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1 *undo.txt* For Vim version 7.0aa. Last change: 2003 Oct 21
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
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5
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6
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7 Undo and redo *undo-redo*
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8
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9 The basics are explained in section |02.5| of the user manual.
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10
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11 1. Undo and redo commands |undo-commands|
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12 2. Two ways of undo |undo-two-ways|
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13 3. Remarks about undo |undo-remarks|
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14
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15 ==============================================================================
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16 1. Undo and redo commands *undo-commands*
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17
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18 <Undo> or *undo* *<Undo>* *u*
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19 u Undo [count] changes. {Vi: only one level}
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20
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21 *:u* *:un* *:undo*
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22 :u[ndo] Undo one change. {Vi: only one level}
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23
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24 *CTRL-R*
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25 CTRL-R Redo [count] changes which were undone. {Vi: redraw
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26 screen}
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27
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28 *:red* *:redo* *redo*
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29 :red[o] Redo one change which was undone. {Vi: no redo}
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30
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31 *U*
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32 U Undo all latest changes on one line. {Vi: while not
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33 moved off of it}
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34
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35 The last changes are remembered. You can use the undo and redo commands above
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36 to revert the text to how it was before each change. You can also apply the
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37 changes again, getting back the text before the undo.
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38
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39 The "U" command is treated by undo/redo just like any other command. Thus a
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40 "u" command undoes a "U" command and a 'CTRL-R' command redoes it again. When
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41 mixing "U", "u" and 'CTRL-R' you will notice that the "U" command will
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42 restore the situation of a line to before the previous "U" command. This may
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43 be confusing. Try it out to get used to it.
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44 The "U" command will always mark the buffer as changed. When "U" changes the
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45 buffer back to how it was without changes, it is still considered changed.
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46 Use "u" to undo changes until the buffer becomes unchanged.
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47
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48 ==============================================================================
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49 2. Two ways of undo *undo-two-ways*
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50
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51 How undo and redo commands work depends on the 'u' flag in 'cpoptions'.
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52 There is the Vim way ('u' excluded) and the vi-compatible way ('u' included).
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53 In the Vim way, "uu" undoes two changes. In the Vi-compatible way, "uu" does
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54 nothing (undoes an undo).
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55
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56 'u' excluded, the Vim way:
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57 You can go back in time with the undo command. You can then go forward again
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58 with the redo command. If you make a new change after the undo command,
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59 the redo will not be possible anymore.
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60
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61 'u' included, the Vi-compatible way:
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62 The undo command undoes the previous change, and also the previous undo command.
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63 The redo command repeats the previous undo command. It does NOT repeat a
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64 change command, use "." for that.
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65
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66 Examples Vim way Vi-compatible way ~
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67 "uu" two times undo no-op
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68 "u CTRL-R" no-op two times undo
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69
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70 Rationale: Nvi uses the "." command instead of CTRL-R. Unfortunately, this
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71 is not Vi compatible. For example "dwdwu." in Vi deletes two
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72 words, in Nvi it does nothing.
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73
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74 ==============================================================================
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75 3. Remarks about undo *undo-remarks*
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76
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77 The number of changes that are remembered is set with the 'undolevels' option.
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78 If it is zero, the Vi-compatible way is always used. If it is negative no
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79 undo is possible. Use this if you are running out of memory.
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80
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81 Marks for the buffer ('a to 'z) are also saved and restored, together with the
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82 text. {Vi does this a little bit different}
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83
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84 When all changes have been undone, the buffer is not considered to be changed.
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85 It is then possible to exit Vim with ":q" instead of ":q!" {not in Vi}. Note
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86 that this is relative to the last write of the file. Typing "u" after ":w"
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87 actually changes the buffer, compared to what was written, so the buffer is
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88 considered changed then.
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89
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90 When manual |folding| is being used, the folds are not saved and restored.
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91 Only changes completely within a fold will keep the fold as it was, because
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92 the first and last line of the fold don't change.
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93
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94 The numbered registers can also be used for undoing deletes. Each time you
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95 delete text, it is put into register "1. The contents of register "1 are
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96 shifted to "2, etc. The contents of register "9 are lost. You can now get
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97 back the most recent deleted text with the put command: '"1P'. (also, if the
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98 deleted text was the result of the last delete or copy operation, 'P' or 'p'
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99 also works as this puts the contents of the unnamed register). You can get
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100 back the text of three deletes ago with '"3P'.
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101
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102 *redo-register*
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103 If you want to get back more than one part of deleted text, you can use a
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104 special feature of the repeat command ".". It will increase the number of the
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105 register used. So if you first do ""1P", the following "." will result in a
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106 '"2P'. Repeating this will result in all numbered registers being inserted.
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107
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108 Example: If you deleted text with 'dd....' it can be restored with
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109 '"1P....'.
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110
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111 If you don't know in which register the deleted text is, you can use the
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112 :display command. An alternative is to try the first register with '"1P', and
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113 if it is not what you want do 'u.'. This will remove the contents of the
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114 first put, and repeat the put command for the second register. Repeat the
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115 'u.' until you got what you want.
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116
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117 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
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