annotate README_VIM9.md @ 24051:da8347e453b4 v8.2.2567

patch 8.2.2567: Vim9: no error if variable is defined for existing function Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/6c3843ca8ab105bfb85f6ea8bcec2cbc03f46e7f Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> Date: Thu Mar 4 12:38:21 2021 +0100 patch 8.2.2567: Vim9: no error if variable is defined for existing function Problem: Vim9: no error if variable is defined for existing function. Solution: Check if name isn't already in use. (closes https://github.com/vim/vim/issues/7897)
author Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
date Thu, 04 Mar 2021 12:45:03 +0100
parents ef454a7f485d
children bdda48f01a68
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1 ![Vim Logo](https://github.com/vim/vim/blob/master/runtime/vimlogo.gif)
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2
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3 # What is Vim9?
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4
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5 This is an experimental side of [Vim](https://github.com/vim/vim).
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6 It explores ways of making Vim script faster and better.
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7
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8 WARNING: The Vim9 script features are still under development, anything can
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9 break!
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10
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11 # Why Vim9?
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12
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13 ## 1. FASTER VIM SCRIPT
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14
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15 The third item on the poll results of 2018, after popup windows and text
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16 properties, is faster Vim script. So how do we do that?
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17
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18 I have been throwing some ideas around, and soon came to the conclusion
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19 that the current way functions are called and executed, with
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20 dictionaries for the arguments and local variables, is never going to be
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21 very fast. We're lucky if we can make it twice as fast. The overhead
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22 of a function call and executing every line is just too high.
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23
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24 So what then? We can only make something fast by having a new way of
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25 defining a function, with similar but different properties of the old
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26 way:
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27 * Arguments are only available by name, not through the a: dictionary or
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28 the a:000 list.
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29 * Local variables are not available in an l: dictionary.
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30 * A few more things that slow us down, such as exception handling details.
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31
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32 I Implemented a "proof of concept" and measured the time to run a simple
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33 for loop with an addition (Justin used this example in his presentation,
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34 full code is below):
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35
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36 ``` vim
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37 let sum = 0
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38 for i in range(1, 2999999)
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39 let sum += i
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40 endfor
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41 ```
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42
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43 | how | time in sec |
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44 | --------| -------- |
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45 | Vim old | 5.018541 |
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46 | Python | 0.369598 |
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47 | Lua | 0.078817 |
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48 | Vim new | 0.073595 |
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49
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50 That looks very promising! It's just one example, but it shows how much
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51 we can gain, and also that Vim script can be faster than builtin
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52 interfaces.
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53
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54 In practice the script would not do something useless as counting but change
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55 the text. For example, reindent all the lines:
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56
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57 ``` vim
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58 let totallen = 0
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59 for i in range(1, 100000)
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60 call setline(i, ' ' .. getline(i))
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61 let totallen += len(getline(i))
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62 endfor
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63 ```
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64
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65 | how | time in sec |
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66 | --------| -------- |
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67 | Vim old | 0.853752 |
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68 | Python | 0.304584 |
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69 | Lua | 0.286573 |
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70 | Vim new | 0.190276 |
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71
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72 The differences are smaller, but Vim 9 script is clearly the fastest.
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73 Using LuaJIT gives 0.25, only a little bit faster than plain Lua.
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74
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75 How does Vim9 script work? The function is first compiled into a sequence of
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76 instructions. Each instruction has one or two parameters and a stack is
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77 used to store intermediate results. Local variables are also on the
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78 stack, space is reserved during compilation. This is a fairly normal
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79 way of compilation into an intermediate format, specialized for Vim,
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80 e.g. each stack item is a typeval_T. And one of the instructions is
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81 "execute Ex command", for commands that are not compiled.
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82
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83
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84 ## 2. DEPRIORITIZE INTERFACES
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85
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86 Attempts have been made to implement functionality with built-in script
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87 languages such as Python, Perl, Lua, Tcl and Ruby. This never gained much
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88 foothold, for various reasons.
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89
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90 Instead of using script language support in Vim:
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91 * Encourage implementing external tools in any language and communicate
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92 with them. The job and channel support already makes this possible.
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93 Really any language can be used, also Java and Go, which are not
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94 available built-in.
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95 * No priority for the built-in language interfaces. They will have to be kept
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96 for backwards compatibility, but many users won't need a Vim build with these
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97 interfaces.
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98 * Improve the Vim script language, it is used to communicate with the external
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99 tool and implements the Vim side of the interface. Also, it can be used when
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100 an external tool is undesired.
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101
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102 Altogether this creates a clear situation: Vim with the +eval feature
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103 will be sufficient for most plugins, while some plugins require
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104 installing a tool that can be written in any language. No confusion
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105 about having Vim but the plugin not working because some specific
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106 language is missing. This is a good long term goal.
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107
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108 Rationale: Why is it better to run a tool separately from Vim than using a
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109 built-in interface and interpreter? Take for example something that is
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110 written in Python:
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111 * The built-in interface uses the embedded python interpreter. This is less
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112 well maintained than the python command. Building Vim with it requires
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113 installing developer packages. If loaded dynamically there can be a version
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114 mismatch.
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115 * When running the tool externally the standard python command can be used,
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116 which is quite often available by default or can be easily installed.
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117 * The built-in interface has an API that is unique for Vim with Python. This is
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118 an extra API to learn.
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119 * A .py file can be compiled into a .pyc file and execute much faster.
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120 * Inside Vim multi-threading can cause problems, since the Vim core is single
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121 threaded. In an external tool there are no such problems.
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122 * The Vim part is written in .vim files, the Python part is in .py files, this
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123 is nicely separated.
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124 * Disadvantage: An interface needs to be made between Vim and Python.
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125 JSON is available for this, and it's fairly easy to use. But it still
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126 requires implementing asynchronous communication.
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127
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128
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129 ## 3. BETTER VIM SCRIPT
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130
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131 To make Vim faster a new way of defining a function needs to be added.
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132 While we are doing that, since the lines in this function won't be fully
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133 backwards compatible anyway, we can also make Vim script easier to use.
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134 In other words: "less weird". Making it work more like modern
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135 programming languages will help. No surprises.
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136
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137 A good example is how in a function the arguments are prefixed with
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138 "a:". No other language I know does that, so let's drop it.
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139
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140 Taking this one step further is also dropping "s:" for script-local variables;
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141 everything at the script level is script-local by default. Since this is not
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142 backwards compatible it requires a new script style: Vim9 script!
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143
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144 To avoid having more variations, the syntax inside a compiled function is the
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145 same as in Vim9 script. Thus you have legacy syntax and Vim9 syntax.
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146
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147 It should be possible to convert code from other languages to Vim
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148 script. We can add functionality to make this easier. This still needs
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149 to be discussed, but we can consider adding type checking and a simple
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150 form of classes. If you look at JavaScript for example, it has gone
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151 through these stages over time, adding real class support and now
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152 TypeScript adds type checking. But we'll have to see how much of that
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153 we actually want to include in Vim script. Ideally a conversion tool
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154 can take Python, JavaScript or TypeScript code and convert it to Vim
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155 script, with only some things that cannot be converted.
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156
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157 Vim script won't work the same as any specific language, but we can use
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158 mechanisms that are commonly known, ideally with the same syntax. One
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159 thing I have been thinking of is assignments without ":let". I often
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160 make that mistake (after writing JavaScript especially). I think it is
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161 possible, if we make local variables shadow commands. That should be OK,
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162 if you shadow a command you want to use, just rename the variable.
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163 Using "var" and "const" to declare a variable, like in JavaScript and
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164 TypeScript, can work:
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165
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166
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167 ``` vim
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168 def MyFunction(arg: number): number
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169 var local = 1
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170 var todo = arg
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171 const ADD = 88
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172 while todo > 0
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173 local += ADD
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174 todo -= 1
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175 endwhile
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176 return local
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177 enddef
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178 ```
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179
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180 The similarity with JavaScript/TypeScript can also be used for dependencies
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181 between files. Vim currently uses the `:source` command, which has several
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182 disadvantages:
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183 * In the sourced script, is not clear what it provides. By default all
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184 functions are global and can be used elsewhere.
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185 * In a script that sources other scripts, it is not clear what function comes
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186 from what sourced script. Finding the implementation is a hassle.
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187 * Prevention of loading the whole script twice must be manually implemented.
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188
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189 We can use the `:import` and `:export` commands from the JavaScript standard to
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190 make this much better. For example, in script "myfunction.vim" define a
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191 function and export it:
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192
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193 ``` vim
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194 vim9script " Vim9 script syntax used here
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195
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196 var local = 'local variable is not exported, script-local'
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197
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198 export def MyFunction() " exported function
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199 ...
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200
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201 def LocalFunction() " not exported, script-local
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202 ...
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203 ```
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204
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205 And in another script import the function:
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206
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207 ``` vim
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208 vim9script " Vim9 script syntax used here
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209
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210 import MyFunction from 'myfunction.vim'
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211 ```
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212
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213 This looks like JavaScript/TypeScript, thus many users will understand the
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214 syntax.
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215
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216 These are ideas, this will take time to design, discuss and implement.
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217 Eventually this will lead to Vim 9!
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218
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219
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220 ## Code for sum time measurements
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221
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222 Vim was build with -O2.
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223
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224 ``` vim
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225 func VimOld()
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226 let sum = 0
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227 for i in range(1, 2999999)
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228 let sum += i
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229 endfor
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230 return sum
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231 endfunc
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232
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233 func Python()
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234 py3 << END
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235 sum = 0
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236 for i in range(1, 3000000):
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237 sum += i
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238 END
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239 return py3eval('sum')
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240 endfunc
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241
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242 func Lua()
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243 lua << END
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244 sum = 0
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245 for i = 1, 2999999 do
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246 sum = sum + i
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247 end
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248 END
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249 return luaeval('sum')
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250 endfunc
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251
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252 def VimNew(): number
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253 var sum = 0
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254 for i in range(1, 2999999)
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255 sum += i
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256 endfor
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257 return sum
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258 enddef
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259
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260 let start = reltime()
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261 echo VimOld()
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262 echo 'Vim old: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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263
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264 let start = reltime()
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265 echo Python()
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266 echo 'Python: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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267
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268 let start = reltime()
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269 echo Lua()
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270 echo 'Lua: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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271
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272 let start = reltime()
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273 echo VimNew()
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274 echo 'Vim new: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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275 ```
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276
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277 ## Code for indent time measurements
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278
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279 ``` vim
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280 def VimNew(): number
22958
e7c125224b1a Update runtime files
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281 var totallen = 0
19181
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282 for i in range(1, 100000)
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283 setline(i, ' ' .. getline(i))
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284 totallen += len(getline(i))
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285 endfor
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286 return totallen
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287 enddef
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288
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289 func VimOld()
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290 let totallen = 0
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291 for i in range(1, 100000)
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292 call setline(i, ' ' .. getline(i))
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293 let totallen += len(getline(i))
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294 endfor
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295 return totallen
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296 endfunc
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297
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298 func Lua()
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299 lua << END
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300 b = vim.buffer()
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301 totallen = 0
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302 for i = 1, 100000 do
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303 b[i] = " " .. b[i]
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304 totallen = totallen + string.len(b[i])
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305 end
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306 END
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307 return luaeval('totallen')
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308 endfunc
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309
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310 func Python()
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311 py3 << END
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312 cb = vim.current.buffer
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313 totallen = 0
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314 for i in range(0, 100000):
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315 cb[i] = ' ' + cb[i]
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316 totallen += len(cb[i])
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317 END
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318 return py3eval('totallen')
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319 endfunc
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320
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321 new
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322 call setline(1, range(100000))
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323 let start = reltime()
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324 echo VimOld()
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325 echo 'Vim old: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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326 bwipe!
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327
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328 new
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329 call setline(1, range(100000))
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330 let start = reltime()
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331 echo Python()
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332 echo 'Python: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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333 bwipe!
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334
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335 new
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336 call setline(1, range(100000))
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337 let start = reltime()
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338 echo Lua()
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339 echo 'Lua: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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340 bwipe!
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341
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342 new
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343 call setline(1, range(100000))
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344 let start = reltime()
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345 echo VimNew()
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346 echo 'Vim new: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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347 bwipe!
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348 ```