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1 *intro.txt* For Vim version 7.1b. Last change: 2007 May 07
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2
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3
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
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5
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6
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7 Introduction to Vim *ref* *reference*
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8
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9 1. Introduction |intro|
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10 2. Vim on the internet |internet|
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11 3. Credits |credits|
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12 4. Notation |notation|
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13 5. Modes, introduction |vim-modes-intro|
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14 6. Switching from mode to mode |mode-switching|
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15 7. The window contents |window-contents|
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16 8. Definitions |definitions|
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17
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18 ==============================================================================
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19 1. Introduction *intro*
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20
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21 Vim stands for Vi IMproved. It used to be Vi IMitation, but there are so many
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22 improvements that a name change was appropriate. Vim is a text editor which
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23 includes almost all the commands from the Unix program "Vi" and a lot of new
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24 ones. It is very useful for editing programs and other plain text.
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25 All commands are given with the keyboard. This has the advantage that you
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26 can keep your fingers on the keyboard and your eyes on the screen. For those
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27 who want it, there is mouse support and a GUI version with scrollbars and
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28 menus (see |gui.txt|).
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29
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30 An overview of this manual can be found in the file "help.txt", |help.txt|.
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31 It can be accessed from within Vim with the <Help> or <F1> key and with the
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32 |:help| command (just type ":help", without the bars or quotes).
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33 The 'helpfile' option can be set to the name of the help file, in case it
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34 is not located in the default place. You can jump to subjects like with tags:
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35 Use CTRL-] to jump to a subject under the cursor, use CTRL-T to jump back.
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36
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37 Throughout this manual the differences between Vi and Vim are mentioned in
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38 curly braces, like this: {Vi does not have on-line help}. See |vi_diff.txt|
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39 for a summary of the differences between Vim and Vi.
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40
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41 This manual refers to Vim on various machines. There may be small differences
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42 between different computers and terminals. Besides the remarks given in this
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43 document, there is a separate document for each supported system, see
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44 |sys-file-list|.
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45
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46 This manual is a reference for all the Vim commands and options. This is not
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47 an introduction to the use of Vi or Vim, it gets a bit complicated here and
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48 there. For beginners, there is a hands-on |tutor|. To learn using Vim, read
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49 the user manual |usr_toc.txt|.
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50
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51 *book*
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52 There are many books on Vi that contain a section for beginners. There are
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53 two books I can recommend:
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54
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55 "Vim - Vi Improved" by Steve Oualline
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56
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57 This is the very first book completely dedicated to Vim. It is very good for
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58 beginners. The most often used commands are explained with pictures and
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59 examples. The less often used commands are also explained, the more advanced
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60 features are summarized. There is a comprehensive index and a quick
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61 reference. Parts of this book have been included in the user manual
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62 |frombook|.
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63 Published by New Riders Publishing. ISBN: 0735710015
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64 For more information try one of these:
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65 http://iccf-holland.org/click5.html
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66 http://www.vim.org/iccf/click5.html
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67
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68 "Learning the Vi editor" by Linda Lamb and Arnold Robbins
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69
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70 This is a book about Vi that includes a chapter on Vim (in the sixth edition).
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71 The first steps in Vi are explained very well. The commands that Vim adds are
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72 only briefly mentioned. There is also a German translation.
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73 Published by O'Reilly. ISBN: 1-56592-426-6.
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74
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75 ==============================================================================
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76 2. Vim on the internet *internet*
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77
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78 *www* *WWW* *faq* *FAQ* *distribution* *download*
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79 The Vim pages contain the most recent information about Vim. They also
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80 contain links to the most recent version of Vim. The FAQ is a list of
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81 Frequently Asked Questions. Read this if you have problems.
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82
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83 VIM home page: http://www.vim.org/
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84 VIM FAQ: http://vimdoc.sf.net/
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85 Downloading: ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/MIRRORS
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86
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87
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88 Usenet News group where Vim is discussed: *news* *usenet*
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89 comp.editors
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90 This group is also for other editors. If you write about Vim, don't forget to
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91 mention that.
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92
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93 *mail-list* *maillist*
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94 There are several mailing lists for Vim:
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95 <vim@vim.org>
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96 For discussions about using existing versions of Vim: Useful mappings,
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97 questions, answers, where to get a specific version, etc. There are
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98 quite a few people watching this list and answering questions, also
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99 for beginners. Don't hesitate to ask your question here.
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100 <vim-dev@vim.org> *vim-dev* *vimdev*
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101 For discussions about changing Vim: New features, porting, patches,
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102 beta-test versions, etc.
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103 <vim-announce@vim.org> *vim-announce*
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104 Announcements about new versions of Vim; also for beta-test versions
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105 and ports to different systems. This is a read-only list.
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106 <vim-multibyte@vim.org> *vim-multibyte*
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107 For discussions about using and improving the multi-byte aspects of
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108 Vim.
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109 <vim-mac@vim.org> *vim-mac*
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110 For discussions about using and improving the Macintosh version of
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111 Vim.
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112
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113 See http://www.vim.org/maillist.php for the latest information.
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114
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115 NOTE:
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116 - You can only send messages to these lists if you have subscribed!
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117 - You need to send the messages from the same location as where you subscribed
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118 from (to avoid spam mail).
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119 - Maximum message size is 40000 characters.
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120
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121 *subscribe-maillist*
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122 If you want to join, send a message to
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123 <vim-help@vim.org>
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124 Make sure that your "From:" address is correct. Then the list server will
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125 give you help on how to subscribe.
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126
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127 You can retrieve old messages from the maillist software, and an index of
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128 messages. Ask vim-help for instructions.
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129
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130 Archives are kept at: *maillist-archive*
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131 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/vim
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132 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/vimdev
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133 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/vimannounce
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134 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/vim-multibyte
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135 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/vim-mac
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136
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137
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138 Additional maillists:
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139
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140 <vim-fr@club.voila.fr> *french-maillist*
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141 Vim list in the French language. Subscribe by sending a message to
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142 <vim-fr-subscribe@club.voila.fr>
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143 Or go to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/vim-fr.
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144
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145
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146 Bug reports: *bugs* *bug-reports* *bugreport.vim*
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147
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148 Send bug reports to: Vim bugs <bugs@vim.org>
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149 This is not a maillist but the message is redirected to the Vim maintainer.
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150 Please be brief; all the time that is spent on answering mail is subtracted
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151 from the time that is spent on improving Vim! Always give a reproducible
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152 example and try to find out which settings or other things influence the
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153 appearance of the bug. Try different machines, if possible. Send me patches
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154 if you can!
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155
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502
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156 It will help to include information about the version of Vim you are using and
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157 your setup. You can get the information with this command: >
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158 :so $VIMRUNTIME/bugreport.vim
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159 This will create a file "bugreport.txt" in the current directory, with a lot
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160 of information of your environment. Before sending this out, check if it
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161 doesn't contain any confidential information!
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162
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163 If Vim crashes, please try to find out where. You can find help on this here:
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164 |debug.txt|.
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165
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502
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166 In case of doubt or when you wonder if the problem has already been fixed but
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167 you can't find a fix for it, become a member of the vim-dev maillist and ask
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168 your question there. |maillist|
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169
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170 *year-2000* *Y2K*
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171 Since Vim internally doesn't use dates for editing, there is no year 2000
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172 problem to worry about. Vim does use the time in the form of seconds since
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173 January 1st 1970. It is used for a time-stamp check of the edited file and
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174 the swap file, which is not critical and should only cause warning messages.
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175
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176 There might be a year 2038 problem, when the seconds don't fit in a 32 bit int
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177 anymore. This depends on the compiler, libraries and operating system.
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178 Specifically, time_t and the ctime() function are used. And the time_t is
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179 stored in four bytes in the swap file. But that's only used for printing a
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180 file date/time for recovery, it will never affect normal editing.
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181
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182 The Vim strftime() function directly uses the strftime() system function.
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183 localtime() uses the time() system function. getftime() uses the time
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184 returned by the stat() system function. If your system libraries are year
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185 2000 compliant, Vim is too.
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186
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187 The user may create scripts for Vim that use external commands. These might
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188 introduce Y2K problems, but those are not really part of Vim itself.
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189
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190 ==============================================================================
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323
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191 3. Credits *credits* *author* *Bram* *Moolenaar*
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192
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193 Most of Vim was written by Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>.
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194
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195 Parts of the documentation come from several Vi manuals, written by:
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196 W.N. Joy
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197 Alan P.W. Hewett
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198 Mark Horton
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199
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200 The Vim editor is based on Stevie and includes (ideas from) other software,
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201 worked on by the people mentioned here. Other people helped by sending me
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202 patches, suggestions and giving feedback about what is good and bad in Vim.
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203
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204 Vim would never have become what it is now, without the help of these people!
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205
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206 Ron Aaron Win32 GUI changes
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207 Zoltan Arpadffy work on VMS port
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208 Tony Andrews Stevie
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209 Gert van Antwerpen changes for DJGPP on MS-DOS
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210 Berkeley DB(3) ideas for swap file implementation
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211 Keith Bostic Nvi
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212 Walter Briscoe Makefile updates, various patches
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213 Ralf Brown SPAWNO library for MS-DOS
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214 Robert Colon many useful remarks
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215 Marcin Dalecki GTK+ GUI port, toolbar icons, gettext()
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216 Kayhan Demirel sent me news in Uganda
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217 Chris & John Downey xvi (ideas for multi-windows version)
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218 Henk Elbers first VMS port
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219 Daniel Elstner GTK+ 2 port
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220 Eric Fischer Mac port, 'cindent', and other improvements
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221 Benji Fisher Answering lots of user questions
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222 Bill Foster Athena GUI port
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223 Loic Grenie xvim (ideas for multi windows version)
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224 Sven Guckes Vim promotor and previous WWW page maintainer
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225 Darren Hiebert Exuberant ctags
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226 Jason Hildebrand GTK+ 2 port
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227 Bruce Hunsaker improvements for VMS port
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228 Andy Kahn Cscope support, GTK+ GUI port
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229 Oezguer Kesim Maintainer of Vim Mailing Lists
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230 Axel Kielhorn work on the Macintosh port
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231 Steve Kirkendall Elvis
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232 Roger Knobbe original port to Windows NT
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233 Sergey Laskavy Vim's help from Moscow
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234 Felix von Leitner Maintainer of Vim Mailing Lists
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235 David Leonard Port of Python extensions to Unix
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236 Avner Lottem Edit in right-to-left windows
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237 Flemming Madsen X11 client-server, various features and patches
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238 Microsoft Gave me a copy of DevStudio to compile Vim with
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239 Paul Moore Python interface extensions, many patches
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240 Katsuhito Nagano Work on multi-byte versions
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241 Sung-Hyun Nam Work on multi-byte versions
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242 Vince Negri Win32 GUI and generic console enhancements
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243 Steve Oualline Author of the first Vim book |frombook|
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244 George V. Reilly Win32 port, Win32 GUI start-off
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245 Stephen Riehm bug collector
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246 Stefan Roemer various patches and help to users
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247 Ralf Schandl IBM OS/390 port
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248 Olaf Seibert DICE and BeBox version, regexp improvements
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249 Mortaza Shiran Farsi patches
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250 Peter da Silva termlib
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251 Paul Slootman OS/2 port
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252 Henry Spencer regular expressions
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253 Dany St-Amant Macintosh port
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254 Tim Thompson Stevie
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255 G. R. (Fred) Walter Stevie
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256 Sven Verdoolaege Perl interface
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257 Robert Webb Command-line completion, GUI versions, and
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258 lots of patches
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259 Ingo Wilken Tcl interface
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260 Mike Williams PostScript printing
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261 Juergen Weigert Lattice version, AUX improvements, UNIX and
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262 MS-DOS ports, autoconf
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263 Stefan 'Sec' Zehl Maintainer of vim.org
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264
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265 I wish to thank all the people that sent me bug reports and suggestions. The
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266 list is too long to mention them all here. Vim would not be the same without
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267 the ideas from all these people: They keep Vim alive!
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268
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269
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270 In this documentation there are several references to other versions of Vi:
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39
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271 *Vi* *vi*
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272 Vi "the original". Without further remarks this is the version
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273 of Vi that appeared in Sun OS 4.x. ":version" returns
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274 "Version 3.7, 6/7/85". Sometimes other versions are referred
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275 to. Only runs under Unix. Source code only available with a
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276 license. More information on Vi can be found through:
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277 http://vi-editor.org [doesn't currently work...]
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278 *Posix*
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279 Posix From the IEEE standard 1003.2, Part 2: Shell and utilities.
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280 Generally known as "Posix". This is a textual description of
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281 how Vi is supposed to work.
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161
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282 See |posix-compliance|.
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283 *Nvi*
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284 Nvi The "New" Vi. The version of Vi that comes with BSD 4.4 and FreeBSD.
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285 Very good compatibility with the original Vi, with a few extensions.
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286 The version used is 1.79. ":version" returns "Version 1.79
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287 (10/23/96)". There has been no release the last few years, although
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288 there is a development version 1.81.
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289 Source code is freely available.
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290 *Elvis*
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291 Elvis Another Vi clone, made by Steve Kirkendall. Very compact but isn't
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292 as flexible as Vim.
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293 The version used is 2.1. It is still being developed. Source code is
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294 freely available.
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295
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296 ==============================================================================
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297 4. Notation *notation*
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298
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299 When syntax highlighting is used to read this, text that is not typed
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300 literally is often highlighted with the Special group. These are items in [],
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301 {} and <>, and CTRL-X.
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302
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303 Note that Vim uses all possible characters in commands. Sometimes the [], {}
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304 and <> are part of what you type, the context should make this clear.
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305
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306
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307 [] Characters in square brackets are optional.
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308
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309 *count* *[count]* *E489*
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310 [count] An optional number that may precede the command to multiply
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311 or iterate the command. If no number is given, a count of one
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312 is used, unless otherwise noted. Note that in this manual the
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313 [count] is not mentioned in the description of the command,
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314 but only in the explanation. This was done to make the
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315 commands easier to look up. If the 'showcmd' option is on,
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316 the (partially) entered count is shown at the bottom of the
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317 window. You can use <Del> to erase the last digit (|N<Del>|).
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318
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319 *[quotex]*
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320 ["x] An optional register designation where text can be stored.
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321 See |registers|. The x is a single character between 'a' and
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322 'z' or 'A' and 'Z' or '"', and in some cases (with the put
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237
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323 command) between '0' and '9', '%', '#', or others. The
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324 uppercase and lowercase letter designate the same register,
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325 but the lowercase letter is used to overwrite the previous
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326 register contents, while the uppercase letter is used to
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237
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327 append to the previous register contents. Without the ""x" or
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328 with """" the stored text is put into the unnamed register.
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329
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330 *{}*
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331 {} Curly braces denote parts of the command which must appear,
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332 but which can take a number of different values. The
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333 differences between Vim and Vi are also given in curly braces
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334 (this will be clear from the context).
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335
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336 *{char1-char2}*
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337 {char1-char2} A single character from the range char1 to char2. For
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338 example: {a-z} is a lowercase letter. Multiple ranges may be
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339 concatenated. For example, {a-zA-Z0-9} is any alphanumeric
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340 character.
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341
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36
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342 *{motion}* *movement*
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343 {motion} A command that moves the cursor. These are explained in
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344 |motion.txt|. Examples:
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345 w to start of next word
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346 b to begin of current word
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347 4j four lines down
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348 /The<CR> to next occurrence of "The"
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349 This is used after an |operator| command to move over the text
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350 that is to be operated upon.
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351 - If the motion includes a count and the operator also has a
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352 count, the two counts are multiplied. For example: "2d3w"
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353 deletes six words.
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354 - The motion can be backwards, e.g. "db" to delete to the
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355 start of the word.
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356 - The motion can also be a mouse click. The mouse is not
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357 supported in every terminal though.
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358 - The ":omap" command can be used to map characters while an
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359 operator is pending.
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360 - Ex commands can be used to move the cursor. This can be
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361 used to call a function that does some complicated motion.
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362 The motion is always characterwise exclusive, no matter
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363 what ":" command is used. This means it's impossible to
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364 include the last character of a line without the line break
|
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365 (unless 'virtualedit' is set).
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|
366 If the Ex command changes the text before where the operator
|
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|
367 starts or jumps to another buffer the result is
|
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368 unpredictable. It is possible to change the text further
|
|
|
369 down. Jumping to another buffer is possible if the current
|
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370 buffer is not unloaded.
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371
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372 *{Visual}*
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373 {Visual} A selected text area. It is started with the "v", "V", or
|
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374 CTRL-V command, then any cursor movement command can be used
|
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|
375 to change the end of the selected text.
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|
376 This is used before an |operator| command to highlight the
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377 text that is to be operated upon.
|
|
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378 See |Visual-mode|.
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379
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380 *<character>*
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381 <character> A special character from the table below, optionally with
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382 modifiers, or a single ASCII character with modifiers.
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383
|
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384 *'character'*
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385 'c' A single ASCII character.
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386
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387 *CTRL-{char}*
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388 CTRL-{char} {char} typed as a control character; that is, typing {char}
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|
389 while holding the CTRL key down. The case of {char} does not
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390 matter; thus CTRL-A and CTRL-a are equivalent. But on some
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391 terminals, using the SHIFT key will produce another code,
|
|
|
392 don't use it then.
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|
|
393
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394 *'option'*
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395 'option' An option, or parameter, that can be set to a value, is
|
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|
396 enclosed in single quotes. See |options|.
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397
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398 *quotecommandquote*
|
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399 "command" A reference to a command that you can type is enclosed in
|
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400 double quotes.
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401
|
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402 *key-notation* *key-codes* *keycodes*
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403 These names for keys are used in the documentation. They can also be used
|
|
|
404 with the ":map" command (insert the key name by pressing CTRL-K and then the
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405 key you want the name for).
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406
|
|
|
407 notation meaning equivalent decimal value(s) ~
|
|
|
408 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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409 <Nul> zero CTRL-@ 0 (stored as 10) *<Nul>*
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410 <BS> backspace CTRL-H 8 *backspace*
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411 <Tab> tab CTRL-I 9 *tab* *Tab*
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412 *linefeed*
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413 <NL> linefeed CTRL-J 10 (used for <Nul>)
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|
414 <FF> formfeed CTRL-L 12 *formfeed*
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415 <CR> carriage return CTRL-M 13 *carriage-return*
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|
416 <Return> same as <CR> *<Return>*
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417 <Enter> same as <CR> *<Enter>*
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|
418 <Esc> escape CTRL-[ 27 *escape* *<Esc>*
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|
|
419 <Space> space 32 *space*
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420 <lt> less-than < 60 *<lt>*
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421 <Bslash> backslash \ 92 *backslash* *<Bslash>*
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422 <Bar> vertical bar | 124 *<Bar>*
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|
423 <Del> delete 127
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|
424 <CSI> command sequence intro ALT-Esc 155 *<CSI>*
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|
425 <xCSI> CSI when typed in the GUI *<xCSI>*
|
|
|
426
|
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427 <EOL> end-of-line (can be <CR>, <LF> or <CR><LF>,
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|
|
428 depends on system and 'fileformat') *<EOL>*
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|
|
429
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|
|
430 <Up> cursor-up *cursor-up* *cursor_up*
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|
431 <Down> cursor-down *cursor-down* *cursor_down*
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|
432 <Left> cursor-left *cursor-left* *cursor_left*
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|
|
433 <Right> cursor-right *cursor-right* *cursor_right*
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|
434 <S-Up> shift-cursor-up
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|
|
435 <S-Down> shift-cursor-down
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|
|
436 <S-Left> shift-cursor-left
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|
|
437 <S-Right> shift-cursor-right
|
|
|
438 <C-Left> control-cursor-left
|
|
|
439 <C-Right> control-cursor-right
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|
|
440 <F1> - <F12> function keys 1 to 12 *function_key* *function-key*
|
|
|
441 <S-F1> - <S-F12> shift-function keys 1 to 12 *<S-F1>*
|
|
|
442 <Help> help key
|
|
|
443 <Undo> undo key
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|
|
444 <Insert> insert key
|
|
|
445 <Home> home *home*
|
|
|
446 <End> end *end*
|
|
|
447 <PageUp> page-up *page_up* *page-up*
|
|
|
448 <PageDown> page-down *page_down* *page-down*
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|
|
449 <kHome> keypad home (upper left) *keypad-home*
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|
|
450 <kEnd> keypad end (lower left) *keypad-end*
|
|
|
451 <kPageUp> keypad page-up (upper right) *keypad-page-up*
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|
|
452 <kPageDown> keypad page-down (lower right) *keypad-page-down*
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|
|
453 <kPlus> keypad + *keypad-plus*
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|
|
454 <kMinus> keypad - *keypad-minus*
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|
|
455 <kMultiply> keypad * *keypad-multiply*
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|
|
456 <kDivide> keypad / *keypad-divide*
|
|
|
457 <kEnter> keypad Enter *keypad-enter*
|
|
|
458 <kPoint> keypad Decimal point *keypad-point*
|
|
|
459 <k0> - <k9> keypad 0 to 9 *keypad-0* *keypad-9*
|
|
|
460 <S-...> shift-key *shift* *<S-*
|
|
|
461 <C-...> control-key *control* *ctrl* *<C-*
|
|
|
462 <M-...> alt-key or meta-key *meta* *alt* *<M-*
|
|
|
463 <A-...> same as <M-...> *<A-*
|
|
|
464 <D-...> command-key (Macintosh only) *<D-*
|
|
|
465 <t_xx> key with "xx" entry in termcap
|
|
|
466 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
467
|
|
|
468 Note: The shifted cursor keys, the help key, and the undo key are only
|
|
|
469 available on a few terminals. On the Amiga, shifted function key 10 produces
|
|
|
470 a code (CSI) that is also used by key sequences. It will be recognized only
|
|
|
471 after typing another key.
|
|
|
472
|
|
|
473 Note: There are two codes for the delete key. 127 is the decimal ASCII value
|
|
|
474 for the delete key, which is always recognized. Some delete keys send another
|
|
|
475 value, in which case this value is obtained from the termcap entry "kD". Both
|
|
|
476 values have the same effect. Also see |:fixdel|.
|
|
|
477
|
|
|
478 Note: The keypad keys are used in the same way as the corresponding "normal"
|
|
|
479 keys. For example, <kHome> has the same effect as <Home>. If a keypad key
|
|
|
480 sends the same raw key code as its non-keypad equivalent, it will be
|
|
|
481 recognized as the non-keypad code. For example, when <kHome> sends the same
|
|
|
482 code as <Home>, when pressing <kHome> Vim will think <Home> was pressed.
|
|
|
483 Mapping <kHome> will not work then.
|
|
|
484
|
|
|
485 *<>*
|
|
|
486 Examples are often given in the <> notation. Sometimes this is just to make
|
|
|
487 clear what you need to type, but often it can be typed literally, e.g., with
|
|
|
488 the ":map" command. The rules are:
|
|
|
489 1. Any printable characters are typed directly, except backslash and '<'
|
|
|
490 2. A backslash is represented with "\\", double backslash, or "<Bslash>".
|
|
|
491 3. A real '<' is represented with "\<" or "<lt>". When there is no
|
|
|
492 confusion possible, a '<' can be used directly.
|
|
|
493 4. "<key>" means the special key typed. This is the notation explained in
|
|
|
494 the table above. A few examples:
|
|
|
495 <Esc> Escape key
|
|
|
496 <C-G> CTRL-G
|
|
|
497 <Up> cursor up key
|
|
|
498 <C-LeftMouse> Control- left mouse click
|
|
|
499 <S-F11> Shifted function key 11
|
|
|
500 <M-a> Meta- a ('a' with bit 8 set)
|
|
|
501 <M-A> Meta- A ('A' with bit 8 set)
|
|
|
502 <t_kd> "kd" termcap entry (cursor down key)
|
|
|
503
|
|
|
504 If you want to use the full <> notation in Vim, you have to make sure the '<'
|
|
|
505 flag is excluded from 'cpoptions' (when 'compatible' is not set, it already is
|
|
|
506 by default). >
|
|
|
507 :set cpo-=<
|
|
|
508 The <> notation uses <lt> to escape the special meaning of key names. Using a
|
|
|
509 backslash also works, but only when 'cpoptions' does not include the 'B' flag.
|
|
|
510
|
|
|
511 Examples for mapping CTRL-H to the six characters "<Home>": >
|
|
|
512 :imap <C-H> \<Home>
|
|
|
513 :imap <C-H> <lt>Home>
|
|
|
514 The first one only works when the 'B' flag is not in 'cpoptions'. The second
|
|
|
515 one always works.
|
|
|
516 To get a literal "<lt>" in a mapping: >
|
|
|
517 :map <C-L> <lt>lt>
|
|
|
518
|
|
|
519 For mapping, abbreviation and menu commands you can then copy-paste the
|
|
|
520 examples and use them directly. Or type them literally, including the '<' and
|
|
|
521 '>' characters. This does NOT work for other commands, like ":set" and
|
|
|
522 ":autocmd"!
|
|
|
523
|
|
|
524 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
525 5. Modes, introduction *vim-modes-intro* *vim-modes*
|
|
|
526
|
|
|
527 Vim has six BASIC modes:
|
|
|
528
|
|
|
529 *Normal* *Normal-mode* *command-mode*
|
|
|
530 Normal mode In Normal mode you can enter all the normal editor
|
|
|
531 commands. If you start the editor you are in this
|
|
|
532 mode (unless you have set the 'insertmode' option,
|
|
|
533 see below). This is also known as command mode.
|
|
|
534
|
|
|
535 Visual mode This is like Normal mode, but the movement commands
|
|
|
536 extend a highlighted area. When a non-movement
|
|
|
537 command is used, it is executed for the highlighted
|
|
|
538 area. See |Visual-mode|.
|
|
|
539 If the 'showmode' option is on "-- VISUAL --" is shown
|
|
|
540 at the bottom of the window.
|
|
|
541
|
|
|
542 Select mode This looks most like the MS-Windows selection mode.
|
|
|
543 Typing a printable character deletes the selection
|
|
|
544 and starts Insert mode. See |Select-mode|.
|
|
|
545 If the 'showmode' option is on "-- SELECT --" is shown
|
|
|
546 at the bottom of the window.
|
|
|
547
|
|
|
548 Insert mode In Insert mode the text you type is inserted into the
|
|
|
549 buffer. See |Insert-mode|.
|
|
|
550 If the 'showmode' option is on "-- INSERT --" is shown
|
|
|
551 at the bottom of the window.
|
|
|
552
|
|
|
553 Command-line mode In Command-line mode (also called Cmdline mode) you
|
|
|
554 Cmdline mode can enter one line of text at the bottom of the
|
|
|
555 window. This is for the Ex commands, ":", the pattern
|
|
|
556 search commands, "?" and "/", and the filter command,
|
|
|
557 "!". |Cmdline-mode|
|
|
|
558
|
|
|
559 Ex mode Like Command-line mode, but after entering a command
|
|
|
560 you remain in Ex mode. Very limited editing of the
|
|
|
561 command line. |Ex-mode|
|
|
|
562
|
|
|
563 There are five ADDITIONAL modes. These are variants of the BASIC modes:
|
|
|
564
|
|
|
565 *Operator-pending* *Operator-pending-mode*
|
|
|
566 Operator-pending mode This is like Normal mode, but after an operator
|
|
|
567 command has started, and Vim is waiting for a {motion}
|
|
|
568 to specify the text that the operator will work on.
|
|
|
569
|
|
|
570 Replace mode Replace mode is a special case of Insert mode. You
|
|
|
571 can do the same things as in Insert mode, but for
|
|
|
572 each character you enter, one character of the existing
|
|
|
573 text is deleted. See |Replace-mode|.
|
|
|
574 If the 'showmode' option is on "-- REPLACE --" is
|
|
|
575 shown at the bottom of the window.
|
|
|
576
|
|
|
577 Insert Normal mode Entered when CTRL-O given in Insert mode. This is
|
|
|
578 like Normal mode, but after executing one command Vim
|
|
|
579 returns to Insert mode.
|
|
|
580 If the 'showmode' option is on "-- (insert) --" is
|
|
|
581 shown at the bottom of the window.
|
|
|
582
|
|
|
583 Insert Visual mode Entered when starting a Visual selection from Insert
|
|
|
584 mode, e.g., by using CTRL-O and then "v", "V" or
|
|
|
585 CTRL-V. When the Visual selection ends, Vim returns
|
|
|
586 to Insert mode.
|
|
|
587 If the 'showmode' option is on "-- (insert) VISUAL --"
|
|
|
588 is shown at the bottom of the window.
|
|
|
589
|
|
|
590 Insert Select mode Entered when starting Select mode from Insert mode.
|
|
|
591 E.g., by dragging the mouse or <S-Right>.
|
|
|
592 When the Select mode ends, Vim returns to Insert mode.
|
|
|
593 If the 'showmode' option is on "-- (insert) SELECT --"
|
|
|
594 is shown at the bottom of the window.
|
|
|
595
|
|
|
596 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
597 6. Switching from mode to mode *mode-switching*
|
|
|
598
|
|
|
599 If for any reason you do not know which mode you are in, you can always get
|
|
|
600 back to Normal mode by typing <Esc> twice. This doesn't work for Ex mode
|
|
|
601 though, use ":visual".
|
|
|
602 You will know you are back in Normal mode when you see the screen flash or
|
|
|
603 hear the bell after you type <Esc>. However, when pressing <Esc> after using
|
|
|
604 CTRL-O in Insert mode you get a beep but you are still in Insert mode, type
|
|
|
605 <Esc> again.
|
|
|
606
|
|
|
607 *i_esc*
|
|
|
608 TO mode ~
|
|
|
609 Normal Visual Select Insert Replace Cmd-line Ex ~
|
|
|
610 FROM mode ~
|
|
|
611 Normal v V ^V *4 *1 R : / ? ! Q
|
|
|
612 Visual *2 ^G c C -- : --
|
|
|
613 Select *5 ^O ^G *6 -- -- --
|
|
|
614 Insert <Esc> -- -- <Insert> -- --
|
|
|
615 Replace <Esc> -- -- <Insert> -- --
|
|
|
616 Command-line *3 -- -- :start -- --
|
|
|
617 Ex :vi -- -- -- -- --
|
|
|
618
|
|
|
619 - NA
|
|
|
620 -- not possible
|
|
|
621
|
|
|
622 *1 Go from Normal mode to Insert mode by giving the command "i", "I", "a",
|
|
|
623 "A", "o", "O", "c", "C", "s" or S".
|
|
|
624 *2 Go from Visual mode to Normal mode by giving a non-movement command, which
|
|
|
625 causes the command to be executed, or by hitting <Esc> "v", "V" or "CTRL-V"
|
|
|
626 (see |v_v|), which just stops Visual mode without side effects.
|
|
|
627 *3 Go from Command-line mode to Normal mode by:
|
|
|
628 - Hitting <CR> or <NL>, which causes the entered command to be executed.
|
|
|
629 - Deleting the complete line (e.g., with CTRL-U) and giving a final <BS>.
|
|
|
630 - Hitting CTRL-C or <Esc>, which quits the command-line without executing
|
|
|
631 the command.
|
|
|
632 In the last case <Esc> may be the character defined with the 'wildchar'
|
|
|
633 option, in which case it will start command-line completion. You can
|
|
|
634 ignore that and type <Esc> again. {Vi: when hitting <Esc> the command-line
|
|
|
635 is executed. This is unexpected for most people; therefore it was changed
|
|
|
636 in Vim. But when the <Esc> is part of a mapping, the command-line is
|
|
|
637 executed. If you want the Vi behaviour also when typing <Esc>, use ":cmap
|
|
|
638 ^V<Esc> ^V^M"}
|
|
|
639 *4 Go from Normal to Select mode by:
|
|
|
640 - use the mouse to select text while 'selectmode' contains "mouse"
|
|
|
641 - use a non-printable command to move the cursor while keeping the Shift
|
|
|
642 key pressed, and the 'selectmode' option contains "key"
|
|
|
643 - use "v", "V" or "CTRL-V" while 'selectmode' contains "cmd"
|
|
|
644 - use "gh", "gH" or "g CTRL-H" |g_CTRL-H|
|
|
|
645 *5 Go from Select mode to Normal mode by using a non-printable command to move
|
|
|
646 the cursor, without keeping the Shift key pressed.
|
|
|
647 *6 Go from Select mode to Insert mode by typing a printable character. The
|
|
|
648 selection is deleted and the character is inserted.
|
|
|
649
|
|
|
650 If the 'insertmode' option is on, editing a file will start in Insert mode.
|
|
|
651
|
|
|
652 *CTRL-\_CTRL-N* *i_CTRL-\_CTRL-N* *c_CTRL-\_CTRL-N* *v_CTRL-\_CTRL-N*
|
|
|
653 Additionally the command CTRL-\ CTRL-N or <C-\><C-N> can be used to go to
|
|
|
654 Normal mode from any other mode. This can be used to make sure Vim is in
|
|
|
655 Normal mode, without causing a beep like <Esc> would. However, this does not
|
|
|
656 work in Ex mode. When used after a command that takes an argument, such as
|
|
|
657 |f| or |m|, the timeout set with 'ttimeoutlen' applies.
|
|
|
658
|
|
|
659 *CTRL-\_CTRL-G* *i_CTRL-\_CTRL-G* *c_CTRL-\_CTRL-G* *v_CTRL-\_CTRL-G*
|
|
|
660 The command CTRL-\ CTRL-G or <C-\><C-G> can be used to go to Insert mode when
|
|
|
661 'insertmode' is set. Otherwise it goes to Normal mode. This can be used to
|
|
|
662 make sure Vim is in the mode indicated by 'insertmode', without knowing in
|
|
|
663 what mode Vim currently is.
|
|
|
664
|
|
|
665 *Q* *mode-Ex* *Ex-mode* *Ex* *EX* *E501*
|
|
|
666 Q Switch to "Ex" mode. This is a bit like typing ":"
|
|
|
667 commands one after another, except:
|
|
|
668 - You don't have to keep pressing ":".
|
|
|
669 - The screen doesn't get updated after each command.
|
|
|
670 - There is no normal command-line editing.
|
|
|
671 - Mappings and abbreviations are not used.
|
|
|
672 In fact, you are editing the lines with the "standard"
|
|
|
673 line-input editing commands (<Del> or <BS> to erase,
|
|
|
674 CTRL-U to kill the whole line).
|
|
|
675 Vim will enter this mode by default if it's invoked as
|
|
|
676 "ex" on the command-line.
|
|
|
677 Use the ":vi" command |:visual| to exit "Ex" mode.
|
|
|
678 Note: In older versions of Vim "Q" formatted text,
|
|
|
679 that is now done with |gq|. But if you use the
|
|
|
680 |vimrc_example.vim| script "Q" works like "gq".
|
|
|
681
|
|
|
682 *gQ*
|
|
161
|
683 gQ Switch to "Ex" mode like with "Q", but really behave
|
|
|
684 like typing ":" commands after another. All command
|
|
|
685 line editing, completion etc. is available.
|
|
7
|
686 Use the ":vi" command |:visual| to exit "Ex" mode.
|
|
|
687 {not in Vi}
|
|
|
688
|
|
|
689 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
690 7. The window contents *window-contents*
|
|
|
691
|
|
|
692 In Normal mode and Insert/Replace mode the screen window will show the current
|
|
|
693 contents of the buffer: What You See Is What You Get. There are two
|
|
|
694 exceptions:
|
|
|
695 - When the 'cpoptions' option contains '$', and the change is within one line,
|
|
|
696 the text is not directly deleted, but a '$' is put at the last deleted
|
|
|
697 character.
|
|
|
698 - When inserting text in one window, other windows on the same text are not
|
|
|
699 updated until the insert is finished.
|
|
|
700 {Vi: The screen is not always updated on slow terminals}
|
|
|
701
|
|
|
702 Lines longer than the window width will wrap, unless the 'wrap' option is off
|
|
|
703 (see below). The 'linebreak' option can be set to wrap at a blank character.
|
|
|
704
|
|
|
705 If the window has room after the last line of the buffer, Vim will show '~' in
|
|
|
706 the first column of the last lines in the window, like this: >
|
|
|
707
|
|
|
708 +-----------------------+
|
|
|
709 |some line |
|
|
|
710 |last line |
|
|
|
711 |~ |
|
|
|
712 |~ |
|
|
|
713 +-----------------------+
|
|
|
714
|
|
|
715 Thus the '~' lines indicate that the end of the buffer was reached.
|
|
|
716
|
|
|
717 If the last line in a window doesn't fit, Vim will indicate this with a '@' in
|
|
|
718 the first column of the last lines in the window, like this: >
|
|
|
719
|
|
|
720 +-----------------------+
|
|
|
721 |first line |
|
|
|
722 |second line |
|
|
|
723 |@ |
|
|
|
724 |@ |
|
|
|
725 +-----------------------+
|
|
|
726
|
|
|
727 Thus the '@' lines indicate that there is a line that doesn't fit in the
|
|
|
728 window.
|
|
|
729
|
|
|
730 When the "lastline" flag is present in the 'display' option, you will not see
|
|
|
731 '@' characters at the left side of window. If the last line doesn't fit
|
|
|
732 completely, only the part that fits is shown, and the last three characters of
|
|
|
733 the last line are replaced with "@@@", like this: >
|
|
|
734
|
|
|
735 +-----------------------+
|
|
|
736 |first line |
|
|
|
737 |second line |
|
|
|
738 |a very long line that d|
|
|
|
739 |oesn't fit in the wi@@@|
|
|
|
740 +-----------------------+
|
|
|
741
|
|
|
742 If there is a single line that is too long to fit in the window, this is a
|
|
|
743 special situation. Vim will show only part of the line, around where the
|
|
|
744 cursor is. There are no special characters shown, so that you can edit all
|
|
|
745 parts of this line.
|
|
|
746 {Vi: gives an "internal error" on lines that do not fit in the window}
|
|
|
747
|
|
|
748 The '@' occasion in the 'highlight' option can be used to set special
|
|
|
749 highlighting for the '@' and '~' characters. This makes it possible to
|
|
|
750 distinguish them from real characters in the buffer.
|
|
|
751
|
|
|
752 The 'showbreak' option contains the string to put in front of wrapped lines.
|
|
|
753
|
|
|
754 *wrap-off*
|
|
|
755 If the 'wrap' option is off, long lines will not wrap. Only the part that
|
|
|
756 fits on the screen is shown. If the cursor is moved to a part of the line
|
|
|
757 that is not shown, the screen is scrolled horizontally. The advantage of
|
|
|
758 this method is that columns are shown as they are and lines that cannot fit
|
|
|
759 on the screen can be edited. The disadvantage is that you cannot see all the
|
|
|
760 characters of a line at once. The 'sidescroll' option can be set to the
|
|
|
761 minimal number of columns to scroll. {Vi: has no 'wrap' option}
|
|
|
762
|
|
|
763 All normal ASCII characters are displayed directly on the screen. The <Tab>
|
|
|
764 is replaced with the number of spaces that it represents. Other non-printing
|
|
|
765 characters are replaced with "^{char}", where {char} is the non-printing
|
|
|
766 character with 64 added. Thus character 7 (bell) will be shown as "^G".
|
|
|
767 Characters between 127 and 160 are replaced with "~{char}", where {char} is
|
|
|
768 the character with 64 subtracted. These characters occupy more than one
|
|
|
769 position on the screen. The cursor can only be positioned on the first one.
|
|
|
770
|
|
|
771 If you set the 'number' option, all lines will be preceded with their
|
|
|
772 number. Tip: If you don't like wrapping lines to mix with the line numbers,
|
|
|
773 set the 'showbreak' option to eight spaces:
|
|
|
774 ":set showbreak=\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "
|
|
|
775
|
|
|
776 If you set the 'list' option, <Tab> characters will not be shown as several
|
|
|
777 spaces, but as "^I". A '$' will be placed at the end of the line, so you can
|
|
|
778 find trailing blanks.
|
|
|
779
|
|
|
780 In Command-line mode only the command-line itself is shown correctly. The
|
|
|
781 display of the buffer contents is updated as soon as you go back to Command
|
|
|
782 mode.
|
|
|
783
|
|
|
784 The last line of the window is used for status and other messages. The
|
|
|
785 status messages will only be used if an option is on:
|
|
|
786
|
|
|
787 status message option default Unix default ~
|
|
|
788 current mode 'showmode' on on
|
|
|
789 command characters 'showcmd' on off
|
|
|
790 cursor position 'ruler' off off
|
|
|
791
|
|
|
792 The current mode is "-- INSERT --" or "-- REPLACE --", see |'showmode'|. The
|
|
|
793 command characters are those that you typed but were not used yet. {Vi: does
|
|
|
794 not show the characters you typed or the cursor position}
|
|
|
795
|
|
|
796 If you have a slow terminal you can switch off the status messages to speed
|
|
|
797 up editing:
|
|
|
798 :set nosc noru nosm
|
|
|
799
|
|
|
800 If there is an error, an error message will be shown for at least one second
|
|
|
801 (in reverse video). {Vi: error messages may be overwritten with other
|
|
|
802 messages before you have a chance to read them}
|
|
|
803
|
|
|
804 Some commands show how many lines were affected. Above which threshold this
|
|
|
805 happens can be controlled with the 'report' option (default 2).
|
|
|
806
|
|
|
807 On the Amiga Vim will run in a CLI window. The name Vim and the full name of
|
|
|
808 the current file name will be shown in the title bar. When the window is
|
|
|
809 resized, Vim will automatically redraw the window. You may make the window as
|
|
|
810 small as you like, but if it gets too small not a single line will fit in it.
|
|
|
811 Make it at least 40 characters wide to be able to read most messages on the
|
|
|
812 last line.
|
|
|
813
|
|
|
814 On most Unix systems, resizing the window is recognized and handled correctly
|
|
|
815 by Vim. {Vi: not ok}
|
|
|
816
|
|
|
817 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
818 8. Definitions *definitions*
|
|
|
819
|
|
|
820 screen The whole area that Vim uses to work in. This can be
|
|
|
821 a terminal emulator window. Also called "the Vim
|
|
|
822 window".
|
|
|
823 window A view on a buffer.
|
|
|
824
|
|
|
825 A screen contains one or more windows, separated by status lines and with the
|
|
|
826 command line at the bottom.
|
|
|
827
|
|
|
828 +-------------------------------+
|
|
|
829 screen | window 1 | window 2 |
|
|
|
830 | | |
|
|
|
831 | | |
|
|
|
832 |= status line =|= status line =|
|
|
|
833 | window 3 |
|
|
|
834 | |
|
|
|
835 | |
|
|
|
836 |==== status line ==============|
|
|
|
837 |command line |
|
|
|
838 +-------------------------------+
|
|
|
839
|
|
|
840 The command line is also used for messages. It scrolls up the screen when
|
|
|
841 there is not enough room in the command line.
|
|
|
842
|
|
|
843 A difference is made between four types of lines:
|
|
|
844
|
|
|
845 buffer lines The lines in the buffer. This is the same as the
|
|
|
846 lines as they are read from/written to a file. They
|
|
|
847 can be thousands of characters long.
|
|
|
848 logical lines The buffer lines with folding applied. Buffer lines
|
|
|
849 in a closed fold are changed to a single logical line:
|
|
|
850 "+-- 99 lines folded". They can be thousands of
|
|
|
851 characters long.
|
|
|
852 window lines The lines displayed in a window: A range of logical
|
|
|
853 lines with wrapping, line breaks, etc. applied. They
|
|
|
854 can only be as long as the width of the window allows,
|
|
|
855 longer lines are wrapped or truncated.
|
|
|
856 screen lines The lines of the screen that Vim uses. Consists of
|
|
|
857 the window lines of all windows, with status lines
|
|
|
858 and the command line added. They can only be as long
|
|
|
859 as the width of the screen allows. When the command
|
|
|
860 line gets longer it wraps and lines are scrolled to
|
|
|
861 make room.
|
|
|
862
|
|
|
863 buffer lines logical lines window lines screen lines ~
|
|
|
864
|
|
|
865 1. one 1. one 1. +-- folded 1. +-- folded
|
|
|
866 2. two 2. +-- folded 2. five 2. five
|
|
|
867 3. three 3. five 3. six 3. six
|
|
|
868 4. four 4. six 4. seven 4. seven
|
|
|
869 5. five 5. seven 5. === status line ===
|
|
|
870 6. six 6. aaa
|
|
|
871 7. seven 7. bbb
|
|
|
872 8. ccc ccc c
|
|
|
873 1. aaa 1. aaa 1. aaa 9. cc
|
|
|
874 2. bbb 2. bbb 2. bbb 10. ddd
|
|
|
875 3. ccc ccc ccc 3. ccc ccc ccc 3. ccc ccc c 11. ~
|
|
|
876 4. ddd 4. ddd 4. cc 12. === status line ===
|
|
|
877 5. ddd 13. (command line)
|
|
|
878 6. ~
|
|
|
879
|
|
|
880 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
881 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
|
