annotate runtime/doc/xxd-it.UTF-8.1 @ 23843:d97258eca25d v8.2.2463

patch 8.2.2463: using :arglocal in an autocommand may use freed memory Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/6bcb877ec19a647443195a54eeac60cb693fd827 Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> Date: Wed Feb 3 21:23:29 2021 +0100 patch 8.2.2463: using :arglocal in an autocommand may use freed memory Problem: Using :arglocal in an autocommand may use freed memory. (houyunsong) Solution: Check if the arglist is locked.
author Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
date Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:30:04 +0100
parents 2b30a2b4bde2
children 65b122a95cba
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1 .TH XXD 1 "Agosto 1996" "Pagina di manuale per xxd"
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2 .\"
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3 .\" 21 Maggio 1996
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4 .\" Autore della pagina di manuale:
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5 .\" Tony Nugent <tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au>
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6 .\" Modificato da Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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7 .SH NOME
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8 .I xxd
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9 \- Produce esadecimale da un file binario o viceversa.
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10 .SH SINTASSI
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11 .B xxd
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12 \-h[elp]
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13 .br
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14 .B xxd
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15 [opzioni] [input_file [output_file]]
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16 .br
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17 .B xxd
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18 \-r[evert] [opzioni] [input_file [output_file]]
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19 .SH DESCRIZIONE
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20 .I xxd
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21 crea un'immagine esadecimale di un dato file o dello "standard input".
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22 Può anche ottenere da un'immagine esadecimale il file binario originale.
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23 Come
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24 .BR uuencode (1)
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25 e
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26 .BR uudecode (1)
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27 permette di trasmettere dati binari in una rappresentazione ASCII "a prova
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28 di email", ma ha anche il vantaggio di poter decodificare sullo "standard
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29 output". Inoltre, può essere usato per effettuare delle modifiche (patch)
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30 a file binari.
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31 .SH OPZIONI
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32 Se non si specifica un
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33 .I input_file
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34 il programma legge dallo "standard input".
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35 Se
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36 .I input_file
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37 è specificato come il carattere
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38 .RB \` \- '
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39 , l'input è letto dallo "standard input".
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40 Se non si specifica un
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41 .I output_file
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42 (o si mette al suo posto il carattere
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43 .RB \` \- '
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44 ), i risultati sono inviati allo "standard output".
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45 .PP
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46 Si noti che la scansione dei caratteri è "pigra", e non controlla oltre
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47 la prima lettera dell'opzione, a meno che l'opzione sia seguita da un
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48 parametro.
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49 Gli spazi fra una singola lettera di opzione e il corrispondente parametro
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50 dopo di essa sono facoltativi.
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51 I parametri delle opzioni possono essere specificati usando la notazione
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52 decimale, esadecimale oppure ottale.
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53 Pertanto
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54 .BR \-c8 ,
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55 .BR "\-c 8" ,
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56 .B \-c 010
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57 e
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58 .B \-cols 8
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59 sono notazioni equivalenti fra loro.
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60 .PP
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61 .TP
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62 .IR \-a " | " \-autoskip
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63 Richiesta di autoskip: Un singolo '*' rimpiazza linee di zeri binari.
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64 Valore di default: off.
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65 .TP
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66 .IR \-b " | " \-bits
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67 Richiesta di una immagine binaria (cifre binarie), invece che esadecimale.
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68 Questa opzione scrive un byte come otto cifre "1" e "0" invece di usare i
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69 numeri esadecimali. Ogni linea è preceduta da un indirizzo in esadecimale e
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70 seguita da una decodifica ascii (o ebcdic). Le opzioni specificabili dalla
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71 linea comando \-r, \-p, \-i non funzionano in questo modo.
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72 .TP
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73 .IR "\-c colonne " | " \-cols colonne"
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74 .IR "\-c colonne " | " \-cols colonne"
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75 In ogni linea sono formattate
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76 .RI < colonne >
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77 colonne. Valore di default 16 (\-i: 12, \-ps: 30, \-b: 6).
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78 Valore massimo 256.
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79 .TP
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80 .IR \-E " | " \-EBCDIC
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81 Cambia la codifica della colonna di destra da ASCII a EBCDIC.
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82 Questo non modifica la rappresentazione esadecimale. Non ha senso
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83 specificare questa opzione in combinazione con \-r, \-p o \-i.
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84 .TP
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85 .IR "\-g numero_byte " | " \-groupsize numero_byte"
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86 Inserisci ogni
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87 .RI < numero_byte >
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88 byte di output (di due caratteri esadecimali o otto numeri binari ognuno)
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89 uno spazio bianco.
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90 Specificando
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91 .I \-g 0
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92 i byte di output non sono separati da alcuno spazio.
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93 .RI < numero_byte > ha come valore di default " 2
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94 in modalità normale [esadecimale] e \fI1\fP in modalità binaria.
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95 Il raggruppamento non si applica agli stili "PostScript" e "include".
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96 .TP
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97 .IR \-h " | " \-help
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98 stampa un sommario dei comandi disponibili ed esce. Non viene fatto
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99 null'altro.
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100 .TP
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101 .IR \-i " | " \-include
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102 L'output è nello stile dei file "include" in C. Viene preparata la
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103 definizione completa di un "array" [vettore], dandogli il nome del
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104 file di input), tranne che nel caso in cui xxd legga dallo "standard input".
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105 .TP
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106 .IR "\-l numero " | " \-len numero"
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107 Il programma esce dopo aver scritto
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108 .RI < numero >
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109 byte.
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110 .TP
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111 .IR \-p " | " \-ps " | " \-postscript " | " \-plain
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112 L'output è nello stile di un dump continuo sotto postscript.
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113 Noto anche come stile esadecimale semplice [plain].
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114 .TP
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115 .IR \-r " | " \-revert
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116 ricostruzione: converte (o mette una patch) a partire dall'immagine
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117 esadecimale, creando [o modificando] il file binario.
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118 Se non diretto allo "standard output", xxd scrive nel suo file di output
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119 in maniera continua, senza interruzioni. Usare la combinazione
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120 .I \-r \-p
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121 per leggere dump in stile esadecimale semplice [plain], senza l'informazione
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122 di numero di linea e senza un particolare tracciato di colonna. Degli spazi
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123 o delle linee vuote possono essere inserite a piacere [e vengono ignorate].
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124 .TP
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125 .I \-seek distanza
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126 Usato con l'opzione
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127 .IR \-r :
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128 (ricostruzione),
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129 .RI < distanza >
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130 viene aggiunta alla posizione nel file trovata nella immagine
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131 esadecimale.
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132 .TP
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133 .I \-s [+][\-]seek
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134 Inizia a
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135 .RI < seek >
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136 byte assoluti (o relativi) di distanza all'interno di input_file.
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137 \fI+ \fRindica che il "seek" è relativo alla posizione corrente nel file
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138 "standard input" (non significativa quando non si legge da "standard input").
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139 \fI\- \fRindica che il "seek" dovrebbe posizionarsi ad quel numero di
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140 caratteri dalla fine dell'input (o se in combinazione con
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141 \fI+ \fR: prime della posizione corrente nel file "standard input").
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142 Se non si specifica una opzione \-s, xxd inizia alla posizione
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143 corrente all'interno del file.
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144 .TP
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145 .I \-u
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146 usa lettere esadecimali maiuscole. Il valore di default è di usare
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147 lettere minuscole.
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148 .TP
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149 .IR \-v " | " \-version
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150 visualizza la stringa contenente la versione del programma.
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151 .SH ATTENZIONE
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152 .PP
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153 .I xxd \-r
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154 è capace di operare "magie" nell'utilizzare l'informazione "numero di linea".
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155 Se sul file di output ci si può posizionare usando la "seek", il numero di
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156 linea all'inizio di ogni riga esadecimale può essere non ordinato, delle
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157 linee possono mancare delle linee, oppure esserci delle sovrapposizioni.
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158 In simili casi xxd userà lseek(2) per raggiungere la posizione d'inizio.
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159 Se il file di output non consente di usare "seek", sono permessi solo dei
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160 "buchi", che saranno riempiti con zeri binari.
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161 .PP
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162 .I xxd \-r
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163 non genera mai errori di specifica parametri. I parametri non riconosciuti
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164 sono silenziosamente ignorati.
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165 .PP
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166 Nel modificare immagini esadecimali, tenete conto che
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167 .I xxd \-r
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168 salta il resto della linea, dopo aver letto abbastanza caratteri contenenti
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169 dati esadecimali (vedere opzione \-c). Ciò implica pure che le modifiche alle
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170 colonne di caratteri stampabili ascii (o ebcdic) sono sempre ignorate.
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171 La ricostruzione da un file immagine esadecimale in stile semplice
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172 (postscript) con xxd \-r \-p non dipende dal numero corretto di colonne.
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173 IN questo caso, qualsiasi cosa assomigli a una coppia di cifre esadecimali
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174 è interpretata [e utilizzata].
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175 .PP
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176 Notare la differenza fra
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177 .br
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178 \fI% xxd \-i file\fR
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179 .br
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180 e
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181 .br
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182 \fI% xxd \-i \< file\fR
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183 .PP
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184 .I xxd \-s \+seek
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185 può comportarsi in modo diverso da
228
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186 .IR "xxd \-s seek"
222
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187 , perché lseek(2) è usata per tornare indietro nel file di input. Il '+'
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188 fa differenza se il file di input è lo "standard input", e se la posizione nel
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189 file di "standard input" non è all'inizio del file quando xxd è eseguito,
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190 con questo input.
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191 I seguenti esempi possono contribuire a chiarire il concetto
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192 (o ad oscurarlo!)...
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193 .PP
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194 Riavvolge lo "standard input" prima di leggere; necessario perché `cat'
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195 ha già letto lo stesso file ["file"] fino alla fine dello "standard input".
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196 .br
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197 \fI% sh \-c 'cat > copia_normale; xxd \-s 0 > copia_esadecimale' < file
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198 .PP
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199 Stampa immagine esadecimale dalla posizione file 0x480 (=1024+128) in poi.
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200 Il segno `+' vuol dire "rispetto alla posizione corrente", quindi il `128'
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201 si aggiunge a 1k (1024) dove `dd' si era fermato.
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202 .br
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203 \fI% sh \-c 'dd of=normale bs=1k count=1; xxd \-s +128 > esadecimale' < file
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204 .PP
228
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205 Immagine esadecimale dalla posizione 0x100 ( = 1024\-768 ) del file in avanti.
222
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206 .br
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207 \fI% sh \-c 'dd of=normale bs=1k count=1; xxd \-s +\-768 > esadecimale' < file
222
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208 .PP
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209 Comunque, questo capita raramente, e l'uso del `+' non serve quasi mai.
222
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210 L'autore preferisce monitorare il comportamento di xxd con strace(1) o
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211 truss(1), quando si usa l'opzione \-s.
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212 .SH ESEMPI
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213 .PP
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214 .br
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215 Stampa tutto tranne le prime tre linee (0x30 byte esadecimali) di
222
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216 .B file
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217 \.
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218 .br
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219 \fI% xxd \-s 0x30 file
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220 .PP
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221 .br
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222 Stampa 3 linee (0x30 byte esadecimali) alla fine di
222
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223 .B file
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224 \.
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225 .br
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226 \fI% xxd \-s \-0x30 file
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227 .PP
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228 .br
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229 Stampa 120 byte come immagine esadecimale continua con 20 byte per linea.
222
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230 .br
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231 \fI% xxd \-l 120 \-ps \-c 20 xxd.1\fR
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232
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233 .br
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234 2e54482058584420312022417567757374203139
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235 .br
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236 39362220224d616e75616c207061676520666f72
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237 .br
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238 20787864220a2e5c220a2e5c222032317374204d
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239 .br
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240 617920313939360a2e5c22204d616e2070616765
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241 .br
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242 20617574686f723a0a2e5c2220202020546f6e79
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243 .br
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244 204e7567656e74203c746f6e79407363746e7567
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245 .br
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246
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247 .br
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248 Stampa i primi 120 byte della pagina di manuale vim.1 a 12 byte per linea.
222
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249 .br
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250 \fI% xxd \-l 120 \-c 12 xxd.1\fR
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251
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252
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253 .br
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254 0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 2241 .TH XXD 1 "A
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255 .br
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256 000000c: 7567 7573 7420 3139 3936 2220 ugust 1996"
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257 .br
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258 0000018: 224d 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765 "Manual page
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259 .br
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260 0000024: 2066 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c for xxd"..\\
222
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261 .br
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262 0000030: 220a 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d "..\\" 21st M
222
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263 .br
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264 000003c: 6179 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220 ay 1996..\\"
222
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265 .br
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266 0000048: 4d61 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574 Man page aut
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267 .br
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268 0000054: 686f 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020 hor:..\\"
222
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269 .br
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270 0000060: 546f 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420 Tony Nugent
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271 .br
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272 000006c: 3c74 6f6e 7940 7363 746e 7567 <tony@sctnug
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273 .PP
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274 .br
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275 Visualizza la data dal file xxd.1
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276 .br
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277 \fI% xxd \-s 0x36 \-l 13 \-c 13 xxd.1\fR
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278 .br
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279 0000036: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 21st May 1996
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280 .PP
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281 .br
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282 Copiare
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283 .B input_file
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284 su
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285 .B output_file
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286 premettendogli 100 byte a 0x00.
222
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287 .br
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288 \fI% xxd input_file | xxd \-r \-s 100 \> output_file\fR
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289 .br
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290
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291 .br
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292 Modificare (patch) la data nel file xxd.1
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293 .br
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294 \fI% echo '0000037: 3574 68' | xxd \-r \- xxd.1\fR
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295 .br
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296 \fI% xxd \-s 0x36 \-l 13 \-c 13 xxd.1\fR
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297 .br
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298 0000036: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 25th May 1996
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299 .PP
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300 .br
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301 Creare un file di 65537 byte tutto a 0x00,
222
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302 tranne che l'ultimo carattere che è una 'A' (esadecimale 0x41).
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303 .br
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304 \fI% echo '010000: 41' | xxd \-r \> file\fR
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305 .PP
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306 .br
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307 Stampa una immagine esadecimale del file di cui sopra con opzione autoskip.
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308 .br
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309 \fI% xxd \-a \-c 12 file\fR
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310 .br
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311 0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ............
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312 .br
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313 *
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314 .br
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315 000fffc: 0000 0000 40 ....A
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316 .PP
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317 Crea un file di 1 byte che contiene il solo carattere 'A'.
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318 Il numero dopo '\-r \-s' viene aggiunto a quello trovato nel file;
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319 in pratica, i byte precedenti non sono stampati.
222
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320 .br
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321 \fI% echo '010000: 41' | xxd \-r \-s \-0x10000 \> file\fR
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322 .PP
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323 Usa xxd come filtro all'interno di un editor come
222
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324 .B vim(1)
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325 per ottenere una immagine esadecimale di una parte di file
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326 delimitata dai marcatori `a' e `z'.
222
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327 .br
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328 \fI:'a,'z!xxd\fR
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329 .PP
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330 Usare xxd come filtro all'interno di un editor come
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331 .B vim(1)
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332 per ricostruire un pezzo di file binario da una immagine esadecimale
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333 delimitata dai marcatori `a' e `z'.
222
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334 .br
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335 \fI:'a,'z!xxd \-r\fR
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336 .PP
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337 Usare xxd come filtro all'interno di un editor come
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338 .B vim(1)
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339 per ricostruire una sola linea di file binario da una immagine esadecimale,
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340 Portare il cursore sopra la linea e battere:
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341 .br
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342 \fI!!xxd \-r\fR
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343 .PP
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344 Per leggere singoli caratteri da una linea seriale
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345 .br
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346 \fI% xxd \-c1 < /dev/term/b &\fR
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347 .br
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348 \fI% stty < /dev/term/b \-echo \-opost \-isig \-icanon min 1\fR
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349 .br
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350 \fI% echo \-n foo > /dev/term/b\fR
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351 .PP
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352 .SH CODICI DI RITORNO
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353 Il programma può restituire questi codici di errore:
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354 .TP
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355 0
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356 nessun errore rilevato.
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357 .TP
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358 \-1
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359 operazione non supportata (
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360 .I xxd \-r \-i
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361 non ancora possible).
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362 .TP
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363 1
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364 errore durante la scansione parametri.
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365 .TP
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366 2
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367 problemi con il file di input.
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368 .TP
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369 3
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370 problemi con il file di output.
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371 .TP
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372 4,5
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373 posizione "seek" specificata non raggiungibile all'interno del file.
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374 .SH VEDERE ANCHE
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375 uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1)
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376 .br
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377 .SH AVVERTIMENTI
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378 La stranezza dello strumento rispecchia la mente del suo creatore.
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379 Usate a vostro rischio e pericolo. Copiate i file. Tracciate l'esecuzione.
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380 Diventate un mago.
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381 .br
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382 .SH VERSIONE
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383 Questa pagina di manuale documenta la versione 1.7 di xxd.
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384 .SH AUTORE
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385 .br
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386 (c) 1990-1997 Juergen Weigert
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387 .br
2439
c587f56735cc Runtime file updates.
Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>
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388 <jnweiger@informatik.uni\-erlangen.de>
222
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389 .LP
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390 Distribuite liberamente ed attribuitemi il credito,
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391 .br
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392 fate soldi e condivideteli con me
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393 .br
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394 perdete soldi e non venite a chiederli a me.
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395 .PP
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396 Pagina di manuale messa in piedi da Tony Nugent
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397 .br
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398 <tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au>
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399 .br
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400 Piccole modifiche di Bram Moolenaar.
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401 Modificato da Juergen Weigert.
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402 .PP