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1 *usr_03.txt* For Vim version 7.4. Last change: 2006 Jun 21
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2
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3 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar
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4
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5 Moving around
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6
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7
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8 Before you can insert or delete text the cursor has to be moved to the right
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9 place. Vim has a large number of commands to position the cursor. This
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10 chapter shows you how to use the most important ones. You can find a list of
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11 these commands below |Q_lr|.
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12
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13 |03.1| Word movement
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14 |03.2| Moving to the start or end of a line
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15 |03.3| Moving to a character
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164
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16 |03.4| Matching a parenthesis
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17 |03.5| Moving to a specific line
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18 |03.6| Telling where you are
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19 |03.7| Scrolling around
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20 |03.8| Simple searches
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21 |03.9| Simple search patterns
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22 |03.10| Using marks
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23
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24 Next chapter: |usr_04.txt| Making small changes
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25 Previous chapter: |usr_02.txt| The first steps in Vim
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26 Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|
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27
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28 ==============================================================================
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29 *03.1* Word movement
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30
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31 To move the cursor forward one word, use the "w" command. Like most Vim
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32 commands, you can use a numeric prefix to move past multiple words. For
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33 example, "3w" moves three words. This figure shows how it works:
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34
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35 This is a line with example text ~
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36 --->-->->----------------->
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37 w w w 3w
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38
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39 Notice that "w" moves to the start of the next word if it already is at the
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40 start of a word.
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41 The "b" command moves backward to the start of the previous word:
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42
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43 This is a line with example text ~
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44 <----<--<-<---------<---
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45 b b b 2b b
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46
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47 There is also the "e" command that moves to the next end of a word and "ge",
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48 which moves to the previous end of a word:
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49
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50 This is a line with example text ~
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51 <- <--- -----> ---->
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52 ge ge e e
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53
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54 If you are at the last word of a line, the "w" command will take you to the
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55 first word in the next line. Thus you can use this to move through a
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56 paragraph, much faster than using "l". "b" does the same in the other
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57 direction.
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58
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59 A word ends at a non-word character, such as a ".", "-" or ")". To change
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60 what Vim considers to be a word, see the 'iskeyword' option.
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61 It is also possible to move by white-space separated WORDs. This is not a
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62 word in the normal sense, that's why the uppercase is used. The commands for
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63 moving by WORDs are also uppercase, as this figure shows:
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64
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65 ge b w e
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66 <- <- ---> --->
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67 This is-a line, with special/separated/words (and some more). ~
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68 <----- <----- --------------------> ----->
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69 gE B W E
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70
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71 With this mix of lowercase and uppercase commands, you can quickly move
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72 forward and backward through a paragraph.
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73
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74 ==============================================================================
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75 *03.2* Moving to the start or end of a line
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76
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77 The "$" command moves the cursor to the end of a line. If your keyboard has
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78 an <End> key it will do the same thing.
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79
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80 The "^" command moves to the first non-blank character of the line. The "0"
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81 command (zero) moves to the very first character of the line. The <Home> key
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82 does the same thing. In a picture:
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83
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84 ^
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85 <------------
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86 .....This is a line with example text ~
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87 <----------------- --------------->
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88 0 $
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89
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90 (the "....." indicates blanks here)
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91
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92 The "$" command takes a count, like most movement commands. But moving to
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93 the end of the line several times doesn't make sense. Therefore it causes the
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94 editor to move to the end of another line. For example, "1$" moves you to
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95 the end of the first line (the one you're on), "2$" to the end of the next
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96 line, and so on.
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97 The "0" command doesn't take a count argument, because the "0" would be
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98 part of the count. Unexpectedly, using a count with "^" doesn't have any
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99 effect.
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100
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101 ==============================================================================
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102 *03.3* Moving to a character
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103
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104 One of the most useful movement commands is the single-character search
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105 command. The command "fx" searches forward in the line for the single
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106 character x. Hint: "f" stands for "Find".
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107 For example, you are at the beginning of the following line. Suppose you
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108 want to go to the h of human. Just execute the command "fh" and the cursor
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109 will be positioned over the h:
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110
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111 To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~
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112 ---------->--------------->
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113 fh fy
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114
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115 This also shows that the command "fy" moves to the end of the word really.
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116 You can specify a count; therefore, you can go to the "l" of "foul" with
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117 "3fl":
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118
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119 To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~
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120 --------------------->
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121 3fl
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122
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123 The "F" command searches to the left:
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124
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125 To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~
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126 <---------------------
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127 Fh
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128
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129 The "tx" command works like the "fx" command, except it stops one character
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130 before the searched character. Hint: "t" stands for "To". The backward
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131 version of this command is "Tx".
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132
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133 To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~
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134 <------------ ------------->
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135 Th tn
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136
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137 These four commands can be repeated with ";". "," repeats in the other
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138 direction. The cursor is never moved to another line. Not even when the
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139 sentence continues.
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140
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141 Sometimes you will start a search, only to realize that you have typed the
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142 wrong command. You type "f" to search backward, for example, only to realize
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143 that you really meant "F". To abort a search, press <Esc>. So "f<Esc>" is an
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144 aborted forward search and doesn't do anything. Note: <Esc> cancels most
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145 operations, not just searches.
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146
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147 ==============================================================================
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164
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148 *03.4* Matching a parenthesis
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149
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150 When writing a program you often end up with nested () constructs. Then the
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151 "%" command is very handy: It moves to the matching paren. If the cursor is
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152 on a "(" it will move to the matching ")". If it's on a ")" it will move to
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153 the matching "(".
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154
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155 %
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156 <----->
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157 if (a == (b * c) / d) ~
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158 <---------------->
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159 %
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160
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161 This also works for [] and {} pairs. (This can be defined with the
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162 'matchpairs' option.)
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163
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164 When the cursor is not on a useful character, "%" will search forward to find
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165 one. Thus if the cursor is at the start of the line of the previous example,
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166 "%" will search forward and find the first "(". Then it moves to its match:
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167
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168 if (a == (b * c) / d) ~
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169 ---+---------------->
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170 %
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171
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172 ==============================================================================
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173 *03.5* Moving to a specific line
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174
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175 If you are a C or C++ programmer, you are familiar with error messages such as
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176 the following:
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177
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178 prog.c:33: j undeclared (first use in this function) ~
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179
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180 This tells you that you might want to fix something on line 33. So how do you
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181 find line 33? One way is to do "9999k" to go to the top of the file and "32j"
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182 to go down thirty two lines. It is not a good way, but it works. A much
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183 better way of doing things is to use the "G" command. With a count, this
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184 command positions you at the given line number. For example, "33G" puts you
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185 on line 33. (For a better way of going through a compiler's error list, see
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186 |usr_30.txt|, for information on the :make command.)
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187 With no argument, "G" positions you at the end of the file. A quick way to
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188 go to the start of a file use "gg". "1G" will do the same, but is a tiny bit
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189 more typing.
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190
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191 | first line of a file ^
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192 | text text text text |
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193 | text text text text | gg
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194 7G | text text text text |
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195 | text text text text
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196 | text text text text
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197 V text text text text |
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198 text text text text | G
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199 text text text text |
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200 last line of a file V
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201
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202 Another way to move to a line is using the "%" command with a count. For
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203 example "50%" moves you to halfway the file. "90%" goes to near the end.
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204
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205 The previous assumes that you want to move to a line in the file, no matter if
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206 it's currently visible or not. What if you want to move to one of the lines
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207 you can see? This figure shows the three commands you can use:
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208
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209 +---------------------------+
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210 H --> | text sample text |
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211 | sample text |
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212 | text sample text |
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213 | sample text |
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214 M --> | text sample text |
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215 | sample text |
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216 | text sample text |
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217 | sample text |
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218 L --> | text sample text |
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219 +---------------------------+
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220
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221 Hints: "H" stands for Home, "M" for Middle and "L" for Last.
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222
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223 ==============================================================================
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224 *03.6* Telling where you are
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225
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226 To see where you are in a file, there are three ways:
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227
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228 1. Use the CTRL-G command. You get a message like this (assuming the 'ruler'
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229 option is off):
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230
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231 "usr_03.txt" line 233 of 650 --35%-- col 45-52 ~
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232
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233 This shows the name of the file you are editing, the line number where the
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234 cursor is, the total number of lines, the percentage of the way through
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235 the file and the column of the cursor.
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236 Sometimes you will see a split column number. For example, "col 2-9".
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237 This indicates that the cursor is positioned on the second character, but
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238 because character one is a tab, occupying eight spaces worth of columns,
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239 the screen column is 9.
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240
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241 2. Set the 'number' option. This will display a line number in front of
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242 every line: >
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243
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244 :set number
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245 <
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246 To switch this off again: >
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247
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248 :set nonumber
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249 <
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250 Since 'number' is a boolean option, prepending "no" to its name has the
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251 effect of switching it off. A boolean option has only these two values,
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252 it is either on or off.
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253 Vim has many options. Besides the boolean ones there are options with
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254 a numerical value and string options. You will see examples of this where
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255 they are used.
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256
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257 3. Set the 'ruler' option. This will display the cursor position in the
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258 lower right corner of the Vim window: >
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259
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260 :set ruler
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261
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262 Using the 'ruler' option has the advantage that it doesn't take much room,
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263 thus there is more space for your text.
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264
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265 ==============================================================================
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266 *03.7* Scrolling around
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267
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268 The CTRL-U command scrolls down half a screen of text. Think of looking
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269 through a viewing window at the text and moving this window up by half the
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270 height of the window. Thus the window moves up over the text, which is
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271 backward in the file. Don't worry if you have a little trouble remembering
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272 which end is up. Most users have the same problem.
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273 The CTRL-D command moves the viewing window down half a screen in the file,
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274 thus scrolls the text up half a screen.
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275
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276 +----------------+
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277 | some text |
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278 | some text |
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279 | some text |
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280 +---------------+ | some text |
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281 | some text | CTRL-U --> | |
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282 | | | 123456 |
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283 | 123456 | +----------------+
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284 | 7890 |
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285 | | +----------------+
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286 | example | CTRL-D --> | 7890 |
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287 +---------------+ | |
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288 | example |
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289 | example |
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290 | example |
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291 | example |
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292 +----------------+
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293
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294 To scroll one line at a time use CTRL-E (scroll up) and CTRL-Y (scroll down).
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295 Think of CTRL-E to give you one line Extra. (If you use MS-Windows compatible
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296 key mappings CTRL-Y will redo a change instead of scroll.)
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297
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298 To scroll forward by a whole screen (except for two lines) use CTRL-F. The
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299 other way is backward, CTRL-B is the command to use. Fortunately CTRL-F is
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300 Forward and CTRL-B is Backward, that's easy to remember.
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301
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302 A common issue is that after moving down many lines with "j" your cursor is at
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303 the bottom of the screen. You would like to see the context of the line with
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304 the cursor. That's done with the "zz" command.
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305
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306 +------------------+ +------------------+
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307 | some text | | some text |
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308 | some text | | some text |
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309 | some text | | some text |
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310 | some text | zz --> | line with cursor |
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311 | some text | | some text |
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312 | some text | | some text |
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313 | line with cursor | | some text |
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314 +------------------+ +------------------+
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315
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316 The "zt" command puts the cursor line at the top, "zb" at the bottom. There
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317 are a few more scrolling commands, see |Q_sc|. To always keep a few lines of
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318 context around the cursor, use the 'scrolloff' option.
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319
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320 ==============================================================================
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321 *03.8* Simple searches
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322
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323 To search for a string, use the "/string" command. To find the word include,
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324 for example, use the command: >
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325
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326 /include
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327
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328 You will notice that when you type the "/" the cursor jumps to the last line
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329 of the Vim window, like with colon commands. That is where you type the word.
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330 You can press the backspace key (backarrow or <BS>) to make corrections. Use
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331 the <Left> and <Right> cursor keys when necessary.
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332 Pressing <Enter> executes the command.
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333
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334 Note:
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236
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335 The characters .*[]^%/\?~$ have special meanings. If you want to use
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336 them in a search you must put a \ in front of them. See below.
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337
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338 To find the next occurrence of the same string use the "n" command. Use this
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339 to find the first #include after the cursor: >
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340
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341 /#include
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342
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343 And then type "n" several times. You will move to each #include in the text.
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344 You can also use a count if you know which match you want. Thus "3n" finds
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345 the third match. Using a count with "/" doesn't work.
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346
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347 The "?" command works like "/" but searches backwards: >
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348
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349 ?word
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350
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351 The "N" command repeats the last search the opposite direction. Thus using
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352 "N" after a "/" command search backwards, using "N" after "?" searches
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353 forward.
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354
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355
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356 IGNORING CASE
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357
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358 Normally you have to type exactly what you want to find. If you don't care
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359 about upper or lowercase in a word, set the 'ignorecase' option: >
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360
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361 :set ignorecase
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362
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363 If you now search for "word", it will also match "Word" and "WORD". To match
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364 case again: >
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365
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366 :set noignorecase
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367
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368
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369 HISTORY
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370
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371 Suppose you do three searches: >
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372
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373 /one
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374 /two
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375 /three
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376
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377 Now let's start searching by typing a simple "/" without pressing <Enter>. If
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378 you press <Up> (the cursor key), Vim puts "/three" on the command line.
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379 Pressing <Enter> at this point searches for three. If you do not press
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380 <Enter>, but press <Up> instead, Vim changes the prompt to "/two". Another
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381 press of <Up> moves you to "/one".
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382 You can also use the <Down> cursor key to move through the history of
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383 search commands in the other direction.
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384
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385 If you know what a previously used pattern starts with, and you want to use it
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386 again, type that character before pressing <Up>. With the previous example,
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387 you can type "/o<Up>" and Vim will put "/one" on the command line.
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388
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389 The commands starting with ":" also have a history. That allows you to recall
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390 a previous command and execute it again. These two histories are separate.
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391
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392
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393 SEARCHING FOR A WORD IN THE TEXT
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394
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395 Suppose you see the word "TheLongFunctionName" in the text and you want to
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396 find the next occurrence of it. You could type "/TheLongFunctionName", but
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397 that's a lot of typing. And when you make a mistake Vim won't find it.
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398 There is an easier way: Position the cursor on the word and use the "*"
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399 command. Vim will grab the word under the cursor and use it as the search
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400 string.
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401 The "#" command does the same in the other direction. You can prepend a
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402 count: "3*" searches for the third occurrence of the word under the cursor.
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403
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404
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405 SEARCHING FOR WHOLE WORDS
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406
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407 If you type "/the" it will also match "there". To only find words that end
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408 in "the" use: >
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409
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410 /the\>
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411
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412 The "\>" item is a special marker that only matches at the end of a word.
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413 Similarly "\<" only matches at the begin of a word. Thus to search for the
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414 word "the" only: >
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415
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416 /\<the\>
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417
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418 This does not match "there" or "soothe". Notice that the "*" and "#" commands
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419 use these start-of-word and end-of-word markers to only find whole words (you
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420 can use "g*" and "g#" to match partial words).
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421
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422
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423 HIGHLIGHTING MATCHES
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424
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425 While editing a program you see a variable called "nr". You want to check
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426 where it's used. You could move the cursor to "nr" and use the "*" command
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427 and press "n" to go along all the matches.
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428 There is another way. Type this command: >
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429
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430 :set hlsearch
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431
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432 If you now search for "nr", Vim will highlight all matches. That is a very
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433 good way to see where the variable is used, without the need to type commands.
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434 To switch this off: >
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435
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436 :set nohlsearch
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437
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438 Then you need to switch it on again if you want to use it for the next search
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439 command. If you only want to remove the highlighting, use this command: >
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440
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441 :nohlsearch
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442
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443 This doesn't reset the option. Instead, it disables the highlighting. As
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444 soon as you execute a search command, the highlighting will be used again.
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445 Also for the "n" and "N" commands.
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446
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447
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448 TUNING SEARCHES
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449
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450 There are a few options that change how searching works. These are the
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451 essential ones:
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452 >
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453 :set incsearch
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454
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455 This makes Vim display the match for the string while you are still typing it.
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456 Use this to check if the right match will be found. Then press <Enter> to
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457 really jump to that location. Or type more to change the search string.
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458 >
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459 :set nowrapscan
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460
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461 This stops the search at the end of the file. Or, when you are searching
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462 backwards, at the start of the file. The 'wrapscan' option is on by default,
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463 thus searching wraps around the end of the file.
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464
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465
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466 INTERMEZZO
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467
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468 If you like one of the options mentioned before, and set it each time you use
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469 Vim, you can put the command in your Vim startup file.
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470 Edit the file, as mentioned at |not-compatible|. Or use this command to
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471 find out where it is: >
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472
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473 :scriptnames
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474
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475 Edit the file, for example with: >
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476
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477 :edit ~/.vimrc
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478
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479 Then add a line with the command to set the option, just like you typed it in
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480 Vim. Example: >
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481
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482 Go:set hlsearch<Esc>
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483
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484 "G" moves to the end of the file. "o" starts a new line, where you type the
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485 ":set" command. You end insert mode with <Esc>. Then write the file: >
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486
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487 ZZ
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488
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489 If you now start Vim again, the 'hlsearch' option will already be set.
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490
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491 ==============================================================================
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492 *03.9* Simple search patterns
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493
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494 The Vim editor uses regular expressions to specify what to search for.
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495 Regular expressions are an extremely powerful and compact way to specify a
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496 search pattern. Unfortunately, this power comes at a price, because regular
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497 expressions are a bit tricky to specify.
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498 In this section we mention only a few essential ones. More about search
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499 patterns and commands in chapter 27 |usr_27.txt|. You can find the full
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500 explanation here: |pattern|.
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501
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502
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503 BEGINNING AND END OF A LINE
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504
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505 The ^ character matches the beginning of a line. On an English-US keyboard
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506 you find it above the 6. The pattern "include" matches the word include
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507 anywhere on the line. But the pattern "^include" matches the word include
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508 only if it is at the beginning of a line.
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509 The $ character matches the end of a line. Therefore, "was$" matches the
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510 word was only if it is at the end of a line.
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511
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512 Let's mark the places where "the" matches in this example line with "x"s:
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513
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514 the solder holding one of the chips melted and the ~
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515 xxx xxx xxx
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516
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517 Using "/the$" we find this match:
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518
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519 the solder holding one of the chips melted and the ~
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520 xxx
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521
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522 And with "/^the" we find this one:
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523 the solder holding one of the chips melted and the ~
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524 xxx
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525
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526 You can try searching with "/^the$", it will only match a single line
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527 consisting of "the". White space does matter here, thus if a line contains a
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528 space after the word, like "the ", the pattern will not match.
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529
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530
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531 MATCHING ANY SINGLE CHARACTER
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532
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533 The . (dot) character matches any existing character. For example, the
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534 pattern "c.m" matches a string whose first character is a c, whose second
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6530
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535 character is anything, and whose third character is m. Example:
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7
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536
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537 We use a computer that became the cummin winter. ~
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|
538 xxx xxx xxx
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539
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540
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|
541 MATCHING SPECIAL CHARACTERS
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542
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543 If you really want to match a dot, you must avoid its special meaning by
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544 putting a backslash before it.
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545 If you search for "ter.", you will find these matches:
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546
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547 We use a computer that became the cummin winter. ~
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548 xxxx xxxx
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549
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550 Searching for "ter\." only finds the second match.
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551
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552 ==============================================================================
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|
553 *03.10* Using marks
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554
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555 When you make a jump to a position with the "G" command, Vim remembers the
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556 position from before this jump. This position is called a mark. To go back
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557 where you came from, use this command: >
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558
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559 ``
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560
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561 This ` is a backtick or open single-quote character.
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562 If you use the same command a second time you will jump back again. That's
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563 because the ` command is a jump itself, and the position from before this jump
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564 is remembered.
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565
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566 Generally, every time you do a command that can move the cursor further than
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567 within the same line, this is called a jump. This includes the search
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568 commands "/" and "n" (it doesn't matter how far away the match is). But not
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569 the character searches with "fx" and "tx" or the word movements "w" and "e".
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570 Also, "j" and "k" are not considered to be a jump. Even when you use a
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571 count to make them move the cursor quite a long way away.
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572
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573 The `` command jumps back and forth, between two points. The CTRL-O command
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574 jumps to older positions (Hint: O for older). CTRL-I then jumps back to newer
|
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|
575 positions (Hint: I is just next to O on the keyboard). Consider this sequence
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|
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576 of commands: >
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|
|
577
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|
578 33G
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|
|
579 /^The
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|
580 CTRL-O
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|
|
581
|
|
|
582 You first jump to line 33, then search for a line that starts with "The".
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|
583 Then with CTRL-O you jump back to line 33. Another CTRL-O takes you back to
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|
584 where you started. If you now use CTRL-I you jump to line 33 again. And
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|
585 to the match for "The" with another CTRL-I.
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586
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587
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|
|
588 | example text ^ |
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|
589 33G | example text | CTRL-O | CTRL-I
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590 | example text | |
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|
591 V line 33 text ^ V
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|
592 | example text | |
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|
|
593 /^The | example text | CTRL-O | CTRL-I
|
|
|
594 V There you are | V
|
|
|
595 example text
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596
|
|
|
597 Note:
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|
|
598 CTRL-I is the same as <Tab>.
|
|
|
599
|
|
|
600 The ":jumps" command gives a list of positions you jumped to. The entry which
|
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601 you used last is marked with a ">".
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602
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603
|
|
255
|
604 NAMED MARKS *bookmark*
|
|
7
|
605
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|
606 Vim enables you to place your own marks in the text. The command "ma" marks
|
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|
607 the place under the cursor as mark a. You can place 26 marks (a through z) in
|
|
|
608 your text. You can't see them, it's just a position that Vim remembers.
|
|
1121
|
609 To go to a mark, use the command `{mark}, where {mark} is the mark letter.
|
|
7
|
610 Thus to move to the a mark:
|
|
|
611 >
|
|
|
612 `a
|
|
|
613
|
|
|
614 The command 'mark (single quotation mark, or apostrophe) moves you to the
|
|
|
615 beginning of the line containing the mark. This differs from the `mark
|
|
|
616 command, which moves you to marked column.
|
|
|
617
|
|
|
618 The marks can be very useful when working on two related parts in a file.
|
|
|
619 Suppose you have some text near the start of the file you need to look at,
|
|
|
620 while working on some text near the end of the file.
|
|
|
621 Move to the text at the start and place the s (start) mark there: >
|
|
|
622
|
|
|
623 ms
|
|
|
624
|
|
1121
|
625 Then move to the text you want to work on and put the e (end) mark there: >
|
|
7
|
626
|
|
|
627 me
|
|
|
628
|
|
|
629 Now you can move around, and when you want to look at the start of the file,
|
|
|
630 you use this to jump there: >
|
|
|
631
|
|
|
632 's
|
|
|
633
|
|
|
634 Then you can use '' to jump back to where you were, or 'e to jump to the text
|
|
|
635 you were working on at the end.
|
|
|
636 There is nothing special about using s for start and e for end, they are
|
|
|
637 just easy to remember.
|
|
|
638
|
|
|
639 You can use this command to get a list of marks: >
|
|
|
640
|
|
|
641 :marks
|
|
|
642
|
|
|
643 You will notice a few special marks. These include:
|
|
|
644
|
|
|
645 ' The cursor position before doing a jump
|
|
|
646 " The cursor position when last editing the file
|
|
|
647 [ Start of the last change
|
|
|
648 ] End of the last change
|
|
|
649
|
|
|
650 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
651
|
|
|
652 Next chapter: |usr_04.txt| Making small changes
|
|
|
653
|
|
|
654 Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
|
