141 g+ Go to newer text state. With a count repeat that many
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142 times. {not in Vi}
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143 *:lat* *:later*
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144 :later {count} Go to newer text state {count} times.
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145 :later {N}s Go to newer text state about {N} seconds later.
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146 :later {N}m Go to newer text state about {N} minutes later.
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147 :later {N}h Go to newer text state about {N} hours later.
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149
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150 Note that text states will become unreachable when undo information is cleared
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151 for 'undolevels'.
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152
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153 Don't be surprised when moving through time shows multiple changes to take
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154 place at a time. This happens when moving through the undo tree and then
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155 making a new change.
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156
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157 EXAMPLE
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158
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159 Start with this text:
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160 one two three ~
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161
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162 Delete the first word by pressing "x" three times:
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163 ne two three ~
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164 e two three ~
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165 two three ~
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166
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167 Now undo that by pressing "u" three times:
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168 e two three ~
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169 ne two three ~
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170 one two three ~
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171
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172 Delete the second word by pressing "x" three times:
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173 one wo three ~
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174 one o three ~
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175 one three ~
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176
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177 Now undo that by using "g-" three times:
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178 one o three ~
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179 one wo three ~
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180 two three ~
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181
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182 You are now back in the first undo branch, after deleting "one". Repeating
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183 "g-" will now bring you back to the original text:
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184 e two three ~
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185 ne two three ~
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186 one two three ~
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187
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188 Jump to the last change with ":later 1h":
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189 one three ~
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190
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191 And back to the start again with ":earlier 1h":
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192 one two three ~
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193
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194
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195 Note that using "u" and CTRL-R will not get you to all possible text states
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196 while repeating "g-" and "g+" does.
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197
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198 ==============================================================================
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199 5. Remarks about undo *undo-remarks*
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7
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200
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201 The number of changes that are remembered is set with the 'undolevels' option.
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202 If it is zero, the Vi-compatible way is always used. If it is negative no
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203 undo is possible. Use this if you are running out of memory.
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204
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205 Marks for the buffer ('a to 'z) are also saved and restored, together with the
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206 text. {Vi does this a little bit different}
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207
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208 When all changes have been undone, the buffer is not considered to be changed.
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209 It is then possible to exit Vim with ":q" instead of ":q!" {not in Vi}. Note
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210 that this is relative to the last write of the file. Typing "u" after ":w"
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211 actually changes the buffer, compared to what was written, so the buffer is
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212 considered changed then.
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213
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214 When manual |folding| is being used, the folds are not saved and restored.
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215 Only changes completely within a fold will keep the fold as it was, because
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216 the first and last line of the fold don't change.
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217
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218 The numbered registers can also be used for undoing deletes. Each time you
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219 delete text, it is put into register "1. The contents of register "1 are
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220 shifted to "2, etc. The contents of register "9 are lost. You can now get
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221 back the most recent deleted text with the put command: '"1P'. (also, if the
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222 deleted text was the result of the last delete or copy operation, 'P' or 'p'
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223 also works as this puts the contents of the unnamed register). You can get
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224 back the text of three deletes ago with '"3P'.
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225
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226 *redo-register*
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227 If you want to get back more than one part of deleted text, you can use a
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228 special feature of the repeat command ".". It will increase the number of the
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229 register used. So if you first do ""1P", the following "." will result in a
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230 '"2P'. Repeating this will result in all numbered registers being inserted.
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231
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232 Example: If you deleted text with 'dd....' it can be restored with
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233 '"1P....'.
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234
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235 If you don't know in which register the deleted text is, you can use the
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236 :display command. An alternative is to try the first register with '"1P', and
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237 if it is not what you want do 'u.'. This will remove the contents of the
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238 first put, and repeat the put command for the second register. Repeat the
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239 'u.' until you got what you want.
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240
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241 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
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