Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/editing.txt @ 33819:f0ba42bd9783 v9.0.2125
patch 9.0.2125: File info disappears when 'cmdheight' has decreased
Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/40ed6711bd385051021691980e8ce16375b4b510
Author: zeertzjq <zeertzjq@outlook.com>
Date: Thu Nov 23 20:37:01 2023 +0100
patch 9.0.2125: File info disappears when 'cmdheight' has decreased
Problem: File info disappears immediately when 'cmdheight' has just
decreased due to switching tabpage and 'shortmess' doesn't
contain 'o' or 'O'.
Solution: Make sure msg_row isn't smaller than cmdline_row.
fixes: #13560
closes: #13561
Signed-off-by: zeertzjq <zeertzjq@outlook.com>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
author | Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org> |
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date | Thu, 23 Nov 2023 20:45:05 +0100 |
parents | 758163111af3 |
children | 4635e43f2c6f |
rev | line source |
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1 *editing.txt* For Vim version 9.0. Last change: 2023 Sep 27 |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar |
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5 |
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6 |
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7 Editing files *edit-files* |
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8 |
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9 1. Introduction |edit-intro| |
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10 2. Editing a file |edit-a-file| |
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11 3. The argument list |argument-list| |
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12 4. Writing |writing| |
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13 5. Writing and quitting |write-quit| |
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14 6. Dialogs |edit-dialogs| |
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15 7. The current directory |current-directory| |
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16 8. Editing binary files |edit-binary| |
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17 9. Encryption |encryption| |
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18 10. Timestamps |timestamps| |
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19 11. File Searching |file-searching| |
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20 |
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21 ============================================================================== |
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22 1. Introduction *edit-intro* |
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23 |
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24 Editing a file with Vim means: |
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25 |
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26 1. reading the file into a buffer |
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27 2. changing the buffer with editor commands |
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28 3. writing the buffer into a file |
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29 |
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30 *current-file* |
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31 As long as you don't write the buffer, the original file remains unchanged. |
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32 If you start editing a file (read a file into the buffer), the file name is |
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33 remembered as the "current file name". This is also known as the name of the |
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34 current buffer. It can be used with "%" on the command line |:_%|. |
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35 |
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36 *alternate-file* |
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37 If there already was a current file name, then that one becomes the alternate |
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38 file name. It can be used with "#" on the command line |:_#| and you can use |
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39 the |CTRL-^| command to toggle between the current and the alternate file. |
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40 However, the alternate file name is not changed when |:keepalt| is used. |
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41 An alternate file name is remembered for each window. |
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42 |
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43 *:keepalt* *:keepa* |
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44 :keepalt {cmd} Execute {cmd} while keeping the current alternate file |
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45 name. Note that commands invoked indirectly (e.g., |
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46 with a function) may still set the alternate file |
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47 name. |
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48 |
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49 All file names are remembered in the buffer list. When you enter a file name, |
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50 for editing (e.g., with ":e filename") or writing (e.g., with ":w filename"), |
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51 the file name is added to the list. You can use the buffer list to remember |
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52 which files you edited and to quickly switch from one file to another (e.g., |
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53 to copy text) with the |CTRL-^| command. First type the number of the file |
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54 and then hit CTRL-^. |
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55 |
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56 |
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57 CTRL-G or *CTRL-G* *:f* *:fi* *:file* |
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58 :f[ile] Prints the current file name (as typed, unless ":cd" |
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59 was used), the cursor position (unless the 'ruler' |
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60 option is set), and the file status (readonly, |
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61 modified, read errors, new file). See the 'shortmess' |
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62 option about how to make this message shorter. |
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63 |
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64 :f[ile]! like |:file|, but don't truncate the name even when |
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65 'shortmess' indicates this. |
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66 |
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67 {count}CTRL-G Like CTRL-G, but prints the current file name with |
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68 full path. If the count is higher than 1 the current |
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69 buffer number is also given. |
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70 |
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71 *g_CTRL-G* *word-count* *byte-count* |
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72 g CTRL-G Prints the current position of the cursor in five |
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73 ways: Column, Line, Word, Character and Byte. If the |
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74 number of Characters and Bytes is the same then the |
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75 Character position is omitted. |
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76 |
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77 If there are characters in the line that take more |
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78 than one position on the screen (<Tab> or special |
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79 character), or characters using more than one byte per |
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80 column (characters above 0x7F when 'encoding' is |
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81 utf-8), both the byte column and the screen column are |
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82 shown, separated by a dash. |
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83 |
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84 Also see the 'ruler' option and the |wordcount()| |
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85 function. |
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86 |
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87 *v_g_CTRL-G* |
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88 {Visual}g CTRL-G Similar to "g CTRL-G", but Word, Character, Line, and |
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89 Byte counts for the visually selected region are |
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90 displayed. |
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91 In Blockwise mode, Column count is also shown. (For |
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92 {Visual} see |Visual-mode|.) |
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93 |
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94 *:file_f* |
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95 :f[ile][!] {name} Sets the current file name to {name}. The optional ! |
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96 avoids truncating the message, as with |:file|. |
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97 If the buffer did have a name, that name becomes the |
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98 |alternate-file| name. An unlisted buffer is created |
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99 to hold the old name. |
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100 *:0file* |
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101 :0f[ile][!] Remove the name of the current buffer. The optional ! |
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102 avoids truncating the message, as with |:file|. |
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103 |
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104 :buffers |
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105 :files |
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106 :ls List all the currently known file names. See |
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107 |windows.txt| |:files| |:buffers| |:ls|. |
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108 |
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109 Vim will remember the full path name of a file name that you enter. In most |
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110 cases when the file name is displayed only the name you typed is shown, but |
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111 the full path name is being used if you used the ":cd" command |:cd|. |
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112 |
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113 *home-replace* |
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114 If the environment variable $HOME is set, and the file name starts with that |
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115 string, it is often displayed with HOME replaced with "~". This was done to |
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116 keep file names short. When reading or writing files the full name is still |
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117 used, the "~" is only used when displaying file names. When replacing the |
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118 file name would result in just "~", "~/" is used instead (to avoid confusion |
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119 between options set to $HOME with 'backupext' set to "~"). |
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120 |
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121 When writing the buffer, the default is to use the current file name. Thus |
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122 when you give the "ZZ" or ":wq" command, the original file will be |
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123 overwritten. If you do not want this, the buffer can be written into another |
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124 file by giving a file name argument to the ":write" command. For example: > |
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125 |
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126 vim testfile |
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127 [change the buffer with editor commands] |
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128 :w newfile |
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129 :q |
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130 |
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131 This will create a file "newfile", that is a modified copy of "testfile". |
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132 The file "testfile" will remain unchanged. Anyway, if the 'backup' option is |
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133 set, Vim renames or copies the original file before it will be overwritten. |
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134 You can use this file if you discover that you need the original file. See |
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135 also the 'patchmode' option. The name of the backup file is normally the same |
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136 as the original file with 'backupext' appended. The default "~" is a bit |
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137 strange to avoid accidentally overwriting existing files. If you prefer ".bak" |
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138 change the 'backupext' option. Extra dots are replaced with '_' on MS-Windows |
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139 machines, when Vim has detected that an MS-DOS-like filesystem is being used |
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140 (e.g., messydos or crossdos) or when the 'shortname' option is on. The |
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141 backup file can be placed in another directory by setting 'backupdir'. |
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142 |
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143 *auto-shortname* |
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144 Technical: On the Amiga you can use 30 characters for a file name. But on an |
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145 MS-DOS-compatible filesystem only 8 plus 3 characters are |
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146 available. Vim tries to detect the type of filesystem when it is |
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147 creating the .swp file. If an MS-DOS-like filesystem is suspected, |
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148 a flag is set that has the same effect as setting the 'shortname' |
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149 option. This flag will be reset as soon as you start editing a |
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150 new file. The flag will be used when making the file name for the |
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151 ".swp" and ".~" files for the current file. But when you are |
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152 editing a file in a normal filesystem and write to an MS-DOS-like |
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153 filesystem the flag will not have been set. In that case the |
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154 creation of the ".~" file may fail and you will get an error |
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155 message. Use the 'shortname' option in this case. |
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156 |
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157 When you started editing without giving a file name, "No File" is displayed in |
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158 messages. If the ":write" command is used with a file name argument, the file |
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159 name for the current file is set to that file name. This only happens when |
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160 the 'F' flag is included in 'cpoptions' (by default it is included) |cpo-F|. |
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161 This is useful when entering text in an empty buffer and then writing it to a |
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162 file. If 'cpoptions' contains the 'f' flag (by default it is NOT included) |
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163 |cpo-f| the file name is set for the ":read file" command. This is useful |
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164 when starting Vim without an argument and then doing ":read file" to start |
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165 editing a file. |
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166 When the file name was set and 'filetype' is empty the filetype detection |
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167 autocommands will be triggered. |
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168 *not-edited* |
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169 Because the file name was set without really starting to edit that file, you |
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170 are protected from overwriting that file. This is done by setting the |
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171 "notedited" flag. You can see if this flag is set with the CTRL-G or ":file" |
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172 command. It will include "[Not edited]" when the "notedited" flag is set. |
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173 When writing the buffer to the current file name (with ":w!"), the "notedited" |
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174 flag is reset. |
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175 |
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176 *abandon* |
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177 Vim remembers whether you have changed the buffer. You are protected from |
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178 losing the changes you made. If you try to quit without writing, or want to |
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179 start editing another file, Vim will refuse this. In order to overrule this |
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180 protection, add a '!' to the command. The changes will then be lost. For |
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181 example: ":q" will not work if the buffer was changed, but ":q!" will. To see |
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182 whether the buffer was changed use the "CTRL-G" command. The message includes |
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183 the string "[Modified]" if the buffer has been changed, or "+" if the 'm' flag |
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184 is in 'shortmess'. |
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185 |
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186 If you want to automatically save the changes without asking, switch on the |
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187 'autowriteall' option. 'autowrite' is the associated Vi-compatible option |
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188 that does not work for all commands. |
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189 |
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190 If you want to keep the changed buffer without saving it, switch on the |
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191 'hidden' option. See |hidden-buffer|. Some commands work like this even when |
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192 'hidden' is not set, check the help for the command. |
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193 |
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194 ============================================================================== |
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195 2. Editing a file *edit-a-file* |
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196 |
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197 *:e* *:edit* *reload* |
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198 :e[dit] [++opt] [+cmd] Edit the current file. This is useful to re-edit the |
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199 current file, when it has been changed outside of Vim. |
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200 This fails when changes have been made to the current |
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201 buffer and 'autowriteall' isn't set or the file can't |
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202 be written. |
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203 Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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204 |
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205 *:edit!* *discard* |
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206 :e[dit]! [++opt] [+cmd] |
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207 Edit the current file always. Discard any changes to |
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208 the current buffer. This is useful if you want to |
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209 start all over again. |
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210 Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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211 |
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212 *:edit_f* |
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213 :e[dit] [++opt] [+cmd] {file} |
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214 Edit {file}. |
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215 This fails when changes have been made to the current |
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216 buffer, unless 'hidden' is set or 'autowriteall' is |
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217 set and the file can be written. |
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218 Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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219 |
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220 *:edit!_f* |
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221 :e[dit]! [++opt] [+cmd] {file} |
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222 Edit {file} always. Discard any changes to the |
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223 current buffer. |
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224 Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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225 *:edit_#* *:e#* |
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226 :e[dit] [++opt] [+cmd] #[count] |
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227 Edit the [count]th buffer (as shown by |:files|). |
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228 This command does the same as [count] CTRL-^. But ":e |
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229 #" doesn't work if the alternate buffer doesn't have a |
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230 file name, while CTRL-^ still works then. |
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231 Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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232 |
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233 *:ene* *:enew* |
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234 :ene[w] Edit a new, unnamed buffer. This fails when changes |
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235 have been made to the current buffer, unless 'hidden' |
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236 is set or 'autowriteall' is set and the file can be |
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237 written. |
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238 If 'fileformats' is not empty, the first format given |
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239 will be used for the new buffer. If 'fileformats' is |
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240 empty, the 'fileformat' of the current buffer is used. |
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241 |
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242 *:ene!* *:enew!* |
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243 :ene[w]! Edit a new, unnamed buffer. Discard any changes to |
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244 the current buffer. |
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245 Set 'fileformat' like |:enew|. |
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246 |
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247 *:fin* *:find* |
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248 :fin[d][!] [++opt] [+cmd] {file} |
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249 Find {file} in 'path' and then |:edit| it. |
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250 |
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251 :{count}fin[d][!] [++opt] [+cmd] {file} |
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252 Just like ":find", but use the {count} match in |
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253 'path'. Thus ":2find file" will find the second |
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254 "file" found in 'path'. When there are fewer matches |
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255 for the file in 'path' than asked for, you get an |
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256 error message. |
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257 |
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258 *:ex* |
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259 :ex [++opt] [+cmd] [file] |
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260 Same as |:edit|. |
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261 |
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262 *:vi* *:visual* |
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263 :vi[sual][!] [++opt] [+cmd] [file] |
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264 When used in Ex mode: Leave |Ex-mode|, go back to |
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265 Normal mode. Otherwise same as |:edit|. |
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266 |
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267 *:vie* *:view* |
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268 :vie[w][!] [++opt] [+cmd] file |
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269 When used in Ex mode: Leave |Ex-mode|, go back to |
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270 Normal mode. Otherwise same as |:edit|, but set |
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271 'readonly' option for this buffer. |
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272 |
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273 *CTRL-^* *CTRL-6* |
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274 CTRL-^ Edit the alternate file. Mostly the alternate file is |
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275 the previously edited file. This is a quick way to |
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276 toggle between two files. It is equivalent to ":e #", |
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277 except that it also works when there is no file name. |
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278 |
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279 If the 'autowrite' or 'autowriteall' option is on and |
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280 the buffer was changed, write it. |
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281 Mostly the ^ character is positioned on the 6 key, |
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282 pressing CTRL and 6 then gets you what we call CTRL-^. |
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283 But on some non-US keyboards CTRL-^ is produced in |
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284 another way. |
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285 |
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286 {count}CTRL-^ Edit [count]th file in the buffer list (equivalent to |
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287 ":e #[count]"). This is a quick way to switch between |
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288 files. |
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289 See |CTRL-^| above for further details. |
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290 |
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291 [count]]f *]f* *[f* |
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292 [count][f Same as "gf". Deprecated. |
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293 |
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294 *gf* *E446* *E447* |
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295 [count]gf Edit the file whose name is under or after the cursor. |
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296 Mnemonic: "goto file". |
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297 Uses the 'isfname' option to find out which characters |
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298 are supposed to be in a file name. Trailing |
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299 punctuation characters ".,:;!" are ignored. Escaped |
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300 spaces "\ " are reduced to a single space. |
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301 Uses the 'path' option as a list of directory names to |
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302 look for the file. See the 'path' option for details |
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303 about relative directories and wildcards. |
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304 Uses the 'suffixesadd' option to check for file names |
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305 with a suffix added. |
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306 If the file can't be found, 'includeexpr' is used to |
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307 modify the name and another attempt is done. |
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308 If a [count] is given, the count'th file that is found |
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309 in the 'path' is edited. |
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310 This command fails if Vim refuses to |abandon| the |
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311 current file. |
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312 If you want to edit the file in a new window use |
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313 |CTRL-W_CTRL-F|. |
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314 If you do want to edit a new file, use: > |
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315 :e <cfile> |
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316 < To make gf always work like that: > |
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317 :map gf :e <cfile><CR> |
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318 < If the name is a hypertext link, that looks like |
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319 "type://machine/path", you need the |netrw| plugin. |
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320 For Unix the '~' character is expanded, like in |
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321 "~user/file". Environment variables are expanded too |
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322 |expand-env|. |
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323 |
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324 *v_gf* |
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325 {Visual}[count]gf Same as "gf", but the highlighted text is used as the |
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326 name of the file to edit. 'isfname' is ignored. |
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327 Leading blanks are skipped, otherwise all blanks and |
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328 special characters are included in the file name. |
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329 (For {Visual} see |Visual-mode|.) |
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330 |
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331 *gF* |
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332 [count]gF Same as "gf", except if a number follows the file |
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333 name, then the cursor is positioned on that line in |
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334 the file. |
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335 The file name and the number must be separated by a |
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336 non-filename (see 'isfname') and non-numeric |
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337 character. " line " is also recognized, like it is |
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338 used in the output of `:verbose command UserCmd` |
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339 White space between the filename, the separator and |
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340 the number are ignored. |
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341 Examples: |
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342 eval.c:10 ~ |
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343 eval.c @ 20 ~ |
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344 eval.c (30) ~ |
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345 eval.c 40 ~ |
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346 |
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347 *v_gF* |
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348 {Visual}[count]gF Same as "v_gf". |
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349 |
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350 These commands are used to start editing a single file. This means that the |
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351 file is read into the buffer and the current file name is set. The file that |
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352 is opened depends on the current directory, see |:cd|. |
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353 |
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354 See |read-messages| for an explanation of the message that is given after the |
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355 file has been read. |
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356 |
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357 You can use the ":e!" command if you messed up the buffer and want to start |
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358 all over again. The ":e" command is only useful if you have changed the |
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359 current file name. |
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360 |
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361 *:filename* *{file}* |
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362 Besides the things mentioned here, more special items for where a filename is |
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363 expected are mentioned at |cmdline-special|. |
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364 |
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365 Note for systems other than Unix: When using a command that accepts a single |
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366 file name (like ":edit file") spaces in the file name are allowed, but |
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367 trailing spaces are ignored. This is useful on systems that regularly embed |
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368 spaces in file names (like MS-Windows and the Amiga). Example: The command |
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369 ":e Long File Name " will edit the file "Long File Name". When using a |
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370 command that accepts more than one file name (like ":next file1 file2") |
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371 embedded spaces must be escaped with a backslash. |
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372 |
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373 *wildcard* *wildcards* |
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374 Wildcards in {file} are expanded, but as with file completion, 'wildignore' |
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375 and 'suffixes' apply. Which wildcards are supported depends on the system. |
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376 These are the common ones: |
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377 ? matches one character |
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378 * matches anything, including nothing |
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379 ** matches anything, including nothing, recurses into directories |
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380 [abc] match 'a', 'b' or 'c' |
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381 |
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382 To avoid the special meaning of the wildcards prepend a backslash. However, |
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383 on MS-Windows the backslash is a path separator and "path\[abc]" is still seen |
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384 as a wildcard when "[" is in the 'isfname' option. A simple way to avoid this |
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385 is to use "path\[[]abc]", this matches the file "path\[abc]". |
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386 |
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387 *starstar-wildcard* |
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388 Expanding "**" is possible on Unix, Win32, macOS and a few other systems (but |
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389 it may depend on your 'shell' setting on Unix and macOS. It's known to work |
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390 correctly for zsh; for bash this requires at least bash version >= 4.X). |
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391 This allows searching a directory tree. This goes up to 100 directories deep. |
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392 Note there are some commands where this works slightly differently, see |
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393 |file-searching|. |
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394 Example: > |
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395 :n **/*.txt |
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396 Finds files: |
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397 aaa.txt ~ |
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398 subdir/bbb.txt ~ |
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399 a/b/c/d/ccc.txt ~ |
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400 When non-wildcard characters are used right before or after "**" these are |
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401 only matched in the top directory. They are not used for directories further |
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402 down in the tree. For example: > |
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403 :n /usr/inc**/types.h |
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404 Finds files: |
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405 /usr/include/types.h ~ |
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406 /usr/include/sys/types.h ~ |
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407 /usr/inc/old/types.h ~ |
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408 Note that the path with "/sys" is included because it does not need to match |
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409 "/inc". Thus it's like matching "/usr/inc*/*/*...", not |
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410 "/usr/inc*/inc*/inc*". |
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411 |
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412 *backtick-expansion* *`-expansion* |
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413 On Unix and a few other systems you can also use backticks for the file name |
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414 argument, for example: > |
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415 :next `find . -name ver\\*.c -print` |
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416 :view `ls -t *.patch \| head -n1` |
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417 Vim will run the command in backticks using the 'shell' and use the standard |
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418 output as argument for the given Vim command (error messages from the shell |
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419 command will be discarded). |
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420 To see what shell command Vim is running, set the 'verbose' option to 4. When |
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421 the shell command returns a non-zero exit code, an error message will be |
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422 displayed and the Vim command will be aborted. To avoid this make the shell |
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423 always return zero like so: > |
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424 :next `find . -name ver\\*.c -print \|\| true` |
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425 |
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426 The backslashes before the star are required to prevent the shell from |
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427 expanding "ver*.c" prior to execution of the find program. The backslash |
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428 before the shell pipe symbol "|" prevents Vim from parsing it as command |
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429 termination. |
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430 This also works for most other systems, with the restriction that the |
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431 backticks must be around the whole item. It is not possible to have text |
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432 directly before the first or just after the last backtick. |
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433 |
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434 *`=* *E1083* |
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435 You can have the backticks expanded as a Vim expression, instead of as an |
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436 external command, by putting an equal sign right after the first backtick, |
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437 e.g.: > |
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438 :e `=tempname()` |
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439 The expression can contain just about anything, thus this can also be used to |
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440 avoid the special meaning of '"', '|', '%' and '#'. However, 'wildignore' |
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441 does apply like to other wildcards. |
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442 |
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443 Environment variables in the expression are expanded when evaluating the |
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444 expression, thus this works: > |
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445 :e `=$HOME .. '/.vimrc'` |
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446 This uses $HOME inside a string and it will be used literally, most likely not |
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447 what you intended: > |
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448 :e `='$HOME' .. '/.vimrc'` |
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449 |
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450 If the expression returns a string then names are to be separated with line |
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451 breaks. When the result is a |List| then each item is used as a name. Line |
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452 breaks also separate names. |
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453 Note that such expressions are only supported in places where a filename is |
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454 expected as an argument to an Ex-command. |
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455 |
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456 *++opt* *[++opt]* |
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457 The [++opt] argument can be used to force the value of 'fileformat', |
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458 'fileencoding' or 'binary' to a value for one command, and to specify the |
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459 behavior for bad characters. The form is: > |
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460 ++{optname} |
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461 Or: > |
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462 ++{optname}={value} |
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463 |
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464 Where {optname} is one of: *++ff* *++enc* *++bin* *++nobin* *++edit* |
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465 ff or fileformat overrides 'fileformat' |
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466 enc or encoding overrides 'fileencoding' |
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467 bin or binary sets 'binary' |
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468 nobin or nobinary resets 'binary' |
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469 bad specifies behavior for bad characters |
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470 edit for |:read| only: keep option values as if editing |
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471 a file |
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472 |
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473 {value} cannot contain white space. It can be any valid value for these |
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474 options. Examples: > |
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475 :e ++ff=unix |
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476 This edits the same file again with 'fileformat' set to "unix". > |
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477 |
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478 :w ++enc=latin1 newfile |
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479 This writes the current buffer to "newfile" in latin1 format. |
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480 |
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481 The message given when writing a file will show "[converted]" when |
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482 'fileencoding' or the value specified with ++enc differs from 'encoding'. |
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483 |
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484 There may be several ++opt arguments, separated by white space. They must all |
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485 appear before any |+cmd| argument. |
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486 |
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487 *++bad* |
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488 The argument of "++bad=" specifies what happens with characters that can't be |
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489 converted and illegal bytes. It can be one of three things: |
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490 ++bad=X A single-byte character that replaces each bad character. |
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491 ++bad=keep Keep bad characters without conversion. Note that this may |
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492 result in illegal bytes in your text! |
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493 ++bad=drop Remove the bad characters. |
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494 |
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495 The default is like "++bad=?": Replace each bad character with a question |
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496 mark. In some places an inverted question mark is used (0xBF). |
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497 |
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498 Note that not all commands use the ++bad argument, even though they do not |
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499 give an error when you add it. E.g. |:write|. |
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500 |
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501 Note that when reading, the 'fileformat' and 'fileencoding' options will be |
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502 set to the used format. When writing this doesn't happen, thus a next write |
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503 will use the old value of the option. Same for the 'binary' option. |
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504 |
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505 |
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506 *+cmd* *[+cmd]* |
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507 The [+cmd] argument can be used to position the cursor in the newly opened |
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508 file, or execute any other command: |
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509 + Start at the last line. |
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510 +{num} Start at line {num}. |
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511 +/{pat} Start at first line containing {pat}. |
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512 +{command} Execute {command} after opening the new file. |
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513 {command} is any Ex command. |
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514 To include a white space in the {pat} or {command}, precede it with a |
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515 backslash. Double the number of backslashes. > |
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516 :edit +/The\ book file |
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517 :edit +/dir\ dirname\\ file |
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518 :edit +set\ dir=c:\\\\temp file |
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519 Note that in the last example the number of backslashes is halved twice: Once |
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520 for the "+cmd" argument and once for the ":set" command. |
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521 |
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522 *file-formats* |
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523 The 'fileformat' option sets the <EOL> style for a file: |
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524 'fileformat' characters name ~ |
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525 "dos" <CR><NL> or <NL> DOS format *DOS-format* |
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526 "unix" <NL> Unix format *Unix-format* |
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527 "mac" <CR> Mac format *Mac-format* |
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528 Previously 'textmode' was used. It is obsolete now. |
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529 |
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530 When reading a file, the mentioned characters are interpreted as the <EOL>. |
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531 In DOS format (default for Win32), <CR><NL> and <NL> are both interpreted as |
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532 the <EOL>. Note that when writing the file in DOS format, <CR> characters |
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533 will be added for each single <NL>. Also see |file-read|. |
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534 |
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535 When writing a file, the mentioned characters are used for <EOL>. For DOS |
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536 format <CR><NL> is used. Also see |DOS-format-write|. |
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537 |
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538 You can read a file in DOS format and write it in Unix format. This will |
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539 replace all <CR><NL> pairs by <NL> (assuming 'fileformats' includes "dos"): > |
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540 :e file |
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541 :set fileformat=unix |
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542 :w |
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543 If you read a file in Unix format and write with DOS format, all <NL> |
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544 characters will be replaced with <CR><NL> (assuming 'fileformats' includes |
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545 "unix"): > |
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546 :e file |
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547 :set fileformat=dos |
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548 :w |
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549 |
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550 If you start editing a new file and the 'fileformats' option is not empty |
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551 (which is the default), Vim will try to detect whether the lines in the file |
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552 are separated by the specified formats. When set to "unix,dos", Vim will |
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553 check for lines with a single <NL> (as used on Unix and Amiga) or by a <CR> |
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554 <NL> pair (MS-Windows). Only when ALL lines end in <CR><NL>, 'fileformat' is |
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555 set to "dos", otherwise it is set to "unix". When 'fileformats' includes |
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556 "mac", and no <NL> characters are found in the file, 'fileformat' is set to |
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557 "mac". |
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558 |
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559 If the 'fileformat' option is set to "dos" on non-MS-Windows systems the |
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560 message "[dos format]" is shown to remind you that something unusual is |
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561 happening. On MS-Windows systems you get the message "[unix format]" if |
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562 'fileformat' is set to "unix". On all systems but the Macintosh you get the |
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563 message "[mac format]" if 'fileformat' is set to "mac". |
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564 |
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565 If the 'fileformats' option is empty and DOS format is used, but while reading |
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566 a file some lines did not end in <CR><NL>, "[CR missing]" will be included in |
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567 the file message. |
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568 If the 'fileformats' option is empty and Mac format is used, but while reading |
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569 a file a <NL> was found, "[NL missing]" will be included in the file message. |
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570 |
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571 If the new file does not exist, the 'fileformat' of the current buffer is used |
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572 when 'fileformats' is empty. Otherwise the first format from 'fileformats' is |
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573 used for the new file. |
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574 |
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575 Before editing binary, executable or Vim script files you should set the |
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576 'binary' option. A simple way to do this is by starting Vim with the "-b" |
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577 option. This will avoid the use of 'fileformat'. Without this you risk that |
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578 single <NL> characters are unexpectedly replaced with <CR><NL>. |
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579 |
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580 You can encrypt files that are written by setting the 'key' option. This |
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581 provides some security against others reading your files. |encryption| |
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582 |
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583 END OF LINE AND END OF FILE *eol-and-eof* |
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584 |
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585 Vim has several options to control the file format: |
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586 'fileformat' the <EOL> style: Unix, DOS, Mac |
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587 'endofline' whether the last line ends with a <EOL> |
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588 'endoffile' whether the file ends with a CTRL-Z |
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589 'fixendofline' whether to fix eol and eof |
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590 |
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591 The first three values are normally detected automatically when reading the |
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592 file and are used when writing the text to a file. While editing the buffer |
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593 it looks like every line has a line ending and the CTRL-Z isn't there (an |
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594 exception is when 'binary' is set, it works differently then). |
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595 |
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596 The 'fixendofline' option can be used to choose what to write. You can also |
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597 change the option values to write the file differently than how it was read. |
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598 |
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599 Here are some examples how to use them. |
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600 |
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601 If you want files in Unix format (every line NL terminated): > |
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602 setl ff=unix fixeol |
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603 You should probably do this on any Unix-like system. Also modern MS-Windows |
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604 systems tend to work well with this. It is recommended to always use this |
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605 format for Vim scripts. |
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606 |
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607 If you want to use an old MS-DOS file in a modern environment, fixing line |
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608 endings and dropping CTRL-Z, but keeping the <CR><NL> style <EOL>: > |
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609 setl ff=dos fixeol |
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610 This is useful for many MS-Windows programs, they regularly expect the |
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611 <CR><NL> line endings. |
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612 |
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613 If you want to drop the final <EOL> and add a final CTRL-Z (e.g. for an old |
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614 system like CP/M): > |
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615 setl ff=dos nofixeol noeol eof |
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616 |
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617 If you want to preserve the fileformat exactly as-is, including any final |
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618 <EOL> and final CTRL-Z: > |
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619 setl nofixeol |
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620 |
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621 ============================================================================== |
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622 3. The argument list *argument-list* *arglist* |
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623 |
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624 If you give more than one file name when starting Vim, this list is remembered |
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625 as the argument list. You can jump to each file in this list. |
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626 |
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627 Do not confuse this with the buffer list, which you can see with the |
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628 |:buffers| command. The argument list was already present in Vi, the buffer |
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629 list is new in Vim. Every file name in the argument list will also be present |
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630 in the buffer list (unless it was deleted with |:bdel| or |:bwipe|). But it's |
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631 common that names in the buffer list are not in the argument list. |
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632 |
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633 This subject is introduced in section |07.2| of the user manual. |
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634 |
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635 There is one global argument list, which is used for all windows by default. |
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636 It is possible to create a new argument list local to a window, see |
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637 |:arglocal|. |
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638 |
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639 You can use the argument list with the following commands, and with the |
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640 expression functions |argc()| and |argv()|. These all work on the argument |
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641 list of the current window. |
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642 |
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643 *:ar* *:arg* *:args* |
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644 :ar[gs] Print the argument list, with the current file in |
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645 square brackets. |
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646 |
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647 :ar[gs] [++opt] [+cmd] {arglist} *:args_f* |
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648 Define {arglist} as the new argument list and edit |
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649 the first one. This fails when changes have been made |
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650 and Vim does not want to |abandon| the current buffer. |
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651 Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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652 |
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653 :ar[gs]! [++opt] [+cmd] {arglist} *:args_f!* |
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654 Define {arglist} as the new argument list and edit |
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655 the first one. Discard any changes to the current |
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656 buffer. |
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657 Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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658 |
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659 :[count]arge[dit][!] [++opt] [+cmd] {name} .. *:arge* *:argedit* |
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660 Add {name}s to the argument list and edit it. |
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661 When {name} already exists in the argument list, this |
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662 entry is edited. |
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663 This is like using |:argadd| and then |:edit|. |
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664 Spaces in filenames have to be escaped with "\". |
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665 [count] is used like with |:argadd|. |
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666 If the current file cannot be |abandon|ed {name}s will |
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667 still be added to the argument list, but won't be |
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668 edited. No check for duplicates is done. |
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669 Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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670 |
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671 :[count]arga[dd] {name} .. *:arga* *:argadd* *E479* |
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672 :[count]arga[dd] *E1156* |
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673 Add the {name}s to the argument list. When {name} is |
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674 omitted add the current buffer name to the argument |
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675 list. |
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676 If [count] is omitted, the {name}s are added just |
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677 after the current entry in the argument list. |
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678 Otherwise they are added after the [count]'th file. |
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679 If the argument list is "a b c", and "b" is the |
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680 current argument, then these commands result in: |
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681 command new argument list ~ |
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682 :argadd x a b x c |
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683 :0argadd x x a b c |
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684 :1argadd x a x b c |
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685 :$argadd x a b c x |
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686 And after the last one: |
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687 :+2argadd y a b c x y |
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688 There is no check for duplicates, it is possible to |
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689 add a file to the argument list twice. You can use |
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690 |:argdedupe| to fix it afterwards: > |
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691 :argadd *.txt | argdedupe |
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692 < The currently edited file is not changed. |
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693 Note: you can also use this method: > |
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694 :args ## x |
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695 < This will add the "x" item and sort the new list. |
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696 |
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697 :argded[upe] *:argded* *:argdedupe* |
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698 Remove duplicate filenames from the argument list. |
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699 If your current file is a duplicate, your current file |
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700 will change to the original file index. |
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701 |
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702 :argd[elete] {pattern} .. *:argd* *:argdelete* *E480* *E610* |
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703 Delete files from the argument list that match the |
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704 {pattern}s. {pattern} is used like a file pattern, |
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705 see |file-pattern|. "%" can be used to delete the |
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|
706 current entry. |
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|
707 This command keeps the currently edited file, also |
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|
708 when it's deleted from the argument list. |
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|
709 Example: > |
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|
710 :argdel *.obj |
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|
711 |
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712 :[range]argd[elete] Delete the [range] files from the argument list. |
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|
713 Example: > |
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|
714 :10,$argdel |
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|
715 < Deletes arguments 10 and further, keeping 1-9. > |
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|
716 :$argd |
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|
717 < Deletes just the last one. > |
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|
718 :argd |
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|
719 :.argd |
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|
720 < Deletes the current argument. > |
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|
721 :%argd |
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|
722 < Removes all the files from the arglist. |
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|
723 When the last number in the range is too high, up to |
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|
724 the last argument is deleted. |
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|
725 |
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|
726 *:argu* *:argument* |
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727 :[count]argu[ment] [count] [++opt] [+cmd] |
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|
728 Edit file [count] in the argument list. When [count] |
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|
729 is omitted the current entry is used. This fails |
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|
730 when changes have been made and Vim does not want to |
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|
731 |abandon| the current buffer. |
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|
732 Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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|
733 |
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734 :[count]argu[ment]! [count] [++opt] [+cmd] |
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735 Edit file [count] in the argument list, discard any |
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|
736 changes to the current buffer. When [count] is |
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|
737 omitted the current entry is used. |
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|
738 Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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|
739 |
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|
740 :[count]n[ext] [++opt] [+cmd] *:n* *:ne* *:next* *E165* *E163* |
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|
741 Edit [count] next file. This fails when changes have |
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|
742 been made and Vim does not want to |abandon| the |
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|
743 current buffer. Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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|
744 |
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|
745 :[count]n[ext]! [++opt] [+cmd] |
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|
746 Edit [count] next file, discard any changes to the |
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|
747 buffer. Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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|
748 |
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|
749 :n[ext] [++opt] [+cmd] {arglist} *:next_f* |
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|
750 Same as |:args_f|. |
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|
751 |
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|
752 :n[ext]! [++opt] [+cmd] {arglist} |
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|
753 Same as |:args_f!|. |
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|
754 |
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|
755 :[count]N[ext] [count] [++opt] [+cmd] *:Next* *:N* *E164* |
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|
756 Edit [count] previous file in argument list. This |
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|
757 fails when changes have been made and Vim does not |
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|
758 want to |abandon| the current buffer. |
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|
759 Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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|
760 |
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|
761 :[count]N[ext]! [count] [++opt] [+cmd] |
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|
762 Edit [count] previous file in argument list. Discard |
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|
763 any changes to the buffer. Also see |++opt| and |
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|
764 |+cmd|. |
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|
765 |
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|
766 :[count]prev[ious] [count] [++opt] [+cmd] *:prev* *:previous* |
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|
767 Same as :Next. Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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|
768 |
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|
769 *:rew* *:rewind* |
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|
770 :rew[ind] [++opt] [+cmd] |
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|
771 Start editing the first file in the argument list. |
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|
772 This fails when changes have been made and Vim does |
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|
773 not want to |abandon| the current buffer. |
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|
774 Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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|
775 |
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|
776 :rew[ind]! [++opt] [+cmd] |
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|
777 Start editing the first file in the argument list. |
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|
778 Discard any changes to the buffer. Also see |++opt| |
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|
779 and |+cmd|. |
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|
780 |
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|
781 *:fir* *:first* |
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782 :fir[st][!] [++opt] [+cmd] |
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|
783 Other name for ":rewind". |
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|
784 |
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|
785 *:la* *:last* |
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|
786 :la[st] [++opt] [+cmd] |
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|
787 Start editing the last file in the argument list. |
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|
788 This fails when changes have been made and Vim does |
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|
789 not want to |abandon| the current buffer. |
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|
790 Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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|
791 |
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|
792 :la[st]! [++opt] [+cmd] |
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|
793 Start editing the last file in the argument list. |
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|
794 Discard any changes to the buffer. Also see |++opt| |
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|
795 and |+cmd|. |
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|
796 |
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|
797 *:wn* *:wnext* |
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|
798 :[count]wn[ext] [++opt] |
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|
799 Write current file and start editing the [count] |
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changeset
|
800 next file. Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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801 |
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802 :[count]wn[ext] [++opt] {file} |
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803 Write current file to {file} and start editing the |
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804 [count] next file, unless {file} already exists and |
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805 the 'writeany' option is off. Also see |++opt| and |
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806 |+cmd|. |
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807 |
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808 :[count]wn[ext]! [++opt] {file} |
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809 Write current file to {file} and start editing the |
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810 [count] next file. Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. |
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811 |
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812 :[count]wN[ext][!] [++opt] [file] *:wN* *:wNext* |
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813 :[count]wp[revious][!] [++opt] [file] *:wp* *:wprevious* |
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814 Same as :wnext, but go to previous file instead of |
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815 next. |
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816 |
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817 The [count] in the commands above defaults to one. For some commands it is |
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818 possible to use two counts. The last one (rightmost one) is used. |
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819 |
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820 If no [+cmd] argument is present, the cursor is positioned at the last known |
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821 cursor position for the file. If 'startofline' is set, the cursor will be |
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822 positioned at the first non-blank in the line, otherwise the last know column |
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823 is used. If there is no last known cursor position the cursor will be in the |
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824 first line (the last line in Ex mode). |
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825 |
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826 *{arglist}* |
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827 The wildcards in the argument list are expanded and the file names are sorted. |
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828 Thus you can use the command "vim *.c" to edit all the C files. From within |
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829 Vim the command ":n *.c" does the same. |
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830 |
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831 White space is used to separate file names. Put a backslash before a space or |
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832 tab to include it in a file name. E.g., to edit the single file "foo bar": > |
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833 :next foo\ bar |
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834 |
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835 On Unix and a few other systems you can also use backticks, for example: > |
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836 :next `find . -name \\*.c -print` |
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837 The backslashes before the star are required to prevent "*.c" to be expanded |
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838 by the shell before executing the find program. |
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839 |
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840 *arglist-position* |
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841 When there is an argument list you can see which file you are editing in the |
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842 title of the window (if there is one and 'title' is on) and with the file |
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843 message you get with the "CTRL-G" command. You will see something like |
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844 (file 4 of 11) |
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845 If 'shortmess' contains 'f' it will be |
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846 (4 of 11) |
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847 If you are not really editing the file at the current position in the argument |
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848 list it will be |
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849 (file (4) of 11) |
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850 This means that you are position 4 in the argument list, but not editing the |
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851 fourth file in the argument list. This happens when you do ":e file". |
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852 |
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853 |
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854 LOCAL ARGUMENT LIST |
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855 |
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856 *:arglocal* |
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857 :argl[ocal] Make a local copy of the global argument list. |
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858 Doesn't start editing another file. |
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859 |
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860 :argl[ocal][!] [++opt] [+cmd] {arglist} |
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861 Define a new argument list, which is local to the |
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862 current window. Works like |:args_f| otherwise. |
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863 |
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864 *:argglobal* |
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865 :argg[lobal] Use the global argument list for the current window. |
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866 Doesn't start editing another file. |
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867 |
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868 :argg[lobal][!] [++opt] [+cmd] {arglist} |
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869 Use the global argument list for the current window. |
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870 Define a new global argument list like |:args_f|. |
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871 All windows using the global argument list will see |
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872 this new list. |
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873 |
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874 There can be several argument lists. They can be shared between windows. |
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875 When they are shared, changing the argument list in one window will also |
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876 change it in the other window. |
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877 |
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878 When a window is split the new window inherits the argument list from the |
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879 current window. The two windows then share this list, until one of them uses |
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880 |:arglocal| or |:argglobal| to use another argument list. |
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881 |
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882 |
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883 USING THE ARGUMENT LIST |
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884 |
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885 *:argdo* |
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886 :[range]argdo[!] {cmd} Execute {cmd} for each file in the argument list or |
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887 if [range] is specified only for arguments in that |
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888 range. It works like doing this: > |
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889 :rewind |
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890 :{cmd} |
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891 :next |
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892 :{cmd} |
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893 etc. |
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894 < When the current file can't be |abandon|ed and the [!] |
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895 is not present, the command fails. |
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896 When an error is detected on one file, further files |
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897 in the argument list will not be visited. |
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898 The last file in the argument list (or where an error |
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899 occurred) becomes the current file. |
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900 {cmd} can contain '|' to concatenate several commands. |
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901 {cmd} must not change the argument list. |
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902 Note: While this command is executing, the Syntax |
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903 autocommand event is disabled by adding it to |
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904 'eventignore'. This considerably speeds up editing |
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905 each file. |
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906 Also see |:windo|, |:tabdo|, |:bufdo|, |:cdo|, |:ldo|, |
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907 |:cfdo| and |:lfdo| |
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908 |
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909 Example: > |
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910 :args *.c |
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911 :argdo set ff=unix | update |
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912 This sets the 'fileformat' option to "unix" and writes the file if it is now |
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913 changed. This is done for all *.c files. |
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914 |
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915 Example: > |
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916 :args *.[ch] |
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917 :argdo %s/\<my_foo\>/My_Foo/ge | update |
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918 This changes the word "my_foo" to "My_Foo" in all *.c and *.h files. The "e" |
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919 flag is used for the ":substitute" command to avoid an error for files where |
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920 "my_foo" isn't used. ":update" writes the file only if changes were made. |
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921 |
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922 ============================================================================== |
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923 4. Writing *writing* *save-file* |
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924 |
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925 Note: When the 'write' option is off, you are not able to write any file. |
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926 |
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927 *:w* *:write* |
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928 *E502* *E503* *E504* *E505* |
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929 *E512* *E514* *E667* *E949* |
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930 :w[rite] [++opt] Write the whole buffer to the current file. This is |
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931 the normal way to save changes to a file. It fails |
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932 when the 'readonly' option is set or when there is |
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933 another reason why the file can't be written. |
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934 For ++opt see |++opt|, but only ++bin, ++nobin, ++ff |
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935 and ++enc are effective. |
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936 |
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937 :w[rite]! [++opt] Like ":write", but forcefully write when 'readonly' is |
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938 set or there is another reason why writing was |
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939 refused. |
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|
940 Note: This may change the permission and ownership of |
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941 the file and break (symbolic) links. Add the 'W' flag |
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942 to 'cpoptions' to avoid this. |
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943 |
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944 :[range]w[rite][!] [++opt] |
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945 Write the specified lines to the current file. This |
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|
946 is unusual, because the file will not contain all |
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947 lines in the buffer. |
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|
948 |
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|
949 *:w_f* *:write_f* |
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950 :[range]w[rite] [++opt] {file} |
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951 Write the specified lines to {file}, unless it |
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952 already exists and the 'writeany' option is off. |
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953 |
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|
954 *:w!* |
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955 :[range]w[rite]! [++opt] {file} |
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956 Write the specified lines to {file}. Overwrite an |
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957 existing file. |
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958 |
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959 *:w_a* *:write_a* *E494* |
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960 :[range]w[rite][!] [++opt] >> |
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961 Append the specified lines to the current file. |
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962 |
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963 :[range]w[rite][!] [++opt] >> {file} |
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964 Append the specified lines to {file}. '!' forces the |
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965 write even if file does not exist. |
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966 |
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967 *:w_c* *:write_c* |
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968 :[range]w[rite] [++opt] !{cmd} |
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969 Execute {cmd} with [range] lines as standard input |
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970 (note the space in front of the '!'). {cmd} is |
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971 executed like with ":!{cmd}", any '!' is replaced with |
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972 the previous command |:!|. |
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973 |
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974 The default [range] for the ":w" command is the whole buffer (1,$). If you |
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975 write the whole buffer, it is no longer considered changed. When you |
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976 write it to a different file with ":w somefile" it depends on the "+" flag in |
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977 'cpoptions'. When included, the write command will reset the 'modified' flag, |
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978 even though the buffer itself may still be different from its file. |
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979 |
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980 If a file name is given with ":w" it becomes the alternate file. This can be |
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981 used, for example, when the write fails and you want to try again later with |
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982 ":w #". This can be switched off by removing the 'A' flag from the |
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983 'cpoptions' option. |
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984 |
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985 Note that the 'fsync' option matters here. If it's set it may make writes |
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986 slower (but safer). |
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987 |
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988 *:sav* *:saveas* |
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989 :sav[eas][!] [++opt] {file} |
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990 Save the current buffer under the name {file} and set |
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991 the filename of the current buffer to {file}. The |
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992 previous name is used for the alternate file name. |
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993 The [!] is needed to overwrite an existing file. |
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994 When 'filetype' is empty filetype detection is done |
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995 with the new name, before the file is written. |
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996 When the write was successful 'readonly' is reset. |
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997 |
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998 *:up* *:update* |
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999 :[range]up[date][!] [++opt] [>>] [file] |
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1000 Like ":write", but only write when the buffer has been |
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1001 modified. |
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1002 |
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1003 |
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1004 WRITING WITH MULTIPLE BUFFERS *buffer-write* |
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1005 |
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1006 *:wa* *:wall* |
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1007 :wa[ll] Write all changed buffers. Buffers without a file |
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1008 name cause an error message. Buffers which are |
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1009 readonly are not written. |
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1010 |
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1011 :wa[ll]! Write all changed buffers, even the ones that are |
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1012 readonly. Buffers without a file name are not |
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1013 written and cause an error message. |
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1014 |
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1015 |
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1016 Vim will warn you if you try to overwrite a file that has been changed |
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1017 elsewhere. See |timestamp|. |
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1018 |
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1019 *backup* *E207* *E506* *E507* *E508* *E509* *E510* |
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1020 If you write to an existing file (but do not append) while the 'backup', |
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1021 'writebackup' or 'patchmode' option is on, a backup of the original file is |
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1022 made. The file is either copied or renamed (see 'backupcopy'). After the |
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1023 file has been successfully written and when the 'writebackup' option is on and |
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1024 the 'backup' option is off, the backup file is deleted. When the 'patchmode' |
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1025 option is on the backup file may be renamed. |
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1026 |
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1027 *backup-table* |
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1028 'backup' 'writebackup' action ~ |
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1029 off off no backup made |
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1030 off on backup current file, deleted afterwards (default) |
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1031 on off delete old backup, backup current file |
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1032 on on delete old backup, backup current file |
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1033 |
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1034 When the 'backupskip' pattern matches with the name of the file which is |
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1035 written, no backup file is made. The values of 'backup' and 'writebackup' are |
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1036 ignored then. |
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1037 |
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1038 When the 'backup' option is on, an old backup file (with the same name as the |
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1039 new backup file) will be deleted. If 'backup' is not set, but 'writebackup' |
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1040 is set, an existing backup file will not be deleted. The backup file that is |
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1041 made while the file is being written will have a different name. |
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1042 |
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1043 On some filesystems it's possible that in a crash you lose both the backup and |
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1044 the newly written file (it might be there but contain bogus data). In that |
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1045 case try recovery, because the swap file is synced to disk and might still be |
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1046 there. |:recover| |
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1047 |
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1048 The directories given with the 'backupdir' option are used to put the backup |
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1049 file in. (default: same directory as the written file). |
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1050 |
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1051 Whether the backup is a new file, which is a copy of the original file, or the |
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1052 original file renamed depends on the 'backupcopy' option. See there for an |
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1053 explanation of when the copy is made and when the file is renamed. |
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1054 |
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1055 If the creation of a backup file fails, the write is not done. If you want |
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|
1056 to write anyway add a '!' to the command. |
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1057 |
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1058 *write-permissions* |
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1059 When writing a new file the permissions are read-write. For unix the mask is |
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1060 0o666 with additionally umask applied. When writing a file that was read Vim |
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1061 will preserve the permissions, but clear the s-bit. |
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|
1062 |
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1063 *write-readonly* |
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1064 When the 'cpoptions' option contains 'W', Vim will refuse to overwrite a |
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1065 readonly file. When 'W' is not present, ":w!" will overwrite a readonly file, |
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1066 if the system allows it (the directory must be writable). |
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1067 |
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|
1068 *write-fail* |
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1069 If the writing of the new file fails, you have to be careful not to lose |
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1070 your changes AND the original file. If there is no backup file and writing |
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1071 the new file failed, you have already lost the original file! DON'T EXIT VIM |
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1072 UNTIL YOU WRITE OUT THE FILE! If a backup was made, it is put back in place |
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1073 of the original file (if possible). If you exit Vim, and lose the changes |
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diff
changeset
|
1074 you made, the original file will mostly still be there. If putting back the |
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1075 original file fails, there will be an error message telling you that you |
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1076 lost the original file. |
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1077 |
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1078 *DOS-format-write* |
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1079 If the 'fileformat' is "dos", <CR><NL> is used for <EOL>. This is default |
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1080 for Win32. On other systems the message "[dos format]" is shown to remind you |
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1081 that an unusual <EOL> was used. |
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1082 *Unix-format-write* |
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1083 If the 'fileformat' is "unix", <NL> is used for <EOL>. On Win32 the message |
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1084 "[unix format]" is shown. |
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1085 *Mac-format-write* |
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1086 If the 'fileformat' is "mac", <CR> is used for <EOL>. On non-Mac systems the |
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1087 message "[mac format]" is shown. |
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1088 |
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|
1089 See also |file-formats| and the 'fileformat' and 'fileformats' options. |
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1090 |
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1091 *ACL* |
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1092 ACL stands for Access Control List. It is an advanced way to control access |
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1093 rights for a file. It is used on new MS-Windows and Unix systems, but only |
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1094 when the filesystem supports it. |
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1095 Vim attempts to preserve the ACL info when writing a file. The backup file |
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|
1096 will get the ACL info of the original file. |
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1097 The ACL info is also used to check if a file is read-only (when opening the |
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1098 file). |
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1099 |
33442
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1100 *xattr* *E1506* *E1508* *E1509* |
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1101 xattr stands for Extended Attributes. It is an advanced way to save metadata |
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1102 alongside the file in the filesystem. It depends on the actual filesystem |
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1103 being used and Vim supports it only on a Linux system. |
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1104 Vim attempts to preserve the extended attribute info when writing a file. |
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1105 The backup file will get the extended attribute of the original file. |
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1106 |
32670
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1107 *read-only-share* |
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1108 When MS-Windows shares a drive on the network it can be marked as read-only. |
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1109 This means that even if the file read-only attribute is absent, and the ACL |
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1110 settings on NT network shared drives allow writing to the file, you can still |
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1111 not write to the file. Vim on Win32 platforms will detect read-only network |
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1112 drives and will mark the file as read-only. You will not be able to override |
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1113 it with |:write|. |
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1114 |
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|
1115 *write-device* |
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1116 When the file name is actually a device name, Vim will not make a backup (that |
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1117 would be impossible). You need to use "!", since the device already exists. |
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1118 Example for Unix: > |
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1119 :w! /dev/lpt0 |
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1120 and for MS-Windows: > |
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1121 :w! lpt0 |
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1122 For Unix a device is detected when the name doesn't refer to a normal file or |
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1123 a directory. A fifo or named pipe also looks like a device to Vim. |
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1124 For MS-Windows the device is detected by its name: |
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1125 AUX |
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|
1126 CON |
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|
1127 CLOCK$ |
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1128 NUL |
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|
1129 PRN |
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1130 COMn n=1,2,3... etc |
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1131 LPTn n=1,2,3... etc |
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1132 The names can be in upper- or lowercase. |
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|
1133 |
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|
1134 ============================================================================== |
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1135 5. Writing and quitting *write-quit* |
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1136 |
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1137 *:q* *:quit* |
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1138 :q[uit] Quit the current window. Quit Vim if this is the last |
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1139 |edit-window|. This fails when changes have been made |
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1140 and Vim refuses to |abandon| the current buffer, and |
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|
1141 when the last file in the argument list has not been |
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|
1142 edited. |
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|
1143 If there are other tab pages and quitting the last |
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1144 window in the current tab page the current tab page is |
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|
1145 closed |tab-page|. |
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1146 Triggers the |QuitPre| autocommand event. |
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|
1147 See |CTRL-W_q| for quitting another window. |
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|
1148 |
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1149 :conf[irm] q[uit] Quit, but give prompt when changes have been made, or |
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|
1150 the last file in the argument list has not been |
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|
1151 edited. See |:confirm| and 'confirm'. |
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1152 |
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1153 :q[uit]! Quit without writing, also when the current buffer has |
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|
1154 changes. The buffer is unloaded, also when it has |
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|
1155 'hidden' set. |
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|
1156 If this is the last window and there is a modified |
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|
1157 hidden buffer, the current buffer is abandoned and the |
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|
1158 first changed hidden buffer becomes the current |
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|
1159 buffer. |
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|
1160 Use ":qall!" to exit always. |
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|
1161 |
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1162 :cq[uit] Quit always, without writing, and return an error |
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|
1163 code. See |:cq|. Used for Manx's QuickFix mode (see |
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|
1164 |quickfix|). |
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1165 |
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|
1166 *:wq* |
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1167 :wq [++opt] Write the current file and close the window. If this |
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1168 was the last |edit-window| Vim quits. |
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1169 Writing fails when the file is read-only or the buffer |
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1170 does not have a name. Quitting fails when the last |
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1171 file in the argument list has not been edited. |
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1172 |
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1173 :wq! [++opt] Write the current file and close the window. If this |
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1174 was the last |edit-window| Vim quits. Writing fails |
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1175 when the current buffer does not have a name. |
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1176 |
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1177 :wq [++opt] {file} Write to {file} and close the window. If this was the |
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1178 last |edit-window| Vim quits. Quitting fails when the |
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|
1179 last file in the argument list has not been edited. |
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1180 |
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1181 :wq! [++opt] {file} Write to {file} and close the current window. Quit |
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|
1182 Vim if this was the last |edit-window|. |
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1183 |
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1184 :[range]wq[!] [++opt] [file] |
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|
1185 Same as above, but only write the lines in [range]. |
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1186 |
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1187 *:x* *:xit* |
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1188 :[range]x[it][!] [++opt] [file] |
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1189 Like ":wq", but write only when changes have been |
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1190 made. |
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1191 When 'hidden' is set and there are more windows, the |
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1192 current buffer becomes hidden, after writing the file. |
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1193 This command is not supported in |Vim9| script, |
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1194 because it is too easily confused with a variable |
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1195 name. |
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1196 |
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1197 *:exi* *:exit* |
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1198 :[range]exi[t][!] [++opt] [file] |
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1199 Same as :xit. |
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1200 |
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1201 *ZZ* |
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1202 ZZ Write current file, if modified, and close the current |
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1203 window (same as ":x"). |
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1204 If there are several windows for the current file, |
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1205 only the current window is closed. |
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1206 |
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1207 *ZQ* |
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1208 ZQ Quit without checking for changes (same as ":q!"). |
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1209 |
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1210 |
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1211 MULTIPLE WINDOWS AND BUFFERS *window-exit* |
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1212 |
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1213 *:qa* *:qall* |
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1214 :qa[ll] Exit Vim, unless there are some buffers which have been |
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1215 changed. (Use ":bmod" to go to the next modified buffer). |
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1216 When 'autowriteall' is set all changed buffers will be |
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1217 written, like |:wqall|. |
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1218 |
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1219 :conf[irm] qa[ll] |
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1220 Exit Vim. Bring up a prompt when some buffers have been |
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1221 changed. See |:confirm|. |
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1222 |
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1223 :qa[ll]! Exit Vim. Any changes to buffers are lost. |
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1224 Also see |:cquit|, it does the same but exits with a non-zero |
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1225 value. |
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1226 |
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1227 *:quita* *:quitall* |
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1228 :quita[ll][!] Same as ":qall". |
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1229 |
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1230 :wqa[ll] [++opt] *:wqa* *:wqall* *:xa* *:xall* |
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1231 :xa[ll] Write all changed buffers and exit Vim. If there are buffers |
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1232 without a file name, which are readonly or which cannot be |
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1233 written for another reason, Vim will not quit. |
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1234 |
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1235 :conf[irm] wqa[ll] [++opt] |
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1236 :conf[irm] xa[ll] |
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1237 Write all changed buffers and exit Vim. Bring up a prompt |
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1238 when some buffers are readonly or cannot be written for |
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1239 another reason. See |:confirm|. |
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1240 |
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1241 :wqa[ll]! [++opt] |
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1242 :xa[ll]! Write all changed buffers, even the ones that are readonly, |
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1243 and exit Vim. If there are buffers without a file name or |
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1244 which cannot be written for another reason, or there is a |
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1245 terminal with a running job, Vim will not quit. |
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1246 |
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1247 ============================================================================== |
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1248 6. Dialogs *edit-dialogs* |
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1249 |
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1250 *:confirm* *:conf* |
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1251 :conf[irm] {command} Execute {command}, and use a dialog when an |
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1252 operation has to be confirmed. Can be used on the |
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1253 |:q|, |:qa| and |:w| commands (the latter to override |
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1254 a read-only setting), and any other command that can |
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1255 fail in such a way, such as |:only|, |:buffer|, |
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1256 |:bdelete|, etc. |
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1257 |
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1258 Examples: > |
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1259 :confirm w foo |
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1260 < Will ask for confirmation when "foo" already exists. > |
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1261 :confirm q |
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1262 < Will ask for confirmation when there are changes. > |
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1263 :confirm qa |
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1264 < If any modified, unsaved buffers exist, you will be prompted to save |
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1265 or abandon each one. There are also choices to "save all" or "abandon |
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1266 all". |
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1267 |
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1268 If you want to always use ":confirm", set the 'confirm' option. |
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1269 |
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1270 *:browse* *:bro* *E338* |
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1271 :bro[wse] {command} Open a file selection dialog for an argument to |
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1272 {command}. At present this works for |:e|, |:w|, |
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1273 |:wall|, |:wq|, |:wqall|, |:x|, |:xall|, |:exit|, |
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1274 |:view|, |:sview|, |:r|, |:saveas|, |:sp|, |:mkexrc|, |
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1275 |:mkvimrc|, |:mksession|, |:mkview|, |:split|, |
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1276 |:vsplit|, |:tabe|, |:tabnew|, |:cfile|, |:cgetfile|, |
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1277 |:caddfile|, |:lfile|, |:lgetfile|, |:laddfile|, |
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1278 |:diffsplit|, |:diffpatch|, |:open|, |:pedit|, |
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1279 |:redir|, |:source|, |:update|, |:visual|, |:vsplit|, |
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1280 and |:qall| if 'confirm' is set. |
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1281 {only in Win32, Motif, GTK and Mac GUI, in |
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1282 console `browse edit` works if the FileExplorer |
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1283 autocommand group exists} |
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1284 When ":browse" is not possible you get an error |
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1285 message. If the |+browse| feature is missing or the |
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1286 {command} doesn't support browsing, the {command} is |
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1287 executed without a dialog. |
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1288 ":browse set" works like |:options|. |
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1289 See also |:oldfiles| for ":browse oldfiles". |
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1290 |
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1291 The syntax is best shown via some examples: > |
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1292 :browse e $vim/foo |
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1293 < Open the browser in the $vim/foo directory, and edit the |
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1294 file chosen. > |
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1295 :browse e |
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1296 < Open the browser in the directory specified with 'browsedir', |
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1297 and edit the file chosen. > |
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1298 :browse w |
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1299 < Open the browser in the directory of the current buffer, |
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1300 with the current buffer filename as default, and save the |
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1301 buffer under the filename chosen. > |
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1302 :browse w C:/bar |
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1303 < Open the browser in the C:/bar directory, with the current |
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1304 buffer filename as default, and save the buffer under the |
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1305 filename chosen. |
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1306 Also see the 'browsedir' option. |
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1307 For versions of Vim where browsing is not supported, the command is executed |
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1308 unmodified. |
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1309 |
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1310 *browsefilter* |
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1311 For MS-Windows and GTK, you can modify the filters that are used in the browse |
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1312 dialog. By setting the g:browsefilter or b:browsefilter variables, you can |
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1313 change the filters globally or locally to the buffer. The variable is set to |
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1314 a string in the format "{filter label}\t{pattern};{pattern}\n" where {filter |
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1315 label} is the text that appears in the "Files of Type" comboBox, and {pattern} |
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1316 is the pattern which filters the filenames. Several patterns can be given, |
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1317 separated by ';'. |
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1318 |
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1319 For Motif the same format is used, but only the very first pattern is actually |
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1320 used (Motif only offers one pattern, but you can edit it). |
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1321 |
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1322 For example, to have only Vim files in the dialog, you could use the following |
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1323 command: > |
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1324 |
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1325 let g:browsefilter = "Vim Scripts\t*.vim\nVim Startup Files\t*vimrc\n" |
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1326 |
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1327 You can override the filter setting on a per-buffer basis by setting the |
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1328 b:browsefilter variable. You would most likely set b:browsefilter in a |
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1329 filetype plugin, so that the browse dialog would contain entries related to |
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1330 the type of file you are currently editing. Disadvantage: This makes it |
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1331 difficult to start editing a file of a different type. To overcome this, you |
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1332 may want to add "All Files\t*.*\n" as the final filter, so that the user can |
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1333 still access any desired file. |
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1334 |
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|
1335 To avoid setting browsefilter when Vim does not actually support it, you can |
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|
1336 use has("browsefilter"): > |
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|
1337 |
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|
1338 if has("browsefilter") |
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|
1339 let g:browsefilter = "whatever" |
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|
1340 endif |
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|
1341 |
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|
1342 ============================================================================== |
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|
1343 7. The current directory *current-directory* |
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1344 |
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1345 You can use the |:cd|, |:tcd| and |:lcd| commands to change to another |
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|
1346 directory, so you will not have to type that directory name in front of the |
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|
1347 file names. It also makes a difference for executing external commands, e.g. |
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|
1348 ":!ls". |
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|
1349 |
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|
1350 Changing directory fails when the current buffer is modified, the '.' flag is |
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|
1351 present in 'cpoptions' and "!" is not used in the command. |
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|
1352 |
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|
1353 *:cd* *E747* *E472* |
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|
1354 :cd[!] On non-Unix systems when 'cdhome' is off: Print the |
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diff
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|
1355 current directory name. |
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|
1356 Otherwise: Change the current directory to the home |
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|
1357 directory. Clear any window-local directory. |
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|
1358 Use |:pwd| to print the current directory on all |
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|
1359 systems. |
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|
1360 |
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|
1361 :cd[!] {path} Change the current directory to {path}. |
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|
1362 If {path} is relative, it is searched for in the |
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|
1363 directories listed in |'cdpath'|. |
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|
1364 Clear any window-local directory. |
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|
1365 Does not change the meaning of an already opened file, |
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|
1366 because its full path name is remembered. Files from |
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|
1367 the |arglist| may change though! |
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|
1368 On MS-Windows this also changes the active drive. |
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|
1369 To change to the directory of the current file: > |
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|
1370 :cd %:h |
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|
1371 < |
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|
1372 *:cd-* *E186* |
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|
1373 :cd[!] - Change to the previous current directory (before the |
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|
1374 previous ":cd {path}" command). |
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|
1375 |
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|
1376 *:chd* *:chdir* |
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|
1377 :chd[ir][!] [path] Same as |:cd|. |
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|
1378 |
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|
1379 *:tc* *:tcd* |
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|
1380 :tc[d][!] {path} Like |:cd|, but only set the directory for the current |
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|
1381 tab. The current window will also use this directory. |
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|
1382 The current directory is not changed for windows in |
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diff
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|
1383 other tabs and for windows in the current tab that |
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|
1384 have their own window-local directory. |
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|
1385 |
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|
1386 *:tcd-* |
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|
1387 :tc[d][!] - Change to the previous current directory, before the |
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|
1388 last ":tcd {path}" command. |
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|
1389 |
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|
1390 *:tch* *:tchdir* |
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|
1391 :tch[dir][!] Same as |:tcd|. |
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|
1392 |
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|
1393 *:lc* *:lcd* |
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|
1394 :lc[d][!] {path} Like |:cd|, but only set the current directory when |
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changeset
|
1395 the cursor is in the current window. The current |
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|
1396 directory for other windows is not changed, switching |
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|
1397 to another window will stop using {path}. |
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|
1398 |
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changeset
|
1399 *:lcd-* |
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|
1400 :lcd[!] - Change to the previous current directory, before the |
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|
1401 last ":lcd {path}" command. |
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|
1402 |
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|
1403 *:lch* *:lchdir* |
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|
1404 :lch[dir][!] Same as |:lcd|. |
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|
1405 |
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|
1406 *:pw* *:pwd* *E187* |
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|
1407 :pw[d] Print the current directory name. |
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|
1408 Also see |getcwd()|. |
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|
1409 *:pwd-verbose* |
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|
1410 When 'verbose' is non-zero, |:pwd| will also display |
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|
1411 what scope the current directory was set. Example: > |
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|
1412 |
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|
1413 " Set by :cd |
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|
1414 :verbose pwd |
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|
1415 [global] /path/to/current |
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|
1416 |
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|
1417 " Set by :lcd |
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|
1418 :verbose pwd |
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|
1419 [window] /path/to/current |
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|
1420 |
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|
1421 " Set by :tcd |
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|
1422 :verbose pwd |
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|
1423 [tabpage] /path/to/current |
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|
1424 |
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|
1425 So long as no |:lcd| or |:tcd| command has been used, all windows share the |
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|
1426 same current directory. Using a command to jump to another window doesn't |
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changeset
|
1427 change anything for the current directory. |
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|
1428 |
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|
1429 When a |:lcd| command has been used for a window, the specified directory |
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|
1430 becomes the current directory for that window. Windows where the |:lcd| |
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|
1431 command has not been used stick to the global or tab-local current directory. |
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|
1432 When jumping to another window the current directory is changed to the last |
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|
1433 specified local current directory. If none was specified, the global or |
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|
1434 tab-local current directory is used. When creating a new window it inherits |
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changeset
|
1435 the local directory of the current window. |
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|
1436 |
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|
1437 When a |:tcd| command has been used for a tab page, the specified directory |
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|
1438 becomes the current directory for the current tab page and the current window. |
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|
1439 The current directory of other tab pages is not affected. When jumping to |
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|
1440 another tab page, the current directory is changed to the last specified local |
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|
1441 directory for that tab page. If the current tab has no local current directory |
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|
1442 the global current directory is used. |
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|
1443 |
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|
1444 When a |:cd| command is used, the current window and tab page will lose the |
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changeset
|
1445 local current directory and will use the global current directory from now on. |
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|
1446 |
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|
1447 After using |:cd| the full path name will be used for reading and writing |
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|
1448 files. On some networked file systems this may cause problems. The result of |
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|
1449 using the full path name is that the file names currently in use will remain |
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|
1450 referring to the same file. Example: If you have a file a:test and a |
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|
1451 directory a:vim the commands ":e test" ":cd vim" ":w" will overwrite the file |
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|
1452 a:test and not write a:vim/test. But if you do ":w test" the file a:vim/test |
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|
1453 will be written, because you gave a new file name and did not refer to a |
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|
1454 filename before the ":cd". |
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|
1455 |
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|
1456 ============================================================================== |
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|
1457 8. Editing binary files *edit-binary* |
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|
1458 |
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|
1459 Although Vim was made to edit text files, it is possible to edit binary |
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|
1460 files. The |-b| Vim argument (b for binary) makes Vim do file I/O in binary |
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|
1461 mode, and sets some options for editing binary files ('binary' on, 'textwidth' |
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|
1462 to 0, 'modeline' off, 'expandtab' off). Setting the 'binary' option has the |
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|
1463 same effect. Don't forget to do this before reading the file. |
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changeset
|
1464 |
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changeset
|
1465 There are a few things to remember when editing binary files: |
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|
1466 - When editing executable files the number of bytes must not change. |
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|
1467 Use only the "R" or "r" command to change text. Do not delete characters |
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changeset
|
1468 with "x" or by backspacing. |
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diff
changeset
|
1469 - Set the 'textwidth' option to 0. Otherwise lines will unexpectedly be |
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diff
changeset
|
1470 split in two. |
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diff
changeset
|
1471 - When there are not many <EOL>s, the lines will become very long. If you |
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diff
changeset
|
1472 want to edit a line that does not fit on the screen reset the 'wrap' option. |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1473 Horizontal scrolling is used then. If a line becomes too long (more than |
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Fix line endings issue
Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1474 about 32767 bytes on the Amiga, much more on 32-bit and 64-bit systems, see |
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diff
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|
1475 |limits|) you cannot edit that line. The line will be split when reading |
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diff
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|
1476 the file. It is also possible that you get an "out of memory" error when |
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diff
changeset
|
1477 reading the file. |
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|
1478 - Make sure the 'binary' option is set BEFORE loading the |
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diff
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|
1479 file. Otherwise both <CR><NL> and <NL> are considered to end a line |
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diff
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|
1480 and when the file is written the <NL> will be replaced with <CR><NL>. |
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|
1481 - <Nul> characters are shown on the screen as ^@. You can enter them with |
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diff
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|
1482 "CTRL-V CTRL-@" or "CTRL-V 000" |
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|
1483 - To insert a <NL> character in the file split a line. When writing the |
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diff
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|
1484 buffer to a file a <NL> will be written for the <EOL>. |
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diff
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|
1485 - Vim normally appends an <EOL> at the end of the file if there is none. |
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diff
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|
1486 Setting the 'binary' option prevents this. If you want to add the final |
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|
1487 <EOL>, set the 'endofline' option. You can also read the value of this |
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|
1488 option to see if there was an <EOL> for the last line (you cannot see this |
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|
1489 in the text). |
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|
1490 |
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|
1491 ============================================================================== |
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changeset
|
1492 9. Encryption *encryption* |
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|
1493 |
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|
1494 Vim is able to write files encrypted, and read them back. The encrypted text |
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changeset
|
1495 cannot be read without the right key. |
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|
1496 {only available when compiled with the |+cryptv| feature} *E833* |
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|
1497 |
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|
1498 The text in the swap file and the undo file is also encrypted. *E843* |
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|
1499 However, this is done block-by-block and may reduce the time needed to crack a |
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|
1500 password. You can disable the swap file, but then a crash will cause you to |
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|
1501 lose your work. The undo file can be disabled without too much disadvantage. > |
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|
1502 :set noundofile |
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|
1503 :noswapfile edit secrets |
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|
1504 |
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|
1505 Note: The text in memory is not encrypted. A system administrator may be able |
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|
1506 to see your text while you are editing it. When filtering text with |
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|
1507 ":!filter" or using ":w !command" the text is also not encrypted, this may |
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diff
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|
1508 reveal it to others. The 'viminfo' file is not encrypted. |
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|
1509 |
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|
1510 You could do this to edit very secret text: > |
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|
1511 :set noundofile viminfo= |
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|
1512 :noswapfile edit secrets.txt |
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|
1513 Keep in mind that without a swap file you risk losing your work in the event |
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changeset
|
1514 of a crash or a power failure. |
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|
1515 |
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|
1516 WARNING: If you make a typo when entering the key and then write the file and |
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changeset
|
1517 exit, the text will be lost! |
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|
1518 |
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|
1519 The normal way to work with encryption, is to use the ":X" command, which will |
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|
1520 ask you to enter a key. A following write command will use that key to |
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|
1521 encrypt the file. If you later edit the same file, Vim will ask you to enter |
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|
1522 a key. If you type the same key as that was used for writing, the text will |
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|
1523 be readable again. If you use a wrong key, it will be a mess. |
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|
1524 |
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|
1525 *:X* |
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|
1526 :X Prompt for an encryption key. The typing is done without showing the |
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changeset
|
1527 actual text, so that someone looking at the display won't see it. |
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|
1528 The typed key is stored in the 'key' option, which is used to encrypt |
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changeset
|
1529 the file when it is written. |
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|
1530 The file will remain unchanged until you write it. Note that commands |
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|
1531 such as `:xit` and `ZZ` will NOT write the file unless there are other |
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changeset
|
1532 changes. |
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|
1533 See also |-x|. |
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|
1534 |
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|
1535 The value of the 'key' options is used when text is written. When the option |
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|
1536 is not empty, the written file will be encrypted, using the value as the |
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|
1537 encryption key. A magic number is prepended, so that Vim can recognize that |
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|
1538 the file is encrypted. |
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|
1539 |
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|
1540 To disable the encryption, reset the 'key' option to an empty value: > |
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|
1541 :set key= |
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|
1542 |
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|
1543 You can use the 'cryptmethod' option to select the type of encryption, use one |
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|
1544 of these: > |
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|
1545 :setlocal cm=zip " weak method, backwards compatible |
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|
1546 :setlocal cm=blowfish " method with flaws, do not use |
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changeset
|
1547 :setlocal cm=blowfish2 " medium strong method |
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|
1548 :setlocal cm=xchacha20v2 " medium strong method using libsodium |
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diff
changeset
|
1549 |
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|
1550 Do this before writing the file. When reading an encrypted file it will be |
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changeset
|
1551 set automatically to the method used when that file was written. You can |
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changeset
|
1552 change 'cryptmethod' before writing that file to change the method. |
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changeset
|
1553 |
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|
1554 To set the default method, used for new files, use this in your |vimrc| |
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changeset
|
1555 file: > |
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|
1556 set cm=blowfish2 |
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|
1557 Using "blowfish2" is highly recommended. Only use another method if you |
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changeset
|
1558 must use an older Vim version that does not support it. |
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|
1559 |
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|
1560 The message given for reading and writing a file will show "[crypted]" when |
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changeset
|
1561 using zip, "[blowfish]" when using blowfish, etc. |
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changeset
|
1562 |
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|
1563 When writing an undo file, the same key and method will be used for the text |
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changeset
|
1564 in the undo file. |persistent-undo|. |
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|
1565 |
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|
1566 To test for blowfish support you can use these conditions: > |
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changeset
|
1567 has('crypt-blowfish') |
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changeset
|
1568 has('crypt-blowfish2') |
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|
1569 This works since Vim 7.4.1099 while blowfish support was added earlier. |
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|
1570 Thus the condition failing doesn't mean blowfish is not supported. You can |
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changeset
|
1571 test for blowfish with: > |
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|
1572 v:version >= 703 |
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|
1573 And for blowfish2 with: > |
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|
1574 v:version > 704 || (v:version == 704 && has('patch401')) |
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|
1575 If you are sure Vim includes patch 7.4.237 a simpler check is: > |
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|
1576 has('patch-7.4.401') |
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|
1577 < |
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|
1578 *E817* *E818* *E819* *E820* |
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|
1579 When encryption does not work properly, you would be able to write your text |
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|
1580 to a file and never be able to read it back. Therefore a test is performed to |
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|
1581 check if the encryption works as expected. If you get one of these errors |
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|
1582 don't write the file encrypted! You need to rebuild the Vim binary to fix |
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|
1583 this. |
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|
1584 |
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|
1585 *E831* This is an internal error, "cannot happen". If you can reproduce it, |
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|
1586 please report to the developers. |
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|
1587 |
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|
1588 When reading a file that has been encrypted and the 'key' option is not empty, |
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changeset
|
1589 it will be used for decryption. If the value is empty, you will be prompted |
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|
1590 to enter the key. If you don't enter a key, or you enter the wrong key, the |
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|
1591 file is edited without being decrypted. There is no warning about using the |
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|
1592 wrong key (this makes brute force methods to find the key more difficult). |
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|
1593 |
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|
1594 If want to start reading a file that uses a different key, set the 'key' |
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|
1595 option to an empty string, so that Vim will prompt for a new one. Don't use |
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changeset
|
1596 the ":set" command to enter the value, other people can read the command over |
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changeset
|
1597 your shoulder. |
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|
1598 |
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1599 Since the value of the 'key' option is supposed to be a secret, its value can |
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|
1600 never be viewed. You should not set this option in a vimrc file. |
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|
1601 |
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|
1602 An encrypted file can be recognized by the "file" command, if you add these |
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parents:
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diff
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|
1603 lines to "/etc/magic", "/usr/share/misc/magic" or wherever your system has the |
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|
1604 "magic" file: > |
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|
1605 0 string VimCrypt~ Vim encrypted file |
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|
1606 >9 string 01 - "zip" cryptmethod |
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|
1607 >9 string 02 - "blowfish" cryptmethod |
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|
1608 >9 string 03 - "blowfish2" cryptmethod |
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|
1609 |
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|
1610 Notes: |
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|
1611 - Encryption is not possible when doing conversion with 'charconvert'. |
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|
1612 - Text you copy or delete goes to the numbered registers. The registers can |
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|
1613 be saved in the .viminfo file, where they could be read. Change your |
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|
1614 'viminfo' option to be safe. |
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|
1615 - Someone can type commands in Vim when you walk away for a moment, he should |
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|
1616 not be able to get the key. |
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|
1617 - If you make a typing mistake when entering the key, you might not be able to |
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|
1618 get your text back! |
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|
1619 - If you type the key with a ":set key=value" command, it can be kept in the |
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diff
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|
1620 history, showing the 'key' value in a viminfo file. |
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|
1621 - There is never 100% safety. The encryption in Vim has not been tested for |
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|
1622 robustness. |
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|
1623 - The algorithm used for 'cryptmethod' "zip" is breakable. A 4 character key |
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parents:
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|
1624 in about one hour, a 6 character key in one day (on a Pentium 133 PC). This |
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|
1625 requires that you know some text that must appear in the file. An expert |
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|
1626 can break it for any key. When the text has been decrypted, this also means |
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|
1627 that the key can be revealed, and other files encrypted with the same key |
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|
1628 can be decrypted. |
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|
1629 - Pkzip uses the same encryption as 'cryptmethod' "zip", and US Govt has no |
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1630 objection to its export. Pkzip's public file APPNOTE.TXT describes this |
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|
1631 algorithm in detail. |
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1632 - The implementation of 'cryptmethod' "blowfish" has a flaw. It is possible |
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|
1633 to crack the first 64 bytes of a file and in some circumstances more of the |
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|
1634 file. Use of it is not recommended, but it's still the strongest method |
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1635 supported by Vim 7.3 and 7.4. The "zip" method is even weaker. |
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|
1636 - Vim originates from the Netherlands. That is where the sources come from. |
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|
1637 Thus the encryption code is not exported from the USA. |
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|
1638 |
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|
1639 ============================================================================== |
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|
1640 10. Timestamps *timestamp* *timestamps* |
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|
1641 |
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|
1642 Vim remembers the modification timestamp, mode and size of a file when you |
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|
1643 begin editing it. This is used to avoid that you have two different versions |
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|
1644 of the same file (without you knowing this). |
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|
1645 |
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|
1646 After a shell command is run (|:!cmd| |suspend| |:read!| |K|) timestamps, |
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parents:
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changeset
|
1647 file modes and file sizes are compared for all buffers in a window. Vim will |
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|
1648 run any associated |FileChangedShell| autocommands or display a warning for |
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|
1649 any files that have changed. In the GUI this happens when Vim regains input |
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|
1650 focus. |
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|
1651 |
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|
1652 *E321* *E462* |
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|
1653 If you want to automatically reload a file when it has been changed outside of |
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|
1654 Vim, set the 'autoread' option. This doesn't work at the moment you write the |
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|
1655 file though, only when the file wasn't changed inside of Vim. |
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|
1656 *ignore-timestamp* |
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|
1657 If you do not want to be asked or automatically reload the file, you can use |
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|
1658 this: > |
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|
1659 set buftype=nofile |
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|
1660 |
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|
1661 Or, when starting gvim from a shell: > |
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|
1662 gvim file.log -c "set buftype=nofile" |
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|
1663 |
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|
1664 Note that if a FileChangedShell autocommand is defined you will not get a |
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|
1665 warning message or prompt. The autocommand is expected to handle this. |
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|
1666 |
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|
1667 There is no warning for a directory (e.g., with |netrw-browse|). But you do |
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|
1668 get warned if you started editing a new file and it was created as a directory |
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|
1669 later. |
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|
1670 |
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|
1671 When Vim notices the timestamp of a file has changed, and the file is being |
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|
1672 edited in a buffer but has not changed, Vim checks if the contents of the file |
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|
1673 is equal. This is done by reading the file again (into a hidden buffer, which |
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|
1674 is immediately deleted again) and comparing the text. If the text is equal, |
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|
1675 you will get no warning. |
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|
1676 |
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|
1677 If you don't get warned often enough you can use the following command. |
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|
1678 |
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|
1679 *:checkt* *:checktime* |
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|
1680 :checkt[ime] Check if any buffers were changed outside of Vim. |
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|
1681 This checks and warns you if you would end up with two |
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|
1682 versions of a file. |
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|
1683 If this is called from an autocommand, a ":global" |
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|
1684 command or is not typed the actual check is postponed |
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|
1685 until a moment the side effects (reloading the file) |
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|
1686 would be harmless. |
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|
1687 Each loaded buffer is checked for its associated file |
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|
1688 being changed. If the file was changed Vim will take |
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|
1689 action. If there are no changes in the buffer and |
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|
1690 'autoread' is set, the buffer is reloaded. Otherwise, |
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|
1691 you are offered the choice of reloading the file. If |
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|
1692 the file was deleted you get an error message. |
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|
1693 If the file previously didn't exist you get a warning |
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|
1694 if it exists now. |
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changeset
|
1695 Once a file has been checked the timestamp is reset, |
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changeset
|
1696 you will not be warned again. |
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|
1697 Syntax highlighting, marks, diff status, |
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|
1698 'fileencoding', 'fileformat' and 'binary' options |
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|
1699 are not changed. See |v:fcs_choice| to reload these |
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|
1700 too (for example, if a code formatting tools has |
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|
1701 changed the file). |
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|
1702 |
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|
1703 :[N]checkt[ime] {filename} |
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|
1704 :[N]checkt[ime] [N] |
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|
1705 Check the timestamp of a specific buffer. The buffer |
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|
1706 may be specified by name, number or with a pattern. |
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1707 |
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1708 |
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|
1709 *E813* *E814* |
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1710 Vim will reload the buffer if you chose to. If a window is visible that |
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|
1711 contains this buffer, the reloading will happen in the context of this window. |
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1712 Otherwise a special window is used, so that most autocommands will work. You |
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1713 can't close this window. A few other restrictions apply. Best is to make |
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|
1714 sure nothing happens outside of the current buffer. E.g., setting |
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|
1715 window-local options may end up in the wrong window. Splitting the window, |
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|
1716 doing something there and closing it should be OK (if there are no side |
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|
1717 effects from other autocommands). Closing unrelated windows and buffers will |
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|
1718 get you into trouble. |
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|
1719 |
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|
1720 Before writing a file the timestamp is checked. If it has changed, Vim will |
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|
1721 ask if you really want to overwrite the file: |
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|
1722 |
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1723 WARNING: The file has been changed since reading it!!! |
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|
1724 Do you really want to write to it (y/n)? |
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|
1725 |
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1726 If you hit 'y' Vim will continue writing the file. If you hit 'n' the write is |
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1727 aborted. If you used ":wq" or "ZZ" Vim will not exit, you will get another |
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1728 chance to write the file. |
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1729 |
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1730 The message would normally mean that somebody has written to the file after |
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1731 the edit session started. This could be another person, in which case you |
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1732 probably want to check if your changes to the file and the changes from the |
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1733 other person should be merged. Write the file under another name and check for |
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1734 differences (the "diff" program can be used for this). |
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1735 |
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1736 It is also possible that you modified the file yourself, from another edit |
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1737 session or with another command (e.g., a filter command). Then you will know |
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1738 which version of the file you want to keep. |
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1739 |
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1740 The accuracy of the time check depends on the filesystem. On Unix it is |
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1741 usually sub-second. With old file systems and on MS-Windows it is normally one |
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1742 second. Use `has('nanotime')` to check if sub-second time stamp checks are |
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1743 available. |
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1744 |
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1745 There is one situation where you get the message while there is nothing wrong: |
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1746 On a Win32 system on the day daylight saving time starts. There is something |
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1747 in the Win32 libraries that confuses Vim about the hour time difference. The |
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|
1748 problem goes away the next day. |
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1749 |
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1750 ============================================================================== |
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|
1751 11. File Searching *file-searching* |
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1752 |
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1753 The file searching is currently used for the 'path', 'cdpath' and 'tags' |
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1754 options, for |finddir()| and |findfile()|. Other commands use |wildcards| |
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1755 which is slightly different. |
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1756 |
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|
1757 There are three different types of searching: |
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1758 |
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1759 1) Downward search: *starstar* |
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1760 Downward search uses the wildcards '*', '**' and possibly others |
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1761 supported by your operating system. '*' and '**' are handled inside Vim, |
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1762 so they work on all operating systems. Note that "**" only acts as a |
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1763 special wildcard when it is at the start of a name. |
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1764 |
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1765 The usage of '*' is quite simple: It matches 0 or more characters. In a |
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1766 search pattern this would be ".*". Note that the "." is not used for file |
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1767 searching. |
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1768 |
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1769 '**' is more sophisticated: |
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1770 - It ONLY matches directories. |
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1771 - It matches up to 30 directories deep by default, so you can use it to |
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1772 search an entire directory tree |
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1773 - The maximum number of levels matched can be given by appending a number |
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1774 to '**'. |
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1775 Thus '/usr/**2' can match: > |
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1776 /usr |
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1777 /usr/include |
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1778 /usr/include/sys |
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1779 /usr/include/g++ |
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1780 /usr/lib |
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1781 /usr/lib/X11 |
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1782 .... |
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1783 < It does NOT match '/usr/include/g++/std' as this would be three |
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1784 levels. |
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1785 The allowed number range is 0 ('**0' is removed) to 100 |
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1786 If the given number is smaller than 0 it defaults to 30, if it's |
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1787 bigger than 100 then 100 is used. The system also has a limit on the |
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1788 path length, usually 256 or 1024 bytes. |
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1789 - '**' can only be at the end of the path or be followed by a path |
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1790 separator or by a number and a path separator. |
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1791 |
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1792 You can combine '*' and '**' in any order: > |
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1793 /usr/**/sys/* |
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1794 /usr/*tory/sys/** |
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1795 /usr/**2/sys/* |
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1796 |
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1797 2) Upward search: |
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1798 Here you can give a directory and then search the directory tree upward for |
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1799 a file. You could give stop-directories to limit the upward search. The |
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1800 stop-directories are appended to the path (for the 'path' option) or to |
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1801 the filename (for the 'tags' option) with a ';'. If you want several |
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1802 stop-directories separate them with ';'. If you want no stop-directory |
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1803 ("search upward till the root directory) just use ';'. > |
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1804 /usr/include/sys;/usr |
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1805 < will search in: > |
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1806 /usr/include/sys |
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1807 /usr/include |
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1808 /usr |
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1809 < |
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1810 If you use a relative path the upward search is started in Vim's current |
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1811 directory or in the directory of the current file (if the relative path |
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1812 starts with './' and 'd' is not included in 'cpoptions'). |
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1813 |
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1814 If Vim's current path is /u/user_x/work/release and you do > |
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1815 :set path=include;/u/user_x |
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1816 < and then search for a file with |gf| the file is searched in: > |
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1817 /u/user_x/work/release/include |
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1818 /u/user_x/work/include |
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1819 /u/user_x/include |
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1820 |
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1821 < Note: If your 'path' setting includes a non-existing directory, Vim will |
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1822 skip the non-existing directory, and also does not search in the parent of |
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1823 the non-existing directory if upwards searching is used. |
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1824 |
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1825 3) Combined up/downward search: |
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1826 If Vim's current path is /u/user_x/work/release and you do > |
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1827 set path=**;/u/user_x |
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1828 < and then search for a file with |gf| the file is searched in: > |
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1829 /u/user_x/work/release/** |
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1830 /u/user_x/work/** |
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1831 /u/user_x/** |
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1832 < |
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1833 BE CAREFUL! This might consume a lot of time, as the search of |
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1834 '/u/user_x/**' includes '/u/user_x/work/**' and |
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1835 '/u/user_x/work/release/**'. So '/u/user_x/work/release/**' is searched |
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1836 three times and '/u/user_x/work/**' is searched twice. |
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1837 |
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1838 In the above example you might want to set path to: > |
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1839 :set path=**,/u/user_x/** |
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1840 < This searches: |
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1841 /u/user_x/work/release/** ~ |
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1842 /u/user_x/** ~ |
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1843 This searches the same directories, but in a different order. |
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1844 |
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1845 Note that completion for ":find", ":sfind", and ":tabfind" commands do not |
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1846 currently work with 'path' items that contain a URL or use the double star |
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1847 with depth limiter (/usr/**2) or upward search (;) notations. |
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1848 |
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1849 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |