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1 *usr_08.txt* For Vim version 7.0aa. Last change: 2004 Jun 04
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2
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3 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar
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4
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5 Splitting windows
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6
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7
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8 Display two different files above each other. Or view two locations in the
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9 file at the same time. See the difference between two files by putting them
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10 side by side. All this is possible with split windows.
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11
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12 |08.1| Split a window
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13 |08.2| Split a window on another file
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14 |08.3| Window size
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15 |08.4| Vertical splits
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16 |08.5| Moving windows
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17 |08.6| Commands for all windows
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18 |08.7| Viewing differences with vimdiff
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19 |08.8| Various
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20
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21 Next chapter: |usr_09.txt| Using the GUI
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22 Previous chapter: |usr_07.txt| Editing more than one file
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23 Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|
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24
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25 ==============================================================================
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26 *08.1* Split a window
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27
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28 The easiest way to open a new window is to use the following command: >
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29
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30 :split
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31
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32 This command splits the screen into two windows and leaves the cursor in the
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33 top one:
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34
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35 +----------------------------------+
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36 |/* file one.c */ |
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37 |~ |
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38 |~ |
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39 |one.c=============================|
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40 |/* file one.c */ |
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41 |~ |
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42 |one.c=============================|
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43 | |
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44 +----------------------------------+
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45
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46 What you see here is two windows on the same file. The line with "====" is
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47 that status line. It displays information about the window above it. (In
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48 practice the status line will be in reverse video.)
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49 The two windows allow you to view two parts of the same file. For example,
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50 you could make the top window show the variable declarations of a program, and
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51 the bottom one the code that uses these variables.
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52
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53 The CTRL-W w command can be used to jump between the windows. If you are in
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54 the top window, CTRL-W w jumps to the window below it. If you are in the
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55 bottom window it will jump to the first window. (CTRL-W CTRL-W does the same
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56 thing, in case you let go of the CTRL key a bit later.)
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57
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58
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59 CLOSE THE WINDOW
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60
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61 To close a window, use the command: >
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62
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63 :close
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64
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65 Actually, any command that quits editing a file works, like ":quit" and "ZZ".
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66 But ":close" prevents you from accidentally exiting Vim when you close the
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67 last window.
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68
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69
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70 CLOSING ALL OTHER WINDOWS
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71
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72 If you have opened a whole bunch of windows, but now want to concentrate on
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73 one of them, this command will be useful: >
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74
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75 :only
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76
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77 This closes all windows, except for the current one. If any of the other
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78 windows has changes, you will get an error message and that window won't be
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79 closed.
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80
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81 ==============================================================================
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82 *08.2* Split a window on another file
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83
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84 The following command opens a second window and starts editing the given file:
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85 >
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86 :split two.c
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87
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88 If you were editing one.c, then the result looks like this:
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89
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90 +----------------------------------+
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91 |/* file two.c */ |
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92 |~ |
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93 |~ |
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94 |two.c=============================|
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95 |/* file one.c */ |
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96 |~ |
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97 |one.c=============================|
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98 | |
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99 +----------------------------------+
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100
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101 To open a window on a new, empty file, use this: >
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102
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103 :new
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104
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105 You can repeat the ":split" and ":new" commands to create as many windows as
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106 you like.
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107
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108 ==============================================================================
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109 *08.3* Window size
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110
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111 The ":split" command can take a number argument. If specified, this will be
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112 the height of the new window. For example, the following opens a new window
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113 three lines high and starts editing the file alpha.c: >
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114
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115 :3split alpha.c
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116
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117 For existing windows you can change the size in several ways. When you have a
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118 working mouse, it is easy: Move the mouse pointer to the status line that
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119 separates two windows, and drag it up or down.
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120
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121 To increase the size of a window: >
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122
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123 CTRL-W +
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124
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125 To decrease it: >
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126
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127 CTRL-W -
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128
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129 Both of these commands take a count and increase or decrease the window size
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130 by that many lines. Thus "4 CTRL-W +" make the window four lines higher.
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131
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132 To set the window height to a specified number of lines: >
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133
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134 {height}CTRL-W _
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135
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136 That's: a number {height}, CTRL-W and then an underscore (the - key with Shift
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137 on English-US keyboards).
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138 To make a window as high as it can be, use the CTRL-W _ command without a
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139 count.
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140
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141
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142 USING THE MOUSE
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143
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144 In Vim you can do many things very quickly from the keyboard. Unfortunately,
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145 the window resizing commands require quite a bit of typing. In this case,
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146 using the mouse is faster. Position the mouse pointer on a status line. Now
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147 press the left mouse button and drag. The status line will move, thus making
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148 the window on one side higher and the other smaller.
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149
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150
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151 OPTIONS
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152
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153 The 'winheight' option can be set to a minimal desired height of a window and
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154 'winminheight' to a hard minimum height.
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155 Likewise, there is 'winwidth' for the minimal desired width and
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156 'winminwidth' for the hard minimum width.
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157 The 'equalalways' option, when set, makes Vim equalize the windows sizes
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158 when a window is closed or opened.
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159
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160 ==============================================================================
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161 *08.4* Vertical splits
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162
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163 The ":split" command creates the new window above the current one. To make
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164 the window appear at the left side, use: >
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165
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166 :vsplit
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167
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168 or: >
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169 :vsplit two.c
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170
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171 The result looks something like this:
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172
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173 +--------------------------------------+
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174 |/* file two.c */ |/* file one.c */ |
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175 |~ |~ |
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176 |~ |~ |
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177 |~ |~ |
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178 |two.c===============one.c=============|
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179 | |
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180 +--------------------------------------+
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181
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182 Actually, the | lines in the middle will be in reverse video. This is called
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183 the vertical separator. It separates the two windows left and right of it.
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184
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185 There is also the ":vnew" command, to open a vertically split window on a new,
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186 empty file. Another way to do this: >
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187
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188 :vertical new
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189
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190 The ":vertical" command can be inserted before another command that splits a
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191 window. This will cause that command to split the window vertically instead
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192 of horizontally. (If the command doesn't split a window, it works
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193 unmodified.)
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194
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195
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196 MOVING BETWEEN WINDOWS
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197
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198 Since you can split windows horizontally and vertically as much as you like,
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199 you can create any layout of windows. Then you can use these commands to move
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200 between them:
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201
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202 CTRL-W h move to the window on the left
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203 CTRL-W j move to the window below
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204 CTRL-W k move to the window above
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205 CTRL-W l move to the window on the right
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206
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207 CTRL-W t move to the TOP window
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208 CTRL-W b move to the BOTTOM window
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209
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210 You will notice the same letters as used for moving the cursor. And the
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211 cursor keys can also be used, if you like.
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212 More commands to move to other windows: |Q_wi|.
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213
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214 ==============================================================================
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215 *08.5* Moving windows
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216
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217 You have split a few windows, but now they are in the wrong place. Then you
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218 need a command to move the window somewhere else. For example, you have three
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219 windows like this:
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220
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221 +----------------------------------+
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222 |/* file two.c */ |
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223 |~ |
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224 |~ |
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225 |two.c=============================|
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226 |/* file three.c */ |
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227 |~ |
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228 |~ |
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229 |three.c===========================|
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230 |/* file one.c */ |
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231 |~ |
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232 |one.c=============================|
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233 | |
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234 +----------------------------------+
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235
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236 Clearly the last one should be at the top. Go to that window (using CTRL-W w)
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237 and the type this command: >
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238
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239 CTRL-W K
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240
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241 This uses the uppercase letter K. What happens is that the window is moved to
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242 the very top. You will notice that K is again used for moving upwards.
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243 When you have vertical splits, CTRL-W K will move the current window to the
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244 top and make it occupy the full with of the Vim window. If this is your
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245 layout:
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246
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247 +-------------------------------------------+
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248 |/* two.c */ |/* three.c */ |/* one.c */ |
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249 |~ |~ |~ |
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250 |~ |~ |~ |
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251 |~ |~ |~ |
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252 |~ |~ |~ |
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253 |~ |~ |~ |
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254 |two.c=========three.c=========one.c========|
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255 | |
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256 +-------------------------------------------+
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257
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258 Then using CTRL-W K in the middle window (three.c) will result in:
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259
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260 +-------------------------------------------+
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261 |/* three.c */ |
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262 |~ |
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263 |~ |
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264 |three.c====================================|
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265 |/* two.c */ |/* one.c */ |
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266 |~ |~ |
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267 |two.c==================one.c===============|
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268 | |
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269 +-------------------------------------------+
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270
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271 The other three similar commands (you can probably guess these now):
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272
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273 CTRL-W H move window to the far left
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274 CTRL-W J move window to the bottom
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275 CTRL-W L move window to the far right
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276
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277 ==============================================================================
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278 *08.6* Commands for all windows
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279
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280 When you have several windows open and you want to quit Vim, you can close
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281 each window separately. A quicker way is using this command: >
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282
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283 :qall
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284
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285 This stands for "quit all". If any of the windows contain changes, Vim will
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286 not exit. The cursor will automatically be positioned in a window with
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287 changes. You can then either use ":write" to save the changes, or ":quit!" to
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288 throw them away.
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289
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290 If you know there are windows with changes, and you want to save all these
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291 changes, use this command: >
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292
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293 :wall
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294
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295 This stands for "write all". But actually, it only writes files with
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296 changes. Vim knows it doesn't make sense to write files that were not
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297 changed.
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298 And then there is the combination of ":qall" and ":wall": the "write and
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299 quit all" command: >
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300
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301 :wqall
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302
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303 This writes all modified files and quits Vim.
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304 Finally, there is a command that quits Vim and throws away all changes: >
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305
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306 :qall!
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307
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308 Be careful, there is no way to undo this command!
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309
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310
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311 OPENING A WINDOW FOR ALL ARGUMENTS
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312
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313 To make Vim open a window for each file, start it with the "-o" argument: >
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314
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315 vim -o one.txt two.txt three.txt
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316
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317 This results in:
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318
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319 +-------------------------------+
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320 |file one.txt |
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321 |~ |
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322 |one.txt========================|
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323 |file two.txt |
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324 |~ |
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325 |two.txt========================|
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326 |file three.txt |
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327 |~ |
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328 |three.txt======================|
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329 | |
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330 +-------------------------------+
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331
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332 The "-O" argument is used to get vertically split windows.
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333 When Vim is already running, the ":all" command opens a window for each
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334 file in the argument list. ":vertical all" does it with vertical splits.
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335
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336 ==============================================================================
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337 *08.7* Viewing differences with vimdiff
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338
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339 There is a special way to start Vim, which shows the differences between two
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340 files. Let's take a file "main.c" and insert a few characters in one line.
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341 Write this file with the 'backup' option set, so that the backup file
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342 "main.c~" will contain the previous version of the file.
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343 Type this command in a shell (not in Vim): >
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344
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345 vimdiff main.c~ main.c
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346
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347 Vim will start, with two windows side by side. You will only see the line
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348 in which you added characters, and a few lines above and below it.
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349
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350 VV VV
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351 +-----------------------------------------+
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352 |+ +--123 lines: /* a|+ +--123 lines: /* a| <- fold
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353 | text | text |
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354 | text | text |
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355 | text | text |
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356 | text | changed text | <- changed line
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357 | text | text |
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358 | text | ------------------| <- deleted line
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359 | text | text |
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360 | text | text |
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361 | text | text |
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362 |+ +--432 lines: text|+ +--432 lines: text| <- fold
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363 | ~ | ~ |
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364 | ~ | ~ |
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365 |main.c~==============main.c==============|
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366 | |
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367 +-----------------------------------------+
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368
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369 (This picture doesn't show the highlighting, use the vimdiff command for a
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370 better look.)
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371
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372 The lines that were not modified have been collapsed into one line. This is
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373 called a closed fold. They are indicated in the picture with "<- fold". Thus
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374 the single fold line at the top stands for 123 text lines. These lines are
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375 equal in both files.
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376 The line marked with "<- changed line" is highlighted, and the inserted
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377 text is displayed with another color. This clearly shows what the difference
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378 is between the two files.
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379 The line that was deleted is displayed with "---" in the main.c window.
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380 See the "<- deleted line" marker in the picture. These characters are not
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381 really there. They just fill up main.c, so that it displays the same number
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382 of lines as the other window.
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383
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384
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385 THE FOLD COLUMN
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386
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387 Each window has a column on the left with a slightly different background. In
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388 the picture above these are indicated with "VV". You notice there is a plus
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389 character there, in front of each closed fold. Move the mouse pointer to that
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390 plus and click the left button. The fold will open, and you can see the text
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391 that it contains.
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392 The fold column contains a minus sign for an open fold. If you click on
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393 this -, the fold will close.
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394 Obviously, this only works when you have a working mouse. You can also use
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395 "zo" to open a fold and "zc" to close it.
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396
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397
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398 DIFFING IN VIM
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399
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400 Another way to start in diff mode can be done from inside Vim. Edit the
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401 "main.c" file, then make a split and show the differences: >
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402
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403 :edit main.c
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404 :vertical diffsplit main.c~
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405
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406 The ":vertical" command is used to make the window split vertically. If you
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407 omit this, you will get a horizontal split.
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408
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409 If you have a patch or diff file, you can use the third way to start diff
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410 mode. First edit the file to which the patch applies. Then tell Vim the name
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411 of the patch file: >
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412
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413 :edit main.c
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414 :vertical diffpatch main.c.diff
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415
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416 WARNING: The patch file must contain only one patch, for the file you are
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417 editing. Otherwise you will get a lot of error messages, and some files might
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418 be patched unexpectedly.
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419 The patching will only be done to the copy of the file in Vim. The file on
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420 your harddisk will remain unmodified (until you decide to write the file).
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421
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422
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423 SCROLL BINDING
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424
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425 When the files have more changes, you can scroll in the usual way. Vim will
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426 try to keep both the windows start at the same position, so you can easily see
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427 the differences side by side.
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428 When you don't want this for a moment, use this command: >
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429
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430 :set noscrollbind
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431
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432
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433 JUMPING TO CHANGES
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434
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435 When you have disabled folding in some way, it may be difficult to find the
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436 changes. Use this command to jump forward to the next change: >
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437
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438 ]c
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439
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440 To go the other way use: >
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441
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442 [c
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443
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444 Prepended a count to jump further away.
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445
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446
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447 REMOVING CHANGES
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448
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449 You can move text from one window to the other. This either removes
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450 differences or adds new ones. Vim doesn't keep the highlighting updated in
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451 all situations. To update it use this command: >
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452
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453 :diffupdate
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454
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455 To remove a difference, you can move the text in a highlighted block from one
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456 window to another. Take the "main.c" and "main.c~" example above. Move the
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457 cursor to the left window, on the line that was deleted in the other window.
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458 Now type this command: >
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459
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460 dp
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461
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462 The change will be removed by putting the text of the current window in the
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463 other window. "dp" stands for "diff put".
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464 You can also do it the other way around. Move the cursor to the right
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465 window, to the line where "changed" was inserted. Now type this command: >
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466
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467 do
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468
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469 The change will now be removed by getting the text from the other window.
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470 Since there are no changes left now, Vim puts all text in a closed fold.
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471 "do" stands for "diff obtain". "dg" would have been better, but that already
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472 has a different meaning ("dgg" deletes from the cursor until the first line).
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473
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474 For details about diff mode, see |vimdiff|.
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475
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476 ==============================================================================
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477 *08.8* Various
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478
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479 The 'laststatus' option can be used to specify when the last window has a
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480 statusline:
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481
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482 0 never
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483 1 only when there are split windows (the default)
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484 2 always
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485
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486 Many commands that edit another file have a variant that splits the window.
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487 For Command-line commands this is done by prepending an "s". For example:
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488 ":tag" jumps to a tag, ":stag" splits the window and jumps to a
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489 tag.
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490 For Normal mode commands a CTRL-W is prepended. CTRL-^ jumps to the
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491 alternate file, CTRL-W CTRL-^ splits the window and edits the alternate file.
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492
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493 The 'splitbelow' option can be set to make a new window appear below the
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494 current window. The 'splitright' option can be set to make a vertically split
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495 window appear right of the current window.
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496
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497 When splitting a window you can prepend a modifier command to tell where the
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498 window is to appear:
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499
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500 :leftabove {cmd} left or above the current window
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501 :aboveleft {cmd} idem
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502 :rightbelow {cmd} right or below the current window
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503 :belowright {cmd} idem
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504 :topleft {cmd} at the top or left of the Vim window
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505 :botright {cmd} at the bottom or right of the Vim window
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506
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507 ==============================================================================
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508
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509 Next chapter: |usr_09.txt| Using the GUI
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510
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511 Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
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