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1 *various.txt* For Vim version 7.0aa. Last change: 2004 Jun 18
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
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6
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7 Various commands *various*
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8
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9 1. Various commands |various-cmds|
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10 2. Online help |online-help|
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11 3. Printing |printing|
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12 4. Using Vim like less or more |less|
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13
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14 ==============================================================================
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15 1. Various commands *various-cmds*
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16
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17 *CTRL-L*
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18 CTRL-L Clear and redraw the screen (later).
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19
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20 *:redr* *:redraw*
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21 :redr[aw][!] Redraw the screen right now. When ! is included it is
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22 cleared first.
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23 Useful to update the screen halfway executing a script
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24 or function. Also when halfway a mapping and
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25 'lazyredraw' is set.
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26
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27 *:redraws* *:redrawstatus*
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28 :redraws[tatus][!] Redraw the status line of the current window. When !
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29 is included all status lines are redrawn.
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30 Useful to update the status line(s) when 'statusline'
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31 includes an item that doesn't cause automatic
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32 updating.
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33
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34 *N<Del>*
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35 <Del> When entering a number: Remove the last digit.
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36 Note: if you like to use <BS> for this, add this
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37 mapping to your .vimrc: >
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38 :map CTRL-V <BS> CTRL-V <Del>
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39 < See |:fixdel| if your <Del> key does not do what you
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40 want.
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41
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42 :as[cii] or *ga* *:as* *:ascii*
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43 ga Print the ascii value of the character under the
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44 cursor in decimal, hexadecimal and octal. For
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45 example, when the cursor is on a 'R':
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46 <R> 82, Hex 52, Octal 122 ~
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47 When the character is a non-standard ASCII character,
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48 but printable according to the 'isprint' option, the
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49 non-printable version is also given. When the
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50 character is larger than 127, the <M-x> form is also
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51 printed. For example:
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52 <~A> <M-^A> 129, Hex 81, Octal 201 ~
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53 <p> <|~> <M-~> 254, Hex fe, Octal 376 ~
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54 (where <p> is a special character)
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55 The <Nul> character in a file is stored internally as
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56 <NL>, but it will be shown as:
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57 <^@> 0, Hex 00, Octal 000 ~
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58 Mnemonic: Get Ascii value. {not in Vi}
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59
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60 *g8*
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61 g8 Print the hex values of the bytes used in the
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62 character under the cursor, assuming it is in |UTF-8|
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63 encoding. This also shows composing characters.
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64 Example of a character with three composing
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65 characters:
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66 e0 b8 81 + e0 b8 b9 + e0 b9 89 ~
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67 {not in Vi}
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68
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69 *:p* *:pr* *:print*
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70 :[range]p[rint] Print [range] lines (default current line).
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71 Note: If you are looking for a way to print your text
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72 file, you need an external program for that. In the
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73 GUI you can use the File.Print menu entry.
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74 (For printing on paper see |:hardcopy|)
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75
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76 :[range]p[rint] {count}
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77 Print {count} lines, starting with [range] (default
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78 current line |cmdline-ranges|).
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79
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80 *:P* *:Print*
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81 :[range]P[rint] [count]
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82 Just as ":print". Was apparently added to Vi for
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83 people that keep the shift key pressed too long...
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84
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85 *:l* *:list*
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86 :[range]l[ist] [count]
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87 Same as :print, but display unprintable characters
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88 with '^'.
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89
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90 *:nu* *:number*
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91 :[range]nu[mber] [count]
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92 Same as :print, but precede each line with its line
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93 number. (See also 'highlight' option).
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94
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95 *:#*
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96 :[range]# [count] synonym for :number.
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97
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98 *:z* *E144*
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99 :{range}z[+-^.=]{count} Display several lines of text surrounding the line
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100 specified with {range}, or around the current line
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101 if there is no {range}. If there is a {count}, that's
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102 how many lines you'll see; otherwise, the current
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103 window size is used.
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104
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105 :z can be used either alone or followed by any of
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106 several punctuation marks. These have the following
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107 effect:
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108
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109 mark first line last line new location ~
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110 ---- ---------- --------- ------------
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111 + current line 1 scr forward 1 scr forward
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112 - 1 scr back current line current line
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113 ^ 2 scr back 1 scr back 1 scr back
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114 . 1/2 scr back 1/2 scr fwd 1/2 src fwd
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115 = 1/2 src back 1/2 scr fwd current line
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116
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117 Specifying no mark at all is the same as "+".
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118 If the mark is "=", a line of dashes is printed
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119 around the current line.
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120
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121 :{range}z#[+-^.=]{count} *:z#*
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122 Like ":z", but number the lines.
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123 {not in all versions of Vi, not with these arguments}
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124
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125 *:=*
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126 := Print the last line number.
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127
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128 :{range}= Prints the last line number in {range}. For example,
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129 this prints the current line number: >
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130 :.=
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131
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132 :norm[al][!] {commands} *:norm* *:normal*
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133 Execute Normal mode commands {commands}. This makes
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134 it possible to execute Normal mode commands typed on
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135 the command-line. {commands} is executed like it is
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136 typed. For undo all commands are undone together.
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137 If the [!] is given, mappings will not be used.
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138 {commands} should be a complete command. If
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139 {commands} does not finish a command, the last one
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140 will be aborted as if <Esc> or <C-C> was typed.
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141 The display isn't updated while ":normal" is busy.
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142 This implies that an insert command must be completed
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143 (to start Insert mode, see |:startinsert|). A ":"
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144 command must be completed as well.
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145 {commands} cannot start with a space. Put a 1 (one)
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146 before it, 1 space is one space.
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147 The 'insertmode' option is ignored for {commands}.
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148 This command cannot be followed by another command,
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149 since any '|' is considered part of the command.
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150 This command can be used recursively, but the depth is
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151 limited by 'maxmapdepth'.
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152 When this command is called from a non-remappable
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153 mapping |:noremap|, the argument can be mapped anyway.
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154 An alternative is to use |:execute|, which uses an
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155 expression as argument. This allows the use of
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156 printable characters. Example: >
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157 :exe "normal \<c-w>\<c-w>"
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158 < {not in Vi, of course}
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159 {not available when the |+ex_extra| feature was
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160 disabled at compile time}
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161
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162 :{range}norm[al][!] {commands} *:normal-range*
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163 Execute Normal mode commands {commands} for each line
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164 in the {range}. Before executing the {commands}, the
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165 cursor is positioned in the first column of the range,
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166 for each line. Otherwise it's the same as the
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167 ":normal" command without a range.
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168 {not in Vi}
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169 Not available when |+ex_extra| feature was disabled at
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170 compile time.
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171
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172 *:sh* *:shell* *E371*
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173 :sh[ell] This command starts a shell. When the shell exits
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174 (after the "exit" command) you return to Vim. The
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175 name for the shell command comes from 'shell' option.
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176 *E360*
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177 Note: This doesn't work when Vim on the Amiga was
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178 started in QuickFix mode from a compiler, because the
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179 compiler will have set stdin to a non-interactive
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180 mode.
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181
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182 *:!cmd* *:!* *E34*
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183 :!{cmd} Execute {cmd} with the shell. See also the 'shell'
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184 and 'shelltype' option.
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185 Any '!' in {cmd} is replaced with the previous
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186 external command (see also 'cpoptions'). But not when
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187 there is a backslash before the '!', then that
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188 backslash is removed. Example: ":!ls" followed by
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189 ":!echo ! \! \\!" executes "echo ls ! \!".
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190 After the command has been executed, the timestamp of
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191 the current file is checked |timestamp|.
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192 There cannot be a '|' in {cmd}, see |:bar|.
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193 A newline character ends {cmd}, what follows is
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194 interpreted as a following ":" command. However, if
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195 there is a backslash before the newline it is removed
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196 and {cmd} continues. It doesn't matter how many
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197 backslashes are before the newline, only one is
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198 removed.
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199 On Unix the command normally runs in a non-interactive
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200 shell. If you want an interactive shell to be used
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201 (to use aliases) set 'shellcmdflag' to "-ic".
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202 For Win32 also see |:!start|.
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203 Vim redraws the screen after the command is finished,
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204 because it may have printed any text. This requires a
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205 hit-enter prompt, so that you can read any messages.
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206 To avoid this use: >
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207 :silent !{cmd}
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208 < The screen is not redrawn then, thus you have to use
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209 CTRL-L or ":redraw!" if the command did display
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210 something.
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211 Also see |shell-window|.
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212
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213 *:!!*
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214 :!! Repeat last ":!{cmd}".
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215
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216 *:ve* *:version*
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217 :ve[rsion] Print the version number of the editor. If the
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218 compiler used understands "__DATE__" the compilation
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219 date is mentioned. Otherwise a fixed release-date is
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220 shown.
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221 The following lines contain information about which
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222 features were enabled when Vim was compiled. When
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223 there is a preceding '+', the feature is included,
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224 when there is a '-' it is excluded. To change this,
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225 you have to edit feature.h and recompile Vim.
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226 To check for this in an expression, see |has()|.
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227 Here is an overview of the features.
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228 The first column shows the smallest version in which
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229 they are included:
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230 T tiny
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231 S small
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232 N normal
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233 B big
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234 H huge
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235 m manually enabled or depends on other features
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236 (none) system dependent
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237 Thus if a feature is marked with "N", it is included
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238 in the normal, big and huge versions of Vim.
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239
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240 *+feature-list*
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241 *+ARP* Amiga only: ARP support included
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242 B *+arabic* |Arabic| language support
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243 N *+autocmd* |:autocmd|, automatic commands
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244 m *+balloon_eval* |balloon-eval| support
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245 N *+browse* |:browse| command
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246 N *+builtin_terms* some terminals builtin |builtin-terms|
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247 B *++builtin_terms* maximal terminals builtin |builtin-terms|
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248 N *+byte_offset* support for 'o' flag in 'statusline' option, "go"
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249 and ":goto" commands.
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250 N *+cindent* |'cindent'|, C indenting
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251 N *+clientserver* Unix and Win32: Remote invocation |clientserver|
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252 *+clipboard* |clipboard| support
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253 N *+cmdline_compl* command line completion |cmdline-completion|
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254 N *+cmdline_hist* command line history |cmdline-history|
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255 N *+cmdline_info* |'showcmd'| and |'ruler'|
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256 N *+comments* |'comments'| support
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257 N *+cryptv* encryption support |encryption|
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258 B *+cscope* |cscope| support
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259 N *+dialog_gui* Support for |:confirm| with GUI dialog.
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260 N *+dialog_con* Support for |:confirm| with console dialog.
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261 N *+dialog_con_gui* Support for |:confirm| with GUI and console dialog.
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262 N *+diff* |vimdiff| and 'diff'
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263 N *+digraphs* |digraphs| *E196*
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264 *+dnd* Support for DnD into the "~ register |quote_~|.
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265 B *+emacs_tags* |emacs-tags| files
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266 N *+eval* expression evaluation |eval.txt|
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267 N *+ex_extra* Vim's extra Ex commands: |:center|, |:left|,
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268 |:normal|, |:retab| and |:right|
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269 N *+extra_search* |'hlsearch'| and |'incsearch'| options.
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270 B *+farsi* |farsi| language
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271 N *+file_in_path* |gf|, |CTRL-W_f| and |<cfile>|
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272 N *+find_in_path* include file searches: |[I|, |:isearch|,
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273 |CTRL-W_CTRL-I|, |:checkpath|, etc.
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274 N *+folding* |folding|
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275 *+footer* |gui-footer|
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276 *+fork* Unix only: |fork| shell commands
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277 N *+gettext* message translations |multi-lang|
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278 *+GUI_Athena* Unix only: Athena |GUI|
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279 *+GUI_neXtaw* Unix only: neXtaw |GUI|
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280 *+GUI_BeOS* BeOS only: BeOS |GUI|
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281 *+GUI_GTK* Unix only: GTK+ |GUI|
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282 *+GUI_Motif* Unix only: Motif |GUI|
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283 *+GUI_Photon* QNX only: Photon |GUI|
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284 m *+hangul_input* Hangul input support |hangul|
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285 *+iconv* Compiled with the |iconv()| function, may have |/dyn|
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286 N *+insert_expand* |insert_expand| Insert mode completion
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287 N *+jumplist* |jumplist|
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288 B *+keymap* |'keymap'|
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289 B *+langmap* |'langmap'|
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290 N *+libcall* |libcall()|
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291 N *+linebreak* |'linebreak'|, |'breakat'| and |'showbreak'|
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292 N *+lispindent* |'lisp'|
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293 N *+listcmds* Vim commands for the list of buffers |buffer-hidden|
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294 and argument list |:argdelete|
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295 N *+localmap* Support for mappings local to a buffer |:map-local|
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296 N *+menu* |:menu|
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297 N *+mksession* |:mksession|
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298 N *+modify_fname* |filename-modifiers|
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299 N *+mouse* Mouse handling |mouse-using|
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300 N *+mouseshape* |'mouseshape'|
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301 B *+mouse_dec* Unix only: Dec terminal mouse handling |dec-mouse|
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302 N *+mouse_gpm* Unix only: Linux console mouse handling |gpm-mouse|
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303 B *+mouse_netterm* Unix only: netterm mouse handling |netterm-mouse|
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304 N *+mouse_pterm* QNX only: pterm mouse handling |qnx-terminal|
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305 N *+mouse_xterm* Unix only: xterm mouse handling |xterm-mouse|
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306 B *+multi_byte* Korean and other languages |multibyte|
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307 *+multi_byte_ime* Win32 input method for multibyte chars |multibyte-ime|
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308 N *+multi_lang* non-English language support |multi-lang|
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309 m *+netbeans_intg* |netbeans|
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310 m *+ole* Win32 GUI only: |ole-interface|
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311 *+osfiletype* Support for the 'osfiletype' option and filetype
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312 checking in automatic commands. |autocmd-osfiletypes|
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313 N *+path_extra* Up/downwards search in 'path' and 'tags'
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314 m *+perl* Perl interface |perl|, may have |/dyn|
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315 *+postscript* |:hardcopy| writes a PostScript file
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316 N *+printer* |:hardcopy| command
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317 m *+python* Python interface |python|, may have |/dyn|
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318 N *+quickfix* |:make| and |quickfix| commands
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319 B *+rightleft* Right to left typing |'rightleft'|
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320 m *+ruby* Ruby interface |ruby|, may have |/dyn|
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321 N *+scrollbind* |'scrollbind'|
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322 B *+signs* |:sign|
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323 N *+smartindent* |'smartindent'|
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324 m *+sniff* SniFF interface |sniff|
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325 N *+statusline* Options 'statusline', 'rulerformat' and special
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326 formats of 'titlestring' and 'iconstring'
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327 m *+sun_workshop* |workshop|
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328 N *+syntax* Syntax highlighting |syntax|
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329 *+system()* Unix only: opposite of |+fork|
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330 N *+tag_binary* binary searching in tags file |tag-binary-search|
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331 N *+tag_old_static* old method for static tags |tag-old-static|
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332 m *+tag_any_white* any white space allowed in tags file |tag-any-white|
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333 m *+tcl* Tcl interface |tcl|, may have |/dyn|
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334 *+terminfo* uses |terminfo| instead of termcap
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335 N *+termresponse* support for |t_RV| and |v:termresponse|
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336 N *+textobjects* |text-objects| selection
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337 *+tgetent* non-Unix only: able to use external termcap
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338 N *+title* Setting the window title |'title'|
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339 N *+toolbar* |gui-toolbar|
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340 N *+user_commands* User-defined commands. |user-commands|
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341 N *+viminfo* |'viminfo'|
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342 N *+vertsplit* Vertically split windows |:vsplit|
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343 N *+virtualedit* |'virtualedit'|
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344 S *+visual* Visual mode |Visual-mode|
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345 N *+visualextra* extra Visual mode commands |blockwise-operators|
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346 N *+vreplace* |gR| and |gr|
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347 N *+wildignore* |'wildignore'|
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348 N *+wildmenu* |'wildmenu'|
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349 S *+windows* more than one window
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350 m *+writebackup* |'writebackup'| is default on
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351 m *+xim* X input method |xim|
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352 *+xfontset* X fontset support |xfontset|
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353 *+xsmp* XSMP (X session management) support
|
|
|
354 *+xsmp_interact* interactive XSMP (X session management) support
|
|
|
355 N *+xterm_clipboard* Unix only: xterm clipboard handling
|
|
|
356 m *+xterm_save* save and restore xterm screen |xterm-screens|
|
|
|
357 N *+X11* Unix only: can restore window title |X11|
|
|
|
358
|
|
|
359 */dyn* *E370* *E448*
|
|
|
360 To some of the features "/dyn" is added when the
|
|
|
361 feature is only available when the related library can
|
|
|
362 be dynamically loaded.
|
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|
363
|
|
|
364 :ve[rsion] {nr} Is now ignored. This was previously used to check the
|
|
|
365 version number of a .vimrc file. It was removed,
|
|
|
366 because you can now use the ":if" command for
|
|
|
367 version-dependent behavior. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
368
|
|
|
369 *:redi* *:redir*
|
|
|
370 :redi[r][!] > {file} Redirect messages to file {file}. The messages which
|
|
|
371 are the output of commands are written to that file,
|
|
|
372 until redirection ends. The messages are also still
|
|
|
373 shown on the screen. When [!] is included, an
|
|
|
374 existing file is overwritten. When [!] is omitted,
|
|
|
375 and {file} exists, this command fails.
|
|
|
376 Only one ":redir" can be active at a time. Calls to
|
|
|
377 ":redir" will close any active redirection before
|
|
|
378 starting redirection to the new target.
|
|
|
379 To stop the messages and commands from being echoed to
|
|
|
380 the screen, put the commands in a function and call it
|
|
|
381 with ":silent call Function()".
|
|
|
382 {not in Vi}
|
|
|
383
|
|
|
384 :redi[r] >> {file} Redirect messages to file {file}. Append if {file}
|
|
|
385 already exists. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
386
|
|
|
387 :redi[r] @{a-zA-Z} Redirect messages to register {a-z}. Append to the
|
|
|
388 contents of the register if its name is given
|
|
|
389 uppercase {A-Z}. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
390
|
|
|
391 :redi[r] @* Redirect messages to the clipboard. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
392
|
|
|
393 :redi[r] @" Redirect messages to the unnamed register. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
394
|
|
|
395 :redi[r] END End redirecting messages. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
396
|
|
|
397 *:sil* *:silent*
|
|
|
398 :sil[ent][!] {command} Execute {command} silently. Normal messages will not
|
|
|
399 be given or added to the message history.
|
|
|
400 When [!] is added, error messages will also be
|
|
|
401 skipped, and commands and mappings will not be aborted
|
|
|
402 when an error is detected. |v:errmsg| is still set.
|
|
|
403 When [!] is not used, an error message will cause
|
|
|
404 further messages to be displayed normally.
|
|
|
405 Redirection, started with |:redir|, will continue as
|
|
|
406 usual, although there might be small differences.
|
|
|
407 This will allow redirecting the output of a command
|
|
|
408 without seeing it on the screen. Example: >
|
|
|
409 :redir >/tmp/foobar
|
|
|
410 :silent g/Aap/p
|
|
|
411 :redir END
|
|
|
412 < To execute a Normal mode command silently, use the
|
|
|
413 |:normal| command. For example, to search for a
|
|
|
414 string without messages: >
|
|
|
415 :silent exe "normal /path\<CR>"
|
|
|
416 < ":silent!" is useful to execute a command that may
|
|
|
417 fail, but the failure is to be ignored. Example: >
|
|
|
418 :let v:errmsg = ""
|
|
|
419 :silent! /^begin
|
|
|
420 :if v:errmsg != ""
|
|
|
421 : ... pattern was not found
|
|
|
422 < ":silent" will also avoid the hit-enter prompt. When
|
|
|
423 using this for an external command, this may cause the
|
|
|
424 screen to be messed up. Use |CTRL-L| to clean it up
|
|
|
425 then.
|
|
|
426 ":silent menu ..." defines a menu that will not echo a
|
|
|
427 Command-line command. The command will still produce
|
|
|
428 messages though. Use ":silent" in the command itself
|
|
|
429 to avoid that: ":silent menu .... :silent command".
|
|
|
430
|
|
|
431 *:verb* *:verbose*
|
|
|
432 :[count]verb[ose] {command}
|
|
|
433 Execute {command} with 'verbose' set to [count]. If
|
|
8
|
434 [count] is omitted one is used. ":0verbose" can be
|
|
|
435 used to set 'verbose' to zero.
|
|
7
|
436 The additional use of ":silent" makes messages
|
|
|
437 generated but not displayed.
|
|
|
438 The combination of ":silent" and ":verbose" can be
|
|
|
439 used to generate messages and check them with
|
|
|
440 |v:statusmsg| and friends. For example: >
|
|
|
441 :let v:statusmsg = ""
|
|
|
442 :silent verbose runtime foobar.vim
|
|
|
443 :if v:statusmsg != ""
|
|
|
444 : " foobar.vim could not be found
|
|
|
445 :endif
|
|
|
446 < When concatenating another command, the ":verbose"
|
|
|
447 only applies to the first one: >
|
|
|
448 :4verbose set verbose | set verbose
|
|
|
449 < verbose=4 ~
|
|
|
450 verbose=0 ~
|
|
|
451
|
|
|
452 *K*
|
|
|
453 K Run a program to lookup the keyword under the
|
|
|
454 cursor. The name of the program is given with the
|
|
|
455 'keywordprg' (kp) option (default is "man"). The
|
|
|
456 keyword is formed of letters, numbers and the
|
|
|
457 characters in 'iskeyword'. The keyword under or
|
|
|
458 right of the cursor is used. The same can be done
|
|
|
459 with the command >
|
|
|
460 :!{program} {keyword}
|
|
|
461 < There is an example of a program to use in the tools
|
|
|
462 directory of Vim. It is called 'ref' and does a
|
|
|
463 simple spelling check.
|
|
|
464 Special cases:
|
|
|
465 - If 'keywordprg' is empty, the ":help" command is
|
|
|
466 used. It's a good idea to include more characters
|
|
|
467 in 'iskeyword' then, to be able to find more help.
|
|
|
468 - When 'keywordprg' is equal to "man", a count before
|
|
|
469 "K" is inserted after the "man" command and before
|
|
|
470 the keyword. For example, using "2K" while the
|
|
|
471 cursor is on "mkdir", results in: >
|
|
|
472 !man 2 mkdir
|
|
|
473 < - When 'keywordprg' is equal to "man -s", a count
|
|
|
474 before "K" is inserted after the "-s". If there is
|
|
|
475 no count, the "-s" is removed.
|
|
|
476 {not in Vi}
|
|
|
477
|
|
|
478 *v_K*
|
|
|
479 {Visual}K Like "K", but use the visually highlighted text for
|
|
|
480 the keyword. Only works when the highlighted text is
|
|
|
481 not more than one line. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
482
|
|
|
483 [N]gs *gs* *:sl* *:sleep*
|
|
|
484 :[N]sl[eep] [N] [m] Do nothing for [N] seconds. When [m] is included,
|
|
|
485 sleep for [N] milliseconds. The count for "gs" always
|
|
|
486 uses seconds. The default is one second. >
|
|
|
487 :sleep "sleep for one second
|
|
|
488 :5sleep "sleep for five seconds
|
|
|
489 :sleep 100m "sleep for a hundred milliseconds
|
|
|
490 10gs "sleep for ten seconds
|
|
|
491 < Can be interrupted with CTRL-C (CTRL-Break on MS-DOS).
|
|
|
492 "gs" stands for "goto sleep". While sleeping the
|
|
|
493 cursor is positioned in the text (if visible). {not
|
|
|
494 in Vi}
|
|
|
495
|
|
|
496 *g_CTRL-A*
|
|
|
497 g CTRL-A Only when Vim was compiled with MEM_PROFILING defined
|
|
|
498 (which is very rare): print memory usage statistics.
|
|
|
499 Only useful for debugging Vim.
|
|
|
500
|
|
|
501 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
502 2. Online help *online-help*
|
|
|
503
|
|
|
504 *help* *<Help>* *:h* *:help* *<F1>* *i_<F1>* *i_<Help>*
|
|
|
505 <Help> or
|
|
|
506 :h[elp] Open a window and display the help file in read-only
|
|
|
507 mode. If there is a help window open already, use
|
|
|
508 that one. Otherwise, if the current window uses the
|
|
|
509 full width of the screen or is at least 80 characters
|
|
|
510 wide, the help window will appear just above the
|
|
|
511 current window. Otherwise the new window is put at
|
|
|
512 the very top.
|
|
|
513 The 'helplang' option is used to select a language, if
|
|
|
514 the main help file is available in several languages.
|
|
|
515 {not in Vi}
|
|
|
516
|
|
|
517 *{subject}* *E149* *E661*
|
|
|
518 :h[elp] {subject} Like ":help", additionally jump to the tag {subject}.
|
|
|
519 {subject} can include wildcards like "*", "?" and
|
|
|
520 "[a-z]":
|
|
|
521 :help z? jump to help for any "z" command
|
|
|
522 :help z. jump to the help for "z."
|
|
|
523 If there is no full match for the pattern, or there
|
|
|
524 are several matches, the "best" match will be used.
|
|
|
525 A sophisticated algorithm is used to decide which
|
|
|
526 match is better than another one. These items are
|
|
|
527 considered in the computation:
|
|
|
528 - A match with same case is much better than a match
|
|
|
529 with different case.
|
|
|
530 - A match that starts after a non-alphanumeric
|
|
|
531 character is better than a match in the middle of a
|
|
|
532 word.
|
|
|
533 - A match at or near the beginning of the tag is
|
|
|
534 better than a match further on.
|
|
|
535 - The more alphanumeric characters match, the better.
|
|
|
536 - The shorter the length of the match, the better.
|
|
|
537
|
|
|
538 The 'helplang' option is used to select a language, if
|
|
|
539 the {subject} is available in several languages.
|
|
|
540 To find a tag in a specific language, append "@ab",
|
|
|
541 where "ab" is the two-letter language code. See
|
|
|
542 |help-translated|.
|
|
|
543
|
|
|
544 Note that the longer the {subject} you give, the less
|
|
|
545 matches will be found. You can get an idea how this
|
|
|
546 all works by using commandline completion (type CTRL-D
|
|
|
547 after ":help subject").
|
|
|
548 If there are several matches, you can have them listed
|
|
|
549 by hitting CTRL-D. Example: >
|
|
|
550 :help cont<Ctrl-D>
|
|
|
551 < To use a regexp |pattern|, first do ":help" and then
|
|
|
552 use ":tag {pattern}" in the help window. The
|
|
|
553 ":tnext" command can then be used to jump to other
|
|
|
554 matches, "tselect" to list matches and choose one. >
|
|
|
555 :help index| :tse z.
|
|
|
556 < This command can be followed by '|' and another
|
|
|
557 command, but you don't need to escape the '|' inside a
|
|
|
558 help command. So these both work: >
|
|
|
559 :help |
|
|
|
560 :help k| only
|
|
|
561 < Note that a space before the '|' is seen as part of
|
|
|
562 the ":help" argument.
|
|
|
563 You can also use <LF> or <CR> to separate the help
|
|
|
564 command from a following command. You need to type
|
|
|
565 CTRL-V first to insert the <LF> or <CR>. Example: >
|
|
|
566 :help so<C-V><CR>only
|
|
|
567 < {not in Vi}
|
|
|
568
|
|
|
569 :h[elp]! [subject] Like ":help", but in non-English help files prefer to
|
|
|
570 find a tag in a file with the same language as the
|
|
|
571 current file. See |help-translated|.
|
|
|
572
|
|
|
573 *:helpg* *:helpgrep*
|
|
9
|
574 :helpg[rep] {pattern}[@xx]
|
|
7
|
575 Search all help text files and make a list of lines
|
|
|
576 in which {pattern} matches. Jumps to the first match.
|
|
9
|
577 The optional [@xx] specifies that only matches in the
|
|
|
578 "xx" language are to be found.
|
|
7
|
579 You can navigate through the matches with the
|
|
|
580 |quickfix| commands, e.g., |:cnext| to jump to the
|
|
|
581 next one. Or use |:cwindow| to get the list of
|
|
|
582 matches in the quickfix window.
|
|
|
583 {pattern} is used as a Vim regexp |pattern|.
|
|
|
584 'ignorecase' is not used, add "\c" to ignore case.
|
|
|
585 Example for case sensitive search: >
|
|
|
586 :helpgrep Uganda
|
|
|
587 < Example for case ignoring search: >
|
|
|
588 :helpgrep uganda\c
|
|
9
|
589 < Example for searching in French help: >
|
|
|
590 :helpgrep backspace@fr
|
|
7
|
591 < Cannot be followed by another command, everything is
|
|
|
592 used as part of the pattern. But you can use
|
|
|
593 |:execute| when needed.
|
|
|
594 Compressed help files will not be searched (Debian
|
|
|
595 compresses the help files).
|
|
|
596 {not in Vi}
|
|
|
597
|
|
|
598
|
|
|
599 When no argument is given to |:help| the file given with the 'helpfile' option
|
|
|
600 will be opened. Otherwise the specified tag is searched for in all "doc/tags"
|
|
|
601 files in the directories specified in the 'runtimepath' option.
|
|
|
602
|
|
|
603 The initial height of the help window can be set with the 'helpheight' option
|
|
|
604 (default 20).
|
|
|
605
|
|
|
606 Jump to specific subjects by using tags. This can be done in two ways:
|
|
|
607 - Use the "CTRL-]" command while standing on the name of a command or option.
|
|
|
608 This only works when the tag is a keyword. "<C-Leftmouse>" and
|
|
|
609 "g<LeftMouse>" work just like "CTRL-]".
|
|
|
610 - use the ":ta {subject}" command. This also works with non-keyword
|
|
|
611 characters.
|
|
|
612
|
|
|
613 Use CTRL-T or CTRL-O to jump back.
|
|
|
614 Use ":q" to close the help window.
|
|
|
615
|
|
|
616 If there are several matches for an item you are looking for, this is how you
|
|
|
617 can jump to each one of them:
|
|
|
618 1. Open a help window
|
|
|
619 2. Use the ":tag" command with a slash prepended to the tag. E.g.: >
|
|
|
620 :tag /min
|
|
|
621 3. Use ":tnext" to jump to the next matching tag.
|
|
|
622
|
|
|
623 It is possible to add help files for plugins and other items. You don't need
|
|
|
624 to change the distributed help files for that. See |add-local-help|.
|
|
|
625
|
|
|
626 To write a local help file, see |write-local-help|.
|
|
|
627
|
|
|
628 Note that the title lines from the local help files are automagically added to
|
|
|
629 the "LOCAL ADDITIONS" section in the "help.txt" help file |local-additions|.
|
|
|
630 This is done when viewing the file in Vim, the file itself is not changed. It
|
|
|
631 is done by going through all help files and obtaining the first line of each
|
|
|
632 file. The files in $VIMRUNTIME/doc are skipped.
|
|
|
633
|
|
|
634 *help-xterm-window*
|
|
|
635 If you want to have the help in another xterm window, you could use this
|
|
|
636 command: >
|
|
|
637 :!xterm -e vim +help &
|
|
|
638 <
|
|
|
639
|
|
|
640 *:helpfind* *:helpf*
|
|
|
641 :helpf[ind] Like |:help|, but use a dialog to enter the argument.
|
|
|
642 Only for backwards compatibility. It now executes the
|
|
|
643 ToolBar.FindHelp menu entry instead of using a builtin
|
|
|
644 dialog. {only when compiled with |+GUI_GTK|}
|
|
|
645 < {not in Vi}
|
|
|
646
|
|
|
647 *:helpt* *:helptags*
|
|
|
648 *E154* *E150* *E151* *E152* *E153* *E670*
|
|
|
649 :helpt[ags] {dir} Generate the help tags file(s) for directory {dir}.
|
|
|
650 All "*.txt" and "*.??x" files in the directory are
|
|
|
651 scanned for a help tag definition in between stars.
|
|
|
652 The "*.??x" files are for translated docs, they
|
|
|
653 generate the "tags-??" file, see |help-translated|.
|
|
|
654 The generated tags files are sorted.
|
|
|
655 When there are duplicates an error message is given.
|
|
|
656 An existing tags file is silently overwritten.
|
|
|
657 To rebuild the help tags in the runtime directory
|
|
|
658 (requires write permission there): >
|
|
|
659 :helptags $VIMRUNTIME/doc
|
|
|
660 < {not in Vi}
|
|
|
661
|
|
|
662
|
|
|
663 TRANSLATED HELP *help-translated*
|
|
|
664
|
|
|
665 It is possible to add translated help files, next to the original English help
|
|
|
666 files. Vim will search for all help in "doc" directories in 'runtimepath'.
|
|
|
667 This is only available when compiled with the |+multi_lang| feature.
|
|
|
668
|
|
|
669 A set of translated help files consists of these files:
|
|
|
670
|
|
|
671 help.abx
|
|
|
672 howto.abx
|
|
|
673 ...
|
|
|
674 tags-ab
|
|
|
675
|
|
|
676 "ab" is the two-letter language code. Thus for Italian the names are:
|
|
|
677
|
|
|
678 help.itx
|
|
|
679 howto.itx
|
|
|
680 ...
|
|
|
681 tags-it
|
|
|
682
|
|
|
683 The 'helplang' option can be set to the preferred language(s). The default is
|
|
|
684 set according to the environment. Vim will first try to find a matching tag
|
|
|
685 in the preferred language(s). English is used when it cannot be found.
|
|
|
686
|
|
|
687 To find a tag in a specific language, append "@ab" to a tag, where "ab" is the
|
|
|
688 two-letter language code. Example: >
|
|
|
689 :he user-manual@it
|
|
|
690 :he user-manual@en
|
|
|
691 The first one finds the Italian user manual, even when 'helplang' is empty.
|
|
|
692 The second one finds the English user manual, even when 'helplang' is set to
|
|
|
693 "it".
|
|
|
694
|
|
|
695 When using command-line completion for the ":help" command, the "@en"
|
|
|
696 extention is only shown when a tag exists for multiple languages. When the
|
|
|
697 tag only exists for English "@en" is omitted.
|
|
|
698
|
|
|
699 When using |CTRL-]| or ":help!" in a non-English help file Vim will try to
|
|
|
700 find the tag in the same language. If not found then 'helplang' will be used
|
|
|
701 to select a language.
|
|
|
702
|
|
|
703 Help files must use latin1 or utf-8 encoding. Vim assumes the encoding is
|
|
|
704 utf-8 when finding non-ASCII characters in the first line. Thus you must
|
|
|
705 translate the header with "For Vim version".
|
|
|
706
|
|
|
707 The same encoding must be used for the help files of one language in one
|
|
|
708 directory. You can use a different encoding for different languages and use
|
|
|
709 a different encoding for help files of the same language but in a different
|
|
|
710 directory.
|
|
|
711
|
|
|
712 Hints for translators:
|
|
|
713 - Do not translate the tags. This makes it possible to use 'helplang' to
|
|
|
714 specify the preferred language. You may add new tags in your language.
|
|
|
715 - When you do not translate a part of a file, add tags to the English version,
|
|
|
716 using the "tag@en" notation.
|
|
|
717 - Make a package with all the files and the tags file available for download.
|
|
|
718 Users can drop it in one of the "doc" directories and start use it.
|
|
|
719 Report this to Bram, so that he can add a link on www.vim.org.
|
|
|
720 - Use the |:helptags| command to generate the tags files. It will find all
|
|
|
721 languages in the specified directory.
|
|
|
722
|
|
|
723 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
724 3. Printing *printing*
|
|
|
725
|
|
|
726 On MS-Windows Vim can print your text on any installed printer. On other
|
|
|
727 systems a PostScript file is produced. This can be directly sent to a
|
|
|
728 PostScript printer. For other printers a program like ghostscript needs to be
|
|
|
729 used.
|
|
|
730
|
|
|
731 3.1 PostScript Printing |postscript-printing|
|
|
|
732 3.2 PostScript Printing Encoding |postscript-print-encoding|
|
|
|
733 3.3 PostScript Printing Troubleshooting |postscript-print-trouble|
|
|
|
734 3.4 PostScript Utilities |postscript-print-util|
|
|
|
735 3.5 Formfeed Characters |printing-formfeed|
|
|
|
736
|
|
|
737 {not in Vi}
|
|
|
738 {only available when compiled with |+printer| feature}
|
|
|
739
|
|
|
740 *:ha* *:hardcopy* *E237* *E238* *E324*
|
|
|
741 :[range]ha[rdcopy][!] [arguments]
|
|
|
742 Send [range] lines (default whole file) to the
|
|
|
743 printer.
|
|
|
744
|
|
|
745 On MS-Windows a dialog is displayed to allow selection
|
|
|
746 of printer, paper size etc. To skip the dialog, use
|
|
|
747 the [!]. In this case the printer defined by
|
|
|
748 'printdevice' is used, or, if 'printdevice' is empty,
|
|
|
749 the system default printer.
|
|
|
750
|
|
|
751 For systems other than MS-Windows, PostScript is
|
|
|
752 written in a temp file and 'printexpr' is used to
|
|
|
753 actually print it. Then [arguments] can be used by
|
|
|
754 'printexpr' through |v:cmdarg|. Otherwise [arguments]
|
|
|
755 is ignored. 'printoptions' can be used to specify
|
|
|
756 paper size, duplex, etc.
|
|
|
757
|
|
|
758 :[range]ha[rdcopy][!] >{filename}
|
|
|
759 As above, but write the resulting PostScript in file
|
|
|
760 {filename}.
|
|
|
761 Things like "%" are expanded |cmdline-special|
|
|
|
762 Careful: An existing file is silently overwritten.
|
|
|
763 {only available when compiled with the |+postscript|
|
|
|
764 feature}
|
|
|
765 On MS-Windows use the "print to file" feature of the
|
|
|
766 printer driver.
|
|
|
767
|
|
|
768 Progress is displayed during printing as a page number and a percentage. To
|
|
|
769 abort printing use the interrupt key (CTRL-C or, on MS-systems, CTRL-Break).
|
|
|
770
|
|
|
771 Printer output is controlled by the 'printfont' and 'printoptions' options.
|
|
|
772 'printheader' specifies the format of a page header.
|
|
|
773
|
|
|
774 The printed file is always limited to the selected margins, irrespective of
|
|
|
775 the current window's 'wrap' or 'linebreak' settings. The "wrap" item in
|
|
|
776 'printoptions' can be used to switch wrapping off.
|
|
|
777 The current highlighting colors are used in the printout, with the following
|
|
|
778 considerations:
|
|
|
779 1) The normal background is always rendered as white (i.e. blank paper.)
|
|
|
780 2) White text or the default foreground is rendered as black, so that it shows
|
|
|
781 up!
|
|
|
782 3) If 'background' is "dark", then the colours are darkened to compensate for
|
|
|
783 the fact that otherwise they would be too bright to show up clearly on
|
|
|
784 white paper.
|
|
|
785
|
|
|
786
|
|
|
787 3.1 PostScript Printing *postscript-printing*
|
|
|
788 *E455* *E456* *E457* *E624*
|
|
|
789 Provided you have enough disk space there should be no problems generating a
|
|
|
790 PostScript file. You need to have the runtime files correctly installed (if
|
|
|
791 you can find the help files, they probably are).
|
|
|
792
|
|
|
793 There are currently a number of limitations with PostScript printing:
|
|
|
794
|
|
|
795 - 'printfont' - The font name is ignored (the Courier family is always used -
|
|
|
796 it should be available on all PostScript printers) but the font size is
|
|
|
797 used.
|
|
|
798
|
|
|
799 - 'printoptions' - The duplex setting is used when generating PostScript
|
|
|
800 output, but it is up to the printer to take notice of the setting. If the
|
|
|
801 printer does not support duplex printing then it should be silently ignored.
|
|
|
802 Some printers, however, don't print at all.
|
|
|
803
|
|
|
804 - 8-bit support - While a number of 8-bit print character encodings are
|
|
|
805 supported it is possible that some characters will not print. Whether a
|
|
|
806 character will print depends on the font in the printer knowing the
|
|
|
807 character. Missing characters will be replaced with an upside down question
|
|
|
808 mark, or a space if that character is also not known by the font. It may be
|
|
|
809 possible to get all the characters in an encoding to print by installing a
|
|
|
810 new version of the Courier font family.
|
|
|
811
|
|
|
812 - Multi-byte support - Currently VIM will try to convert multi-byte characters
|
|
|
813 to the 8-bit encoding specified by 'printencoding' (or latin1 if it is
|
|
|
814 empty). Any characters that are not successfully converted are shown as
|
|
|
815 unknown characters. Printing will fail if VIM cannot convert the multi-byte
|
|
|
816 to the 8-bit encoding.
|
|
|
817
|
|
|
818
|
|
|
819 3.2 Custom 8-bit Print Character Encodings *postscript-print-encoding*
|
|
|
820 *E618* *E619*
|
|
|
821 To use your own print character encoding when printing 8-bit character data
|
|
|
822 you need to define your own PostScript font encoding vector. Details on how
|
|
|
823 to to define a font encoding vector is beyond the scope of this help file, but
|
|
|
824 you can find details in the PostScript Language Reference Manual, 3rd Edition,
|
|
|
825 published by Addison-Wesley and available in PDF form at
|
|
|
826 http://www.adobe.com/. The following describes what you need to do for VIM to
|
|
|
827 locate and use your print character encoding.
|
|
|
828
|
|
|
829 i. Decide on a unique name for your encoding vector, one that does not clash
|
|
|
830 with any of the recognized or standard encoding names that VIM uses (see
|
|
|
831 |encoding-names| for a list), and that no one else is likely to use.
|
|
|
832 ii. Copy $VIMRUNTIME/print/latin1.ps to the print subdirectory in your
|
|
|
833 'runtimepath' and rename it with your unique name.
|
|
|
834 iii. Edit your renamed copy of latin1.ps, replacing all occurrences of latin1
|
|
|
835 with your unique name (don't forget the line starting %%Title:), and
|
|
|
836 modify the array of glyph names to define your new encoding vector. The
|
|
|
837 array must have exactly 256 entries or you will not be able to print!
|
|
|
838 iv. Within VIM, set 'printencoding' to your unique encoding name and then
|
|
|
839 print your file. VIM will now use your custom print character encoding.
|
|
|
840
|
|
|
841 VIM will report an error with the resource file if you change the order or
|
|
|
842 content of the first 3 lines, other than the name of the encoding on the line
|
|
|
843 starting %%Title: or the version number on the line starting %%Version:.
|
|
|
844
|
|
|
845 [Technical explanation for those that know PostScript - VIM looks for a file
|
|
|
846 with the same name as the encoding it will use when printing. The file
|
|
|
847 defines a new PostScript Encoding resource called /VIM-name, where name is the
|
|
|
848 print character encoding VIM will use.]
|
|
|
849
|
|
|
850
|
|
|
851 3.3 PostScript Printing Troubleshooting *postscript-print-trouble*
|
|
|
852 *E621*
|
|
|
853 Usually the only sign of a problem when printing with PostScript is that your
|
|
|
854 printout does not appear. If you are lucky you may get a printed page that
|
|
|
855 tells you the PostScript operator that generated the error that prevented the
|
|
|
856 print job completing.
|
|
|
857
|
|
|
858 There are a number of possible causes as to why the printing may have failed:
|
|
|
859
|
|
|
860 - Wrong version of the prolog resource file. The prolog resource file
|
|
|
861 contains some PostScript that VIM needs to be able to print. Each version
|
|
|
862 of VIM needs one particular version. Make sure you have correctly installed
|
|
|
863 the runtime files, and don't have any old versions of a file called prolog
|
|
|
864 in the print directory in your 'runtimepath' directory.
|
|
|
865
|
|
|
866 - Paper size. Some PostScript printers will abort printing a file if they do
|
|
|
867 not support the requested paper size. By default VIM uses A4 paper. Find
|
|
|
868 out what size paper your printer normally uses and set the appropriate paper
|
|
|
869 size with 'printoptions'. If you cannot find the name of the paper used,
|
|
|
870 measure a sheet and compare it with the table of supported paper sizes listed
|
|
|
871 for 'printoptions', using the paper that is closest in both width AND height.
|
|
|
872 Note: The dimensions of actual paper may vary slightly from the ones listed.
|
|
|
873 If there is no paper listed close enough, then you may want to try psresize
|
|
|
874 from PSUtils, discussed below.
|
|
|
875
|
|
|
876 - Two-sided printing (duplex). Normally a PostScript printer that does not
|
|
|
877 support two-sided printing will ignore any request to do it. However, some
|
|
|
878 printers may abort the job altogether. Try printing with duplex turned off.
|
|
|
879 Note: Duplex prints can be achieved manually using PS utils - see below.
|
|
|
880
|
|
|
881 - Collated printing. As with Duplex printing, most PostScript printers that
|
|
|
882 do not support collating printouts will ignore a request to do so. Some may
|
|
|
883 not. Try printing with collation turned off.
|
|
|
884
|
|
|
885 - Syntax highlighting. Some print management code may prevent the generated
|
|
|
886 PostScript file from being printed on a black and white printer when syntax
|
|
|
887 highlighting is turned on, even if solid black is the only color used. Try
|
|
|
888 printing with syntax highlighting turned off.
|
|
|
889
|
|
|
890 A safe printoptions setting to try is: >
|
|
|
891
|
|
|
892 :set printoptions=paper:A4,duplex:off,collate:n,syntax:n
|
|
|
893
|
|
|
894 Replace "A4" with the paper size that best matches your printer paper.
|
|
|
895
|
|
|
896
|
|
|
897 3.4 PostScript Utilities *postscript-print-util*
|
|
|
898
|
|
|
899 3.4.1 Ghostscript
|
|
|
900
|
|
|
901 Ghostscript is a PostScript and PDF interpreter that can be used to display
|
|
|
902 and print on non-PostScript printers PostScript and PDF files. It can also
|
|
|
903 generate PDF files from PostScript.
|
|
|
904
|
|
|
905 Ghostscript will run on a wide variety of platforms.
|
|
|
906
|
|
|
907 There are three available versions:
|
|
|
908
|
|
|
909 - AFPL Ghostscript (formerly Aladdin Ghostscript) which is free for
|
|
|
910 non-commercial use. It can be obtained from:
|
|
|
911
|
|
|
912 http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/
|
|
|
913
|
|
|
914 - GNU Ghostscript which is available under the GNU General Public License. It
|
|
|
915 can be obtained from:
|
|
|
916
|
|
|
917 ftp://mirror.cs.wisc.edu/pub/mirrors/ghost/gnu/
|
|
|
918
|
|
|
919 - A commercial version for inclusion in commercial products.
|
|
|
920
|
|
|
921 Additional information on Ghostscript can also be found at:
|
|
|
922
|
|
|
923 http://www.ghostscript.com/
|
|
|
924
|
|
|
925 Support for a number of non PostScript printers is provided in the
|
|
|
926 distribution as standard, but if you cannot find support for your printer
|
|
|
927 check the Ghostscript site for other printers not included by default.
|
|
|
928
|
|
|
929
|
|
|
930 3.4.2 Ghostscript Previewers.
|
|
|
931
|
|
|
932 The interface to Ghostscript is very primitive so a number of graphical front
|
|
|
933 ends have been created. These allow easier PostScript file selection,
|
|
|
934 previewing at different zoom levels, and printing. Check supplied
|
|
|
935 documentation for full details.
|
|
|
936
|
|
|
937 X11
|
|
|
938
|
|
|
939 - Ghostview. Obtainable from:
|
|
|
940
|
|
|
941 http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/gv/
|
|
|
942
|
|
|
943 - gv. Derived from Ghostview. Obtainable from:
|
|
|
944
|
|
|
945 http://wwwthep.physik.uni-mainz.de/~plass/gv/
|
|
|
946
|
|
|
947 Copies (possibly not the most recent) can be found at:
|
|
|
948
|
|
|
949 http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/gv/
|
|
|
950
|
|
|
951 OpenVMS
|
|
|
952
|
|
|
953 - Is apparently supported in the main code now (untested). See:
|
|
|
954
|
|
|
955 http://wwwthep.physik.uni-mainz.de/~plass/gv/
|
|
|
956
|
|
|
957 Windows and OS/2
|
|
|
958
|
|
|
959 - GSview. Obtainable from:
|
|
|
960
|
|
|
961 http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/gsview/
|
|
|
962
|
|
|
963 DOS
|
|
|
964
|
|
|
965 - ps_view. Obtainable from:
|
|
|
966
|
|
|
967 ftp://ftp.pg.gda.pl/pub/TeX/support/ps_view/
|
|
|
968 ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/ps_view/
|
|
|
969
|
|
|
970 Linux
|
|
|
971
|
|
|
972 - GSview. Linux version of the popular Windows and OS/2 previewer.
|
|
|
973 Obtainable from:
|
|
|
974
|
|
|
975 http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/gsview/
|
|
|
976
|
|
|
977 - BMV. Different from Ghostview and gv in that it doesn't use X but svgalib.
|
|
|
978 Obtainable from:
|
|
|
979
|
|
|
980 ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/graphics/viewers/svga/bmv-1.2.tgz
|
|
|
981
|
|
|
982
|
|
|
983 3.4.3 PSUtils
|
|
|
984
|
|
|
985 PSUtils is a collection of utility programs for manipulating PostScript
|
|
|
986 documents. Binary distributions are available for many platforms, as well as
|
|
|
987 the full source. PSUtils can be found at:
|
|
|
988
|
|
|
989 http://knackered.org/angus/psutils
|
|
|
990
|
|
|
991 The utilities of interest include:
|
|
|
992
|
|
|
993 - psnup. Convert PS files for N-up printing.
|
|
|
994 - psselect. Select page range and order of printing.
|
|
|
995 - psresize. Change the page size.
|
|
|
996 - psbook. Reorder and lay out pages ready for making a book.
|
|
|
997
|
|
|
998 The output of one program can be used as the input to the next, allowing for
|
|
|
999 complex print document creation.
|
|
|
1000
|
|
|
1001
|
|
|
1002 N-UP PRINTING
|
|
|
1003
|
|
|
1004 The psnup utility takes an existing PostScript file generated from VIM and
|
|
|
1005 convert it to an n-up version. The simplest way to create a 2-up printout is
|
|
|
1006 to first create a PostScript file with: >
|
|
|
1007
|
|
|
1008 :hardcopy > test.ps
|
|
|
1009
|
|
|
1010 Then on your command line execute: >
|
|
|
1011
|
|
|
1012 psnup -n 2 test.ps final.ps
|
|
|
1013
|
|
|
1014 Note: You may get warnings from some Ghostscript previewers for files produced
|
|
|
1015 by psnup - these may safely be ignored.
|
|
|
1016
|
|
|
1017 Finally print the file final.ps to your PostScript printer with your
|
|
|
1018 platform's print command. (You will need to delete the two PostScript files
|
|
|
1019 afterwards yourself.) 'printexpr' could be modified to perform this extra
|
|
|
1020 step before printing.
|
|
|
1021
|
|
|
1022
|
|
|
1023 ALTERNATE DUPLEX PRINTING
|
|
|
1024
|
|
|
1025 It is possible to achieve a poor man's version of duplex printing using the PS
|
|
|
1026 utility psselect. This utility has options -e and -o for printing just the
|
|
|
1027 even or odd pages of a PS file respectively.
|
|
|
1028
|
|
|
1029 First generate a PS file with the 'hardcopy' command, then generate a new
|
|
|
1030 files with all the odd and even numbered pages with: >
|
|
|
1031
|
|
|
1032 psselect -o test.ps odd.ps
|
|
|
1033 psselect -e test.ps even.ps
|
|
|
1034
|
|
|
1035 Next print odd.ps with your platform's normal print command. Then take the
|
|
|
1036 print output, turn it over and place it back in the paper feeder. Now print
|
|
|
1037 even.ps with your platform's print command. All the even pages should now
|
|
|
1038 appear on the back of the odd pages.
|
|
|
1039
|
|
|
1040 There a couple of points to bear in mind:
|
|
|
1041
|
|
|
1042 1. Position of the first page. If the first page is on top of the printout
|
|
|
1043 when printing the odd pages then you need to reverse the order that the odd
|
|
|
1044 pages are printed. This can be done with the -r option to psselect. This
|
|
|
1045 will ensure page 2 is printed on the back of page 1.
|
|
|
1046 Note: it is better to reverse the odd numbered pages rather than the even
|
|
|
1047 numbered in case there are an odd number of pages in the original PS file.
|
|
|
1048
|
|
|
1049 2. Paper flipping. When turning over the paper with the odd pages printed on
|
|
|
1050 them you may have to either flip them horizontally (along the long edge) or
|
|
|
1051 vertically (along the short edge), as well as possibly rotating them 180
|
|
|
1052 degrees. All this depends on the printer - it will be more obvious for
|
|
|
1053 desktop ink jets than for small office laser printers where the paper path
|
|
|
1054 is hidden from view.
|
|
|
1055
|
|
|
1056
|
|
|
1057 3.5 Formfeed Characters *printing-formfeed*
|
|
|
1058
|
|
|
1059 By default VIM does not do any special processing of |formfeed| control
|
|
|
1060 characters. Setting the 'printoptions' formfeed item will make VIM recognize
|
|
|
1061 formfeed characters and continue printing the current line at the beginning
|
|
|
1062 of the first line on a new page. The use of formfeed characters provides
|
|
|
1063 rudimentary print control but there are certain things to be aware of.
|
|
|
1064
|
|
|
1065 VIM will always start printing a line (including a line number if enabled)
|
|
|
1066 containing a formfeed character, even if it is the first character on the
|
|
|
1067 line. This means if a line starting with a formfeed character is the first
|
|
|
1068 line of a page then VIM will print a blank page.
|
|
|
1069
|
|
|
1070 Since the line number is printed at the start of printing the line containing
|
|
|
1071 the formfeed character, the remainder of the line printed on the new page
|
|
|
1072 will not have a line number printed for it (in the same way as the wrapped
|
|
|
1073 lines of a long line when wrap in 'printoptions' is enabled).
|
|
|
1074
|
|
|
1075 If the formfeed character is the last character on a line, then printing will
|
|
|
1076 continue on the second line of the new page, not the first. This is due to
|
|
|
1077 VIM processing the end of the line after the formfeed character and moving
|
|
|
1078 down a line to continue printing.
|
|
|
1079
|
|
|
1080 Due to the points made above it is recommended that when formfeed character
|
|
|
1081 processing is enabled, printing of line numbers is disabled, and that form
|
|
|
1082 feed characters are not the last character on a line. Even then you may need
|
|
|
1083 to adjust the number of lines before a formfeed character to prevent
|
|
|
1084 accidental blank pages.
|
|
|
1085
|
|
|
1086 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
1087 4. Using Vim like less or more *less*
|
|
|
1088
|
|
|
1089 If you use the less or more program to view a file, you don't get syntax
|
|
|
1090 highlighting. Thus you would like to use Vim instead. You can do this by
|
|
|
1091 using the shell script "$VIMRUNTIME/macros/less.sh".
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1092
|
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1093 This shell script uses the Vim script "$VIMRUNTIME/macros/less.vim". It sets
|
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1094 up mappings to simulate the commands that less supports. Otherwise, you can
|
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1095 still use the Vim commands.
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1096
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1097 This isn't perfect. For example, when viewing a short file Vim will still use
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1098 the whole screen. But it works good enough for most uses, and you get syntax
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1099 highlighting.
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1100
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1101 The "h" key will give you a short overview of the available commands.
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1102
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1103 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
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