Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/usr_04.txt @ 27895:38651469e776 v8.2.4473
patch 8.2.4473: Coverity warnds for not checking return value of ftell()
Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/416b5f4894196947ea87eea2ed4fda3504674f72
Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
Date: Fri Feb 25 21:47:48 2022 +0000
patch 8.2.4473: Coverity warnds for not checking return value of ftell()
Problem: Coverity warnds for not checking return value of ftell().
Solution: Bail out if ftell() returns a negative value.
| author | Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Fri, 25 Feb 2022 23:00:03 +0100 |
| parents | ef454a7f485d |
| children | f8116058ca76 |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 24024 | 1 *usr_04.txt* For Vim version 8.2. Last change: 2021 Feb 22 |
| 7 | 2 |
| 3 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar | |
| 4 | |
| 5 Making small changes | |
| 6 | |
| 7 | |
| 8 This chapter shows you several ways of making corrections and moving text | |
| 9 around. It teaches you the three basic ways to change text: operator-motion, | |
| 10 Visual mode and text objects. | |
| 11 | |
| 12 |04.1| Operators and motions | |
| 13 |04.2| Changing text | |
| 14 |04.3| Repeating a change | |
| 15 |04.4| Visual mode | |
| 16 |04.5| Moving text | |
| 17 |04.6| Copying text | |
| 18 |04.7| Using the clipboard | |
| 19 |04.8| Text objects | |
| 20 |04.9| Replace mode | |
| 21 |04.10| Conclusion | |
| 22 | |
| 23 Next chapter: |usr_05.txt| Set your settings | |
| 24 Previous chapter: |usr_03.txt| Moving around | |
| 25 Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt| | |
| 26 | |
| 27 ============================================================================== | |
| 28 *04.1* Operators and motions | |
| 29 | |
| 30 In chapter 2 you learned the "x" command to delete a single character. And | |
| 31 using a count: "4x" deletes four characters. | |
| 32 The "dw" command deletes a word. You may recognize the "w" command as the | |
| 33 move word command. In fact, the "d" command may be followed by any motion | |
| 34 command, and it deletes from the current location to the place where the | |
| 35 cursor winds up. | |
| 18719 | 36 The "4w" command, for example, moves the cursor over four words. The "d4w" |
| 7 | 37 command deletes four words. |
| 38 | |
| 39 To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~ | |
| 40 ------------------> | |
| 41 d4w | |
| 42 | |
| 43 To err is human. you need a computer. ~ | |
| 44 | |
| 45 Vim only deletes up to the position where the motion takes the cursor. That's | |
| 46 because Vim knows that you probably don't want to delete the first character | |
| 47 of a word. If you use the "e" command to move to the end of a word, Vim | |
| 48 guesses that you do want to include that last character: | |
| 49 | |
| 50 To err is human. you need a computer. ~ | |
| 51 --------> | |
| 52 d2e | |
| 53 | |
| 54 To err is human. a computer. ~ | |
| 55 | |
| 56 Whether the character under the cursor is included depends on the command you | |
| 57 used to move to that character. The reference manual calls this "exclusive" | |
| 58 when the character isn't included and "inclusive" when it is. | |
| 59 | |
| 60 The "$" command moves to the end of a line. The "d$" command deletes from the | |
| 61 cursor to the end of the line. This is an inclusive motion, thus the last | |
| 62 character of the line is included in the delete operation: | |
| 63 | |
| 64 To err is human. a computer. ~ | |
| 65 ------------> | |
| 66 d$ | |
| 67 | |
| 68 To err is human ~ | |
| 69 | |
| 70 There is a pattern here: operator-motion. You first type an operator command. | |
| 71 For example, "d" is the delete operator. Then you type a motion command like | |
| 72 "4l" or "w". This way you can operate on any text you can move over. | |
| 73 | |
| 74 ============================================================================== | |
| 75 *04.2* Changing text | |
| 76 | |
| 77 Another operator is "c", change. It acts just like the "d" operator, except | |
| 78 it leaves you in Insert mode. For example, "cw" changes a word. Or more | |
| 79 specifically, it deletes a word and then puts you in Insert mode. | |
| 80 | |
| 81 To err is human ~ | |
| 82 -------> | |
| 83 c2wbe<Esc> | |
| 84 | |
| 85 To be human ~ | |
| 86 | |
| 87 This "c2wbe<Esc>" contains these bits: | |
| 88 | |
| 89 c the change operator | |
| 90 2w move two words (they are deleted and Insert mode started) | |
| 91 be insert this text | |
| 92 <Esc> back to Normal mode | |
| 93 | |
| 18719 | 94 You will have noticed something strange: The space before "human" isn't |
| 95 deleted. There is a saying that for every problem there is an answer that is | |
| 96 simple, clear, and wrong. That is the case with the example used here for the | |
| 97 "cw" command. The c operator works just like the d operator, with one | |
| 98 exception: "cw". It actually works like "ce", change to end of word. Thus | |
| 99 the space after the word isn't included. This is an exception that dates back | |
| 100 to the old Vi. Since many people are used to it now, the inconsistency has | |
| 101 remained in Vim. | |
| 7 | 102 |
| 103 | |
| 104 MORE CHANGES | |
| 105 | |
| 106 Like "dd" deletes a whole line, "cc" changes a whole line. It keeps the | |
| 107 existing indent (leading white space) though. | |
| 108 | |
| 109 Just like "d$" deletes until the end of the line, "c$" changes until the end | |
| 110 of the line. It's like doing "d$" to delete the text and then "a" to start | |
| 111 Insert mode and append new text. | |
| 112 | |
| 113 | |
| 114 SHORTCUTS | |
| 115 | |
| 116 Some operator-motion commands are used so often that they have been given a | |
| 18719 | 117 single-letter command: |
| 7 | 118 |
| 119 x stands for dl (delete character under the cursor) | |
| 120 X stands for dh (delete character left of the cursor) | |
| 121 D stands for d$ (delete to end of the line) | |
| 122 C stands for c$ (change to end of the line) | |
| 123 s stands for cl (change one character) | |
| 124 S stands for cc (change a whole line) | |
| 125 | |
| 126 | |
| 127 WHERE TO PUT THE COUNT | |
| 128 | |
| 129 The commands "3dw" and "d3w" delete three words. If you want to get really | |
| 130 picky about things, the first command, "3dw", deletes one word three times; | |
| 131 the command "d3w" deletes three words once. This is a difference without a | |
| 132 distinction. You can actually put in two counts, however. For example, | |
| 133 "3d2w" deletes two words, repeated three times, for a total of six words. | |
| 134 | |
| 135 | |
| 136 REPLACING WITH ONE CHARACTER | |
| 137 | |
| 138 The "r" command is not an operator. It waits for you to type a character, and | |
| 139 will replace the character under the cursor with it. You could do the same | |
| 140 with "cl" or with the "s" command, but with "r" you don't have to press <Esc> | |
| 18719 | 141 to get back out of insert mode. |
| 7 | 142 |
| 143 there is somerhing grong here ~ | |
| 144 rT rt rw | |
| 145 | |
| 146 There is something wrong here ~ | |
| 147 | |
| 148 Using a count with "r" causes that many characters to be replaced with the | |
| 149 same character. Example: | |
| 150 | |
| 151 There is something wrong here ~ | |
| 152 5rx | |
| 153 | |
| 154 There is something xxxxx here ~ | |
| 155 | |
| 156 To replace a character with a line break use "r<Enter>". This deletes one | |
| 157 character and inserts a line break. Using a count here only applies to the | |
| 158 number of characters deleted: "4r<Enter>" replaces four characters with one | |
| 159 line break. | |
| 160 | |
| 161 ============================================================================== | |
| 162 *04.3* Repeating a change | |
| 163 | |
| 21676 | 164 The "." command is one of the simplest yet powerful commands in Vim. It |
| 7 | 165 repeats the last change. For instance, suppose you are editing an HTML file |
| 166 and want to delete all the <B> tags. You position the cursor on the first < | |
| 167 and delete the <B> with the command "df>". You then go to the < of the next | |
| 18719 | 168 </B> and delete it using the "." command. The "." command executes the last |
| 7 | 169 change command (in this case, "df>"). To delete another tag, position the |
| 170 cursor on the < and use the "." command. | |
| 171 | |
| 172 To <B>generate</B> a table of <B>contents ~ | |
| 173 f< find first < ---> | |
| 174 df> delete to > --> | |
| 175 f< find next < ---------> | |
| 176 . repeat df> ---> | |
| 177 f< find next < -------------> | |
| 178 . repeat df> --> | |
| 179 | |
| 18719 | 180 The "." command works for all changes you make, except for "u" (undo), CTRL-R |
| 181 (redo) and commands that start with a colon (:). | |
| 7 | 182 |
| 183 Another example: You want to change the word "four" to "five". It appears | |
| 184 several times in your text. You can do this quickly with this sequence of | |
| 185 commands: | |
| 186 | |
| 187 /four<Enter> find the first string "four" | |
| 188 cwfive<Esc> change the word to "five" | |
| 189 n find the next "four" | |
| 6180 | 190 . repeat the change to "five" |
| 7 | 191 n find the next "four" |
| 192 . repeat the change | |
| 193 etc. | |
| 194 | |
| 195 ============================================================================== | |
| 196 *04.4* Visual mode | |
| 197 | |
| 198 To delete simple items the operator-motion changes work quite well. But often | |
| 199 it's not so easy to decide which command will move over the text you want to | |
| 200 change. Then you can use Visual mode. | |
| 201 | |
| 202 You start Visual mode by pressing "v". You move the cursor over the text you | |
| 203 want to work on. While you do this, the text is highlighted. Finally type | |
| 204 the operator command. | |
| 18719 | 205 For example, to delete from the middle of one word to the middle of another |
| 206 word: | |
| 7 | 207 |
| 208 This is an examination sample of visual mode ~ | |
| 209 ----------> | |
| 210 velllld | |
| 211 | |
| 212 This is an example of visual mode ~ | |
| 213 | |
| 214 When doing this you don't really have to count how many times you have to | |
| 215 press "l" to end up in the right position. You can immediately see what text | |
| 216 will be deleted when you press "d". | |
| 217 | |
| 218 If at any time you decide you don't want to do anything with the highlighted | |
| 219 text, just press <Esc> and Visual mode will stop without doing anything. | |
| 220 | |
| 221 | |
| 222 SELECTING LINES | |
| 223 | |
| 224 If you want to work on whole lines, use "V" to start Visual mode. You will | |
| 225 see right away that the whole line is highlighted, without moving around. | |
| 226 When you move left or right nothing changes. When you move up or down the | |
| 227 selection is extended whole lines at a time. | |
| 228 For example, select three lines with "Vjj": | |
| 229 | |
| 230 +------------------------+ | |
| 231 | text more text | | |
| 232 >> | more text more text | | | |
| 233 selected lines >> | text text text | | Vjj | |
| 234 >> | text more | V | |
| 235 | more text more | | |
| 236 +------------------------+ | |
| 237 | |
| 238 | |
| 239 SELECTING BLOCKS | |
| 240 | |
| 241 If you want to work on a rectangular block of characters, use CTRL-V to start | |
| 242 Visual mode. This is very useful when working on tables. | |
| 243 | |
| 244 name Q1 Q2 Q3 | |
| 245 pierre 123 455 234 | |
| 246 john 0 90 39 | |
| 247 steve 392 63 334 | |
| 248 | |
| 249 To delete the middle "Q2" column, move the cursor to the "Q" of "Q2". Press | |
| 250 CTRL-V to start blockwise Visual mode. Now move the cursor three lines down | |
| 251 with "3j" and to the next word with "w". You can see the first character of | |
| 252 the last column is included. To exclude it, use "h". Now press "d" and the | |
| 253 middle column is gone. | |
| 254 | |
| 255 | |
| 256 GOING TO THE OTHER SIDE | |
| 257 | |
| 258 If you have selected some text in Visual mode, and discover that you need to | |
| 259 change the other end of the selection, use the "o" command (Hint: o for other | |
| 260 end). The cursor will go to the other end, and you can move the cursor to | |
| 261 change where the selection starts. Pressing "o" again brings you back to the | |
| 262 other end. | |
| 263 | |
| 264 When using blockwise selection, you have four corners. "o" only takes you to | |
| 265 one of the other corners, diagonally. Use "O" to move to the other corner in | |
| 266 the same line. | |
| 267 | |
|
2033
de5a43c5eedc
Update documentation files.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@zimbu.org>
parents:
1702
diff
changeset
|
268 Note that "o" and "O" in Visual mode work very differently from Normal mode, |
| 7 | 269 where they open a new line below or above the cursor. |
| 270 | |
| 271 ============================================================================== | |
| 272 *04.5* Moving text | |
| 273 | |
| 18719 | 274 When you delete something with "d", "x", or another command, the text is |
| 275 saved. You can paste it back by using the "p" command. (The Vim name for | |
| 7 | 276 this is put). |
| 277 Take a look at how this works. First you will delete an entire line, by | |
| 278 putting the cursor on the line you want to delete and typing "dd". Now you | |
| 279 move the cursor to where you want to put the line and use the "p" (put) | |
| 280 command. The line is inserted on the line below the cursor. | |
| 281 | |
| 282 a line a line a line | |
| 283 line 2 dd line 3 p line 3 | |
| 284 line 3 line 2 | |
| 285 | |
| 286 Because you deleted an entire line, the "p" command placed the text line below | |
| 287 the cursor. If you delete part of a line (a word, for instance), the "p" | |
| 288 command puts it just after the cursor. | |
| 289 | |
| 290 Some more boring try text to out commands. ~ | |
| 291 ----> | |
| 292 dw | |
| 293 | |
| 294 Some more boring text to out commands. ~ | |
| 295 -------> | |
| 296 welp | |
| 297 | |
| 298 Some more boring text to try out commands. ~ | |
| 299 | |
| 300 | |
| 301 MORE ON PUTTING | |
| 302 | |
| 303 The "P" command puts text like "p", but before the cursor. When you deleted a | |
| 304 whole line with "dd", "P" will put it back above the cursor. When you deleted | |
| 305 a word with "dw", "P" will put it back just before the cursor. | |
| 306 | |
| 307 You can repeat putting as many times as you like. The same text will be used. | |
| 308 | |
| 309 You can use a count with "p" and "P". The text will be repeated as many times | |
| 310 as specified with the count. Thus "dd" and then "3p" puts three copies of the | |
| 311 same deleted line. | |
| 312 | |
| 313 | |
| 314 SWAPPING TWO CHARACTERS | |
| 315 | |
| 316 Frequently when you are typing, your fingers get ahead of your brain (or the | |
| 317 other way around?). The result is a typo such as "teh" for "the". Vim | |
| 318 makes it easy to correct such problems. Just put the cursor on the e of "teh" | |
| 319 and execute the command "xp". This works as follows: "x" deletes the | |
| 320 character e and places it in a register. "p" puts the text after the cursor, | |
| 321 which is after the h. | |
| 322 | |
| 323 teh th the ~ | |
| 324 x p | |
| 325 | |
| 326 ============================================================================== | |
| 327 *04.6* Copying text | |
| 328 | |
| 329 To copy text from one place to another, you could delete it, use "u" to undo | |
| 330 the deletion and then "p" to put it somewhere else. There is an easier way: | |
| 331 yanking. The "y" operator copies text into a register. Then a "p" command | |
| 332 can be used to put it. | |
| 333 Yanking is just a Vim name for copying. The "c" letter was already used | |
| 334 for the change operator, and "y" was still available. Calling this | |
| 335 operator "yank" made it easier to remember to use the "y" key. | |
| 336 | |
| 337 Since "y" is an operator, you use "yw" to yank a word. A count is possible as | |
| 338 usual. To yank two words use "y2w". Example: | |
| 339 | |
| 340 let sqr = LongVariable * ~ | |
| 341 --------------> | |
| 342 y2w | |
| 343 | |
| 344 let sqr = LongVariable * ~ | |
| 345 p | |
| 346 | |
| 347 let sqr = LongVariable * LongVariable ~ | |
| 348 | |
| 349 Notice that "yw" includes the white space after a word. If you don't want | |
| 350 this, use "ye". | |
| 351 | |
| 352 The "yy" command yanks a whole line, just like "dd" deletes a whole line. | |
| 353 Unexpectedly, while "D" deletes from the cursor to the end of the line, "Y" | |
| 354 works like "yy", it yanks the whole line. Watch out for this inconsistency! | |
| 355 Use "y$" to yank to the end of the line. | |
| 356 | |
| 357 a text line yy a text line a text line | |
| 358 line 2 line 2 p line 2 | |
| 359 last line last line a text line | |
| 360 last line | |
| 361 | |
| 362 ============================================================================== | |
| 363 *04.7* Using the clipboard | |
| 364 | |
| 365 If you are using the GUI version of Vim (gvim), you can find the "Copy" item | |
| 366 in the "Edit" menu. First select some text with Visual mode, then use the | |
| 18719 | 367 Edit/Copy menu item. The selected text is now copied to the clipboard. You |
| 368 can paste the text in other programs. In Vim itself too. | |
| 7 | 369 |
| 370 If you have copied text to the clipboard in another application, you can paste | |
| 18719 | 371 it in Vim with the Edit/Paste menu item. This works in Normal mode and Insert |
| 7 | 372 mode. In Visual mode the selected text is replaced with the pasted text. |
| 373 | |
| 374 The "Cut" menu item deletes the text before it's put on the clipboard. The | |
| 375 "Copy", "Cut" and "Paste" items are also available in the popup menu (only | |
| 376 when there is a popup menu, of course). If your Vim has a toolbar, you can | |
| 377 also find these items there. | |
| 378 | |
| 379 If you are not using the GUI, or if you don't like using a menu, you have to | |
| 380 use another way. You use the normal "y" (yank) and "p" (put) commands, but | |
| 381 prepend "* (double-quote star) before it. To copy a line to the clipboard: > | |
| 382 | |
| 383 "*yy | |
| 384 | |
| 385 To put text from the clipboard back into the text: > | |
| 386 | |
| 387 "*p | |
| 388 | |
| 389 This only works on versions of Vim that include clipboard support. More about | |
| 18719 | 390 the clipboard can be found in section |09.3| and here: |clipboard|. |
| 7 | 391 |
| 392 ============================================================================== | |
| 393 *04.8* Text objects | |
| 394 | |
| 1125 | 395 If the cursor is in the middle of a word and you want to delete that word, you |
| 7 | 396 need to move back to its start before you can do "dw". There is a simpler way |
| 397 to do this: "daw". | |
| 398 | |
| 399 this is some example text. ~ | |
| 400 daw | |
| 401 | |
| 402 this is some text. ~ | |
| 403 | |
| 404 The "d" of "daw" is the delete operator. "aw" is a text object. Hint: "aw" | |
| 405 stands for "A Word". Thus "daw" is "Delete A Word". To be precise, the white | |
| 18719 | 406 space after the word is also deleted (or the white space before the word if at |
| 407 the end of the line). | |
| 7 | 408 |
| 409 Using text objects is the third way to make changes in Vim. We already had | |
| 410 operator-motion and Visual mode. Now we add operator-text object. | |
| 411 It is very similar to operator-motion, but instead of operating on the text | |
| 412 between the cursor position before and after a movement command, the text | |
| 413 object is used as a whole. It doesn't matter where in the object the cursor | |
| 414 was. | |
| 415 | |
| 416 To change a whole sentence use "cis". Take this text: | |
| 417 | |
| 418 Hello there. This ~ | |
| 419 is an example. Just ~ | |
| 420 some text. ~ | |
| 421 | |
| 422 Move to the start of the second line, on "is an". Now use "cis": | |
| 423 | |
| 424 Hello there. Just ~ | |
| 425 some text. ~ | |
| 426 | |
| 427 The cursor is in between the blanks in the first line. Now you type the new | |
| 428 sentence "Another line.": | |
| 429 | |
| 430 Hello there. Another line. Just ~ | |
| 431 some text. ~ | |
| 432 | |
| 433 "cis" consists of the "c" (change) operator and the "is" text object. This | |
| 18719 | 434 stands for "Inner Sentence". There is also the "as" ("A Sentence") object. |
| 435 The difference is that "as" includes the white space after the sentence and | |
| 436 "is" doesn't. If you would delete a sentence, you want to delete the white | |
| 437 space at the same time, thus use "das". If you want to type new text the | |
| 438 white space can remain, thus you use "cis". | |
| 7 | 439 |
| 440 You can also use text objects in Visual mode. It will include the text object | |
| 441 in the Visual selection. Visual mode continues, thus you can do this several | |
| 442 times. For example, start Visual mode with "v" and select a sentence with | |
| 443 "as". Now you can repeat "as" to include more sentences. Finally you use an | |
| 444 operator to do something with the selected sentences. | |
| 445 | |
| 446 You can find a long list of text objects here: |text-objects|. | |
| 447 | |
| 448 ============================================================================== | |
| 449 *04.9* Replace mode | |
| 450 | |
| 451 The "R" command causes Vim to enter replace mode. In this mode, each | |
| 452 character you type replaces the one under the cursor. This continues until | |
| 453 you type <Esc>. | |
| 454 In this example you start Replace mode on the first "t" of "text": | |
| 455 | |
| 456 This is text. ~ | |
| 457 Rinteresting.<Esc> | |
| 458 | |
| 459 This is interesting. ~ | |
| 460 | |
| 461 You may have noticed that this command replaced 5 characters in the line with | |
| 237 | 462 twelve others. The "R" command automatically extends the line if it runs out |
| 7 | 463 of characters to replace. It will not continue on the next line. |
| 464 | |
| 465 You can switch between Insert mode and Replace mode with the <Insert> key. | |
| 466 | |
| 24024 | 467 When you use <BS> (backspace) to make a correction, you will notice that the |
| 468 old text is put back. Thus it works like an undo command for the previously | |
| 469 typed character. | |
| 7 | 470 |
| 471 ============================================================================== | |
| 472 *04.10* Conclusion | |
| 473 | |
| 474 The operators, movement commands and text objects give you the possibility to | |
| 18719 | 475 make lots of combinations. Now that you know how they work, you can use N |
| 7 | 476 operators with M movement commands to make N * M commands! |
| 477 | |
| 18719 | 478 You can find a list of operators here: |operator|. |
| 7 | 479 |
| 480 For example, there are many other ways to delete pieces of text. Here are a | |
| 18719 | 481 few common ones: |
| 7 | 482 |
| 483 x delete character under the cursor (short for "dl") | |
| 484 X delete character before the cursor (short for "dh") | |
| 485 D delete from cursor to end of line (short for "d$") | |
| 486 dw delete from cursor to next start of word | |
| 487 db delete from cursor to previous start of word | |
| 488 diw delete word under the cursor (excluding white space) | |
| 489 daw delete word under the cursor (including white space) | |
| 490 dG delete until the end of the file | |
| 491 dgg delete until the start of the file | |
| 492 | |
| 493 If you use "c" instead of "d" they become change commands. And with "y" you | |
| 494 yank the text. And so forth. | |
| 495 | |
| 496 | |
| 18719 | 497 There are a few common commands to make changes that didn't fit somewhere |
| 7 | 498 else: |
| 499 | |
| 18719 | 500 ~ Change case of the character under the cursor, and move the |
| 7 | 501 cursor to the next character. This is not an operator (unless |
| 502 'tildeop' is set), thus you can't use it with a motion | |
| 18719 | 503 command. It does work in Visual mode, where it changes case |
| 504 for all the selected text. | |
| 7 | 505 |
| 506 I Start Insert mode after moving the cursor to the first | |
| 507 non-blank in the line. | |
| 508 | |
| 509 A Start Insert mode after moving the cursor to the end of the | |
| 510 line. | |
| 511 | |
| 512 ============================================================================== | |
| 513 | |
| 514 Next chapter: |usr_05.txt| Set your settings | |
| 515 | |
| 14519 | 516 Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |