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annotate README_VIM9.md @ 34002:37a2afe34517

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Added tag v9.0.2183 for changeset 1489ba07ecb494472e32ba7b4d85e70b8a1786f9
author Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
date Thu, 21 Dec 2023 17:15:07 +0100
parents cc751d944b7e
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1 ![Vim Logo](https://github.com/vim/vim/blob/master/runtime/vimlogo.gif)
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2
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3 # What is Vim9?
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4
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5 This is a new syntax for Vim script that was introduced with Vim 9.0.
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6 It intends making Vim script faster and better.
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7
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8
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9 # Why Vim9?
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10
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11 ## 1. FASTER VIM SCRIPT
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12
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13 The third item on the poll results of 2018, after popup windows and text
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14 properties, both of which have been implemented, is faster Vim script.
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15 So how do we do that?
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16
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17 I have been throwing some ideas around, and soon came to the conclusion
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18 that the current way functions are called and executed, with
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19 dictionaries for the arguments and local variables, is never going to be
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20 very fast. We're lucky if we can make it twice as fast. The overhead
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21 of a function call and executing every line is just too high.
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22
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23 So what then? We can only make something fast by having a new way of
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24 defining a function, with similar but different properties of the old
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25 way:
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26 * Arguments are only available by name, not through the a: dictionary or
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27 the a:000 list.
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28 * Local variables are not available in an l: dictionary.
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29 * A few more things that slow us down, such as exception handling details.
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30
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31 I Implemented a "proof of concept" and measured the time to run a simple
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32 for loop with an addition (Justin used this example in his presentation,
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33 full code is below):
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34
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35 ``` vim
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36 let sum = 0
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37 for i in range(1, 2999999)
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38 let sum += i
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39 endfor
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40 ```
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41
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42 | how | time in sec |
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43 | --------| -------- |
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44 | Vim old | 5.018541 |
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45 | Python | 0.369598 |
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46 | Lua | 0.078817 |
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47 | LuaJit | 0.004245 |
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48 | Vim new | 0.073595 |
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49
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50 That looks very promising! It's just one example, but it shows how much
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51 we can gain, and also that Vim script can be faster than builtin
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52 interfaces.
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53
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54 LuaJit is much faster at Lua-only instructions. In practice the script would
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55 not do something useless counting, but change the text. For example,
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56 reindent all the lines:
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57
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58 ``` vim
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59 let totallen = 0
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60 for i in range(1, 100000)
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61 call setline(i, ' ' .. getline(i))
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62 let totallen += len(getline(i))
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63 endfor
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64 ```
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65
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66 | how | time in sec |
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67 | --------| -------- |
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68 | Vim old | 0.578598 |
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69 | Python | 0.152040 |
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70 | Lua | 0.164917 |
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71 | LuaJit | 0.128400 |
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72 | Vim new | 0.079692 |
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73
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74 [These times were measured on a different system by Dominique Pelle]
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75
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76 The differences are smaller, but Vim 9 script is clearly the fastest.
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77 Using LuaJIT is only a little bit faster than plain Lua here, clearly the call
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78 back to the Vim code is costly.
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79
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80 How does Vim9 script work? The function is first compiled into a sequence of
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81 instructions. Each instruction has one or two parameters and a stack is
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82 used to store intermediate results. Local variables are also on the
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83 stack, space is reserved during compilation. This is a fairly normal
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84 way of compilation into an intermediate format, specialized for Vim,
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85 e.g. each stack item is a typeval_T. And one of the instructions is
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86 "execute Ex command", for commands that are not compiled.
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87
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88
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89 ## 2. DEPRIORITIZE INTERFACES
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90
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91 Attempts have been made to implement functionality with built-in script
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92 languages such as Python, Perl, Lua, Tcl and Ruby. This never gained much
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93 foothold, for various reasons.
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94
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95 Instead of using script language support in Vim:
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96 * Encourage implementing external tools in any language and communicate
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97 with them. The job and channel support already makes this possible.
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98 Really any language can be used, also Java and Go, which are not
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99 available built-in.
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100 * No priority for the built-in language interfaces. They will have to be kept
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101 for backwards compatibility, but many users won't need a Vim build with these
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102 interfaces.
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103 * Improve the Vim script language, it is used to communicate with the external
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104 tool and implements the Vim side of the interface. Also, it can be used when
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105 an external tool is undesired.
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106
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107 Altogether this creates a clear situation: Vim with the +eval feature
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108 will be sufficient for most plugins, while some plugins require
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109 installing a tool that can be written in any language. No confusion
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110 about having Vim but the plugin not working because some specific
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111 language is missing. This is a good long term goal.
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112
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113 Rationale: Why is it better to run a tool separately from Vim than using a
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114 built-in interface and interpreter? Take for example something that is
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115 written in Python:
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116 * The built-in interface uses the embedded python interpreter. This is less
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117 well maintained than the python command. Building Vim with it requires
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118 installing developer packages. If loaded dynamically there can be a version
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119 mismatch.
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120 * When running the tool externally the standard python command can be used,
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121 which is quite often available by default or can be easily installed.
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122 * The built-in interface has an API that is unique for Vim with Python. This is
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123 an extra API to learn.
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124 * A .py file can be compiled into a .pyc file and execute much faster.
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125 * Inside Vim multi-threading can cause problems, since the Vim core is single
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126 threaded. In an external tool there are no such problems.
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127 * The Vim part is written in .vim files, the Python part is in .py files, this
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128 is nicely separated.
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129 * Disadvantage: An interface needs to be made between Vim and Python.
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130 JSON is available for this, and it's fairly easy to use. But it still
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131 requires implementing asynchronous communication.
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132
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133
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134 ## 3. BETTER VIM SCRIPT
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135
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136 To make Vim faster a new way of defining a function needs to be added.
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137 While we are doing that, since the lines in this function won't be fully
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138 backwards compatible anyway, we can also make Vim script easier to use.
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139 In other words: "less weird". Making it work more like modern
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140 programming languages will help. No surprises.
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141
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142 A good example is how in a function the arguments are prefixed with
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143 "a:". No other language I know does that, so let's drop it.
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144
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145 Taking this one step further is also dropping "s:" for script-local variables;
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146 everything at the script level is script-local by default. Since this is not
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147 backwards compatible it requires a new script style: Vim9 script!
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148
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149 To avoid having more variations, the syntax inside a compiled function is the
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150 same as in Vim9 script. Thus you have legacy syntax and Vim9 syntax.
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151
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152 It should be possible to convert code from other languages to Vim
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153 script. We can add functionality to make this easier. This still needs
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154 to be discussed, but we can consider adding type checking and a simple
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155 form of classes. If you look at JavaScript for example, it has gone
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156 through these stages over time, adding real class support and now
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157 TypeScript adds type checking. But we'll have to see how much of that
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158 we actually want to include in Vim script. Ideally a conversion tool
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159 can take Python, JavaScript or TypeScript code and convert it to Vim
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160 script, with only some things that cannot be converted.
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161
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162 Vim script won't work the same as any specific language, but we can use
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163 mechanisms that are commonly known, ideally with the same syntax. One
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164 thing I have been thinking of is assignments without ":let". I often
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165 make that mistake (after writing JavaScript especially). I think it is
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166 possible, if we make local variables shadow commands. That should be OK,
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167 if you shadow a command you want to use, just rename the variable.
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168 Using "var" and "const" to declare a variable, like in JavaScript and
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169 TypeScript, can work:
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170
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171
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172 ``` vim
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173 def MyFunction(arg: number): number
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174 var local = 1
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175 var todo = arg
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176 const ADD = 88
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177 while todo > 0
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178 local += ADD
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179 todo -= 1
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180 endwhile
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181 return local
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182 enddef
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183 ```
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184
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185 The similarity with JavaScript/TypeScript can also be used for dependencies
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186 between files. Vim currently uses the `:source` command, which has several
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187 disadvantages:
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188 * In the sourced script, is not clear what it provides. By default all
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189 functions are global and can be used elsewhere.
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190 * In a script that sources other scripts, it is not clear what function comes
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191 from what sourced script. Finding the implementation is a hassle.
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192 * Prevention of loading the whole script twice must be manually implemented.
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193
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194 We can use the `:import` and `:export` commands from the JavaScript standard to
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195 make this much better. For example, in script "myfunction.vim" define a
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196 function and export it:
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197
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198 ``` vim
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199 vim9script " Vim9 script syntax used here
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200
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201 var local = 'local variable is not exported, script-local'
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202
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203 export def MyFunction() " exported function
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204 ...
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205
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206 def LocalFunction() " not exported, script-local
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207 ...
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208 ```
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209
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210 And in another script import the function:
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211
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212 ``` vim
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213 vim9script " Vim9 script syntax used here
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214
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215 import MyFunction from 'myfunction.vim'
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216 ```
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217
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218 This looks like JavaScript/TypeScript, thus many users will understand the
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219 syntax.
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220
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221 These are ideas, this will take time to design, discuss and implement.
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222 Eventually this will lead to Vim 9!
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223
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224
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225 ## Code for sum time measurements
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226
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227 Vim was build with -O2.
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228
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229 ``` vim
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230 func VimOld()
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231 let sum = 0
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232 for i in range(1, 2999999)
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233 let sum += i
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234 endfor
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235 return sum
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236 endfunc
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237
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238 func Python()
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239 py3 << END
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240 sum = 0
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241 for i in range(1, 3000000):
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242 sum += i
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243 END
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244 return py3eval('sum')
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245 endfunc
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246
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247 func Lua()
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248 lua << END
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249 sum = 0
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250 for i = 1, 2999999 do
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251 sum = sum + i
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252 end
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253 END
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254 return luaeval('sum')
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255 endfunc
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256
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257 def VimNew(): number
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258 var sum = 0
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259 for i in range(1, 2999999)
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260 sum += i
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261 endfor
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262 return sum
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263 enddef
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264
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265 let start = reltime()
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266 echo VimOld()
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267 echo 'Vim old: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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268
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269 let start = reltime()
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270 echo Python()
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271 echo 'Python: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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272
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273 let start = reltime()
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274 echo Lua()
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275 echo 'Lua: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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276
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277 let start = reltime()
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278 echo VimNew()
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279 echo 'Vim new: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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280 ```
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281
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282 ## Code for indent time measurements
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283
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284 ``` vim
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285 def VimNew(): number
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286 var totallen = 0
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287 for i in range(1, 100000)
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288 setline(i, ' ' .. getline(i))
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289 totallen += len(getline(i))
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290 endfor
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291 return totallen
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292 enddef
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293
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294 func VimOld()
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295 let totallen = 0
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296 for i in range(1, 100000)
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297 call setline(i, ' ' .. getline(i))
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298 let totallen += len(getline(i))
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299 endfor
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300 return totallen
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301 endfunc
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302
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303 func Lua()
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304 lua << END
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305 b = vim.buffer()
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306 totallen = 0
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307 for i = 1, 100000 do
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308 b[i] = " " .. b[i]
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309 totallen = totallen + string.len(b[i])
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310 end
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311 END
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312 return luaeval('totallen')
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313 endfunc
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314
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315 func Python()
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316 py3 << END
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317 cb = vim.current.buffer
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318 totallen = 0
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319 for i in range(0, 100000):
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320 cb[i] = ' ' + cb[i]
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321 totallen += len(cb[i])
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322 END
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323 return py3eval('totallen')
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324 endfunc
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325
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326 new
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327 call setline(1, range(100000))
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328 let start = reltime()
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329 echo VimOld()
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330 echo 'Vim old: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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331 bwipe!
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332
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333 new
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334 call setline(1, range(100000))
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335 let start = reltime()
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336 echo Python()
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337 echo 'Python: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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338 bwipe!
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339
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340 new
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341 call setline(1, range(100000))
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342 let start = reltime()
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343 echo Lua()
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344 echo 'Lua: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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345 bwipe!
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346
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347 new
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348 call setline(1, range(100000))
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349 let start = reltime()
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350 echo VimNew()
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351 echo 'Vim new: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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352 bwipe!
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353 ```