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annotate runtime/doc/usr_04.txt @ 5181:c6eacd29d598
Added tag v7-4a-016 for changeset 4104bed69ea5
| author | Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Sat, 13 Jul 2013 15:39:34 +0200 |
| parents | 6ec6b7ff2d43 |
| children | 09c88160095d |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 5146 | 1 *usr_04.txt* For Vim version 7.4a. Last change: 2008 Sep 06 |
| 7 | 2 |
| 3 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar | |
| 4 | |
| 5 Making small changes | |
| 6 | |
| 7 | |
| 8 This chapter shows you several ways of making corrections and moving text | |
| 9 around. It teaches you the three basic ways to change text: operator-motion, | |
| 10 Visual mode and text objects. | |
| 11 | |
| 12 |04.1| Operators and motions | |
| 13 |04.2| Changing text | |
| 14 |04.3| Repeating a change | |
| 15 |04.4| Visual mode | |
| 16 |04.5| Moving text | |
| 17 |04.6| Copying text | |
| 18 |04.7| Using the clipboard | |
| 19 |04.8| Text objects | |
| 20 |04.9| Replace mode | |
| 21 |04.10| Conclusion | |
| 22 | |
| 23 Next chapter: |usr_05.txt| Set your settings | |
| 24 Previous chapter: |usr_03.txt| Moving around | |
| 25 Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt| | |
| 26 | |
| 27 ============================================================================== | |
| 28 *04.1* Operators and motions | |
| 29 | |
| 30 In chapter 2 you learned the "x" command to delete a single character. And | |
| 31 using a count: "4x" deletes four characters. | |
| 32 The "dw" command deletes a word. You may recognize the "w" command as the | |
| 33 move word command. In fact, the "d" command may be followed by any motion | |
| 34 command, and it deletes from the current location to the place where the | |
| 35 cursor winds up. | |
| 36 The "4w" command, for example, moves the cursor over four words. The d4w | |
| 37 command deletes four words. | |
| 38 | |
| 39 To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~ | |
| 40 ------------------> | |
| 41 d4w | |
| 42 | |
| 43 To err is human. you need a computer. ~ | |
| 44 | |
| 45 Vim only deletes up to the position where the motion takes the cursor. That's | |
| 46 because Vim knows that you probably don't want to delete the first character | |
| 47 of a word. If you use the "e" command to move to the end of a word, Vim | |
| 48 guesses that you do want to include that last character: | |
| 49 | |
| 50 To err is human. you need a computer. ~ | |
| 51 --------> | |
| 52 d2e | |
| 53 | |
| 54 To err is human. a computer. ~ | |
| 55 | |
| 56 Whether the character under the cursor is included depends on the command you | |
| 57 used to move to that character. The reference manual calls this "exclusive" | |
| 58 when the character isn't included and "inclusive" when it is. | |
| 59 | |
| 60 The "$" command moves to the end of a line. The "d$" command deletes from the | |
| 61 cursor to the end of the line. This is an inclusive motion, thus the last | |
| 62 character of the line is included in the delete operation: | |
| 63 | |
| 64 To err is human. a computer. ~ | |
| 65 ------------> | |
| 66 d$ | |
| 67 | |
| 68 To err is human ~ | |
| 69 | |
| 70 There is a pattern here: operator-motion. You first type an operator command. | |
| 71 For example, "d" is the delete operator. Then you type a motion command like | |
| 72 "4l" or "w". This way you can operate on any text you can move over. | |
| 73 | |
| 74 ============================================================================== | |
| 75 *04.2* Changing text | |
| 76 | |
| 77 Another operator is "c", change. It acts just like the "d" operator, except | |
| 78 it leaves you in Insert mode. For example, "cw" changes a word. Or more | |
| 79 specifically, it deletes a word and then puts you in Insert mode. | |
| 80 | |
| 81 To err is human ~ | |
| 82 -------> | |
| 83 c2wbe<Esc> | |
| 84 | |
| 85 To be human ~ | |
| 86 | |
| 87 This "c2wbe<Esc>" contains these bits: | |
| 88 | |
| 89 c the change operator | |
| 90 2w move two words (they are deleted and Insert mode started) | |
| 91 be insert this text | |
| 92 <Esc> back to Normal mode | |
| 93 | |
| 94 If you have paid attention, you will have noticed something strange: The space | |
| 95 before "human" isn't deleted. There is a saying that for every problem there | |
| 96 is an answer that is simple, clear, and wrong. That is the case with the | |
| 97 example used here for the "cw" command. The c operator works just like the | |
| 98 d operator, with one exception: "cw". It actually works like "ce", change to | |
| 99 end of word. Thus the space after the word isn't included. This is an | |
| 100 exception that dates back to the old Vi. Since many people are used to it | |
| 101 now, the inconsistency has remained in Vim. | |
| 102 | |
| 103 | |
| 104 MORE CHANGES | |
| 105 | |
| 106 Like "dd" deletes a whole line, "cc" changes a whole line. It keeps the | |
| 107 existing indent (leading white space) though. | |
| 108 | |
| 109 Just like "d$" deletes until the end of the line, "c$" changes until the end | |
| 110 of the line. It's like doing "d$" to delete the text and then "a" to start | |
| 111 Insert mode and append new text. | |
| 112 | |
| 113 | |
| 114 SHORTCUTS | |
| 115 | |
| 116 Some operator-motion commands are used so often that they have been given a | |
| 117 single letter command: | |
| 118 | |
| 119 x stands for dl (delete character under the cursor) | |
| 120 X stands for dh (delete character left of the cursor) | |
| 121 D stands for d$ (delete to end of the line) | |
| 122 C stands for c$ (change to end of the line) | |
| 123 s stands for cl (change one character) | |
| 124 S stands for cc (change a whole line) | |
| 125 | |
| 126 | |
| 127 WHERE TO PUT THE COUNT | |
| 128 | |
| 129 The commands "3dw" and "d3w" delete three words. If you want to get really | |
| 130 picky about things, the first command, "3dw", deletes one word three times; | |
| 131 the command "d3w" deletes three words once. This is a difference without a | |
| 132 distinction. You can actually put in two counts, however. For example, | |
| 133 "3d2w" deletes two words, repeated three times, for a total of six words. | |
| 134 | |
| 135 | |
| 136 REPLACING WITH ONE CHARACTER | |
| 137 | |
| 138 The "r" command is not an operator. It waits for you to type a character, and | |
| 139 will replace the character under the cursor with it. You could do the same | |
| 140 with "cl" or with the "s" command, but with "r" you don't have to press <Esc> | |
| 141 | |
| 142 there is somerhing grong here ~ | |
| 143 rT rt rw | |
| 144 | |
| 145 There is something wrong here ~ | |
| 146 | |
| 147 Using a count with "r" causes that many characters to be replaced with the | |
| 148 same character. Example: | |
| 149 | |
| 150 There is something wrong here ~ | |
| 151 5rx | |
| 152 | |
| 153 There is something xxxxx here ~ | |
| 154 | |
| 155 To replace a character with a line break use "r<Enter>". This deletes one | |
| 156 character and inserts a line break. Using a count here only applies to the | |
| 157 number of characters deleted: "4r<Enter>" replaces four characters with one | |
| 158 line break. | |
| 159 | |
| 160 ============================================================================== | |
| 161 *04.3* Repeating a change | |
| 162 | |
| 163 The "." command is one of the most simple yet powerful commands in Vim. It | |
| 164 repeats the last change. For instance, suppose you are editing an HTML file | |
| 165 and want to delete all the <B> tags. You position the cursor on the first < | |
| 166 and delete the <B> with the command "df>". You then go to the < of the next | |
| 167 </B> and kill it using the "." command. The "." command executes the last | |
| 168 change command (in this case, "df>"). To delete another tag, position the | |
| 169 cursor on the < and use the "." command. | |
| 170 | |
| 171 To <B>generate</B> a table of <B>contents ~ | |
| 172 f< find first < ---> | |
| 173 df> delete to > --> | |
| 174 f< find next < ---------> | |
| 175 . repeat df> ---> | |
| 176 f< find next < -------------> | |
| 177 . repeat df> --> | |
| 178 | |
| 179 The "." command works for all changes you make, except for the "u" (undo), | |
| 180 CTRL-R (redo) and commands that start with a colon (:). | |
| 181 | |
| 182 Another example: You want to change the word "four" to "five". It appears | |
| 183 several times in your text. You can do this quickly with this sequence of | |
| 184 commands: | |
| 185 | |
| 186 /four<Enter> find the first string "four" | |
| 187 cwfive<Esc> change the word to "five" | |
| 188 n find the next "four" | |
| 189 . repeat the change to "five' | |
| 190 n find the next "four" | |
| 191 . repeat the change | |
| 192 etc. | |
| 193 | |
| 194 ============================================================================== | |
| 195 *04.4* Visual mode | |
| 196 | |
| 197 To delete simple items the operator-motion changes work quite well. But often | |
| 198 it's not so easy to decide which command will move over the text you want to | |
| 199 change. Then you can use Visual mode. | |
| 200 | |
| 201 You start Visual mode by pressing "v". You move the cursor over the text you | |
| 202 want to work on. While you do this, the text is highlighted. Finally type | |
| 203 the operator command. | |
| 204 For example, to delete from halfway one word to halfway another word: | |
| 205 | |
| 206 This is an examination sample of visual mode ~ | |
| 207 ----------> | |
| 208 velllld | |
| 209 | |
| 210 This is an example of visual mode ~ | |
| 211 | |
| 212 When doing this you don't really have to count how many times you have to | |
| 213 press "l" to end up in the right position. You can immediately see what text | |
| 214 will be deleted when you press "d". | |
| 215 | |
| 216 If at any time you decide you don't want to do anything with the highlighted | |
| 217 text, just press <Esc> and Visual mode will stop without doing anything. | |
| 218 | |
| 219 | |
| 220 SELECTING LINES | |
| 221 | |
| 222 If you want to work on whole lines, use "V" to start Visual mode. You will | |
| 223 see right away that the whole line is highlighted, without moving around. | |
| 224 When you move left or right nothing changes. When you move up or down the | |
| 225 selection is extended whole lines at a time. | |
| 226 For example, select three lines with "Vjj": | |
| 227 | |
| 228 +------------------------+ | |
| 229 | text more text | | |
| 230 >> | more text more text | | | |
| 231 selected lines >> | text text text | | Vjj | |
| 232 >> | text more | V | |
| 233 | more text more | | |
| 234 +------------------------+ | |
| 235 | |
| 236 | |
| 237 SELECTING BLOCKS | |
| 238 | |
| 239 If you want to work on a rectangular block of characters, use CTRL-V to start | |
| 240 Visual mode. This is very useful when working on tables. | |
| 241 | |
| 242 name Q1 Q2 Q3 | |
| 243 pierre 123 455 234 | |
| 244 john 0 90 39 | |
| 245 steve 392 63 334 | |
| 246 | |
| 247 To delete the middle "Q2" column, move the cursor to the "Q" of "Q2". Press | |
| 248 CTRL-V to start blockwise Visual mode. Now move the cursor three lines down | |
| 249 with "3j" and to the next word with "w". You can see the first character of | |
| 250 the last column is included. To exclude it, use "h". Now press "d" and the | |
| 251 middle column is gone. | |
| 252 | |
| 253 | |
| 254 GOING TO THE OTHER SIDE | |
| 255 | |
| 256 If you have selected some text in Visual mode, and discover that you need to | |
| 257 change the other end of the selection, use the "o" command (Hint: o for other | |
| 258 end). The cursor will go to the other end, and you can move the cursor to | |
| 259 change where the selection starts. Pressing "o" again brings you back to the | |
| 260 other end. | |
| 261 | |
| 262 When using blockwise selection, you have four corners. "o" only takes you to | |
| 263 one of the other corners, diagonally. Use "O" to move to the other corner in | |
| 264 the same line. | |
| 265 | |
|
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266 Note that "o" and "O" in Visual mode work very differently from Normal mode, |
| 7 | 267 where they open a new line below or above the cursor. |
| 268 | |
| 269 ============================================================================== | |
| 270 *04.5* Moving text | |
| 271 | |
| 272 When you delete something with the "d", "x", or another command, the text is | |
| 237 | 273 saved. You can paste it back by using the p command. (The Vim name for |
| 7 | 274 this is put). |
| 275 Take a look at how this works. First you will delete an entire line, by | |
| 276 putting the cursor on the line you want to delete and typing "dd". Now you | |
| 277 move the cursor to where you want to put the line and use the "p" (put) | |
| 278 command. The line is inserted on the line below the cursor. | |
| 279 | |
| 280 a line a line a line | |
| 281 line 2 dd line 3 p line 3 | |
| 282 line 3 line 2 | |
| 283 | |
| 284 Because you deleted an entire line, the "p" command placed the text line below | |
| 285 the cursor. If you delete part of a line (a word, for instance), the "p" | |
| 286 command puts it just after the cursor. | |
| 287 | |
| 288 Some more boring try text to out commands. ~ | |
| 289 ----> | |
| 290 dw | |
| 291 | |
| 292 Some more boring text to out commands. ~ | |
| 293 -------> | |
| 294 welp | |
| 295 | |
| 296 Some more boring text to try out commands. ~ | |
| 297 | |
| 298 | |
| 299 MORE ON PUTTING | |
| 300 | |
| 301 The "P" command puts text like "p", but before the cursor. When you deleted a | |
| 302 whole line with "dd", "P" will put it back above the cursor. When you deleted | |
| 303 a word with "dw", "P" will put it back just before the cursor. | |
| 304 | |
| 305 You can repeat putting as many times as you like. The same text will be used. | |
| 306 | |
| 307 You can use a count with "p" and "P". The text will be repeated as many times | |
| 308 as specified with the count. Thus "dd" and then "3p" puts three copies of the | |
| 309 same deleted line. | |
| 310 | |
| 311 | |
| 312 SWAPPING TWO CHARACTERS | |
| 313 | |
| 314 Frequently when you are typing, your fingers get ahead of your brain (or the | |
| 315 other way around?). The result is a typo such as "teh" for "the". Vim | |
| 316 makes it easy to correct such problems. Just put the cursor on the e of "teh" | |
| 317 and execute the command "xp". This works as follows: "x" deletes the | |
| 318 character e and places it in a register. "p" puts the text after the cursor, | |
| 319 which is after the h. | |
| 320 | |
| 321 teh th the ~ | |
| 322 x p | |
| 323 | |
| 324 ============================================================================== | |
| 325 *04.6* Copying text | |
| 326 | |
| 327 To copy text from one place to another, you could delete it, use "u" to undo | |
| 328 the deletion and then "p" to put it somewhere else. There is an easier way: | |
| 329 yanking. The "y" operator copies text into a register. Then a "p" command | |
| 330 can be used to put it. | |
| 331 Yanking is just a Vim name for copying. The "c" letter was already used | |
| 332 for the change operator, and "y" was still available. Calling this | |
| 333 operator "yank" made it easier to remember to use the "y" key. | |
| 334 | |
| 335 Since "y" is an operator, you use "yw" to yank a word. A count is possible as | |
| 336 usual. To yank two words use "y2w". Example: | |
| 337 | |
| 338 let sqr = LongVariable * ~ | |
| 339 --------------> | |
| 340 y2w | |
| 341 | |
| 342 let sqr = LongVariable * ~ | |
| 343 p | |
| 344 | |
| 345 let sqr = LongVariable * LongVariable ~ | |
| 346 | |
| 347 Notice that "yw" includes the white space after a word. If you don't want | |
| 348 this, use "ye". | |
| 349 | |
| 350 The "yy" command yanks a whole line, just like "dd" deletes a whole line. | |
| 351 Unexpectedly, while "D" deletes from the cursor to the end of the line, "Y" | |
| 352 works like "yy", it yanks the whole line. Watch out for this inconsistency! | |
| 353 Use "y$" to yank to the end of the line. | |
| 354 | |
| 355 a text line yy a text line a text line | |
| 356 line 2 line 2 p line 2 | |
| 357 last line last line a text line | |
| 358 last line | |
| 359 | |
| 360 ============================================================================== | |
| 361 *04.7* Using the clipboard | |
| 362 | |
| 363 If you are using the GUI version of Vim (gvim), you can find the "Copy" item | |
| 364 in the "Edit" menu. First select some text with Visual mode, then use the | |
| 365 Edit/Copy menu. The selected text is now copied to the clipboard. You can | |
| 366 paste the text in other programs. In Vim itself too. | |
| 367 | |
| 368 If you have copied text to the clipboard in another application, you can paste | |
| 369 it in Vim with the Edit/Paste menu. This works in Normal mode and Insert | |
| 370 mode. In Visual mode the selected text is replaced with the pasted text. | |
| 371 | |
| 372 The "Cut" menu item deletes the text before it's put on the clipboard. The | |
| 373 "Copy", "Cut" and "Paste" items are also available in the popup menu (only | |
| 374 when there is a popup menu, of course). If your Vim has a toolbar, you can | |
| 375 also find these items there. | |
| 376 | |
| 377 If you are not using the GUI, or if you don't like using a menu, you have to | |
| 378 use another way. You use the normal "y" (yank) and "p" (put) commands, but | |
| 379 prepend "* (double-quote star) before it. To copy a line to the clipboard: > | |
| 380 | |
| 381 "*yy | |
| 382 | |
| 383 To put text from the clipboard back into the text: > | |
| 384 | |
| 385 "*p | |
| 386 | |
| 387 This only works on versions of Vim that include clipboard support. More about | |
| 388 the clipboard in section |09.3| and here: |clipboard|. | |
| 389 | |
| 390 ============================================================================== | |
| 391 *04.8* Text objects | |
| 392 | |
| 1125 | 393 If the cursor is in the middle of a word and you want to delete that word, you |
| 7 | 394 need to move back to its start before you can do "dw". There is a simpler way |
| 395 to do this: "daw". | |
| 396 | |
| 397 this is some example text. ~ | |
| 398 daw | |
| 399 | |
| 400 this is some text. ~ | |
| 401 | |
| 402 The "d" of "daw" is the delete operator. "aw" is a text object. Hint: "aw" | |
| 403 stands for "A Word". Thus "daw" is "Delete A Word". To be precise, the white | |
| 404 space after the word is also deleted (the white space before the word at the | |
| 405 end of the line). | |
| 406 | |
| 407 Using text objects is the third way to make changes in Vim. We already had | |
| 408 operator-motion and Visual mode. Now we add operator-text object. | |
| 409 It is very similar to operator-motion, but instead of operating on the text | |
| 410 between the cursor position before and after a movement command, the text | |
| 411 object is used as a whole. It doesn't matter where in the object the cursor | |
| 412 was. | |
| 413 | |
| 414 To change a whole sentence use "cis". Take this text: | |
| 415 | |
| 416 Hello there. This ~ | |
| 417 is an example. Just ~ | |
| 418 some text. ~ | |
| 419 | |
| 420 Move to the start of the second line, on "is an". Now use "cis": | |
| 421 | |
| 422 Hello there. Just ~ | |
| 423 some text. ~ | |
| 424 | |
| 425 The cursor is in between the blanks in the first line. Now you type the new | |
| 426 sentence "Another line.": | |
| 427 | |
| 428 Hello there. Another line. Just ~ | |
| 429 some text. ~ | |
| 430 | |
| 431 "cis" consists of the "c" (change) operator and the "is" text object. This | |
| 432 stands for "Inner Sentence". There is also the "as" (a sentence) object. The | |
| 433 difference is that "as" includes the white space after the sentence and "is" | |
| 434 doesn't. If you would delete a sentence, you want to delete the white space | |
| 435 at the same time, thus use "das". If you want to type new text the white | |
| 436 space can remain, thus you use "cis". | |
| 437 | |
| 438 You can also use text objects in Visual mode. It will include the text object | |
| 439 in the Visual selection. Visual mode continues, thus you can do this several | |
| 440 times. For example, start Visual mode with "v" and select a sentence with | |
| 441 "as". Now you can repeat "as" to include more sentences. Finally you use an | |
| 442 operator to do something with the selected sentences. | |
| 443 | |
| 444 You can find a long list of text objects here: |text-objects|. | |
| 445 | |
| 446 ============================================================================== | |
| 447 *04.9* Replace mode | |
| 448 | |
| 449 The "R" command causes Vim to enter replace mode. In this mode, each | |
| 450 character you type replaces the one under the cursor. This continues until | |
| 451 you type <Esc>. | |
| 452 In this example you start Replace mode on the first "t" of "text": | |
| 453 | |
| 454 This is text. ~ | |
| 455 Rinteresting.<Esc> | |
| 456 | |
| 457 This is interesting. ~ | |
| 458 | |
| 459 You may have noticed that this command replaced 5 characters in the line with | |
| 237 | 460 twelve others. The "R" command automatically extends the line if it runs out |
| 7 | 461 of characters to replace. It will not continue on the next line. |
| 462 | |
| 463 You can switch between Insert mode and Replace mode with the <Insert> key. | |
| 464 | |
| 465 When you use <BS> (backspace) to make correction, you will notice that the | |
| 466 old text is put back. Thus it works like an undo command for the last typed | |
| 467 character. | |
| 468 | |
| 469 ============================================================================== | |
| 470 *04.10* Conclusion | |
| 471 | |
| 472 The operators, movement commands and text objects give you the possibility to | |
| 473 make lots of combinations. Now that you know how it works, you can use N | |
| 474 operators with M movement commands to make N * M commands! | |
| 475 | |
| 476 You can find a list of operators here: |operator| | |
| 477 | |
| 478 For example, there are many other ways to delete pieces of text. Here are a | |
| 479 few often used ones: | |
| 480 | |
| 481 x delete character under the cursor (short for "dl") | |
| 482 X delete character before the cursor (short for "dh") | |
| 483 D delete from cursor to end of line (short for "d$") | |
| 484 dw delete from cursor to next start of word | |
| 485 db delete from cursor to previous start of word | |
| 486 diw delete word under the cursor (excluding white space) | |
| 487 daw delete word under the cursor (including white space) | |
| 488 dG delete until the end of the file | |
| 489 dgg delete until the start of the file | |
| 490 | |
| 491 If you use "c" instead of "d" they become change commands. And with "y" you | |
| 492 yank the text. And so forth. | |
| 493 | |
| 494 | |
| 495 There are a few often used commands to make changes that didn't fit somewhere | |
| 496 else: | |
| 497 | |
| 498 ~ change case of the character under the cursor, and move the | |
| 499 cursor to the next character. This is not an operator (unless | |
| 500 'tildeop' is set), thus you can't use it with a motion | |
|
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501 command. It does work in Visual mode and changes case for |
| 7 | 502 all the selected text then. |
| 503 | |
| 504 I Start Insert mode after moving the cursor to the first | |
| 505 non-blank in the line. | |
| 506 | |
| 507 A Start Insert mode after moving the cursor to the end of the | |
| 508 line. | |
| 509 | |
| 510 ============================================================================== | |
| 511 | |
| 512 Next chapter: |usr_05.txt| Set your settings | |
| 513 | |
| 514 Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: |