|
36
|
1 XXD(1) XXD(1)
|
|
7
|
2
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
5 NAME
|
|
|
6 xxd - make a hexdump or do the reverse.
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
8 SYNOPSIS
|
|
|
9 xxd -h[elp]
|
|
|
10 xxd [options] [infile [outfile]]
|
|
|
11 xxd -r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]]
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
13 DESCRIPTION
|
|
36
|
14 xxd creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input. It can also
|
|
|
15 convert a hex dump back to its original binary form. Like uuencode(1)
|
|
|
16 and uudecode(1) it allows the transmission of binary data in a `mail-
|
|
|
17 safe' ASCII representation, but has the advantage of decoding to stan-
|
|
|
18 dard output. Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file patching.
|
|
7
|
19
|
|
|
20 OPTIONS
|
|
36
|
21 If no infile is given, standard input is read. If infile is specified
|
|
|
22 as a `-' character, then input is taken from standard input. If no
|
|
|
23 outfile is given (or a `-' character is in its place), results are sent
|
|
|
24 to standard output.
|
|
7
|
25
|
|
36
|
26 Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for more than
|
|
|
27 the first option letter, unless the option is followed by a parameter.
|
|
|
28 Spaces between a single option letter and its parameter are optional.
|
|
|
29 Parameters to options can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or octal
|
|
|
30 notation. Thus -c8, -c 8, -c 010 and -cols 8 are all equivalent.
|
|
7
|
31
|
|
|
32
|
|
|
33 -a | -autoskip
|
|
36
|
34 toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces nul-lines. Default off.
|
|
7
|
35
|
|
|
36 -b | -bits
|
|
36
|
37 Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than hexdump. This
|
|
|
38 option writes octets as eight digits "1"s and "0"s instead of a
|
|
|
39 normal hexadecimal dump. Each line is preceded by a line number
|
|
|
40 in hexadecimal and followed by an ascii (or ebcdic) representa-
|
|
|
41 tion. The command line switches -r, -p, -i do not work with this
|
|
|
42 mode.
|
|
7
|
43
|
|
|
44 -c cols | -cols cols
|
|
36
|
45 format <cols> octets per line. Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30, -b:
|
|
|
46 6). Max 256.
|
|
7
|
47
|
|
|
48 -E | -EBCDIC
|
|
36
|
49 Change the character encoding in the righthand column from ASCII
|
|
|
50 to EBCDIC. This does not change the hexadecimal representation.
|
|
|
51 The option is meaningless in combinations with -r, -p or -i.
|
|
7
|
52
|
|
|
53 -g bytes | -groupsize bytes
|
|
36
|
54 separate the output of every <bytes> bytes (two hex characters
|
|
|
55 or eight bit-digits each) by a whitespace. Specify -g 0 to sup-
|
|
|
56 press grouping. <Bytes> defaults to 2 in normal mode and 1 in
|
|
|
57 bits mode. Grouping does not apply to postscript or include
|
|
7
|
58 style.
|
|
|
59
|
|
|
60 -h | -help
|
|
36
|
61 print a summary of available commands and exit. No hex dumping
|
|
|
62 is performed.
|
|
7
|
63
|
|
|
64 -i | -include
|
|
36
|
65 output in C include file style. A complete static array defini-
|
|
|
66 tion is written (named after the input file), unless xxd reads
|
|
|
67 from stdin.
|
|
7
|
68
|
|
|
69 -l len | -len len
|
|
|
70 stop after writing <len> octets.
|
|
|
71
|
|
|
72 -p | -ps | -postscript | -plain
|
|
36
|
73 output in postscript continuous hexdump style. Also known as
|
|
|
74 plain hexdump style.
|
|
7
|
75
|
|
|
76 -r | -revert
|
|
36
|
77 reverse operation: convert (or patch) hexdump into binary. If
|
|
|
78 not writing to stdout, xxd writes into its output file without
|
|
|
79 truncating it. Use the combination -r -p to read plain hexadeci-
|
|
|
80 mal dumps without line number information and without a particu-
|
|
|
81 lar column layout. Additional Whitespace and line-breaks are
|
|
|
82 allowed anywhere.
|
|
7
|
83
|
|
|
84 -seek offset
|
|
36
|
85 When used after -r : revert with <offset> added to file posi-
|
|
|
86 tions found in hexdump.
|
|
7
|
87
|
|
|
88 -s [+][-]seek
|
|
36
|
89 start at <seek> bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset. + indicates
|
|
|
90 that the seek is relative to the current stdin file position
|
|
|
91 (meaningless when not reading from stdin). - indicates that the
|
|
|
92 seek should be that many characters from the end of the input
|
|
|
93 (or if combined with
|
|
|
94 + : before the current stdin file position). Without -s
|
|
|
95 option, xxd starts at the current file position.
|
|
7
|
96
|
|
36
|
97 -u use upper case hex letters. Default is lower case.
|
|
7
|
98
|
|
|
99 -v | -version
|
|
|
100 show version string.
|
|
|
101
|
|
36
|
102 CAVEATS
|
|
|
103 xxd -r has some builtin magic while evaluating line number information.
|
|
|
104 If the output file is seekable, then the linenumbers at the start of
|
|
|
105 each hexdump line may be out of order, lines may be missing, or over-
|
|
|
106 lapping. In these cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position. If the
|
|
|
107 output file is not seekable, only gaps are allowed, which will be
|
|
|
108 filled by null-bytes.
|
|
7
|
109
|
|
36
|
110 xxd -r never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently skipped.
|
|
7
|
111
|
|
36
|
112 When editing hexdumps, please note that xxd -r skips everything on the
|
|
|
113 input line after reading enough columns of hexadecimal data (see option
|
|
|
114 -c). This also means, that changes to the printable ascii (or ebcdic)
|
|
|
115 columns are always ignored. Reverting a plain (or postscript) style
|
|
|
116 hexdump with xxd -r -p does not depend on the correct number of col-
|
|
|
117 umns. Here anything that looks like a pair of hex-digits is inter-
|
|
|
118 preted.
|
|
7
|
119
|
|
|
120 Note the difference between
|
|
|
121 % xxd -i file
|
|
|
122 and
|
|
|
123 % xxd -i < file
|
|
|
124
|
|
36
|
125 xxd -s +seek may be different from xxd -s seek , as lseek(2) is used to
|
|
|
126 "rewind" input. A '+' makes a difference if the input source is stdin,
|
|
|
127 and if stdin's file position is not at the start of the file by the
|
|
|
128 time xxd is started and given its input. The following examples may
|
|
|
129 help to clarify (or further confuse!)...
|
|
7
|
130
|
|
36
|
131 Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has already read
|
|
|
132 to the end of stdin.
|
|
7
|
133 % sh -c 'cat > plain_copy; xxd -s 0 > hex_copy' < file
|
|
|
134
|
|
36
|
135 Hexdump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards. The `+' sign
|
|
|
136 means "relative to the current position", thus the `128' adds to the 1k
|
|
|
137 where dd left off.
|
|
|
138 % sh -c 'dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +128 > hex_snippet'
|
|
|
139 < file
|
|
7
|
140
|
|
|
141 Hexdump from file position 0x100 ( = 1024-768) on.
|
|
36
|
142 % sh -c 'dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +-768 > hex_snippet'
|
|
|
143 < file
|
|
7
|
144
|
|
36
|
145 However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is rarely needed.
|
|
|
146 The author prefers to monitor the effect of xxd with strace(1) or
|
|
|
147 truss(1), whenever -s is used.
|
|
7
|
148
|
|
|
149 EXAMPLES
|
|
36
|
150 Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30 bytes) of file
|
|
7
|
151 % xxd -s 0x30 file
|
|
|
152
|
|
|
153 Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of file
|
|
|
154 % xxd -s -0x30 file
|
|
|
155
|
|
36
|
156 Print 120 bytes as continuous hexdump with 40 octets per line.
|
|
7
|
157 % xxd -l 120 -ps -c 20 xxd.1
|
|
36
|
158 2e54482058584420312022417567757374203139
|
|
|
159 39362220224d616e75616c207061676520666f72
|
|
|
160 20787864220a2e5c220a2e5c222032317374204d
|
|
|
161 617920313939360a2e5c22204d616e2070616765
|
|
|
162 20617574686f723a0a2e5c2220202020546f6e79
|
|
|
163 204e7567656e74203c746f6e79407363746e7567
|
|
7
|
164
|
|
36
|
165 Hexdump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12 octets per line.
|
|
7
|
166 % xxd -l 120 -c 12 xxd.1
|
|
36
|
167 0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 2241 .TH XXD 1 "A
|
|
|
168 000000c: 7567 7573 7420 3139 3936 2220 ugust 1996"
|
|
|
169 0000018: 224d 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765 "Manual page
|
|
|
170 0000024: 2066 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c for xxd"..\
|
|
|
171 0000030: 220a 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d "..\" 21st M
|
|
|
172 000003c: 6179 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220 ay 1996..\"
|
|
|
173 0000048: 4d61 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574 Man page aut
|
|
|
174 0000054: 686f 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020 hor:..\"
|
|
|
175 0000060: 546f 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420 Tony Nugent
|
|
|
176 000006c: 3c74 6f6e 7940 7363 746e 7567 <tony@sctnug
|
|
7
|
177
|
|
|
178 Display just the date from the file xxd.1
|
|
36
|
179 % xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
|
|
|
180 0000036: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 21st May 1996
|
|
7
|
181
|
|
36
|
182 Copy input_file to output_file and prepend 100 bytes of value 0x00.
|
|
7
|
183 % xxd input_file | xxd -r -s 100 > output_file
|
|
|
184
|
|
|
185 Patch the date in the file xxd.1
|
|
36
|
186 % echo '0000037: 3574 68' | xxd -r - xxd.1
|
|
|
187 % xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
|
|
|
188 0000036: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 25th May 1996
|
|
7
|
189
|
|
36
|
190 Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, except for the last one
|
|
|
191 which is 'A' (hex 0x41).
|
|
7
|
192 % echo '010000: 41' | xxd -r > file
|
|
|
193
|
|
|
194 Hexdump this file with autoskip.
|
|
|
195 % xxd -a -c 12 file
|
|
|
196 0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ............
|
|
|
197 *
|
|
|
198 000fffc: 0000 0000 40 ....A
|
|
|
199
|
|
36
|
200 Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character. The number
|
|
|
201 after '-r -s' adds to the linenumbers found in the file; in effect, the
|
|
|
202 leading bytes are suppressed.
|
|
7
|
203 % echo '010000: 41' | xxd -r -s -0x10000 > file
|
|
|
204
|
|
36
|
205 Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to hexdump a region
|
|
|
206 marked between `a' and `z'.
|
|
7
|
207 :'a,'z!xxd
|
|
|
208
|
|
36
|
209 Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover a binary
|
|
|
210 hexdump marked between `a' and `z'.
|
|
7
|
211 :'a,'z!xxd -r
|
|
|
212
|
|
36
|
213 Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover one line
|
|
|
214 of a hexdump. Move the cursor over the line and type:
|
|
7
|
215 !!xxd -r
|
|
|
216
|
|
|
217 Read single characters from a serial line
|
|
|
218 % xxd -c1 < /dev/term/b &
|
|
|
219 % stty < /dev/term/b -echo -opost -isig -icanon min 1
|
|
|
220 % echo -n foo > /dev/term/b
|
|
|
221
|
|
|
222
|
|
|
223 RETURN VALUES
|
|
|
224 The following error values are returned:
|
|
|
225
|
|
|
226 0 no errors encountered.
|
|
|
227
|
|
36
|
228 -1 operation not supported ( xxd -r -i still impossible).
|
|
7
|
229
|
|
|
230 1 error while parsing options.
|
|
|
231
|
|
|
232 2 problems with input file.
|
|
|
233
|
|
|
234 3 problems with output file.
|
|
|
235
|
|
|
236 4,5 desired seek position is unreachable.
|
|
|
237
|
|
|
238 SEE ALSO
|
|
|
239 uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1)
|
|
|
240
|
|
|
241 WARNINGS
|
|
36
|
242 The tools weirdness matches its creators brain. Use entirely at your
|
|
|
243 own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a wizard.
|
|
7
|
244
|
|
|
245 VERSION
|
|
|
246 This manual page documents xxd version 1.7
|
|
|
247
|
|
|
248 AUTHOR
|
|
|
249 (c) 1990-1997 by Juergen Weigert
|
|
|
250 <jnweiger@informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
|
|
|
251
|
|
|
252 Distribute freely and credit me,
|
|
|
253 make money and share with me,
|
|
|
254 lose money and don't ask me.
|
|
|
255
|
|
|
256 Manual page started by Tony Nugent
|
|
|
257 <tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au>
|
|
36
|
258 Small changes by Bram Moolenaar. Edited by Juergen Weigert.
|
|
7
|
259
|
|
|
260
|
|
|
261
|
|
|
262
|
|
36
|
263 Manual page for xxd August 1996 XXD(1)
|
