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1 *repeat.txt* For Vim version 7.0aa. Last change: 2005 Feb 19
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
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5
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6
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7 Repeating commands, Vim scripts and debugging *repeating*
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8
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9 Chapter 26 of the user manual introduces repeating |usr_26.txt|.
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10
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11 1. Single repeats |single-repeat|
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12 2. Multiple repeats |multi-repeat|
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13 3. Complex repeats |complex-repeat|
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14 4. Using Vim scripts |using-scripts|
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15 5. Debugging scripts |debug-scripts|
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16
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17 ==============================================================================
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18 1. Single repeats *single-repeat*
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19
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20 *.*
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21 . Repeat last change, with count replaced with [count].
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22 Also repeat a yank command, when the 'y' flag is
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22
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23 included in 'cpoptions'. Does not repeat a
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24 command-line command.
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7
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25
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26 Simple changes can be repeated with the "." command. Without a count, the
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27 count of the last change is used. If you enter a count, it will replace the
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28 last one. If the last change included a specification of a numbered register,
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29 the register number will be incremented. See |redo-register| for an example
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30 how to use this. Note that when repeating a command that used a Visual
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31 selection, the same SIZE of area is used, see |visual-repeat|.
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32
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33 *@:*
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34 @: Repeat last command-line [count] times.
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35 {not available when compiled without the
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36 |+cmdline_hist| feature}
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37
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38
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39 ==============================================================================
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40 2. Multiple repeats *multi-repeat*
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41
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42 *:g* *:global* *E147* *E148*
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43 :[range]g[lobal]/{pattern}/[cmd]
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44 Execute the Ex command [cmd] (default ":p") on the
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45 lines within [range] where {pattern} matches.
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46
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47 :[range]g[lobal]!/{pattern}/[cmd]
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48 Execute the Ex command [cmd] (default ":p") on the
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49 lines within [range] where {pattern} does NOT match.
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50
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51 *:v* *:vglobal*
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52 :[range]v[global]/{pattern}/[cmd]
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53 Same as :g!.
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54
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55 The global commands work by first scanning through the [range] lines and
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56 marking each line where a match occurs (for a multi-line pattern, only the
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57 start of the match matters).
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58 In a second scan the [cmd] is executed for each marked line with its line
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59 number prepended. For ":v" and ":g!" the command is executed for each not
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60 marked line. If a line is deleted its mark disappears.
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61 The default for [range] is the whole buffer (1,$). Use "CTRL-C" to interrupt
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62 the command. If an error message is given for a line, the command for that
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63 line is aborted and the global command continues with the next marked or
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64 unmarked line.
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65
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66 To repeat a non-Ex command, you can use the ":normal" command: >
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67 :g/pat/normal {commands}
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68 Make sure that {commands} ends with a whole command, otherwise Vim will wait
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69 for you to type the rest of the command for each match. The screen will not
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70 have been updated, so you don't know what you are doing. See |:normal|.
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71
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72 The undo/redo command will undo/redo the whole global command at once.
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73 The previous context mark will only be set once (with "''" you go back to
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74 where the cursor was before the global command).
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75
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76 The global command sets both the last used search pattern and the last used
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77 substitute pattern (this is vi compatible). This makes it easy to globally
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78 replace a string:
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79 :g/pat/s//PAT/g
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80 This replaces all occurrences of "pat" with "PAT". The same can be done with:
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81 :%s/pat/PAT/g
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82 Which is two characters shorter!
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83
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168
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84 A special case is using ":visual" as a command. This will move to a matching
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85 line, go to Normal mode to let you execute commands there until you use |Q| to
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86 return to Ex mode. This will be repeated for each matching line. While doing
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87 this you cannot use ":global".
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88
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89 ==============================================================================
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90 3. Complex repeats *complex-repeat*
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91
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92 *q* *recording*
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93 q{0-9a-zA-Z"} Record typed characters into register {0-9a-zA-Z"}
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94 (uppercase to append). The 'q' command is disabled
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95 while executing a register, and it doesn't work inside
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96 a mapping. {Vi: no recording}
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97
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98 q Stops recording. (Implementation note: The 'q' that
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99 stops recording is not stored in the register, unless
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100 it was the result of a mapping) {Vi: no recording}
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101
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102 *@*
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103 @{0-9a-z".=*} Execute the contents of register {0-9a-z".=*} [count]
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104 times. Note that register '%' (name of the current
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105 file) and '#' (name of the alternate file) cannot be
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106 used. For "@=" you are prompted to enter an
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107 expression. The result of the expression is then
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108 executed. See also |@:|. {Vi: only named registers}
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109
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168
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110 *@@* *E748*
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111 @@ Repeat the previous @{0-9a-z":*} [count] times.
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112
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113 :[addr]*{0-9a-z".=} *:@* *:star*
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114 :[addr]@{0-9a-z".=*} Execute the contents of register {0-9a-z".=*} as an Ex
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115 command. First set cursor at line [addr] (default is
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116 current line). When the last line in the register does
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117 not have a <CR> it will be added automatically when
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118 the 'e' flag is present in 'cpoptions'.
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119 Note that the ":*" command is only recognized when the
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120 '*' flag is present in 'cpoptions'. This is NOT the
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121 default when 'nocompatible' is used.
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122 For ":@=" the last used expression is used. The
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123 result of evaluating the expression is executed as an
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124 Ex command.
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125 Mappings are not recognized in these commands.
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126 {Vi: only in some versions} Future: Will execute the
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127 register for each line in the address range.
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128
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129 *:@:*
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130 :[addr]@: Repeat last command-line. First set cursor at line
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131 [addr] (default is current line). {not in Vi}
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132
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133 *:@@*
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134 :[addr]@@ Repeat the previous :@{0-9a-z"}. First set cursor at
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135 line [addr] (default is current line). {Vi: only in
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136 some versions}
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137
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138 ==============================================================================
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139 4. Using Vim scripts *using-scripts*
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140
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141 For writing a Vim script, see chapter 41 of the user manual |usr_41.txt|.
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142
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143 *:so* *:source* *load-vim-script*
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144 :so[urce] {file} Read Ex commands from {file}. These are commands that
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145 start with a ":".
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146
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147 :so[urce]! {file} Read Vim commands from {file}. These are commands
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148 that are executed from Normal mode, like you type
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149 them.
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150 When used after |:global|, |:argdo|, |:windo|,
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151 |:bufdo|, in a loop or when another command follows
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152 the display won't be updated while executing the
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153 commands.
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154 {not in Vi}
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155
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156 *:ru* *:runtime*
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157 :ru[ntime][!] {file} ..
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158 Read Ex commands from {file} in each directory given
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159 by 'runtimepath'. There is no error for non-existing
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160 files. Example: >
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161 :runtime syntax/c.vim
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162
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163 < There can be multiple {file} arguments, separated by
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164 spaces. Each {file} is searched for in the first
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165 directory from 'runtimepath', then in the second
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166 directory, etc. Use a backslash to include a space
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167 inside {file} (although it's better not to use spaces
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168 in file names, it causes trouble).
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169
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170 When [!] is included, all found files are sourced.
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171 When it is not included only the first found file is
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172 sourced.
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173
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174 When {file} contains wildcards it is expanded to all
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175 matching files. Example: >
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176 :runtime! plugin/*.vim
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177 < This is what Vim uses to load the plugin files when
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178 starting up. This similar command: >
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179 :runtime plugin/*.vim
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180 < would source the first file only.
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181
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182 When 'verbose' is one or higher, there is a message
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183 when no file could be found.
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184 When 'verbose' is two or higher, there is a message
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185 about each searched file.
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186 {not in Vi}
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187
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188 :scripte[ncoding] [encoding] *:scripte* *:scriptencoding* *E167*
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189 Specify the character encoding used in the script.
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190 The following lines will be converted from [encoding]
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191 to the value of the 'encoding' option, if they are
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192 different. Examples: >
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193 scriptencoding iso-8859-5
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194 scriptencoding cp932
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195 <
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196 When [encoding] is empty, no conversion is done. This
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197 can be used to restrict conversion to a sequence of
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198 lines: >
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199 scriptencoding euc-jp
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200 ... lines to be converted ...
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201 scriptencoding
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202 ... not converted ...
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203
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204 < When conversion isn't supported by the system, there
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205 is no error message and no conversion is done.
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206
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207 Don't use "ucs-2" or "ucs-4", scripts cannot be in
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208 these encodings (they would contain NUL bytes).
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209 When a sourced script starts with a BOM (Byte Order
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210 Mark) in utf-8 format Vim will recognized it, no need
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211 to use ":scriptencoding utf-8" then.
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212
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213 When compiled without the |+multi_byte| feature this
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214 command is ignored.
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215 {not in Vi}
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216
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217 *:scrip* *:scriptnames*
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218 :scrip[tnames] List all sourced script names, in the order they were
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219 first sourced. The number is used for the script ID
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220 |<SID>|.
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221 {not in Vi} {not available when compiled without the
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222 |+eval| feature}
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223
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224 *:fini* *:finish* *E168*
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225 :fini[sh] Stop sourcing a script. Can only be used in a Vim
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226 script file. This is a quick way to skip the rest of
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227 the file. If it is used after a |:try| but before the
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228 matching |:finally| (if present), the commands
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229 following the ":finally" up to the matching |:endtry|
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230 are executed first. This process applies to all
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231 nested ":try"s in the script. The outermost ":endtry"
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232 then stops sourcing the script. {not in Vi}
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233
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234 All commands and command sequences can be repeated by putting them in a named
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235 register and then executing it. There are two ways to get the commands in the
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236 register:
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237 - Use the record command "q". You type the commands once, and while they are
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238 being executed they are stored in a register. Easy, because you can see
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239 what you are doing. If you make a mistake, "p"ut the register into the
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240 file, edit the command sequence, and then delete it into the register
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241 again. You can continue recording by appending to the register (use an
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242 uppercase letter).
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243 - Delete or yank the command sequence into the register.
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244
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245 Often used command sequences can be put under a function key with the ':map'
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246 command.
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247
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248 An alternative is to put the commands in a file, and execute them with the
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249 ':source!' command. Useful for long command sequences. Can be combined with
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250 the ':map' command to put complicated commands under a function key.
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251
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252 The ':source' command reads Ex commands from a file line by line. You will
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253 have to type any needed keyboard input. The ':source!' command reads from a
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254 script file character by character, interpreting each character as if you
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255 typed it.
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256
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257 Example: When you give the ":!ls" command you get the |hit-enter| prompt. If
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258 you ':source' a file with the line "!ls" in it, you will have to type the
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259 <Enter> yourself. But if you ':source!' a file with the line ":!ls" in it,
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260 the next characters from that file are read until a <CR> is found. You will
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261 not have to type <CR> yourself, unless ":!ls" was the last line in the file.
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262
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263 It is possible to put ':source[!]' commands in the script file, so you can
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264 make a top-down hierarchy of script files. The ':source' command can be
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265 nested as deep as the number of files that can be opened at one time (about
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266 15). The ':source!' command can be nested up to 15 levels deep.
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267
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268 You can use the "<sfile>" string (literally, this is not a special key) inside
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269 of the sourced file, in places where a file name is expected. It will be
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270 replaced by the file name of the sourced file. For example, if you have a
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271 "other.vimrc" file in the same directory as your ".vimrc" file, you can source
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272 it from your ".vimrc" file with this command: >
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273 :source <sfile>:h/other.vimrc
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274
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275 In script files terminal-dependent key codes are represented by
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276 terminal-independent two character codes. This means that they can be used
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277 in the same way on different kinds of terminals. The first character of a
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278 key code is 0x80 or 128, shown on the screen as "~@". The second one can be
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279 found in the list |key-notation|. Any of these codes can also be entered
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280 with CTRL-V followed by the three digit decimal code. This does NOT work for
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281 the <t_xx> termcap codes, these can only be used in mappings.
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282
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283 *:source_crnl* *W15*
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284 MS-DOS, Win32 and OS/2: Files that are read with ":source" normally have
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285 <CR><NL> <EOL>s. These always work. If you are using a file with <NL> <EOL>s
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286 (for example, a file made on Unix), this will be recognized if 'fileformats'
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287 is not empty and the first line does not end in a <CR>. This fails if the
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288 first line has something like ":map <F1> :help^M", where "^M" is a <CR>. If
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289 the first line ends in a <CR>, but following ones don't, you will get an error
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290 message, because the <CR> from the first lines will be lost.
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291
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292 Macintosh: Files that are read with ":source" normally have <CR> <EOL>s.
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293 These always work. If you are using a file with <NL> <EOL>s (for example, a
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294 file made on Unix), this will be recognized if 'fileformats' is not empty and
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295 the first line does not end in a <CR>. Be careful not to use a file with <NL>
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296 linebreaks which has a <CR> in first line.
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297
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298 On other systems, Vim expects ":source"ed files to end in a <NL>. These
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299 always work. If you are using a file with <CR><NL> <EOL>s (for example, a
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300 file made on MS-DOS), all lines will have a trailing <CR>. This may cause
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301 problems for some commands (e.g., mappings). There is no automatic <EOL>
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302 detection, because it's common to start with a line that defines a mapping
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303 that ends in a <CR>, which will confuse the automaton.
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304
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305 *line-continuation*
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306 Long lines in a ":source"d Ex command script file can be split by inserting
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307 a line continuation symbol "\" (backslash) at the start of the next line.
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308 There can be white space before the backslash, which is ignored.
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309
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310 Example: the lines >
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311 :set comments=sr:/*,mb:*,el:*/,
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312 \://,
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313 \b:#,
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314 \:%,
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315 \n:>,
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316 \fb:-
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317 are interpreted as if they were given in one line:
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318 :set comments=sr:/*,mb:*,el:*/,://,b:#,:%,n:>,fb:-
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319
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320 All leading whitespace characters in the line before a backslash are ignored.
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321 Note however that trailing whitespace in the line before it cannot be
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322 inserted freely; it depends on the position where a command is split up
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323 whether additional whitespace is allowed or not.
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324
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325 There is a problem with the ":append" and ":insert" commands: >
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326 :1append
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327 \asdf
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328 .
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329 The backslash is seen as a line-continuation symbol, thus this results in the
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330 command: >
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331 :1appendasdf
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332 .
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333 To avoid this, add the 'C' flag to the 'cpoptions' option: >
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334 :set cpo+=C
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335 :1append
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336 \asdf
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337 .
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338 :set cpo-=C
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339
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340 Note that when the commands are inside a function, you need to add the 'C'
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341 flag when defining the function, it is not relevant when executing it. >
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342 :set cpo+=C
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343 :function Foo()
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344 :1append
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345 \asdf
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346 .
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347 :endfunction
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348 :set cpo-=C
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349
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350 Rationale:
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351 Most programs work with a trailing backslash to indicate line
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352 continuation. Using this in Vim would cause incompatibility with Vi.
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353 For example for this Vi mapping: >
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354 :map xx asdf\
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355 < Therefore the unusual leading backslash is used.
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356
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357 ==============================================================================
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358 5. Debugging scripts *debug-scripts*
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359
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360 Besides the obvious messages that you can add to your scripts to find out what
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361 they are doing, Vim offers a debug mode. This allows you to step through a
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362 sourced file or user function and set breakpoints.
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363
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364 NOTE: The debugging mode is far from perfect. Debugging will have side
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365 effects on how Vim works. You cannot use it to debug everything. For
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366 example, the display is messed up by the debugging messages.
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367 {Vi does not have a debug mode}
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368
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369 An alternative to debug mode is setting the 'verbose' option. With a bigger
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370 number it will give more verbose messages about what Vim is doing.
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371
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372
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373 STARTING DEBUG MODE *debug-mode*
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374
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375 To enter debugging mode use one of these methods:
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376 1. Start Vim with the |-D| argument: >
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377 vim -D file.txt
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378 < Debugging will start as soon as the first vimrc file is sourced. This is
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379 useful to find out what is happening when Vim is starting up. A side
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380 effect is that Vim will switch the terminal mode before initialisations
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381 have finished, with unpredictable results.
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382 For a GUI-only version (Windows, Macintosh) the debugging will start as
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383 soon as the GUI window has been opened. To make this happen early, add a
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384 ":gui" command in the vimrc file.
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385 *:debug*
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386 2. Run a command with ":debug" prepended. Debugging will only be done while
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387 this command executes. Useful for debugging a specific script or user
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388 function. And for scripts and functions used by autocommands. Example: >
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389 :debug edit test.txt.gz
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390
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391 3. Set a breakpoint in a sourced file or user function. You could do this in
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392 the command line: >
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393 vim -c "breakadd file */explorer.vim" .
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394 < This will run Vim and stop in the first line of the "explorer.vim" script.
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395 Breakpoints can also be set while in debugging mode.
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396
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397 In debugging mode every executed command is displayed before it is executed.
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398 Comment lines, empty lines and lines that are not executed are skipped. When
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399 a line contains two commands, separated by "|", each command will be displayed
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400 separately.
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401
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402
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403 DEBUG MODE
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404
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405 Once in debugging mode, the usual Ex commands can be used. For example, to
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406 inspect the value of a variable: >
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407 echo idx
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408 When inside a user function, this will print the value of the local variable
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409 "idx". Prepend "g:" to get the value of a global variable: >
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410 echo g:idx
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411 All commands are executed in the context of the current function or script.
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412 You can also set options, for example setting or resetting 'verbose' will show
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413 what happens, but you might want to set it just before executing the lines you
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414 are interested in: >
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415 :set verbose=20
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416
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417 Commands that require updating the screen should be avoided, because their
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418 effect won't be noticed until after leaving debug mode. For example: >
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419 :help
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420 won't be very helpful.
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421
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422 There is a separate command-line history for debug mode.
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423
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424 The line number for a function line is relative to the start of the function.
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425 If you have trouble figuring out where you are, edit the file that defines
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426 the function in another Vim, search for the start of the function and do
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427 "99j". Replace "99" with the line number.
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428
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429 Additionally, these commands can be used:
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430 *>cont*
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431 cont Continue execution until the next breakpoint is hit.
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432 *>quit*
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433 quit Abort execution. This is like using CTRL-C, some
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434 things might still be executed, doesn't abort
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435 everything. Still stops at the next breakpoint.
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436 *>next*
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437 next Execute the command and come back to debug mode when
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438 it's finished. This steps over user function calls
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439 and sourced files.
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440 *>step*
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441 step Execute the command and come back to debug mode for
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442 the next command. This steps into called user
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443 functions and sourced files.
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444 *>interrupt*
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445 interrupt This is like using CTRL-C, but unlike ">quit" comes
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446 back to debug mode for the next command that is
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447 executed. Useful for testing |:finally| and |:catch|
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448 on interrupt exceptions.
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449 *>finish*
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450 finish Finish the current script or user function and come
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451 back to debug mode for the command after the one that
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452 sourced or called it.
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453
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454 About the additional commands in debug mode:
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455 - There is no command-line completion for them, you get the completion for the
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456 normal Ex commands only.
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457 - You can shorten them, up to a single character: "c", "n", "s" and "f".
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458 - Hitting <CR> will repeat the previous one. When doing another command, this
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459 is reset (because it's not clear what you want to repeat).
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460 - When you want to use the Ex command with the same name, prepend a colon:
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461 ":cont", ":next", ":finish" (or shorter).
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462
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463
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464 DEFINING BREAKPOINTS
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465 *:breaka* *:breakadd*
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466 :breaka[dd] func [lnum] {name}
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467 Set a breakpoint in a function. Example: >
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468 :breakadd func Explore
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469 < Doesn't check for a valid function name, thus the breakpoint
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470 can be set before the function is defined.
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471
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472 :breaka[dd] file [lnum] {name}
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473 Set a breakpoint in a sourced file. Example: >
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474 :breakadd file 43 .vimrc
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475
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10
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476 :breaka[dd] here
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477 Set a breakpoint in the current line of the current file.
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478 Like doing: >
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479 :breakadd file <cursor-line> <current-file>
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480 < Note that this only works for commands that are executed when
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481 sourcing the file, not for a function defined in that file.
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482
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7
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483 The [lnum] is the line number of the breakpoint. Vim will stop at or after
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484 this line. When omitted line 1 is used.
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485
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486 {name} is a pattern that is matched with the file or function name. The
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487 pattern is like what is used for autocommands. There must be a full match (as
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488 if the pattern starts with "^" and ends in "$"). A "*" matches any sequence
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489 of characters. 'ignorecase' is not used, but "\c" can be used in the pattern
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490 to ignore case |/\c|. Don't include the () for the function name!
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491
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11
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492 The match for sourced scripts is done against the full file name. If no path
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493 is specified the current directory is used. Examples: >
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494 breakadd file explorer.vim
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495 matches "explorer.vim" in the current directory. >
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7
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496 breakadd file *explorer.vim
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11
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497 matches ".../plugin/explorer.vim", ".../plugin/iexplorer.vim", etc. >
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7
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498 breakadd file */explorer.vim
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11
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499 matches ".../plugin/explorer.vim" and "explorer.vim" in any other directory.
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7
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500
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501 The match for functions is done against the name as it's shown in the output
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502 of ":function". For local functions this means that something like "<SNR>99_"
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503 is prepended.
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504
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148
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505 Note that functions are first loaded and later executed. When they are loaded
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506 the "file" breakpoints are checked, when they are executed the "func"
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507 breakpoints.
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508
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7
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509
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510 DELETING BREAKPOINTS
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511 *:breakd* *:breakdel* *E161*
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512 :breakd[el] {nr}
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513 Delete breakpoint {nr}. Use |:breaklist| to see the number of
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514 each breakpoint.
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515
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516 :breakd[el] func [lnum] {name}
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517 Delete a breakpoint in a function.
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518
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519 :breakd[el] file [lnum] {name}
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520 Delete a breakpoint in a sourced file.
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521
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10
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522 :breakd[el] here
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523 Delete a breakpoint at the current line of the current file.
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524
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7
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525 When [lnum] is omitted, the first breakpoint in the function or file is
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526 deleted.
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527 The {name} must be exactly the same as what was typed for the ":breakadd"
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528 command. "explorer", "*explorer.vim" and "*explorer*" are different.
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529
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530
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531 LISTING BREAKPOINTS
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532 *:breakl* *:breaklist*
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533 :breakl[ist]
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534 List all breakpoints.
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535
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536
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537 OBSCURE
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538
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539 *:debugg* *:debuggreedy*
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540 :debugg[reedy]
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541 Read debug mode commands from the normal input stream, instead
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542 of getting them directly from the user. Only useful for test
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543 scripts. Example: >
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544 echo 'q^Mq' | vim -e -s -c debuggreedy -c 'breakadd file script.vim' -S script.vim
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545
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546 :0debugg[reedy]
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547 Undo ":debuggreedy": get debug mode commands directly from the
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548 user, don't use typeahead for debug commands.
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549
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550 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
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