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annotate README_VIM9.md @ 31340:09fcef41da88

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Added tag v9.0.1003 for changeset e1691ff3ad6d149d6ff5a68dae332141e79591c5
author Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
date Sun, 04 Dec 2022 22:45:03 +0100
parents d4faa2c5211b
children cc751d944b7e
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1 ![Vim Logo](https://github.com/vim/vim/blob/master/runtime/vimlogo.gif)
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2
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3 # What is Vim9?
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4
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5 This is an experimental side of [Vim](https://github.com/vim/vim).
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6 It explores ways of making Vim script faster and better.
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7
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8 WARNING: The Vim9 script features are still under development, anything can
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9 break!
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10
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11 # Why Vim9?
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12
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13 ## 1. FASTER VIM SCRIPT
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14
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15 The third item on the poll results of 2018, after popup windows and text
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16 properties, is faster Vim script. So how do we do that?
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17
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18 I have been throwing some ideas around, and soon came to the conclusion
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19 that the current way functions are called and executed, with
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20 dictionaries for the arguments and local variables, is never going to be
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21 very fast. We're lucky if we can make it twice as fast. The overhead
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22 of a function call and executing every line is just too high.
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23
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24 So what then? We can only make something fast by having a new way of
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25 defining a function, with similar but different properties of the old
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26 way:
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27 * Arguments are only available by name, not through the a: dictionary or
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28 the a:000 list.
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29 * Local variables are not available in an l: dictionary.
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30 * A few more things that slow us down, such as exception handling details.
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31
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32 I Implemented a "proof of concept" and measured the time to run a simple
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33 for loop with an addition (Justin used this example in his presentation,
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34 full code is below):
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35
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36 ``` vim
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37 let sum = 0
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38 for i in range(1, 2999999)
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39 let sum += i
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40 endfor
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41 ```
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42
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43 | how | time in sec |
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44 | --------| -------- |
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45 | Vim old | 5.018541 |
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46 | Python | 0.369598 |
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47 | Lua | 0.078817 |
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48 | LuaJit | 0.004245 |
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49 | Vim new | 0.073595 |
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50
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51 That looks very promising! It's just one example, but it shows how much
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52 we can gain, and also that Vim script can be faster than builtin
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53 interfaces.
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54
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55 LuaJit is much faster at Lua-only instructions. In practice the script would
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56 not do something useless as counting but change the text. For example,
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57 reindent all the lines:
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58
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59 ``` vim
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60 let totallen = 0
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61 for i in range(1, 100000)
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62 call setline(i, ' ' .. getline(i))
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63 let totallen += len(getline(i))
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64 endfor
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65 ```
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66
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67 | how | time in sec |
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68 | --------| -------- |
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69 | Vim old | 0.578598 |
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70 | Python | 0.152040 |
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71 | Lua | 0.164917 |
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72 | LuaJit | 0.128400 |
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73 | Vim new | 0.079692 |
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74
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75 [These times were measured on a different system by Dominique Pelle]
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76
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77 The differences are smaller, but Vim 9 script is clearly the fastest.
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78 Using LuaJIT is only a little bit faster than plain Lua here, clearly the call
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79 back to the Vim code is costly.
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80
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81 How does Vim9 script work? The function is first compiled into a sequence of
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82 instructions. Each instruction has one or two parameters and a stack is
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83 used to store intermediate results. Local variables are also on the
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84 stack, space is reserved during compilation. This is a fairly normal
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85 way of compilation into an intermediate format, specialized for Vim,
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86 e.g. each stack item is a typeval_T. And one of the instructions is
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87 "execute Ex command", for commands that are not compiled.
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88
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89
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90 ## 2. DEPRIORITIZE INTERFACES
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91
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92 Attempts have been made to implement functionality with built-in script
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93 languages such as Python, Perl, Lua, Tcl and Ruby. This never gained much
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94 foothold, for various reasons.
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95
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96 Instead of using script language support in Vim:
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97 * Encourage implementing external tools in any language and communicate
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98 with them. The job and channel support already makes this possible.
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99 Really any language can be used, also Java and Go, which are not
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100 available built-in.
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101 * No priority for the built-in language interfaces. They will have to be kept
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102 for backwards compatibility, but many users won't need a Vim build with these
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103 interfaces.
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104 * Improve the Vim script language, it is used to communicate with the external
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105 tool and implements the Vim side of the interface. Also, it can be used when
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106 an external tool is undesired.
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107
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108 Altogether this creates a clear situation: Vim with the +eval feature
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109 will be sufficient for most plugins, while some plugins require
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110 installing a tool that can be written in any language. No confusion
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111 about having Vim but the plugin not working because some specific
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112 language is missing. This is a good long term goal.
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113
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114 Rationale: Why is it better to run a tool separately from Vim than using a
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115 built-in interface and interpreter? Take for example something that is
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116 written in Python:
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117 * The built-in interface uses the embedded python interpreter. This is less
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118 well maintained than the python command. Building Vim with it requires
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119 installing developer packages. If loaded dynamically there can be a version
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120 mismatch.
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121 * When running the tool externally the standard python command can be used,
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122 which is quite often available by default or can be easily installed.
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123 * The built-in interface has an API that is unique for Vim with Python. This is
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124 an extra API to learn.
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125 * A .py file can be compiled into a .pyc file and execute much faster.
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126 * Inside Vim multi-threading can cause problems, since the Vim core is single
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127 threaded. In an external tool there are no such problems.
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128 * The Vim part is written in .vim files, the Python part is in .py files, this
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129 is nicely separated.
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130 * Disadvantage: An interface needs to be made between Vim and Python.
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131 JSON is available for this, and it's fairly easy to use. But it still
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132 requires implementing asynchronous communication.
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133
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134
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135 ## 3. BETTER VIM SCRIPT
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136
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137 To make Vim faster a new way of defining a function needs to be added.
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138 While we are doing that, since the lines in this function won't be fully
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139 backwards compatible anyway, we can also make Vim script easier to use.
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140 In other words: "less weird". Making it work more like modern
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141 programming languages will help. No surprises.
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142
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143 A good example is how in a function the arguments are prefixed with
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144 "a:". No other language I know does that, so let's drop it.
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145
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146 Taking this one step further is also dropping "s:" for script-local variables;
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147 everything at the script level is script-local by default. Since this is not
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148 backwards compatible it requires a new script style: Vim9 script!
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149
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150 To avoid having more variations, the syntax inside a compiled function is the
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151 same as in Vim9 script. Thus you have legacy syntax and Vim9 syntax.
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152
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153 It should be possible to convert code from other languages to Vim
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154 script. We can add functionality to make this easier. This still needs
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155 to be discussed, but we can consider adding type checking and a simple
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156 form of classes. If you look at JavaScript for example, it has gone
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157 through these stages over time, adding real class support and now
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158 TypeScript adds type checking. But we'll have to see how much of that
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159 we actually want to include in Vim script. Ideally a conversion tool
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160 can take Python, JavaScript or TypeScript code and convert it to Vim
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161 script, with only some things that cannot be converted.
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162
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163 Vim script won't work the same as any specific language, but we can use
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164 mechanisms that are commonly known, ideally with the same syntax. One
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165 thing I have been thinking of is assignments without ":let". I often
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166 make that mistake (after writing JavaScript especially). I think it is
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167 possible, if we make local variables shadow commands. That should be OK,
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168 if you shadow a command you want to use, just rename the variable.
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169 Using "var" and "const" to declare a variable, like in JavaScript and
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170 TypeScript, can work:
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171
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172
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173 ``` vim
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174 def MyFunction(arg: number): number
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175 var local = 1
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176 var todo = arg
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177 const ADD = 88
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178 while todo > 0
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179 local += ADD
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180 todo -= 1
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181 endwhile
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182 return local
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183 enddef
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184 ```
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185
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186 The similarity with JavaScript/TypeScript can also be used for dependencies
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187 between files. Vim currently uses the `:source` command, which has several
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188 disadvantages:
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189 * In the sourced script, is not clear what it provides. By default all
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190 functions are global and can be used elsewhere.
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191 * In a script that sources other scripts, it is not clear what function comes
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192 from what sourced script. Finding the implementation is a hassle.
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193 * Prevention of loading the whole script twice must be manually implemented.
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194
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195 We can use the `:import` and `:export` commands from the JavaScript standard to
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196 make this much better. For example, in script "myfunction.vim" define a
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197 function and export it:
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198
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199 ``` vim
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200 vim9script " Vim9 script syntax used here
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201
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202 var local = 'local variable is not exported, script-local'
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203
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204 export def MyFunction() " exported function
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205 ...
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206
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207 def LocalFunction() " not exported, script-local
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208 ...
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209 ```
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210
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211 And in another script import the function:
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212
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213 ``` vim
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214 vim9script " Vim9 script syntax used here
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215
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216 import MyFunction from 'myfunction.vim'
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217 ```
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218
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219 This looks like JavaScript/TypeScript, thus many users will understand the
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220 syntax.
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221
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222 These are ideas, this will take time to design, discuss and implement.
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223 Eventually this will lead to Vim 9!
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224
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225
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226 ## Code for sum time measurements
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227
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228 Vim was build with -O2.
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229
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230 ``` vim
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231 func VimOld()
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232 let sum = 0
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233 for i in range(1, 2999999)
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234 let sum += i
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235 endfor
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236 return sum
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237 endfunc
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238
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239 func Python()
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240 py3 << END
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241 sum = 0
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242 for i in range(1, 3000000):
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243 sum += i
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244 END
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245 return py3eval('sum')
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246 endfunc
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247
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248 func Lua()
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249 lua << END
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250 sum = 0
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251 for i = 1, 2999999 do
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252 sum = sum + i
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253 end
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254 END
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255 return luaeval('sum')
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256 endfunc
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257
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258 def VimNew(): number
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259 var sum = 0
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260 for i in range(1, 2999999)
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261 sum += i
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262 endfor
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263 return sum
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264 enddef
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265
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266 let start = reltime()
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267 echo VimOld()
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268 echo 'Vim old: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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269
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270 let start = reltime()
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271 echo Python()
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272 echo 'Python: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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273
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274 let start = reltime()
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275 echo Lua()
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276 echo 'Lua: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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277
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278 let start = reltime()
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279 echo VimNew()
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280 echo 'Vim new: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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281 ```
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282
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283 ## Code for indent time measurements
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284
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285 ``` vim
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286 def VimNew(): number
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287 var totallen = 0
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288 for i in range(1, 100000)
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289 setline(i, ' ' .. getline(i))
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290 totallen += len(getline(i))
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291 endfor
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292 return totallen
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293 enddef
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294
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295 func VimOld()
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296 let totallen = 0
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297 for i in range(1, 100000)
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298 call setline(i, ' ' .. getline(i))
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299 let totallen += len(getline(i))
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300 endfor
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301 return totallen
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302 endfunc
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303
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304 func Lua()
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305 lua << END
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306 b = vim.buffer()
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307 totallen = 0
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308 for i = 1, 100000 do
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309 b[i] = " " .. b[i]
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310 totallen = totallen + string.len(b[i])
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311 end
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312 END
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313 return luaeval('totallen')
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314 endfunc
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315
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316 func Python()
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317 py3 << END
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318 cb = vim.current.buffer
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319 totallen = 0
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320 for i in range(0, 100000):
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321 cb[i] = ' ' + cb[i]
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322 totallen += len(cb[i])
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323 END
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324 return py3eval('totallen')
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325 endfunc
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326
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327 new
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328 call setline(1, range(100000))
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329 let start = reltime()
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330 echo VimOld()
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331 echo 'Vim old: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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332 bwipe!
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333
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334 new
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335 call setline(1, range(100000))
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336 let start = reltime()
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337 echo Python()
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338 echo 'Python: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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339 bwipe!
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340
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341 new
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342 call setline(1, range(100000))
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343 let start = reltime()
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344 echo Lua()
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345 echo 'Lua: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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346 bwipe!
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347
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348 new
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349 call setline(1, range(100000))
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350 let start = reltime()
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351 echo VimNew()
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352 echo 'Vim new: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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353 bwipe!
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354 ```