Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/usr_12.txt @ 4956:5cd32322154c v7.3.1223
updated for version 7.3.1223
Problem: Tests fail on MS-Windows.
Solution: Avoid depending on OS version. Use DOS commands instead of Unix
commands. (Taro Muraoka, Ken Takata)
| author | Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Wed, 19 Jun 2013 21:17:31 +0200 |
| parents | 073ff46fe397 |
| children | 6ec6b7ff2d43 |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
|
2572
ee53a39d5896
Last changes for the 7.3 release!
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
parents:
2561
diff
changeset
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1 *usr_12.txt* For Vim version 7.3. Last change: 2007 May 11 |
| 7 | 2 |
| 3 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar | |
| 4 | |
| 5 Clever tricks | |
| 6 | |
| 7 | |
| 8 By combining several commands you can make Vim do nearly everything. In this | |
| 9 chapter a number of useful combinations will be presented. This uses the | |
| 10 commands introduced in the previous chapters and a few more. | |
| 11 | |
| 12 |12.1| Replace a word | |
| 13 |12.2| Change "Last, First" to "First Last" | |
| 14 |12.3| Sort a list | |
| 15 |12.4| Reverse line order | |
| 16 |12.5| Count words | |
| 17 |12.6| Find a man page | |
| 18 |12.7| Trim blanks | |
| 19 |12.8| Find where a word is used | |
| 20 | |
| 21 Next chapter: |usr_20.txt| Typing command-line commands quickly | |
| 22 Previous chapter: |usr_11.txt| Recovering from a crash | |
| 23 Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt| | |
| 24 | |
| 25 ============================================================================== | |
| 26 *12.1* Replace a word | |
| 27 | |
| 28 The substitute command can be used to replace all occurrences of a word with | |
| 29 another word: > | |
| 30 | |
| 31 :%s/four/4/g | |
| 32 | |
| 33 The "%" range means to replace in all lines. The "g" flag at the end causes | |
| 34 all words in a line to be replaced. | |
| 35 This will not do the right thing if your file also contains "thirtyfour". | |
| 36 It would be replaced with "thirty4". To avoid this, use the "\<" item to | |
| 37 match the start of a word: > | |
| 38 | |
| 39 :%s/\<four/4/g | |
| 40 | |
| 1125 | 41 Obviously, this still goes wrong on "fourteen". Use "\>" to match the end of |
| 42 a word: > | |
| 7 | 43 |
| 44 :%s/\<four\>/4/g | |
| 45 | |
| 46 If you are programming, you might want to replace "four" in comments, but not | |
| 47 in the code. Since this is difficult to specify, add the "c" flag to have the | |
| 48 substitute command prompt you for each replacement: > | |
| 49 | |
| 50 | |
| 51 :%s/\<four\>/4/gc | |
| 52 | |
| 53 | |
| 54 REPLACING IN SEVERAL FILES | |
| 55 | |
| 56 Suppose you want to replace a word in more than one file. You could edit each | |
| 57 file and type the command manually. It's a lot faster to use record and | |
| 58 playback. | |
| 59 Let's assume you have a directory with C++ files, all ending in ".cpp". | |
| 60 There is a function called "GetResp" that you want to rename to "GetAnswer". | |
| 61 | |
| 62 vim *.cpp Start Vim, defining the argument list to | |
| 63 contain all the C++ files. You are now in the | |
| 64 first file. | |
| 65 qq Start recording into the q register | |
| 66 :%s/\<GetResp\>/GetAnswer/g | |
| 67 Do the replacements in the first file. | |
| 68 :wnext Write this file and move to the next one. | |
| 69 q Stop recording. | |
| 70 @q Execute the q register. This will replay the | |
| 71 substitution and ":wnext". You can verify | |
| 72 that this doesn't produce an error message. | |
| 73 999@q Execute the q register on the remaining files. | |
| 74 | |
| 75 At the last file you will get an error message, because ":wnext" cannot move | |
| 76 to the next file. This stops the execution, and everything is done. | |
| 77 | |
| 78 Note: | |
| 79 When playing back a recorded sequence, an error stops the execution. | |
| 80 Therefore, make sure you don't get an error message when recording. | |
| 81 | |
| 82 There is one catch: If one of the .cpp files does not contain the word | |
| 83 "GetResp", you will get an error and replacing will stop. To avoid this, add | |
| 84 the "e" flag to the substitute command: > | |
| 85 | |
| 86 :%s/\<GetResp\>/GetAnswer/ge | |
| 87 | |
| 88 The "e" flag tells ":substitute" that not finding a match is not an error. | |
| 89 | |
| 90 ============================================================================== | |
| 91 *12.2* Change "Last, First" to "First Last" | |
| 92 | |
| 93 You have a list of names in this form: | |
| 94 | |
| 95 Doe, John ~ | |
| 96 Smith, Peter ~ | |
| 97 | |
| 98 You want to change that to: | |
| 99 | |
| 100 John Doe ~ | |
| 101 Peter Smith ~ | |
| 102 | |
| 103 This can be done with just one command: > | |
| 104 | |
| 105 :%s/\([^,]*\), \(.*\)/\2 \1/ | |
| 106 | |
| 107 Let's break this down in parts. Obviously it starts with a substitute | |
| 108 command. The "%" is the line range, which stands for the whole file. Thus | |
| 109 the substitution is done in every line in the file. | |
| 110 The arguments for the substitute command are "/from/to/". The slashes | |
| 111 separate the "from" pattern and the "to" string. This is what the "from" | |
| 112 pattern contains: | |
| 113 \([^,]*\), \(.*\) ~ | |
| 114 | |
| 115 The first part between \( \) matches "Last" \( \) | |
| 116 match anything but a comma [^,] | |
| 117 any number of times * | |
| 118 matches ", " literally , | |
| 119 The second part between \( \) matches "First" \( \) | |
| 120 any character . | |
| 121 any number of times * | |
| 122 | |
| 123 In the "to" part we have "\2" and "\1". These are called backreferences. | |
| 124 They refer to the text matched by the "\( \)" parts in the pattern. "\2" | |
| 125 refers to the text matched by the second "\( \)", which is the "First" name. | |
| 126 "\1" refers to the first "\( \)", which is the "Last" name. | |
| 127 You can use up to nine backreferences in the "to" part of a substitute | |
| 128 command. "\0" stands for the whole matched pattern. There are a few more | |
| 129 special items in a substitute command, see |sub-replace-special|. | |
| 130 | |
| 131 ============================================================================== | |
| 132 *12.3* Sort a list | |
| 133 | |
| 134 In a Makefile you often have a list of files. For example: | |
| 135 | |
| 136 OBJS = \ ~ | |
| 137 version.o \ ~ | |
| 138 pch.o \ ~ | |
| 139 getopt.o \ ~ | |
| 140 util.o \ ~ | |
| 141 getopt1.o \ ~ | |
| 142 inp.o \ ~ | |
| 143 patch.o \ ~ | |
| 144 backup.o ~ | |
| 145 | |
| 146 To sort this list, filter the text through the external sort command: > | |
| 147 | |
| 148 /^OBJS | |
| 149 j | |
| 150 :.,/^$/-1!sort | |
| 151 | |
| 152 This goes to the first line, where "OBJS" is the first thing in the line. | |
| 153 Then it goes one line down and filters the lines until the next empty line. | |
| 154 You could also select the lines in Visual mode and then use "!sort". That's | |
| 155 easier to type, but more work when there are many lines. | |
| 156 The result is this: | |
| 157 | |
| 158 OBJS = \ ~ | |
| 159 backup.o ~ | |
| 160 getopt.o \ ~ | |
| 161 getopt1.o \ ~ | |
| 162 inp.o \ ~ | |
| 163 patch.o \ ~ | |
| 164 pch.o \ ~ | |
| 165 util.o \ ~ | |
| 166 version.o \ ~ | |
| 167 | |
| 168 | |
| 169 Notice that a backslash at the end of each line is used to indicate the line | |
| 170 continues. After sorting, this is wrong! The "backup.o" line that was at | |
| 171 the end didn't have a backslash. Now that it sorts to another place, it | |
| 172 must have a backslash. | |
| 173 The simplest solution is to add the backslash with "A \<Esc>". You can | |
| 174 keep the backslash in the last line, if you make sure an empty line comes | |
| 175 after it. That way you don't have this problem again. | |
| 176 | |
| 177 ============================================================================== | |
| 178 *12.4* Reverse line order | |
| 179 | |
| 180 The |:global| command can be combined with the |:move| command to move all the | |
| 181 lines before the first line, resulting in a reversed file. The command is: > | |
| 182 | |
| 183 :global/^/m 0 | |
| 184 | |
| 185 Abbreviated: > | |
| 186 | |
| 187 :g/^/m 0 | |
| 188 | |
| 189 The "^" regular expression matches the beginning of the line (even if the line | |
| 190 is blank). The |:move| command moves the matching line to after the mythical | |
| 191 zeroth line, so the current matching line becomes the first line of the file. | |
| 192 As the |:global| command is not confused by the changing line numbering, | |
| 193 |:global| proceeds to match all remaining lines of the file and puts each as | |
| 194 the first. | |
| 195 | |
| 196 This also works on a range of lines. First move to above the first line and | |
| 197 mark it with "mt". Then move the cursor to the last line in the range and | |
| 198 type: > | |
| 199 | |
| 200 :'t+1,.g/^/m 't | |
| 201 | |
| 202 ============================================================================== | |
| 203 *12.5* Count words | |
| 204 | |
| 205 Sometimes you have to write a text with a maximum number of words. Vim can | |
| 206 count the words for you. | |
| 207 When the whole file is what you want to count the words in, use this | |
| 208 command: > | |
| 209 | |
| 210 g CTRL-G | |
| 211 | |
| 212 Do not type a space after the g, this is just used here to make the command | |
| 213 easy to read. | |
| 214 The output looks like this: | |
| 215 | |
| 216 Col 1 of 0; Line 141 of 157; Word 748 of 774; Byte 4489 of 4976 ~ | |
| 217 | |
| 218 You can see on which word you are (748), and the total number of words in the | |
| 219 file (774). | |
| 220 | |
| 221 When the text is only part of a file, you could move to the start of the text, | |
| 222 type "g CTRL-G", move to the end of the text, type "g CTRL-G" again, and then | |
| 223 use your brain to compute the difference in the word position. That's a good | |
| 224 exercise, but there is an easier way. With Visual mode, select the text you | |
| 225 want to count words in. Then type g CTRL-G. The result: | |
| 226 | |
| 227 Selected 5 of 293 Lines; 70 of 1884 Words; 359 of 10928 Bytes ~ | |
| 228 | |
| 229 For other ways to count words, lines and other items, see |count-items|. | |
| 230 | |
| 231 ============================================================================== | |
| 232 *12.6* Find a man page *find-manpage* | |
| 233 | |
| 234 While editing a shell script or C program, you are using a command or function | |
| 235 that you want to find the man page for (this is on Unix). Let's first use a | |
| 236 simple way: Move the cursor to the word you want to find help on and press > | |
| 237 | |
| 238 K | |
| 239 | |
| 240 Vim will run the external "man" program on the word. If the man page is | |
| 241 found, it is displayed. This uses the normal pager to scroll through the text | |
| 242 (mostly the "more" program). When you get to the end pressing <Enter> will | |
| 243 get you back into Vim. | |
| 244 | |
| 245 A disadvantage is that you can't see the man page and the text you are working | |
| 246 on at the same time. There is a trick to make the man page appear in a Vim | |
| 247 window. First, load the man filetype plugin: > | |
| 248 | |
| 249 :runtime! ftplugin/man.vim | |
| 250 | |
| 251 Put this command in your vimrc file if you intend to do this often. Now you | |
| 252 can use the ":Man" command to open a window on a man page: > | |
| 253 | |
| 254 :Man csh | |
| 255 | |
| 256 You can scroll around and the text is highlighted. This allows you to find | |
| 257 the help you were looking for. Use CTRL-W w to jump to the window with the | |
| 258 text you were working on. | |
| 259 To find a man page in a specific section, put the section number first. | |
| 260 For example, to look in section 3 for "echo": > | |
| 261 | |
| 262 :Man 3 echo | |
| 263 | |
| 264 To jump to another man page, which is in the text with the typical form | |
| 265 "word(1)", press CTRL-] on it. Further ":Man" commands will use the same | |
| 266 window. | |
| 267 | |
| 268 To display a man page for the word under the cursor, use this: > | |
| 269 | |
| 270 \K | |
| 271 | |
| 272 (If you redefined the <Leader>, use it instead of the backslash). | |
| 273 For example, you want to know the return value of "strstr()" while editing | |
| 274 this line: | |
| 275 | |
| 693 | 276 if ( strstr (input, "aap") == ) ~ |
| 7 | 277 |
| 278 Move the cursor to somewhere on "strstr" and type "\K". A window will open | |
| 279 to display the man page for strstr(). | |
| 280 | |
| 281 ============================================================================== | |
| 282 *12.7* Trim blanks | |
| 283 | |
| 284 Some people find spaces and tabs at the end of a line useless, wasteful, and | |
| 285 ugly. To remove whitespace at the end of every line, execute the following | |
| 286 command: > | |
| 287 | |
| 288 :%s/\s\+$// | |
| 289 | |
| 290 The line range "%" is used, thus this works on the whole file. The pattern | |
| 291 that the ":substitute" command matches with is "\s\+$". This finds white | |
| 292 space characters (\s), 1 or more of them (\+), before the end-of-line ($). | |
| 293 Later will be explained how you write patterns like this |usr_27.txt|. | |
| 294 The "to" part of the substitute command is empty: "//". Thus it replaces | |
| 295 with nothing, effectively deleting the matched white space. | |
| 296 | |
| 1281 | 297 Another wasteful use of spaces is placing them before a tab. Often these can |
| 7 | 298 be deleted without changing the amount of white space. But not always! |
| 299 Therefore, you can best do this manually. Use this search command: > | |
| 300 | |
| 301 / | |
| 302 | |
| 303 You cannot see it, but there is a space before a tab in this command. Thus | |
| 304 it's "/<Space><Tab>". Now use "x" to delete the space and check that the | |
| 1281 | 305 amount of white space doesn't change. You might have to insert a tab if it |
| 7 | 306 does change. Type "n" to find the next match. Repeat this until no more |
| 307 matches can be found. | |
| 308 | |
| 309 ============================================================================== | |
| 310 *12.8* Find where a word is used | |
| 311 | |
| 312 If you are a UNIX user, you can use a combination of Vim and the grep command | |
| 313 to edit all the files that contain a given word. This is extremely useful if | |
| 314 you are working on a program and want to view or edit all the files that | |
| 315 contain a specific variable. | |
| 316 For example, suppose you want to edit all the C program files that contain | |
| 317 the word "frame_counter". To do this you use the command: > | |
| 318 | |
| 319 vim `grep -l frame_counter *.c` | |
| 320 | |
| 321 Let's look at this command in detail. The grep command searches through a set | |
| 322 of files for a given word. Because the -l argument is specified, the command | |
| 323 will only list the files containing the word and not print the matching lines. | |
| 324 The word it is searching for is "frame_counter". Actually, this can be any | |
| 325 regular expression. (Note: What grep uses for regular expressions is not | |
| 326 exactly the same as what Vim uses.) | |
| 327 The entire command is enclosed in backticks (`). This tells the UNIX shell | |
| 328 to run this command and pretend that the results were typed on the command | |
| 329 line. So what happens is that the grep command is run and produces a list of | |
| 330 files, these files are put on the Vim command line. This results in Vim | |
| 331 editing the file list that is the output of grep. You can then use commands | |
| 332 like ":next" and ":first" to browse through the files. | |
| 333 | |
| 334 | |
| 335 FINDING EACH LINE | |
| 336 | |
| 337 The above command only finds the files in which the word is found. You still | |
| 338 have to find the word within the files. | |
| 339 Vim has a built-in command that you can use to search a set of files for a | |
| 340 given string. If you want to find all occurrences of "error_string" in all C | |
| 341 program files, for example, enter the following command: > | |
| 342 | |
| 343 :grep error_string *.c | |
| 344 | |
| 345 This causes Vim to search for the string "error_string" in all the specified | |
| 346 files (*.c). The editor will now open the first file where a match is found | |
| 347 and position the cursor on the first matching line. To go to the next | |
| 43 | 348 matching line (no matter in what file it is), use the ":cnext" command. To go |
| 7 | 349 to the previous match, use the ":cprev" command. Use ":clist" to see all the |
| 350 matches and where they are. | |
| 351 The ":grep" command uses the external commands grep (on Unix) or findstr | |
| 352 (on Windows). You can change this by setting the option 'grepprg'. | |
| 353 | |
| 354 ============================================================================== | |
| 355 | |
| 356 Next chapter: |usr_20.txt| Typing command-line commands quickly | |
| 357 | |
| 358 Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: |