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view src/if_ruby.c @ 32936:c517845bd10e v9.0.1776

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patch 9.0.1776: No support for stable Python 3 ABI Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/c13b3d1350b60b94fe87f0761ea31c0e7fb6ebf3 Author: Yee Cheng Chin <ychin.git@gmail.com> Date: Sun Aug 20 21:18:38 2023 +0200 patch 9.0.1776: No support for stable Python 3 ABI Problem: No support for stable Python 3 ABI Solution: Support Python 3 stable ABI Commits: 1) Support Python 3 stable ABI to allow mixed version interoperatbility Vim currently supports embedding Python for use with plugins, and the "dynamic" linking option allows the user to specify a locally installed version of Python by setting `pythonthreedll`. However, one caveat is that the Python 3 libs are not binary compatible across minor versions, and mixing versions can potentially be dangerous (e.g. let's say Vim was linked against the Python 3.10 SDK, but the user sets `pythonthreedll` to a 3.11 lib). Usually, nothing bad happens, but in theory this could lead to crashes, memory corruption, and other unpredictable behaviors. It's also difficult for the user to tell something is wrong because Vim has no way of reporting what Python 3 version Vim was linked with. For Vim installed via a package manager, this usually isn't an issue because all the dependencies would already be figured out. For prebuilt Vim binaries like MacVim (my motivation for working on this), AppImage, and Win32 installer this could potentially be an issue as usually a single binary is distributed. This is more tricky when a new Python version is released, as there's a chicken-and-egg issue with deciding what Python version to build against and hard to keep in sync when a new Python version just drops and we have a mix of users of different Python versions, and a user just blindly upgrading to a new Python could lead to bad interactions with Vim. Python 3 does have a solution for this problem: stable ABI / limited API (see https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/stable.html). The C SDK limits the API to a set of functions that are promised to be stable across versions. This pull request adds an ifdef config that allows us to turn it on when building Vim. Vim binaries built with this option should be safe to freely link with any Python 3 libraies without having the constraint of having to use the same minor version. Note: Python 2 has no such concept and this doesn't change how Python 2 integration works (not that there is going to be a new version of Python 2 that would cause compatibility issues in the future anyway). --- Technical details: ====== The stable ABI can be accessed when we compile with the Python 3 limited API (by defining `Py_LIMITED_API`). The Python 3 code (in `if_python3.c` and `if_py_both.h`) would now handle this and switch to limited API mode. Without it set, Vim will still use the full API as before so this is an opt-in change. The main difference is that `PyType_Object` is now an opaque struct that we can't directly create "static types" out of, and we have to create type objects as "heap types" instead. This is because the struct is not stable and changes from version to version (e.g. 3.8 added a `tp_vectorcall` field to it). I had to change all the types to be allocated on the heap instead with just a pointer to them. Other functions are also simply missing in limited API, or they are introduced too late (e.g. `PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize` in 3.10) to it that we need some other ways to do the same thing, so I had to abstract a few things into macros, and sometimes re-implement functions like `PyObject_NEW`. One caveat is that in limited API, `OutputType` (used for replacing `sys.stdout`) no longer inherits from `PyStdPrinter_Type` which I don't think has any real issue other than minor differences in how they convert to a string and missing a couple functions like `mode()` and `fileno()`. Also fixed an existing bug where `tp_basicsize` was set incorrectly for `BufferObject`, `TabListObject, `WinListObject`. Technically, there could be a small performance drop, there is a little more indirection with accessing type objects, and some APIs like `PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize` are missing, but in practice I didn't see any difference, and any well-written Python plugin should try to avoid excessing callbacks to the `vim` module in Python anyway. I only tested limited API mode down to Python 3.7, which seemes to compile and work fine. I haven't tried earlier Python versions. 2) Fix PyIter_Check on older Python vers / type##Ptr unused warning For PyIter_Check, older versions exposed them as either macros (used in full API), or a function (for use in limited API). A previous change exposed PyIter_Check to the dynamic build because Python just moved it to function-only in 3.10 anyway. Because of that, just make sure we always grab the function in dynamic builds in earlier versions since that's what Python eventually did anyway. 3) Move Py_LIMITED_API define to configure script Can now use --with-python-stable-abi flag to customize what stable ABI version to target. Can also use an env var to do so as well. 4) Show +python/dyn-stable in :version, and allow has() feature query Not sure if the "/dyn-stable" suffix would break things, or whether we should do it another way. Or just don't show it in version and rely on has() feature checking. 5) Documentation first draft. Still need to implement v:python3_version 6) Fix PyIter_Check build breaks when compiling against Python 3.8 7) Add CI coverage stable ABI on Linux/Windows / make configurable on Windows This adds configurable options for Windows make files (both MinGW and MSVC). CI will also now exercise both traditional full API and stable ABI for Linux and Windows in the matrix for coverage. Also added a "dynamic" option to Linux matrix as a drive-by change to make other scripting languages like Ruby / Perl testable under both static and dynamic builds. 8) Fix inaccuracy in Windows docs Python's own docs are confusing but you don't actually want to use `python3.dll` for the dynamic linkage. 9) Add generated autoconf file 10) Add v:python3_version support This variable indicates the version of Python3 that Vim was built against (PY_VERSION_HEX), and will be useful to check whether the Python library you are loading in dynamically actually fits it. When built with stable ABI, it will be the limited ABI version instead (`Py_LIMITED_API`), which indicates the minimum version of Python 3 the user should have, rather than the exact match. When stable ABI is used, we won't be exposing PY_VERSION_HEX in this var because it just doesn't seem necessary to do so (the whole point of stable ABI is the promise that it will work across versions), and I don't want to confuse the user with too many variables. Also, cleaned up some documentation, and added help tags. 11) Fix Python 3.7 compat issues Fix a couple issues when using limited API < 3.8 - Crash on exit: In Python 3.7, if a heap-allocated type is destroyed before all instances are, it would cause a crash later. This happens when we destroyed `OptionsType` before calling `Py_Finalize` when using the limited API. To make it worse, later versions changed the semantics and now each instance has a strong reference to its own type and the recommendation has changed to have each instance de-ref its own type and have its type in GC traversal. To avoid dealing with these cross-version variations, we just don't free the heap type. They are static types in non-limited-API anyway and are designed to last through the entirety of the app, and we also don't restart the Python runtime and therefore do not need it to have absolutely 0 leaks. See: - https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-c-api - https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-c-api - PyIter_Check: This function is not provided in limited APIs older than 3.8. Previously I was trying to mock it out using manual PyType_GetSlot() but it was brittle and also does not actually work properly for static types (it will generate a Python error). Just return false. It does mean using limited API < 3.8 is not recommended as you lose the functionality to handle iterators, but from playing with plugins I couldn't find it to be an issue. - Fix loading of PyIter_Check so it will be done when limited API < 3.8. Otherwise loading a 3.7 Python lib will fail even if limited API was specified to use it. 12) Make sure to only load `PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize` in needed in limited API We don't use this function unless limited API >= 3.10, but we were loading it regardless. Usually it's ok in Unix-like systems where Python just has a single lib that we load from, but in Windows where there is a separate python3.dll this would not work as the symbol would not have been exposed in this more limited DLL file. This makes it much clearer under what condition is this function needed. closes: #12032 Signed-off-by: Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org> Co-authored-by: Yee Cheng Chin <ychin.git@gmail.com>
author Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
date Sun, 20 Aug 2023 21:30:04 +0200
parents 04d9dff67d99
children 1a769647d661
line wrap: on
line source

/* vi:set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 noet:
 *
 * VIM - Vi IMproved	by Bram Moolenaar
 *
 * Ruby interface by Shugo Maeda
 *   with improvements by SegPhault (Ryan Paul)
 *   with improvements by Jon Maken
 *
 * Do ":help uganda"  in Vim to read copying and usage conditions.
 * Do ":help credits" in Vim to see a list of people who contributed.
 * See README.txt for an overview of the Vim source code.
 */

#include "protodef.h"
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
# include "auto/config.h"
#endif

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#ifdef _WIN32
# ifndef DYNAMIC_RUBY
#  define NT
#  define IMPORT // For static dll usage __declspec(dllimport)
#  define RUBYEXTERN __declspec(dllimport)
# endif
#endif
#ifndef RUBYEXTERN
# define RUBYEXTERN extern
#endif

#ifdef DYNAMIC_RUBY
/*
 * This is tricky.  In ruby.h there is (inline) function rb_class_of()
 * definition.  This function use these variables.  But we want function to
 * use dll_* variables.
 */
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 24
#  define USE_RUBY_INTEGER
# endif

# define rb_cFalseClass		(*dll_rb_cFalseClass)
# define rb_cFixnum		(*dll_rb_cFixnum)
# if defined(USE_RUBY_INTEGER)
#  define rb_cInteger		(*dll_rb_cInteger)
# endif
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 20
#  define rb_cFloat		(*dll_rb_cFloat)
# endif
# define rb_cNilClass		(*dll_rb_cNilClass)
# define rb_cString		(*dll_rb_cString)
# define rb_cSymbol		(*dll_rb_cSymbol)
# define rb_cTrueClass		(*dll_rb_cTrueClass)

/*
 * All Ruby functions are exported with "__declspec(dllimport)" in ruby.h.
 * But it causes trouble for these variables, because it is defined in this
 * file.  When defined this RUBY_EXPORT it modified to "extern" and be able
 * to avoid this problem.
 */
# define RUBY_EXPORT

// Ruby 1.9 defines a number of static functions which use rb_num2long and
// rb_int2big
# define rb_num2long	rb_num2long_stub
# define rb_int2big	rb_int2big_stub

# if RUBY_VERSION >= 30 || VIM_SIZEOF_INT < VIM_SIZEOF_LONG
// Ruby 1.9 defines a number of static functions which use rb_fix2int and
// rb_num2int if VIM_SIZEOF_INT < VIM_SIZEOF_LONG (64bit)
#  define rb_fix2int	rb_fix2int_stub
#  define rb_num2int	rb_num2int_stub
# endif

# if RUBY_VERSION == 21
// Ruby 2.1 adds new GC called RGenGC and RARRAY_PTR uses
// rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect_promoted if USE_RGENGC
#  define rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect_promoted	rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect_promoted_stub
# endif

# if RUBY_VERSION >= 22
#  define rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect	rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect_stub
# endif

# if RUBY_VERSION >= 26
#  define rb_ary_detransient	rb_ary_detransient_stub
# endif

# if RUBY_VERSION >= 30
#  define rb_check_type			rb_check_type_stub
#  define rb_num2uint			rb_num2uint_stub
#  define ruby_malloc_size_overflow	ruby_malloc_size_overflow_stub
# endif

# if RUBY_VERSION >= 31
#  define rb_debug_rstring_null_ptr	rb_debug_rstring_null_ptr_stub
#  define rb_unexpected_type		rb_unexpected_type_stub
# endif

#endif  // ifdef DYNAMIC_RUBY

// On macOS pre-installed Ruby defines "SIZEOF_TIME_T" as "SIZEOF_LONG" so it
// conflicts with the definition in config.h then causes a macro-redefined
// warning.
#ifdef SIZEOF_TIME_T
# undef SIZEOF_TIME_T
#endif

#include <ruby.h>
#include <ruby/encoding.h>

// See above.
#ifdef SIZEOF_TIME_T
# undef SIZEOF_TIME_T
#endif

#undef off_t	// ruby defines off_t as _int64, Mingw uses long
#undef EXTERN
#undef _

// T_DATA defined both by Ruby and Mac header files, hack around it...
#if defined(MACOS_X)
# define __OPENTRANSPORT__
# define __OPENTRANSPORTPROTOCOL__
# define __OPENTRANSPORTPROVIDERS__
#endif

/*
 * The TypedData_XXX macro family can be used since Ruby 1.9.2 but
 * rb_data_type_t changed in 1.9.3, therefore require at least 2.0.
 * The old Data_XXX macro family was deprecated on Ruby 2.2.
 * Use TypedData_XXX if available.
 */
#if defined(TypedData_Wrap_Struct) && (RUBY_VERSION >= 20)
# define USE_TYPEDDATA	1
#endif

/*
 * Backward compatibility for Ruby 1.8 and earlier.
 * Ruby 1.9 does not provide STR2CSTR, instead StringValuePtr is provided.
 * Ruby 1.9 does not provide RXXX(s)->len and RXXX(s)->ptr, instead
 * RXXX_LEN(s) and RXXX_PTR(s) are provided.
 */
#ifndef StringValuePtr
# define StringValuePtr(s) STR2CSTR(s)
#endif
#ifndef RARRAY_LEN
# define RARRAY_LEN(s) RARRAY(s)->len
#endif
#ifndef RARRAY_PTR
# define RARRAY_PTR(s) RARRAY(s)->ptr
#endif
#ifndef RSTRING_LEN
# define RSTRING_LEN(s) RSTRING(s)->len
#endif
#ifndef RSTRING_PTR
# define RSTRING_PTR(s) RSTRING(s)->ptr
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_DUP
# undef HAVE_DUP
#endif

// Avoid redefining TRUE/FALSE in vterm.h.
#ifdef TRUE
# undef TRUE
#endif
#ifdef FALSE
# undef FALSE
#endif

#include "vim.h"
#include "version.h"

#ifdef DYNAMIC_RUBY
# if !defined(MSWIN)  // must come after including vim.h, where it is defined
#  include <dlfcn.h>
#  define HINSTANCE void*
#  define RUBY_PROC void*
#  define load_dll(n) dlopen((n), RTLD_LAZY|RTLD_GLOBAL)
#  define symbol_from_dll dlsym
#  define close_dll dlclose
#  define load_dll_error dlerror
# else
#  define RUBY_PROC FARPROC
#  define load_dll vimLoadLib
#  define symbol_from_dll GetProcAddress
#  define close_dll FreeLibrary
#  define load_dll_error GetWin32Error
# endif
#endif

#if defined(PROTO) && !defined(FEAT_RUBY)
// Define these to be able to generate the function prototypes.
# define VALUE int
# define RUBY_DATA_FUNC int
#endif

static int ruby_initialized = 0;
static void *ruby_stack_start;
static VALUE objtbl;

static VALUE mVIM;
static VALUE cBuffer;
static VALUE cVimWindow;
static VALUE eDeletedBufferError;
static VALUE eDeletedWindowError;

static int ensure_ruby_initialized(void);
static void error_print(int);
static void ruby_io_init(void);
static void ruby_vim_init(void);
static int ruby_convert_to_vim_value(VALUE val, typval_T *rettv);

#if defined(__ia64) && !defined(ruby_init_stack)
# define ruby_init_stack(addr) ruby_init_stack((addr), rb_ia64_bsp())
#endif

#if defined(DYNAMIC_RUBY) || defined(PROTO)
# if defined(PROTO) && !defined(HINSTANCE)
#  define HINSTANCE int		// for generating prototypes
# endif

/*
 * Wrapper defines
 */
// Ruby 2.7 actually expands the following symbols as macro.
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 27
#  undef rb_define_global_function
#  undef rb_define_method
#  undef rb_define_module_function
#  undef rb_define_singleton_method
# endif

# define rb_assoc_new			dll_rb_assoc_new
# define rb_cObject			(*dll_rb_cObject)
# define rb_class_new_instance		dll_rb_class_new_instance
# if RUBY_VERSION < 30
#  define rb_check_type			dll_rb_check_type
# endif
# ifdef USE_TYPEDDATA
#  define rb_check_typeddata		dll_rb_check_typeddata
# endif
# define rb_class_path			dll_rb_class_path
# ifdef USE_TYPEDDATA
#  if RUBY_VERSION >= 23
#   define rb_data_typed_object_wrap	dll_rb_data_typed_object_wrap
#  else
#   define rb_data_typed_object_alloc	dll_rb_data_typed_object_alloc
#  endif
# else
#  define rb_data_object_alloc		dll_rb_data_object_alloc
# endif
# define rb_define_class_under		dll_rb_define_class_under
# define rb_define_const			dll_rb_define_const
# define rb_define_global_function	dll_rb_define_global_function
# define rb_define_method		dll_rb_define_method
# define rb_define_module		dll_rb_define_module
# define rb_define_module_function	dll_rb_define_module_function
# define rb_define_singleton_method	dll_rb_define_singleton_method
# define rb_define_virtual_variable	dll_rb_define_virtual_variable
# define rb_stdout			(*dll_rb_stdout)
# define rb_stderr			(*dll_rb_stderr)
# define rb_eArgError			(*dll_rb_eArgError)
# define rb_eIndexError			(*dll_rb_eIndexError)
# define rb_eRuntimeError		(*dll_rb_eRuntimeError)
# define rb_eStandardError		(*dll_rb_eStandardError)
# define rb_eval_string_protect		dll_rb_eval_string_protect
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 21
#  define rb_funcallv			dll_rb_funcallv
# else
#  define rb_funcall2			dll_rb_funcall2
# endif
# define rb_global_variable		dll_rb_global_variable
# define rb_hash_aset			dll_rb_hash_aset
# define rb_hash_foreach		dll_rb_hash_foreach
# define rb_hash_new			dll_rb_hash_new
# define rb_inspect			dll_rb_inspect
# define rb_int2inum			dll_rb_int2inum

// ruby.h may redefine rb_intern to use RUBY_CONST_ID_CACHE(), but that won't
// work.  Not using the cache appears to be the best solution.
# undef rb_intern
# define rb_intern			dll_rb_intern

# if VIM_SIZEOF_INT < VIM_SIZEOF_LONG // 64 bits only
#  if RUBY_VERSION < 30
#   define rb_num2uint			dll_rb_num2uint
#  endif
# endif
# define rb_num2dbl			dll_rb_num2dbl
# define rb_lastline_get			dll_rb_lastline_get
# define rb_lastline_set			dll_rb_lastline_set
# define rb_protect			dll_rb_protect
# define rb_load			dll_rb_load
# if RUBY_VERSION < 20
#  define rb_num2ulong			dll_rb_num2ulong
# endif
# define rb_obj_alloc			dll_rb_obj_alloc
# define rb_obj_as_string		dll_rb_obj_as_string
# define rb_obj_id			dll_rb_obj_id
# define rb_raise			dll_rb_raise
# define rb_str_cat			dll_rb_str_cat
# define rb_str_concat			dll_rb_str_concat
# undef rb_str_new
# define rb_str_new			dll_rb_str_new
# ifdef rb_str_new2
// Ruby may #define rb_str_new2 to use rb_str_new_cstr.
#  define need_rb_str_new_cstr 1
// Ruby's headers #define rb_str_new_cstr to make use of GCC's
// __builtin_constant_p extension.
#  undef rb_str_new_cstr
#  define rb_str_new_cstr		dll_rb_str_new_cstr
# else
#  define rb_str_new2			dll_rb_str_new2
# endif
# define rb_string_value		dll_rb_string_value
# define rb_string_value_ptr		dll_rb_string_value_ptr
# define rb_float_new			dll_rb_float_new
# define rb_ary_new			dll_rb_ary_new
# ifdef rb_ary_new4
#  define RB_ARY_NEW4_MACRO 1
#  undef rb_ary_new4
# endif
# define rb_ary_new4			dll_rb_ary_new4
# define rb_ary_push			dll_rb_ary_push
# ifdef __ia64
#  define rb_ia64_bsp			dll_rb_ia64_bsp
#  undef ruby_init_stack
#  define ruby_init_stack(addr)	dll_ruby_init_stack((addr), rb_ia64_bsp())
# else
#  define ruby_init_stack		dll_ruby_init_stack
# endif
# define rb_errinfo			dll_rb_errinfo
# define ruby_init			dll_ruby_init
# define ruby_init_loadpath		dll_ruby_init_loadpath
# ifdef MSWIN
#  define ruby_sysinit			dll_ruby_sysinit
#  define rb_w32_snprintf		dll_rb_w32_snprintf
# endif

# define ruby_script			dll_ruby_script
# define rb_enc_find_index		dll_rb_enc_find_index
# define rb_enc_find			dll_rb_enc_find
# undef rb_enc_str_new
# define rb_enc_str_new			dll_rb_enc_str_new
# define rb_sprintf			dll_rb_sprintf
# define rb_require			dll_rb_require
# define ruby_options			dll_ruby_options

/*
 * Pointers for dynamic link
 */
static VALUE (*dll_rb_assoc_new) (VALUE, VALUE);
VALUE *dll_rb_cFalseClass;
VALUE *dll_rb_cFixnum;
# if defined(USE_RUBY_INTEGER)
VALUE *dll_rb_cInteger;
# endif
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 20
VALUE *dll_rb_cFloat;
# endif
VALUE *dll_rb_cNilClass;
static VALUE *dll_rb_cObject;
VALUE *dll_rb_cString;
VALUE *dll_rb_cSymbol;
VALUE *dll_rb_cTrueClass;
static VALUE (*dll_rb_class_new_instance) (int,VALUE*,VALUE);
static void (*dll_rb_check_type) (VALUE,int);
# ifdef USE_TYPEDDATA
static void *(*dll_rb_check_typeddata) (VALUE,const rb_data_type_t *);
# endif
static VALUE (*dll_rb_class_path) (VALUE);
# ifdef USE_TYPEDDATA
#  if RUBY_VERSION >= 23
static VALUE (*dll_rb_data_typed_object_wrap) (VALUE, void*, const rb_data_type_t *);
#  else
static VALUE (*dll_rb_data_typed_object_alloc) (VALUE, void*, const rb_data_type_t *);
#  endif
# else
static VALUE (*dll_rb_data_object_alloc) (VALUE, void*, RUBY_DATA_FUNC, RUBY_DATA_FUNC);
# endif
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 31
static void (*dll_rb_debug_rstring_null_ptr) (const char*);
# endif
static VALUE (*dll_rb_define_class_under) (VALUE, const char*, VALUE);
static void (*dll_rb_define_const) (VALUE,const char*,VALUE);
static void (*dll_rb_define_global_function) (const char*,VALUE(*)(),int);
static void (*dll_rb_define_method) (VALUE,const char*,VALUE(*)(),int);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_define_module) (const char*);
static void (*dll_rb_define_module_function) (VALUE,const char*,VALUE(*)(),int);
static void (*dll_rb_define_singleton_method) (VALUE,const char*,VALUE(*)(),int);
static void (*dll_rb_define_virtual_variable) (const char*,VALUE(*)(),void(*)());
static VALUE *dll_rb_stdout;
static VALUE *dll_rb_stderr;
static VALUE *dll_rb_eArgError;
static VALUE *dll_rb_eIndexError;
static VALUE *dll_rb_eRuntimeError;
static VALUE *dll_rb_eStandardError;
static VALUE (*dll_rb_eval_string_protect) (const char*, int*);
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 21
static VALUE (*dll_rb_funcallv) (VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*);
# else
static VALUE (*dll_rb_funcall2) (VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*);
# endif
static void (*dll_rb_global_variable) (VALUE*);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_hash_aset) (VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_hash_foreach) (VALUE, int (*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), VALUE);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_hash_new) (void);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_inspect) (VALUE);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_int2inum) (long);
static ID (*dll_rb_intern) (const char*);
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 30 || VIM_SIZEOF_INT < VIM_SIZEOF_LONG
static long (*dll_rb_fix2int) (VALUE);
static long (*dll_rb_num2int) (VALUE);
static unsigned long (*dll_rb_num2uint) (VALUE);
# endif
static double (*dll_rb_num2dbl) (VALUE);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_lastline_get) (void);
static void (*dll_rb_lastline_set) (VALUE);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_protect) (VALUE (*)(VALUE), VALUE, int*);
static void (*dll_rb_load) (VALUE, int);
static long (*dll_rb_num2long) (VALUE);
static unsigned long (*dll_rb_num2ulong) (VALUE);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_obj_alloc) (VALUE);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_obj_as_string) (VALUE);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_obj_id) (VALUE);
static void (*dll_rb_raise) (VALUE, const char*, ...);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_string_value) (volatile VALUE*);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_str_cat) (VALUE, const char*, long);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_str_concat) (VALUE, VALUE);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_str_new) (const char*, long);
# ifdef need_rb_str_new_cstr
// Ruby may #define rb_str_new2 to use rb_str_new_cstr.
static VALUE (*dll_rb_str_new_cstr) (const char*);
# else
static VALUE (*dll_rb_str_new2) (const char*);
# endif
static VALUE (*dll_rb_errinfo) (void);
static void (*dll_ruby_init) (void);
static void (*dll_ruby_init_loadpath) (void);
# ifdef MSWIN
static void (*dll_ruby_sysinit) (int*, char***);
static int (*dll_rb_w32_snprintf)(char*, size_t, const char*, ...);
# endif
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 31
#  ifdef _MSC_VER
static void (*dll_rb_unexpected_type) (VALUE, int);
#  else
NORETURN(static void (*dll_rb_unexpected_type) (VALUE, int));
#  endif
# endif
static char * (*dll_rb_string_value_ptr) (volatile VALUE*);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_float_new) (double);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_ary_new) (void);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_ary_new4) (long n, const VALUE *elts);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_ary_push) (VALUE, VALUE);
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 26
static void (*dll_rb_ary_detransient) (VALUE);
# endif
# ifdef __ia64
static void * (*dll_rb_ia64_bsp) (void);
static void (*dll_ruby_init_stack)(VALUE*, void*);
# else
static void (*dll_ruby_init_stack)(VALUE*);
# endif
static VALUE (*dll_rb_int2big)(SIGNED_VALUE);

static void (*dll_ruby_script) (const char*);
static int (*dll_rb_enc_find_index) (const char*);
static rb_encoding* (*dll_rb_enc_find) (const char*);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_enc_str_new) (const char*, long, rb_encoding*);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_sprintf) (const char*, ...);
static VALUE (*dll_rb_require) (const char*);
static void* (*dll_ruby_options)(int, char**);

# if defined(USE_RGENGC) && USE_RGENGC
#  if RUBY_VERSION == 21
static void (*dll_rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect_promoted)(VALUE);
#  else
static void (*dll_rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect)(VALUE obj);
#  endif
# endif

# if RUBY_VERSION >= 30
#  ifdef _MSC_VER
static void (*dll_ruby_malloc_size_overflow)(size_t, size_t);
#  else
NORETURN(static void (*dll_ruby_malloc_size_overflow)(size_t, size_t));
#  endif
# endif

# if RUBY_VERSION >= 26
void rb_ary_detransient_stub(VALUE x);
# endif

// Do not generate a prototype here, VALUE isn't always defined.
# ifndef PROTO
#  if RUBY_VERSION >= 22
    long
rb_num2long_stub(VALUE x)
#  else
    SIGNED_VALUE
rb_num2long_stub(VALUE x)
#  endif
{
    return dll_rb_num2long(x);
}
#  if RUBY_VERSION >= 26
    VALUE
rb_int2big_stub(intptr_t x)
#  else
    VALUE
rb_int2big_stub(SIGNED_VALUE x)
#  endif
{
    return dll_rb_int2big(x);
}
#  if RUBY_VERSION >= 30 || VIM_SIZEOF_INT < VIM_SIZEOF_LONG
    long
rb_fix2int_stub(VALUE x)
{
    return dll_rb_fix2int(x);
}
    long
rb_num2int_stub(VALUE x)
{
    return dll_rb_num2int(x);
}
#  endif
#  if RUBY_VERSION >= 20
    VALUE
rb_float_new_in_heap(double d)
{
    return dll_rb_float_new(d);
}
#   if RUBY_VERSION >= 22
    unsigned long
rb_num2ulong(VALUE x)
#   else
    VALUE
rb_num2ulong(VALUE x)
#   endif
{
    return (long)RSHIFT((SIGNED_VALUE)(x),1);
}
#  endif
#  if defined(USE_RGENGC) && USE_RGENGC
#   if RUBY_VERSION == 21
    void
rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect_promoted_stub(VALUE obj)
{
    dll_rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect_promoted(obj);
}
#   else
    void
rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect_stub(VALUE obj)
{
    dll_rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect(obj);
}
#   endif
#  endif
#  if RUBY_VERSION >= 26
    void
rb_ary_detransient_stub(VALUE x)
{
    dll_rb_ary_detransient(x);
}
#  endif
#  if RUBY_VERSION >= 30
    void
rb_check_type_stub(VALUE obj, int t)
{
    dll_rb_check_type(obj, t);
}
    unsigned long
rb_num2uint_stub(VALUE x)
{
    return dll_rb_num2uint(x);
}
    void
ruby_malloc_size_overflow_stub(size_t x, size_t y)
{
    dll_ruby_malloc_size_overflow(x, y);
}
#  endif
#  if RUBY_VERSION >= 31
    void
rb_debug_rstring_null_ptr_stub(const char *func)
{
    dll_rb_debug_rstring_null_ptr(func);
}
    void
rb_unexpected_type_stub(VALUE self, int t)
{
    dll_rb_unexpected_type(self, t);
}
#  endif
# endif // ifndef PROTO

static HINSTANCE hinstRuby = NULL; // Instance of ruby.dll

/*
 * Table of name to function pointer of ruby.
 */
static struct
{
    char *name;
    RUBY_PROC *ptr;
} ruby_funcname_table[] =
{
    {"rb_assoc_new", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_assoc_new},
    {"rb_cFalseClass", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_cFalseClass},
# if defined(USE_RUBY_INTEGER)
    {"rb_cInteger", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_cInteger},
# else
    {"rb_cFixnum", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_cFixnum},
# endif
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 20
    {"rb_cFloat", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_cFloat},
# endif
    {"rb_cNilClass", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_cNilClass},
    {"rb_cObject", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_cObject},
    {"rb_cString", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_cString},
    {"rb_cSymbol", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_cSymbol},
    {"rb_cTrueClass", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_cTrueClass},
    {"rb_class_new_instance", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_class_new_instance},
    {"rb_check_type", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_check_type},
# ifdef USE_TYPEDDATA
    {"rb_check_typeddata", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_check_typeddata},
# endif
    {"rb_class_path", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_class_path},
# ifdef USE_TYPEDDATA
#  if RUBY_VERSION >= 23
    {"rb_data_typed_object_wrap", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_data_typed_object_wrap},
#  else
    {"rb_data_typed_object_alloc", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_data_typed_object_alloc},
#  endif
# else
    {"rb_data_object_alloc", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_data_object_alloc},
# endif
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 31
    {"rb_debug_rstring_null_ptr", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_debug_rstring_null_ptr},
# endif
    {"rb_define_class_under", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_define_class_under},
    {"rb_define_const", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_define_const},
    {"rb_define_global_function", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_define_global_function},
    {"rb_define_method", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_define_method},
    {"rb_define_module", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_define_module},
    {"rb_define_module_function", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_define_module_function},
    {"rb_define_singleton_method", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_define_singleton_method},
    {"rb_define_virtual_variable", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_define_virtual_variable},
    {"rb_stdout", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_stdout},
    {"rb_stderr", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_stderr},
    {"rb_eArgError", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_eArgError},
    {"rb_eIndexError", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_eIndexError},
    {"rb_eRuntimeError", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_eRuntimeError},
    {"rb_eStandardError", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_eStandardError},
    {"rb_eval_string_protect", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_eval_string_protect},
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 21
    {"rb_funcallv", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_funcallv},
# else
    {"rb_funcall2", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_funcall2},
# endif
    {"rb_global_variable", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_global_variable},
    {"rb_hash_aset", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_hash_aset},
    {"rb_hash_foreach", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_hash_foreach},
    {"rb_hash_new", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_hash_new},
    {"rb_inspect", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_inspect},
    {"rb_int2inum", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_int2inum},
    {"rb_intern", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_intern},
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 30 || VIM_SIZEOF_INT < VIM_SIZEOF_LONG
    {"rb_fix2int", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_fix2int},
    {"rb_num2int", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_num2int},
    {"rb_num2uint", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_num2uint},
# endif
    {"rb_num2dbl", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_num2dbl},
    {"rb_lastline_get", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_lastline_get},
    {"rb_lastline_set", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_lastline_set},
    {"rb_protect", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_protect},
    {"rb_load", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_load},
    {"rb_num2long", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_num2long},
    {"rb_num2ulong", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_num2ulong},
    {"rb_obj_alloc", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_obj_alloc},
    {"rb_obj_as_string", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_obj_as_string},
    {"rb_obj_id", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_obj_id},
    {"rb_raise", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_raise},
    {"rb_string_value", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_string_value},
    {"rb_str_cat", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_str_cat},
    {"rb_str_concat", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_str_concat},
    {"rb_str_new", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_str_new},
# ifdef need_rb_str_new_cstr
    {"rb_str_new_cstr", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_str_new_cstr},
# else
    {"rb_str_new2", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_str_new2},
# endif
    {"rb_errinfo", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_errinfo},
    {"ruby_init", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_ruby_init},
    {"ruby_init_loadpath", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_ruby_init_loadpath},
# ifdef MSWIN
    {"ruby_sysinit", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_ruby_sysinit},
    {"rb_w32_snprintf", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_w32_snprintf},
# endif
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 31
    {"rb_unexpected_type", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_unexpected_type},
# endif
    {"rb_string_value_ptr", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_string_value_ptr},
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 20
    {"rb_float_new_in_heap", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_float_new},
# else
    {"rb_float_new", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_float_new},
# endif
    {"rb_ary_new", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_ary_new},
# ifdef RB_ARY_NEW4_MACRO
    {"rb_ary_new_from_values", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_ary_new4},
# else
    {"rb_ary_new4", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_ary_new4},
# endif
    {"rb_ary_push", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_ary_push},
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 26
    {"rb_ary_detransient", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_ary_detransient},
# endif
    {"rb_int2big", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_int2big},
    {"ruby_script", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_ruby_script},
    {"rb_enc_find_index", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_enc_find_index},
    {"rb_enc_find", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_enc_find},
    {"rb_enc_str_new", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_enc_str_new},
    {"rb_sprintf", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_sprintf},
    {"rb_require", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_require},
    {"ruby_options", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_ruby_options},
# ifdef __ia64
    {"rb_ia64_bsp", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_ia64_bsp},
# endif
    {"ruby_init_stack", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_ruby_init_stack},
# if defined(USE_RGENGC) && USE_RGENGC
#  if RUBY_VERSION == 21
    {"rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect_promoted", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect_promoted},
#  else
    {"rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect},
#  endif
# endif
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 30
    {"ruby_malloc_size_overflow", (RUBY_PROC*)&dll_ruby_malloc_size_overflow},
# endif
    {"", NULL},
};

/*
 * Load library and get all pointers.
 * Parameter 'libname' provides name of DLL.
 * Return OK or FAIL.
 */
    static int
ruby_runtime_link_init(char *libname, int verbose)
{
    int i;

    if (hinstRuby)
	return OK;
    hinstRuby = load_dll(libname);
    if (!hinstRuby)
    {
	if (verbose)
	    semsg(_(e_could_not_load_library_str_str), libname, load_dll_error());
	return FAIL;
    }

    for (i = 0; ruby_funcname_table[i].ptr; ++i)
    {
	if (!(*ruby_funcname_table[i].ptr = symbol_from_dll(hinstRuby,
			ruby_funcname_table[i].name)))
	{
	    close_dll(hinstRuby);
	    hinstRuby = NULL;
	    if (verbose)
		semsg(_(e_could_not_load_library_function_str), ruby_funcname_table[i].name);
	    return FAIL;
	}
    }
    return OK;
}

/*
 * If ruby is enabled (there is installed ruby on Windows system) return TRUE,
 * else FALSE.
 */
    int
ruby_enabled(int verbose)
{
    return ruby_runtime_link_init((char *)p_rubydll, verbose) == OK;
}
#endif // defined(DYNAMIC_RUBY) || defined(PROTO)

    void
ruby_end(void)
{
}

    void
ex_ruby(exarg_T *eap)
{
    int state;
    char *script = NULL;

    script = (char *)script_get(eap, eap->arg);
    if (!eap->skip && ensure_ruby_initialized())
    {
	if (script == NULL)
	    rb_eval_string_protect((char *)eap->arg, &state);
	else
	    rb_eval_string_protect(script, &state);
	if (state)
	    error_print(state);
    }
    vim_free(script);
}

/*
 *  In Ruby 1.9 or later, ruby String object has encoding.
 *  conversion buffer string of vim to ruby String object using
 *  VIM encoding option.
 */
    static VALUE
vim_str2rb_enc_str(const char *s)
{
    long lval;
    char_u *sval;
    rb_encoding *enc;

    if (get_option_value((char_u *)"enc", &lval, &sval, NULL, 0) == gov_string)
    {
	enc = rb_enc_find((char *)sval);
	vim_free(sval);
	if (enc)
	    return rb_enc_str_new(s, (long)strlen(s), enc);
    }
    return rb_str_new2(s);
}

    static VALUE
eval_enc_string_protect(const char *str, int *state)
{
    long lval;
    char_u *sval;
    rb_encoding *enc;
    VALUE v;

    if (get_option_value((char_u *)"enc", &lval, &sval, NULL, 0) == gov_string)
    {
	enc = rb_enc_find((char *)sval);
	vim_free(sval);
	if (enc)
	{
	    v = rb_sprintf("#-*- coding:%s -*-\n%s", rb_enc_name(enc), str);
	    return rb_eval_string_protect(StringValuePtr(v), state);
	}
    }
    return rb_eval_string_protect(str, state);
}

    void
ex_rubydo(exarg_T *eap)
{
    int state;
    linenr_T i;
    buf_T   *was_curbuf = curbuf;

    if (!ensure_ruby_initialized())
	return;

    if (u_save(eap->line1 - 1, eap->line2 + 1) != OK)
	return;
    for (i = eap->line1; i <= eap->line2; i++)
    {
	VALUE line;

	if (i > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
	    break;
	line = vim_str2rb_enc_str((char *)ml_get(i));
	rb_lastline_set(line);
	eval_enc_string_protect((char *) eap->arg, &state);
	if (state)
	{
	    error_print(state);
	    break;
	}
	if (was_curbuf != curbuf)
	    break;
	line = rb_lastline_get();
	if (!NIL_P(line))
	{
	    if (TYPE(line) != T_STRING)
	    {
		emsg(_(e_dollar_must_be_an_instance_of_string));
		return;
	    }
	    ml_replace(i, (char_u *) StringValuePtr(line), 1);
	    changed();
#ifdef SYNTAX_HL
	    syn_changed(i); // recompute syntax hl. for this line
#endif
	}
    }
    check_cursor();
    update_curbuf(UPD_NOT_VALID);
}

    static VALUE
rb_load_wrap(VALUE file_to_load)
{
    rb_load(file_to_load, 0);
    return Qnil;
}

    void
ex_rubyfile(exarg_T *eap)
{
    int state;

    if (!ensure_ruby_initialized())
	return;

    VALUE file_to_load = rb_str_new2((const char *)eap->arg);
    rb_protect(rb_load_wrap, file_to_load, &state);
    if (state)
	error_print(state);
}

    void
ruby_buffer_free(buf_T *buf)
{
    if (buf->b_ruby_ref == NULL)
	return;

    rb_hash_aset(objtbl, rb_obj_id((VALUE) buf->b_ruby_ref), Qnil);
    RDATA(buf->b_ruby_ref)->data = NULL;
}

    void
ruby_window_free(win_T *win)
{
    if (win->w_ruby_ref == NULL)
	return;

    rb_hash_aset(objtbl, rb_obj_id((VALUE) win->w_ruby_ref), Qnil);
    RDATA(win->w_ruby_ref)->data = NULL;
}

    static int
ensure_ruby_initialized(void)
{
    if (ruby_initialized)
	return ruby_initialized;

#ifdef DYNAMIC_RUBY
    if (ruby_enabled(TRUE))
#endif
    {
#ifdef MSWIN
	// suggested by Ariya Mizutani
	int argc = 1;
	char *argv[] = {"gvim.exe"};
	char **argvp = argv;
	ruby_sysinit(&argc, &argvp);
#endif
	{
	    ruby_init_stack(ruby_stack_start);
	    ruby_init();
	}
	{
	    int dummy_argc = 2;
	    char *dummy_argv[] = {"vim-ruby", "-e_=0"};
	    ruby_options(dummy_argc, dummy_argv);
	}
	ruby_script("vim-ruby");
	ruby_io_init();
	ruby_vim_init();
	ruby_initialized = 1;
    }
#ifdef DYNAMIC_RUBY
    else
    {
	emsg(_(e_sorry_this_command_is_disabled_the_ruby_library_could_not_be_loaded));
	return 0;
    }
#endif

    return ruby_initialized;
}

    static void
error_print(int state)
{
    VALUE error;
    VALUE eclass;
    VALUE einfo;
    VALUE bt;
    int attr;
    char buff[BUFSIZ];
    long i;

#define TAG_RETURN	0x1
#define TAG_BREAK	0x2
#define TAG_NEXT	0x3
#define TAG_RETRY	0x4
#define TAG_REDO	0x5
#define TAG_RAISE	0x6
#define TAG_THROW	0x7
#define TAG_FATAL	0x8
#define TAG_MASK	0xf

    switch (state)
    {
	case TAG_RETURN:
	    emsg(_(e_unexpected_return));
	    break;
	case TAG_NEXT:
	    emsg(_(e_unexpected_next));
	    break;
	case TAG_BREAK:
	    emsg(_(e_unexpected_break));
	    break;
	case TAG_REDO:
	    emsg(_(e_unexpected_redo));
	    break;
	case TAG_RETRY:
	    emsg(_(e_retry_outside_of_rescue_clause));
	    break;
	case TAG_RAISE:
	case TAG_FATAL:
	    error = rb_errinfo();
	    eclass = CLASS_OF(error);
	    einfo = rb_obj_as_string(error);
	    if (eclass == rb_eRuntimeError && RSTRING_LEN(einfo) == 0)
	    {
		emsg(_(e_unhandled_exception));
	    }
	    else
	    {
		VALUE epath;
		char *p;

		epath = rb_class_path(eclass);
		vim_snprintf(buff, BUFSIZ, "%s: %s",
			 RSTRING_PTR(epath), RSTRING_PTR(einfo));
		p = strchr(buff, '\n');
		if (p) *p = '\0';
		emsg(buff);
	    }

	    attr = syn_name2attr((char_u *)"Error");
#if RUBY_VERSION >= 21
	    bt = rb_funcallv(error, rb_intern("backtrace"), 0, 0);
	    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(bt); i++)
		msg_attr(RSTRING_PTR(RARRAY_AREF(bt, i)), attr);
#else
	    bt = rb_funcall2(error, rb_intern("backtrace"), 0, 0);
	    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(bt); i++)
		msg_attr(RSTRING_PTR(RARRAY_PTR(bt)[i]), attr);
#endif
	    break;
	default:
	    vim_snprintf(buff, BUFSIZ, _(e_unknown_longjmp_status_nr), state);
	    emsg(buff);
	    break;
    }
}

    static VALUE
vim_message(VALUE self UNUSED, VALUE str)
{
    char *buff, *p;

    str = rb_obj_as_string(str);
    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) > 0)
    {
	// Only do this when the string isn't empty, alloc(0) causes trouble.
	buff = ALLOCA_N(char, RSTRING_LEN(str) + 1);
	strcpy(buff, RSTRING_PTR(str));
	p = strchr(buff, '\n');
	if (p) *p = '\0';
	msg(buff);
    }
    else
    {
	msg("");
    }
    return Qnil;
}

    static VALUE
vim_set_option(VALUE self UNUSED, VALUE str)
{
    do_set((char_u *)StringValuePtr(str), 0);
    update_screen(UPD_NOT_VALID);
    return Qnil;
}

    static VALUE
vim_command(VALUE self UNUSED, VALUE str)
{
    do_cmdline_cmd((char_u *)StringValuePtr(str));
    return Qnil;
}

#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    static VALUE
vim_to_ruby(typval_T *tv)
{
    VALUE result = Qnil;

    if (tv->v_type == VAR_STRING)
    {
	result = rb_str_new2(tv->vval.v_string == NULL
					  ? "" : (char *)(tv->vval.v_string));
    }
    else if (tv->v_type == VAR_NUMBER)
    {
	result = INT2NUM(tv->vval.v_number);
    }
    else if (tv->v_type == VAR_FLOAT)
    {
	result = rb_float_new(tv->vval.v_float);
    }
    else if (tv->v_type == VAR_LIST)
    {
	list_T      *list = tv->vval.v_list;
	listitem_T  *curr;

	result = rb_ary_new();

	if (list != NULL)
	{
	    FOR_ALL_LIST_ITEMS(list, curr)
		rb_ary_push(result, vim_to_ruby(&curr->li_tv));
	}
    }
    else if (tv->v_type == VAR_DICT)
    {
	result = rb_hash_new();

	if (tv->vval.v_dict != NULL)
	{
	    hashtab_T   *ht = &tv->vval.v_dict->dv_hashtab;
	    long_u      todo = ht->ht_used;
	    hashitem_T  *hi;
	    dictitem_T  *di;

	    FOR_ALL_HASHTAB_ITEMS(ht, hi, todo)
	    {
		if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi))
		{
		    --todo;

		    di = dict_lookup(hi);
		    rb_hash_aset(result, rb_str_new2((char *)hi->hi_key),
						     vim_to_ruby(&di->di_tv));
		}
	    }
	}
    }
    else if (tv->v_type == VAR_BOOL || tv->v_type == VAR_SPECIAL)
    {
	if (tv->vval.v_number == VVAL_TRUE)
	    result = Qtrue;
	else if (tv->vval.v_number == VVAL_FALSE)
	    result = Qfalse;
    }
    else if (tv->v_type == VAR_BLOB)
    {
	result = rb_str_new(tv->vval.v_blob->bv_ga.ga_data,
		tv->vval.v_blob->bv_ga.ga_len);
    }
    // else return Qnil;

    return result;
}
#endif

    static VALUE
vim_evaluate(VALUE self UNUSED, VALUE str)
{
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    typval_T    *tv;
    VALUE       result;

    tv = eval_expr((char_u *)StringValuePtr(str), NULL);
    if (tv == NULL)
	return Qnil;
    result = vim_to_ruby(tv);

    free_tv(tv);

    return result;
#else
    return Qnil;
#endif
}

#ifdef USE_TYPEDDATA
static size_t buffer_dsize(const void *buf);

static const rb_data_type_t buffer_type = {
    "vim_buffer",
    {0, 0, buffer_dsize,
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 27
	0, {0}
# else
	{0, 0}
# endif
    },
    0, 0,
# ifdef RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
    0,
# endif
};

    static size_t
buffer_dsize(const void *buf UNUSED)
{
    return sizeof(buf_T);
}
#endif

    static VALUE
buffer_new(buf_T *buf)
{
    if (buf->b_ruby_ref)
    {
	return (VALUE) buf->b_ruby_ref;
    }
    else
    {
#ifdef USE_TYPEDDATA
	VALUE obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(cBuffer, &buffer_type, buf);
#else
	VALUE obj = Data_Wrap_Struct(cBuffer, 0, 0, buf);
#endif
	buf->b_ruby_ref = (void *) obj;
	rb_hash_aset(objtbl, rb_obj_id(obj), obj);
	return obj;
    }
}

    static buf_T *
get_buf(VALUE obj)
{
    buf_T *buf;

#ifdef USE_TYPEDDATA
    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, buf_T, &buffer_type, buf);
#else
    Data_Get_Struct(obj, buf_T, buf);
#endif
    if (buf == NULL)
	rb_raise(eDeletedBufferError, "attempt to refer to deleted buffer");
    return buf;
}

    static VALUE
vim_blob(VALUE self UNUSED, VALUE str)
{
    VALUE result = rb_str_new("0z", 2);
    char    buf[4];
    int	i;
    for (i = 0; i < RSTRING_LEN(str); i++)
    {
	sprintf(buf, "%02X", (unsigned char)(RSTRING_PTR(str)[i]));
	rb_str_concat(result, rb_str_new2(buf));
    }
    return result;
}

    static VALUE
buffer_s_current(VALUE self UNUSED)
{
    return buffer_new(curbuf);
}

    static VALUE
buffer_s_current_getter(ID id UNUSED, VALUE *x UNUSED)
{
    return buffer_new(curbuf);
}

    static VALUE
buffer_s_count(VALUE self UNUSED)
{
    buf_T *b;
    int n = 0;

    FOR_ALL_BUFFERS(b)
    {
	//  Deleted buffers should not be counted
	//    SegPhault - 01/07/05
	if (b->b_p_bl)
	    n++;
    }

    return INT2NUM(n);
}

    static VALUE
buffer_s_aref(VALUE self UNUSED, VALUE num)
{
    buf_T *b;
    int n = NUM2INT(num);

    FOR_ALL_BUFFERS(b)
    {
	//  Deleted buffers should not be counted
	//    SegPhault - 01/07/05
	if (!b->b_p_bl)
	    continue;

	if (n == 0)
	    return buffer_new(b);

	n--;
    }
    return Qnil;
}

    static VALUE
buffer_name(VALUE self)
{
    buf_T *buf = get_buf(self);

    return buf->b_ffname ? rb_str_new2((char *)buf->b_ffname) : Qnil;
}

    static VALUE
buffer_number(VALUE self)
{
    buf_T *buf = get_buf(self);

    return INT2NUM(buf->b_fnum);
}

    static VALUE
buffer_count(VALUE self)
{
    buf_T *buf = get_buf(self);

    return INT2NUM(buf->b_ml.ml_line_count);
}

    static VALUE
get_buffer_line(buf_T *buf, linenr_T n)
{
    if (n <= 0 || n > buf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "line number %ld out of range", (long)n);
    return vim_str2rb_enc_str((char *)ml_get_buf(buf, n, FALSE));
}

    static VALUE
buffer_aref(VALUE self, VALUE num)
{
    buf_T *buf = get_buf(self);

    if (buf != NULL)
	return get_buffer_line(buf, (linenr_T)NUM2LONG(num));
    return Qnil; // For stop warning
}

    static VALUE
set_buffer_line(buf_T *buf, linenr_T n, VALUE str)
{
    char	*line = StringValuePtr(str);
    aco_save_T	aco;

    if (n > 0 && n <= buf->b_ml.ml_line_count && line != NULL)
    {
	// Set curwin/curbuf for "buf" and save some things.
	aucmd_prepbuf(&aco, buf);
	if (curbuf == buf)
	{
	    // Only when it worked to set "curbuf".
	    if (u_savesub(n) == OK)
	    {
		ml_replace(n, (char_u *)line, TRUE);
		changed();
#ifdef SYNTAX_HL
		syn_changed(n); // recompute syntax hl. for this line
#endif
	    }

	    // restore curwin/curbuf and a few other things
	    aucmd_restbuf(&aco);
	    // Careful: autocommands may have made "buf" invalid!
	}

	update_curbuf(UPD_NOT_VALID);
    }
    else
    {
	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "line number %ld out of range", (long)n);
    }
    return str;
}

    static VALUE
buffer_aset(VALUE self, VALUE num, VALUE str)
{
    buf_T *buf = get_buf(self);

    if (buf != NULL)
	return set_buffer_line(buf, (linenr_T)NUM2LONG(num), str);
    return str;
}

    static VALUE
buffer_delete(VALUE self, VALUE num)
{
    buf_T	*buf = get_buf(self);
    long	n = NUM2LONG(num);
    aco_save_T	aco;

    if (n > 0 && n <= buf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
    {
	// Set curwin/curbuf for "buf" and save some things.
	aucmd_prepbuf(&aco, buf);
	if (curbuf == buf)
	{
	    // Only when it worked to set "curbuf".
	    if (u_savedel(n, 1) == OK)
	    {
		ml_delete(n);

		// Changes to non-active buffers should properly refresh
		//   SegPhault - 01/09/05
		deleted_lines_mark(n, 1L);

		changed();
	    }

	    // restore curwin/curbuf and a few other things
	    aucmd_restbuf(&aco);
	    // Careful: autocommands may have made "buf" invalid!
	}

	update_curbuf(UPD_NOT_VALID);
    }
    else
    {
	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "line number %ld out of range", n);
    }
    return Qnil;
}

    static VALUE
buffer_append(VALUE self, VALUE num, VALUE str)
{
    buf_T	*buf = get_buf(self);
    char	*line = StringValuePtr(str);
    long	n = NUM2LONG(num);
    aco_save_T	aco;

    if (line == NULL)
    {
	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "NULL line");
    }
    else if (n >= 0 && n <= buf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
    {
	// set curwin/curbuf for "buf" and save some things
	aucmd_prepbuf(&aco, buf);
	if (curbuf == buf)
	{
	    // Only when it worked to set "curbuf".
	    if (u_inssub(n + 1) == OK)
	    {
		ml_append(n, (char_u *) line, (colnr_T) 0, FALSE);

		//  Changes to non-active buffers should properly refresh screen
		//    SegPhault - 12/20/04
		appended_lines_mark(n, 1L);

		changed();
	    }

	    // restore curwin/curbuf and a few other things
	    aucmd_restbuf(&aco);
	    // Careful: autocommands may have made "buf" invalid!
	}

	update_curbuf(UPD_NOT_VALID);
    }
    else
    {
	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "line number %ld out of range", n);
    }
    return str;
}

#ifdef USE_TYPEDDATA
static size_t window_dsize(const void *buf);

static const rb_data_type_t window_type = {
    "vim_window",
    {0, 0, window_dsize,
# if RUBY_VERSION >= 27
	0, {0}
# else
	{0, 0}
# endif
    },
    0, 0,
# ifdef RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
    0,
# endif
};

    static size_t
window_dsize(const void *win UNUSED)
{
    return sizeof(win_T);
}
#endif

    static VALUE
window_new(win_T *win)
{
    if (win->w_ruby_ref)
    {
	return (VALUE) win->w_ruby_ref;
    }
    else
    {
#ifdef USE_TYPEDDATA
	VALUE obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(cVimWindow, &window_type, win);
#else
	VALUE obj = Data_Wrap_Struct(cVimWindow, 0, 0, win);
#endif
	win->w_ruby_ref = (void *) obj;
	rb_hash_aset(objtbl, rb_obj_id(obj), obj);
	return obj;
    }
}

    static win_T *
get_win(VALUE obj)
{
    win_T *win;

#ifdef USE_TYPEDDATA
    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, win_T, &window_type, win);
#else
    Data_Get_Struct(obj, win_T, win);
#endif
    if (win == NULL)
	rb_raise(eDeletedWindowError, "attempt to refer to deleted window");
    return win;
}

    static VALUE
window_s_current(VALUE self UNUSED)
{
    return window_new(curwin);
}

    static VALUE
window_s_current_getter(ID id UNUSED, VALUE *x UNUSED)
{
    return window_new(curwin);
}

/*
 * Added line manipulation functions
 *    SegPhault - 03/07/05
 */
    static VALUE
line_s_current(VALUE self UNUSED)
{
    return get_buffer_line(curbuf, curwin->w_cursor.lnum);
}

    static VALUE
set_current_line(VALUE self UNUSED, VALUE str)
{
    return set_buffer_line(curbuf, curwin->w_cursor.lnum, str);
}

    static VALUE
current_line_number(VALUE self UNUSED)
{
    return INT2FIX((int)curwin->w_cursor.lnum);
}

    static VALUE
window_s_count(VALUE self UNUSED)
{
    win_T	*w;
    int n = 0;

    FOR_ALL_WINDOWS(w)
	n++;
    return INT2NUM(n);
}

    static VALUE
window_s_aref(VALUE self UNUSED, VALUE num)
{
    win_T *w;
    int n = NUM2INT(num);

    for (w = firstwin; w != NULL; w = w->w_next, --n)
	if (n == 0)
	    return window_new(w);
    return Qnil;
}

    static VALUE
window_buffer(VALUE self)
{
    win_T *win = get_win(self);

    return buffer_new(win->w_buffer);
}

    static VALUE
window_height(VALUE self)
{
    win_T *win = get_win(self);

    return INT2NUM(win->w_height);
}

    static VALUE
window_set_height(VALUE self, VALUE height)
{
    win_T *win = get_win(self);
    win_T *savewin = curwin;

    curwin = win;
    win_setheight(NUM2INT(height));
    curwin = savewin;
    return height;
}

    static VALUE
window_width(VALUE self UNUSED)
{
    return INT2NUM(get_win(self)->w_width);
}

    static VALUE
window_set_width(VALUE self UNUSED, VALUE width)
{
    win_T *win = get_win(self);
    win_T *savewin = curwin;

    curwin = win;
    win_setwidth(NUM2INT(width));
    curwin = savewin;
    return width;
}

    static VALUE
window_cursor(VALUE self)
{
    win_T *win = get_win(self);

    return rb_assoc_new(INT2NUM(win->w_cursor.lnum), INT2NUM(win->w_cursor.col));
}

    static VALUE
window_set_cursor(VALUE self, VALUE pos)
{
    VALUE lnum, col;
    win_T *win = get_win(self);

    Check_Type(pos, T_ARRAY);
    if (RARRAY_LEN(pos) != 2)
	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array length must be 2");
    lnum = RARRAY_PTR(pos)[0];
    col = RARRAY_PTR(pos)[1];
    win->w_cursor.lnum = NUM2LONG(lnum);
    win->w_cursor.col = NUM2UINT(col);
    win->w_set_curswant = TRUE;
    check_cursor();		    // put cursor on an existing line
    update_screen(UPD_NOT_VALID);
    return Qnil;
}

    static VALUE
f_nop(VALUE self UNUSED)
{
    return Qnil;
}

    static VALUE
f_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self UNUSED)
{
    int i;
    VALUE str = rb_str_new("", 0);
    VALUE ret = Qnil;

    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
    {
	if (i > 0) rb_str_cat(str, ", ", 2);
	rb_str_concat(str, rb_inspect(argv[i]));
    }
    msg(RSTRING_PTR(str));

    if (argc == 1)
	ret = argv[0];
    else if (argc > 1)
	ret = rb_ary_new4(argc, argv);
    return ret;
}

    static void
ruby_io_init(void)
{
#ifndef DYNAMIC_RUBY
    RUBYEXTERN VALUE rb_stdout;
    RUBYEXTERN VALUE rb_stderr;
#endif

    rb_stdout = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cObject);
    rb_stderr = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cObject);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_stdout, "write", vim_message, 1);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_stdout, "flush", f_nop, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_stderr, "write", vim_message, 1);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_stderr, "flush", f_nop, 0);
    rb_define_global_function("p", f_p, -1);
}

    static void
ruby_vim_init(void)
{
    objtbl = rb_hash_new();
    rb_global_variable(&objtbl);

    // The Vim module used to be called "VIM", but "Vim" is better.  Make an
    // alias "VIM" for backwards compatibility.
    mVIM = rb_define_module("Vim");
    rb_define_const(rb_cObject, "VIM", mVIM);
    rb_define_const(mVIM, "VERSION_MAJOR", INT2NUM(VIM_VERSION_MAJOR));
    rb_define_const(mVIM, "VERSION_MINOR", INT2NUM(VIM_VERSION_MINOR));
    rb_define_const(mVIM, "VERSION_BUILD", INT2NUM(VIM_VERSION_BUILD));
    rb_define_const(mVIM, "VERSION_PATCHLEVEL", INT2NUM(VIM_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL));
    rb_define_const(mVIM, "VERSION_SHORT", rb_str_new2(VIM_VERSION_SHORT));
    rb_define_const(mVIM, "VERSION_MEDIUM", rb_str_new2(VIM_VERSION_MEDIUM));
    rb_define_const(mVIM, "VERSION_LONG", rb_str_new2(VIM_VERSION_LONG));
    rb_define_const(mVIM, "VERSION_LONG_DATE", rb_str_new2(VIM_VERSION_LONG_DATE));
    rb_define_module_function(mVIM, "message", vim_message, 1);
    rb_define_module_function(mVIM, "set_option", vim_set_option, 1);
    rb_define_module_function(mVIM, "command", vim_command, 1);
    rb_define_module_function(mVIM, "evaluate", vim_evaluate, 1);
    rb_define_module_function(mVIM, "blob", vim_blob, 1);

    eDeletedBufferError = rb_define_class_under(mVIM, "DeletedBufferError",
						rb_eStandardError);
    eDeletedWindowError = rb_define_class_under(mVIM, "DeletedWindowError",
						rb_eStandardError);

    cBuffer = rb_define_class_under(mVIM, "Buffer", rb_cObject);
    rb_define_singleton_method(cBuffer, "current", buffer_s_current, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(cBuffer, "count", buffer_s_count, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(cBuffer, "[]", buffer_s_aref, 1);
    rb_define_method(cBuffer, "name", buffer_name, 0);
    rb_define_method(cBuffer, "number", buffer_number, 0);
    rb_define_method(cBuffer, "count", buffer_count, 0);
    rb_define_method(cBuffer, "length", buffer_count, 0);
    rb_define_method(cBuffer, "[]", buffer_aref, 1);
    rb_define_method(cBuffer, "[]=", buffer_aset, 2);
    rb_define_method(cBuffer, "delete", buffer_delete, 1);
    rb_define_method(cBuffer, "append", buffer_append, 2);

    // Added line manipulation functions
    //   SegPhault - 03/07/05
    rb_define_method(cBuffer, "line_number", current_line_number, 0);
    rb_define_method(cBuffer, "line", line_s_current, 0);
    rb_define_method(cBuffer, "line=", set_current_line, 1);


    cVimWindow = rb_define_class_under(mVIM, "Window", rb_cObject);
    rb_define_singleton_method(cVimWindow, "current", window_s_current, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(cVimWindow, "count", window_s_count, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(cVimWindow, "[]", window_s_aref, 1);
    rb_define_method(cVimWindow, "buffer", window_buffer, 0);
    rb_define_method(cVimWindow, "height", window_height, 0);
    rb_define_method(cVimWindow, "height=", window_set_height, 1);
    rb_define_method(cVimWindow, "width", window_width, 0);
    rb_define_method(cVimWindow, "width=", window_set_width, 1);
    rb_define_method(cVimWindow, "cursor", window_cursor, 0);
    rb_define_method(cVimWindow, "cursor=", window_set_cursor, 1);

    rb_define_virtual_variable("$curbuf", buffer_s_current_getter, 0);
    rb_define_virtual_variable("$curwin", window_s_current_getter, 0);
}

    void
vim_ruby_init(void *stack_start)
{
    // should get machine stack start address early in main function
    ruby_stack_start = stack_start;
}

    static int
convert_hash2dict(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE arg)
{
    dict_T *d = (dict_T *)arg;
    dictitem_T *di;

    di = dictitem_alloc((char_u *)RSTRING_PTR(rb_obj_as_string(key)));
    if (di == NULL || ruby_convert_to_vim_value(val, &di->di_tv) != OK
						     || dict_add(d, di) != OK)
    {
	d->dv_hashtab.ht_flags |= HTFLAGS_ERROR;
	return ST_STOP;
    }
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

    static int
ruby_convert_to_vim_value(VALUE val, typval_T *rettv)
{
    switch (TYPE(val))
    {
	case T_NIL:
	    rettv->v_type = VAR_SPECIAL;
	    rettv->vval.v_number = VVAL_NULL;
	    break;
	case T_TRUE:
	    rettv->v_type = VAR_BOOL;
	    rettv->vval.v_number = VVAL_TRUE;
	    break;
	case T_FALSE:
	    rettv->v_type = VAR_BOOL;
	    rettv->vval.v_number = VVAL_FALSE;
	    break;
	case T_BIGNUM:
	case T_FIXNUM:
	    rettv->v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
	    rettv->vval.v_number = (varnumber_T)NUM2LONG(val);
	    break;
	case T_FLOAT:
	    rettv->v_type = VAR_FLOAT;
	    rettv->vval.v_float = (float_T)NUM2DBL(val);
	    break;
	default:
	    val = rb_obj_as_string(val);
	    // FALLTHROUGH
	case T_STRING:
	    {
		VALUE str = (VALUE)RSTRING(val);

		rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
		rettv->vval.v_string = vim_strnsave((char_u *)RSTRING_PTR(str),
							     RSTRING_LEN(str));
	    }
	    break;
	case T_ARRAY:
	    {
		list_T *l;
		long i;
		typval_T v;

		l = list_alloc();
		if (l == NULL)
		    return FAIL;

		for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(val); ++i)
		{
		    if (ruby_convert_to_vim_value((VALUE)RARRAY_PTR(val)[i],
									&v) != OK)
		    {
			list_unref(l);
			return FAIL;
		    }
		    list_append_tv(l, &v);
		    clear_tv(&v);
		}

		rettv->v_type = VAR_LIST;
		rettv->vval.v_list = l;
		++l->lv_refcount;
	    }
	    break;
	case T_HASH:
	    {
		dict_T *d;

		d = dict_alloc();
		if (d == NULL)
		    return FAIL;

		rb_hash_foreach(val, convert_hash2dict, (VALUE)d);
		if (d->dv_hashtab.ht_flags & HTFLAGS_ERROR)
		{
		    dict_unref(d);
		    return FAIL;
		}

		rettv->v_type = VAR_DICT;
		rettv->vval.v_dict = d;
		++d->dv_refcount;
	    }
	    break;
    }
    return OK;
}

    void
do_rubyeval(char_u *str, typval_T *rettv)
{
    int retval = FAIL;

    if (ensure_ruby_initialized())
    {
	int state;
	VALUE obj;

	obj = rb_eval_string_protect((const char *)str, &state);
	if (state)
	    error_print(state);
	else
	    retval = ruby_convert_to_vim_value(obj, rettv);
    }
    if (retval == FAIL)
    {
	rettv->v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
	rettv->vval.v_number = 0;
    }
}