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1 *usr_25.txt* For Vim version 7.0aa. Last change: 2005 Apr 01
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7
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2
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3 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar
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4
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5 Editing formatted text
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6
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7
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8 Text hardly ever comes in one sentence per line. This chapter is about
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9 breaking sentences to make them fit on a page and other formatting.
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10 Vim also has useful features for editing single-line paragraphs and tables.
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11
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12 |25.1| Breaking lines
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13 |25.2| Aligning text
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14 |25.3| Indents and tabs
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15 |25.4| Dealing with long lines
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16 |25.5| Editing tables
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17
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18 Next chapter: |usr_26.txt| Repeating
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19 Previous chapter: |usr_24.txt| Inserting quickly
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20 Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|
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21
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22 ==============================================================================
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23 *25.1* Breaking lines
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24
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25 Vim has a number of functions that make dealing with text easier. By default,
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26 the editor does not perform automatic line breaks. In other words, you have
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27 to press <Enter> yourself. This is useful when you are writing programs where
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28 you want to decide where the line ends. It is not so good when you are
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29 creating documentation and want the text to be at most 70 character wide.
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30 If you set the 'textwidth' option, Vim automatically inserts line breaks.
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31 Suppose, for example, that you want a very narrow column of only 30
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32 characters. You need to execute the following command: >
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33
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34 :set textwidth=30
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35
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36 Now you start typing (ruler added):
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37
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38 1 2 3
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39 12345678901234567890123456789012345
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40 I taught programming for a whi ~
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41
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42 If you type "l" next, this makes the line longer than the 30-character limit.
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43 When Vim sees this, it inserts a line break and you get the following:
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44
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45 1 2 3
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46 12345678901234567890123456789012345
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47 I taught programming for a ~
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48 whil ~
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49
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50 Continuing on, you can type in the rest of the paragraph:
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51
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52 1 2 3
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53 12345678901234567890123456789012345
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54 I taught programming for a ~
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55 while. One time, I was stopped ~
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56 by the Fort Worth police, ~
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57 because my homework was too ~
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58 hard. True story. ~
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59
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60 You do not have to type newlines; Vim puts them in automatically.
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61
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62 Note:
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63 The 'wrap' option makes Vim display lines with a line break, but this
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64 doesn't insert a line break in the file.
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65
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66
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67 REFORMATTING
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68
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69 The Vim editor is not a word processor. In a word processor, if you delete
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70 something at the beginning of the paragraph, the line breaks are reworked. In
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71 Vim they are not; so if you delete the word "programming" from the first line,
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72 all you get is a short line:
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73
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74 1 2 3
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75 12345678901234567890123456789012345
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76 I taught for a ~
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77 while. One time, I was stopped ~
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78 by the Fort Worth police, ~
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79 because my homework was too ~
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80 hard. True story. ~
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81
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82 This does not look good. To get the paragraph into shape you use the "gq"
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83 operator.
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84 Let's first use this with a Visual selection. Starting from the first
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85 line, type: >
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86
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87 v4jgq
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88
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89 "v" to start Visual mode, "4j' to move to the end of the paragraph and then
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90 the "gq" operator. The result is:
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91
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92 1 2 3
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93 12345678901234567890123456789012345
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94 I taught for a while. One ~
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95 time, I was stopped by the ~
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96 Fort Worth police, because my ~
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97 homework was too hard. True ~
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98 story. ~
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99
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100 Note: there is a way to do automatic formatting for specific types of text
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101 layouts, see |auto-format|.
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102
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103 Since "gq" is an operator, you can use one of the three ways to select the
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104 text it works on: With Visual mode, with a movement and with a text object.
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105 The example above could also be done with "gq4j". That's less typing, but
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106 you have to know the line count. A more useful motion command is "}". This
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107 moves to the end of a paragraph. Thus "gq}" formats from the cursor to the
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108 end of the current paragraph.
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109 A very useful text object to use with "gq" is the paragraph. Try this: >
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110
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111 gqap
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112
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113 "ap" stands for "a-paragraph". This formats the text of one paragraph
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114 (separated by empty lines). Also the part before the cursor.
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115 If you have your paragraphs separated by empty lines, you can format the
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116 whole file by typing this: >
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117
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118 gggqG
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119
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120 "gg" to move to the first line, "gqG" to format until the last line.
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121 Warning: If your paragraphs are not properly separated, they will be joined
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122 together. A common mistake is to have a line with a space or Tab. That's a
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123 blank line, but not an empty line.
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124
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125 Vim is able format more than just plain text. See |fo-table| for how to
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126 change this. See the 'joinspaces' option to change the number of spaces used
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127 after a full stop.
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128 It is possible to use an external program for formatting. This is useful
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129 if your text can't be properly formatted with Vim's builtin command. See the
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130 'formatprg' option.
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131
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132 ==============================================================================
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133 *25.2* Aligning text
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134
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135 To center a range of lines, use the following command: >
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136
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137 :{range}center [width]
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138
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139 {range} is the usual command-line range. [width] is an optional line width to
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140 use for centering. If [width] is not specified, it defaults to the value of
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141 'textwidth'. (If 'textwidth' is 0, the default is 80.)
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142 For example: >
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143
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144 :1,5center 40
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145
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146 results in the following:
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147
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148 I taught for a while. One ~
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149 time, I was stopped by the ~
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150 Fort Worth police, because my ~
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151 homework was too hard. True ~
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152 story. ~
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153
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154
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155 RIGHT ALIGNMENT
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156
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157 Similarly, the ":right" command right-justifies the text: >
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158
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159 :1,5right 37
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160
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161 gives this result:
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162
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163 I taught for a while. One ~
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164 time, I was stopped by the ~
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165 Fort Worth police, because my ~
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166 homework was too hard. True ~
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167 story. ~
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168
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169 LEFT ALIGNMENT
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170
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171 Finally there is this command: >
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172
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173 :{range}left [margin]
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174
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175 Unlike ":center" and ":right", however, the argument to ":left" is not the
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176 length of the line. Instead it is the left margin. If it is omitted, the
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177 text will be put against the left side of the screen (using a zero margin
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178 would do the same). If it is 5, the text will be indented 5 spaces. For
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179 example, use these commands: >
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180
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181 :1left 5
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182 :2,5left
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183
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184 This results in the following:
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185
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186 I taught for a while. One ~
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187 time, I was stopped by the ~
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188 Fort Worth police, because my ~
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189 homework was too hard. True ~
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190 story. ~
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191
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192
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193 JUSTIFYING TEXT
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194
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195 Vim has no built-in way of justifying text. However, there is a neat macro
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196 package that does the job. To use this package, execute the following
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197 command: >
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198
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199 :runtime macros/justify.vim
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200
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236
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201 This Vim script file defines a new visual command "_j". To justify a block of
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202 text, highlight the text in Visual mode and then execute "_j".
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203 Look in the file for more explanations. To go there, do "gf" on this name:
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204 $VIMRUNTIME/macros/justify.vim.
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205
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206 An alternative is to filter the text through an external program. Example: >
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207
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208 :%!fmt
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209
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210 ==============================================================================
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211 *25.3* Indents and tabs
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212
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213 Indents can be used to make text stand out from the rest. The example texts
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214 in this manual, for example, are indented by eight spaces or a tab. You would
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215 normally enter this by typing a tab at the start of each line. Take this
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216 text:
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217 the first line ~
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218 the second line ~
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219
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220 This is entered by typing a tab, some text, <Enter>, tab and more text.
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221 The 'autoindent' option inserts indents automatically: >
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222
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223 :set autoindent
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224
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225 When a new line is started it gets the same indent as the previous line. In
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226 the above example, the tab after the <Enter> is not needed anymore.
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227
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228
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229 INCREASING INDENT
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230
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231 To increase the amount of indent in a line, use the ">" operator. Often this
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232 is used as ">>", which adds indent to the current line.
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233 The amount of indent added is specified with the 'shiftwidth' option. The
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234 default value is 8. To make ">>" insert four spaces worth of indent, for
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235 example, type this: >
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236
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237 :set shiftwidth=4
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238
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239 When used on the second line of the example text, this is what you get:
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240
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241 the first line ~
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242 the second line ~
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243
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244 "4>>" will increase the indent of four lines.
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245
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246
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247 TABSTOP
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248
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249 If you want to make indents a multiple of 4, you set 'shiftwidth' to 4. But
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250 when pressing a Tab you still get 8 spaces worth of indent. To change this,
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251 set the 'softtabstop' option: >
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252
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253 :set softtabstop=4
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254
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255 This will make the <Tab> key insert 4 spaces worth of indent. If there are
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256 already four spaces, a <Tab> character is used (saving seven characters in the
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257 file). (If you always want spaces and no tab characters, set the 'expandtab'
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258 option.)
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259
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260 Note:
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261 You could set the 'tabstop' option to 4. However, if you edit the
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262 file another time, with 'tabstop' set to the default value of 8, it
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263 will look wrong. In other programs and when printing the indent will
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264 also be wrong. Therefore it is recommended to keep 'tabstop' at eight
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265 all the time. That's the standard value everywhere.
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266
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267
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268 CHANGING TABS
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269
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270 You edit a file which was written with a tabstop of 3. In Vim it looks ugly,
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271 because it uses the normal tabstop value of 8. You can fix this by setting
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272 'tabstop' to 3. But you have to do this every time you edit this file.
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273 Vim can change the use of tabstops in your file. First, set 'tabstop' to
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274 make the indents look good, then use the ":retab" command: >
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275
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276 :set tabstop=3
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277 :retab 8
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278
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279 The ":retab" command will change 'tabstop' to 8, while changing the text such
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280 that it looks the same. It changes spans of white space into tabs and spaces
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281 for this. You can now write the file. Next time you edit it the indents will
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282 be right without setting an option.
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283 Warning: When using ":retab" on a program, it may change white space inside
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284 a string constant. Therefore it's a good habit to use "\t" instead of a
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285 real tab.
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286
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287 ==============================================================================
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288 *25.4* Dealing with long lines
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289
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290 Sometimes you will be editing a file that is wider than the number of columns
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291 in the window. When that occurs, Vim wraps the lines so that everything fits
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292 on the screen.
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293 If you switch the 'wrap' option off, each line in the file shows up as one
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294 line on the screen. Then the ends of the long lines disappear off the screen
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295 to the right.
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296 When you move the cursor to a character that can't be seen, Vim will scroll
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297 the text to show it. This is like moving a viewport over the text in the
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298 horizontal direction.
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299 By default, Vim does not display a horizontal scrollbar in the GUI. If you
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300 want to enable one, use the following command: >
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301
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302 :set guioptions+=b
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303
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304 One horizontal scrollbar will appear at the bottom of the Vim window.
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305
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306 If you don't have a scrollbar or don't want to use it, use these commands to
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307 scroll the text. The cursor will stay in the same place, but it's move back
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308 into the visible text if necessary.
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309
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310 zh scroll right
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311 4zh scroll four characters right
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312 zH scroll half a window width right
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313 ze scroll right to put the cursor at the end
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314 zl scroll left
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315 4zl scroll four characters left
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316 zL scroll half a window width left
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317 zs scroll left to put the cursor at the start
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318
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319 Let's attempt to show this with one line of text. The cursor is on the "w" of
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320 "which". The "current window" above the line indicates the text that is
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321 currently visible. The "window"s below the text indicate the text that is
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322 visible after the command left of it.
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323
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324 |<-- current window -->|
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325 some long text, part of which is visible in the window ~
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326 ze |<-- window -->|
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327 zH |<-- window -->|
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328 4zh |<-- window -->|
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329 zh |<-- window -->|
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330 zl |<-- window -->|
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331 4zl |<-- window -->|
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332 zL |<-- window -->|
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333 zs |<-- window -->|
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334
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335
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336 MOVING WITH WRAP OFF
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337
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338 When 'wrap' is off and the text has scrolled horizontally, you can use the
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339 following commands to move the cursor to a character you can see. Thus text
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340 left and right of the window is ignored. These never cause the text to
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341 scroll:
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342
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343 g0 to first visible character in this line
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344 g^ to first non-blank visible character in this line
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345 gm to middle of this line
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346 g$ to last visible character in this line
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347
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348 |<-- window -->|
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349 some long text, part of which is visible ~
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350 g0 g^ gm g$
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351
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352
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353 BREAKING AT WORDS *edit-no-break*
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354
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355 When preparing text for use by another program, you might have to make
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356 paragraphs without a line break. A disadvantage of using 'nowrap' is that you
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357 can't see the whole sentence you are working on. When 'wrap' is on, words are
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358 broken halfway, which makes them hard to read.
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359 A good solution for editing this kind of paragraph is setting the
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360 'linebreak' option. Vim then breaks lines at an appropriate place when
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361 displaying the line. The text in the file remains unchanged.
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362 Without 'linebreak' text might look like this:
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363
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364 +---------------------------------+
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365 |letter generation program for a b|
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366 |ank. They wanted to send out a s|
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367 |pecial, personalized letter to th|
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368 |eir richest 1000 customers. Unfo|
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369 |rtunately for the programmer, he |
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370 +---------------------------------+
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371 After: >
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372
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373 :set linebreak
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374
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375 it looks like this:
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376
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377 +---------------------------------+
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378 |letter generation program for a |
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379 |bank. They wanted to send out a |
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380 |special, personalized letter to |
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381 |their richest 1000 customers. |
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382 |Unfortunately for the programmer,|
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383 +---------------------------------+
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384
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385 Related options:
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386 'breakat' specifies the characters where a break can be inserted.
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387 'showbreak' specifies a string to show at the start of broken line.
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388 Set 'textwidth' to zero to avoid a paragraph to be split.
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389
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390
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391 MOVING BY VISIBLE LINES
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392
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393 The "j" and "k" commands move to the next and previous lines. When used on
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394 a long line, this means moving a lot of screen lines at once.
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395 To move only one screen line, use the "gj" and "gk" commands. When a line
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396 doesn't wrap they do the same as "j" and "k". When the line does wrap, they
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397 move to a character displayed one line below or above.
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398 You might like to use these mappings, which bind these movement commands to
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399 the cursor keys: >
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400
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401 :map <Up> gk
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402 :map <Down> gj
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403
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404
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405 TURNING A PARAGRAPH INTO ONE LINE
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406
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407 If you want to import text into a program like MS-Word, each paragraph should
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408 be a single line. If your paragraphs are currently separated with empty
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409 lines, this is how you turn each paragraph into a single line: >
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410
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411 :g/./,/^$/join
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412
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413 That looks complicated. Let's break it up in pieces:
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414
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415 :g/./ A ":global" command that finds all lines that contain
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416 at least one character.
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417 ,/^$/ A range, starting from the current line (the non-empty
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418 line) until an empty line.
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419 join The ":join" command joins the range of lines together
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420 into one line.
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421
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422 Starting with this text, containing eight lines broken at column 30:
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423
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424 +----------------------------------+
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425 |A letter generation program |
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426 |for a bank. They wanted to |
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427 |send out a special, |
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428 |personalized letter. |
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429 | |
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430 |To their richest 1000 |
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431 |customers. Unfortunately for |
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432 |the programmer, |
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433 +----------------------------------+
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434
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435 You end up with two lines:
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436
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437 +----------------------------------+
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438 |A letter generation program for a |
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439 |bank. They wanted to send out a s|
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440 |pecial, personalized letter. |
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441 |To their richest 1000 customers. |
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442 |Unfortunately for the programmer, |
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443 +----------------------------------+
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444
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445 Note that this doesn't work when the separating line is blank but not empty;
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446 when it contains spaces and/or tabs. This command does work with blank lines:
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447 >
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448 :g/\S/,/^\s*$/join
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449
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450 This still requires a blank or empty line at the end of the file for the last
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451 paragraph to be joined.
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452
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453 ==============================================================================
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454 *25.5* Editing tables
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455
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456 Suppose you are editing a table with four columns:
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457
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458 nice table test 1 test 2 test 3 ~
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459 input A 0.534 ~
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460 input B 0.913 ~
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461
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462 You need to enter numbers in the third column. You could move to the second
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463 line, use "A", enter a lot of spaces and type the text.
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464 For this kind of editing there is a special option: >
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465
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466 set virtualedit=all
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467
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468 Now you can move the cursor to positions where there isn't any text. This is
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469 called "virtual space". Editing a table is a lot easier this way.
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470 Move the cursor by searching for the header of the last column: >
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471
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472 /test 3
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473
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474 Now press "j" and you are right where you can enter the value for "input A".
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475 Typing "0.693" results in:
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476
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477 nice table test 1 test 2 test 3 ~
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478 input A 0.534 0.693 ~
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479 input B 0.913 ~
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480
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481 Vim has automatically filled the gap in front of the new text for you. Now,
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482 to enter the next field in this column use "Bj". "B" moves back to the start
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483 of a white space separated word. Then "j" moves to the place where the next
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484 field can be entered.
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485
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486 Note:
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487 You can move the cursor anywhere in the display, also beyond the end
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488 of a line. But Vim will not insert spaces there, until you insert a
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489 character in that position.
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490
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491
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492 COPYING A COLUMN
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493
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494 You want to add a column, which should be a copy of the third column and
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495 placed before the "test 1" column. Do this in seven steps:
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496 1. Move the cursor to the left upper corner of this column, e.g., with
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497 "/test 3".
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498 2. Press CTRL-V to start blockwise Visual mode.
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499 3. Move the cursor down two lines with "2j". You are now in "virtual space":
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500 the "input B" line of the "test 3" column.
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501 4. Move the cursor right, to include the whole column in the selection, plus
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502 the space that you want between the columns. "9l" should do it.
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503 5. Yank the selected rectangle with "y".
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504 6. Move the cursor to "test 1", where the new column must be placed.
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505 7. Press "P".
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506
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507 The result should be:
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508
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509 nice table test 3 test 1 test 2 test 3 ~
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510 input A 0.693 0.534 0.693 ~
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511 input B 0.913 ~
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512
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513 Notice that the whole "test 1" column was shifted right, also the line where
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514 the "test 3" column didn't have text.
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515
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516 Go back to non-virtual cursor movements with: >
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517
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518 :set virtualedit=
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519
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520
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521 VIRTUAL REPLACE MODE
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522
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523 The disadvantage of using 'virtualedit' is that it "feels" different. You
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524 can't recognize tabs or spaces beyond the end of line when moving the cursor
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525 around. Another method can be used: Virtual Replace mode.
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526 Suppose you have a line in a table that contains both tabs and other
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527 characters. Use "rx" on the first tab:
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528
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529 inp 0.693 0.534 0.693 ~
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530
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531 |
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532 rx |
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533 V
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534
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535 inpx0.693 0.534 0.693 ~
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536
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537 The layout is messed up. To avoid that, use the "gr" command:
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538
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539 inp 0.693 0.534 0.693 ~
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540
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541 |
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542 grx |
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543 V
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544
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545 inpx 0.693 0.534 0.693 ~
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546
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547 What happens is that the "gr" command makes sure the new character takes the
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548 right amount of screen space. Extra spaces or tabs are inserted to fill the
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549 gap. Thus what actually happens is that a tab is replaced by "x" and then
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550 blanks added to make the text after it keep it's place. In this case a
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551 tab is inserted.
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552 When you need to replace more than one character, you use the "R" command
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553 to go to Replace mode (see |04.9|). This messes up the layout and replaces
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554 the wrong characters:
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555
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556 inp 0 0.534 0.693 ~
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557
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558 |
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559 R0.786 |
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560 V
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561
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562 inp 0.78634 0.693 ~
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563
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564 The "gR" command uses Virtual Replace mode. This preserves the layout:
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565
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566 inp 0 0.534 0.693 ~
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567
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568 |
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569 gR0.786 |
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570 V
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571
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572 inp 0.786 0.534 0.693 ~
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573
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574 ==============================================================================
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575
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576 Next chapter: |usr_26.txt| Repeating
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577
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578 Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
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