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annotate README_VIM9.md @ 21318:b1121f5c029a

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Added tag v8.2.1209 for changeset 883aa425656a4acde658f71e2316b5243305c0cc
author Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
date Tue, 14 Jul 2020 16:30:04 +0200
parents 94eda51ba9ba
children 1b345fb68ae3
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1 ![Vim Logo](https://github.com/vim/vim/blob/master/runtime/vimlogo.gif)
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2
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3 # What is Vim9?
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4
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5 This is an experimental side of [Vim](https://github.com/vim/vim).
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6 It explores ways of making Vim script faster and better.
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7
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8 WARNING: The Vim9 script features are in the early stages of development,
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9 anything can break!
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10
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11 # Why Vim9?
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12
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13 ## 1. FASTER VIM SCRIPT
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14
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15 The third item on the poll results of 2018, after popup windows and text
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16 properties, is faster Vim script. So how do we do that?
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17
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18 I have been throwing some ideas around, and soon came to the conclusion
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19 that the current way functions are called and executed, with
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20 dictionaries for the arguments and local variables, is never going to be
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21 very fast. We're lucky if we can make it twice as fast. The overhead
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22 of a function call and executing every line is just too high.
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23
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24 So what then? We can only make something fast by having a new way of
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25 defining a function, with similar but different properties of the old
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26 way:
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27 * Arguments are only available by name, not through the a: dictionary or
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28 the a:000 list.
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29 * Local variables are not available in an l: dictionary.
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30 * A few more things that slow us down, such as exception handling details.
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31
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32 I Implemented a "proof of concept" and measured the time to run a simple
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33 for loop with an addition (Justin used this example in his presentation,
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34 full code is below):
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35
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36 ``` vim
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37 let sum = 0
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38 for i in range(1, 2999999)
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39 let sum += i
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40 endfor
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41 ```
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42
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43 | how | time in sec |
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44 | --------| -------- |
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45 | Vim old | 5.018541 |
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46 | Python | 0.369598 |
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47 | Lua | 0.078817 |
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48 | Vim new | 0.073595 |
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49
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50 That looks very promising! It's just one example, but it shows how much
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51 we can gain, and also that Vim script can be faster than builtin
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52 interfaces.
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53
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54 In practice the script would not do something useless as counting but change
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55 the text. For example, re-indent all the lines:
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56
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57 ``` vim
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58 let totallen = 0
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59 for i in range(1, 100000)
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60 call setline(i, ' ' .. getline(i))
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61 let totallen += len(getline(i))
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62 endfor
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63 ```
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64
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65 | how | time in sec |
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66 | --------| -------- |
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67 | Vim old | 0.853752 |
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68 | Python | 0.304584 |
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69 | Lua | 0.286573 |
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70 | Vim new | 0.190276 |
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71
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72 The differences are smaller, but Vim 9 script is clearly the fastest.
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73
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74 How does Vim9 script work? The function is first compiled into a sequence of
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75 instructions. Each instruction has one or two parameters and a stack is
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76 used to store intermediate results. Local variables are also on the
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77 stack, space is reserved during compilation. This is a fairly normal
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78 way of compilation into an intermediate format, specialized for Vim,
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79 e.g. each stack item is a typeval_T. And one of the instructions is
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80 "execute Ex command", for commands that are not compiled.
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81
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82
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83 ## 2. PHASING OUT INTERFACES
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84
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85 Attempts have been made to implement functionality with built-in script
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86 languages such as Python, Perl, Lua, Tcl and Ruby. This never gained much
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87 foothold, for various reasons.
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88
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89 Instead of using script language support in Vim:
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90 * Encourage implementing external tools in any language and communicate
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91 with them. The job and channel support already makes this possible.
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92 Really any language can be used, also Java and Go, which are not
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93 available built-in.
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94 * Phase out the built-in language interfaces, make maintenance a bit easier
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95 and executables easier to build. They will be kept for backwards
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96 compatibility, no new features.
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97 * Improve the Vim script language, it is used to communicate with the external
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98 tool and implements the Vim side of the interface. Also, it can be used when
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99 an external tool is undesired.
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100
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101 All together this creates a clear situation: Vim with the +eval feature
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102 will be sufficient for most plugins, while some plugins require
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103 installing a tool that can be written in any language. No confusion
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104 about having Vim but the plugin not working because some specific
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105 language is missing. This is a good long term goal.
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106
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107 Rationale: Why is it better to run a tool separately from Vim than using a
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108 built-in interface and interpreter? Take for example something that is
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109 written in Python:
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110 * The built-in interface uses the embedded python interpreter. This is less
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111 well maintained than the python command. Building Vim with it requires
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112 installing developer packages. If loaded dynamically there can be a version
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113 mismatch.
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114 * When running the tool externally the standard python command can be used,
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115 which is quite often available by default or can be easily installed.
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116 * The built-in interface has an API that is unique for Vim with Python. This is
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117 an extra API to learn.
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118 * A .py file can be compiled into a .pyc file and execute much faster.
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119 * Inside Vim multi-threading can cause problems, since the Vim core is single
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120 threaded. In an external tool there are no such problems.
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121 * The Vim part is written in .vim files, the Python part is in .py files, this
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122 is nicely separated.
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123 * Disadvantage: An interface needs to be made between Vim and Python.
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124 JSON is available for this, and it's fairly easy to use. But it still
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125 requires implementing asynchronous communication.
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126
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127
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128 ## 3. BETTER VIM SCRIPT
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129
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130 To make Vim faster a new way of defining a function needs to be added.
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131 While we are doing that, since the lines in this function won't be fully
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132 backwards compatible anyway, we can also make Vim script easier to use.
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133 In other words: "less weird". Making it work more like modern
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134 programming languages will help. No surprises.
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135
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136 A good example is how in a function the arguments are prefixed with
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137 "a:". No other language I know does that, so let's drop it.
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138
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139 Taking this one step further is also dropping "s:" for script-local variables;
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140 everything at the script level is script-local by default. Since this is not
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141 backwards compatible it requires a new script style: Vim9 script!
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142
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143 It should be possible to convert code from other languages to Vim
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144 script. We can add functionality to make this easier. This still needs
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145 to be discussed, but we can consider adding type checking and a simple
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146 form of classes. If you look at JavaScript for example, it has gone
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147 through these stages over time, adding real class support and now
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148 TypeScript adds type checking. But we'll have to see how much of that
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149 we actually want to include in Vim script. Ideally a conversion tool
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150 can take Python, JavaScript or TypeScript code and convert it to Vim
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151 script, with only some things that cannot be converted.
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152
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153 Vim script won't work the same as any specific language, but we can use
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154 mechanisms that are commonly known, ideally with the same syntax. One
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155 thing I have been thinking of is assignments without ":let". I often
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156 make that mistake (after writing JavaScript especially). I think it is
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157 possible, if we make local variables shadow commands. That should be OK,
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158 if you shadow a command you want to use, just rename the variable.
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159 Using "let" and "const" to declare a variable, like in JavaScript and
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160 TypeScript, can work:
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161
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162
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163 ``` vim
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164 def MyFunction(arg: number): number
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165 let local = 1
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166 let todo = arg
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167 const ADD = 88
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168 while todo > 0
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169 local += ADD
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170 --todo
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171 endwhile
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172 return local
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173 enddef
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174 ```
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175
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176 The similarity with JavaScript/TypeScript can also be used for dependencies
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177 between files. Vim currently uses the `:source` command, which has several
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178 disadvantages:
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179 * In the sourced script, is not clear what it provides. By default all
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180 functions are global and can be used elsewhere.
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181 * In a script that sources other scripts, it is not clear what function comes
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182 from what sourced script. Finding the implementation is a hassle.
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183 * Prevention of loading the whole script twice must be manually implemented.
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184
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185 We can use the `:import` and `:export` commands from the JavaScript standard to
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186 make this much better. For example, in script "myfunction.vim" define a
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187 function and export it:
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188
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189 ``` vim
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190 vim9script " Vim9 script syntax used here
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191
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192 let local = 'local variable is not exported, script-local'
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193
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194 export def MyFunction() " exported function
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195 ...
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196
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197 def LocalFunction() " not exported, script-local
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198 ...
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199 ```
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200
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201 And in another script import the function:
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202
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203 ``` vim
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204 vim9script " Vim9 script syntax used here
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205
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206 import MyFunction from 'myfunction.vim'
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207 ```
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208
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209 This looks like JavaScript/TypeScript, thus many users will understand the
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210 syntax.
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211
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212 These are ideas, this will take time to design, discuss and implement.
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213 Eventually this will lead to Vim 9!
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214
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215
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216 ## Code for sum time measurements
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217
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218 Vim was build with -O2.
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219
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220 ``` vim
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221 func VimOld()
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222 let sum = 0
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223 for i in range(1, 2999999)
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224 let sum += i
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225 endfor
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226 return sum
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227 endfunc
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228
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229 func Python()
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230 py3 << END
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231 sum = 0
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232 for i in range(1, 3000000):
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233 sum += i
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234 END
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235 return py3eval('sum')
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236 endfunc
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237
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238 func Lua()
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239 lua << END
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240 sum = 0
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241 for i = 1, 2999999 do
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242 sum = sum + i
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243 end
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244 END
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245 return luaeval('sum')
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246 endfunc
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247
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248 def VimNew()
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249 let sum = 0
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250 for i in range(1, 2999999)
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251 let sum += i
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252 endfor
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253 return sum
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254 enddef
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255
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256 let start = reltime()
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257 echo VimOld()
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258 echo 'Vim old: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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259
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260 let start = reltime()
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261 echo Python()
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262 echo 'Python: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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263
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264 let start = reltime()
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265 echo Lua()
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266 echo 'Lua: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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267
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268 let start = reltime()
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269 echo VimNew()
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270 echo 'Vim new: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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271 ```
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272
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273 ## Code for indent time measurements
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274
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275 ``` vim
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276 def VimNew(): number
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277 let totallen = 0
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278 for i in range(1, 100000)
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279 setline(i, ' ' .. getline(i))
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280 totallen += len(getline(i))
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281 endfor
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282 return totallen
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283 enddef
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284
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285 func VimOld()
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286 let totallen = 0
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287 for i in range(1, 100000)
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288 call setline(i, ' ' .. getline(i))
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289 let totallen += len(getline(i))
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290 endfor
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291 return totallen
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292 endfunc
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293
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294 func Lua()
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295 lua << END
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296 b = vim.buffer()
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297 totallen = 0
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298 for i = 1, 100000 do
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299 b[i] = " " .. b[i]
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300 totallen = totallen + string.len(b[i])
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301 end
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302 END
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303 return luaeval('totallen')
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304 endfunc
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305
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306 func Python()
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307 py3 << END
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308 cb = vim.current.buffer
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309 totallen = 0
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310 for i in range(0, 100000):
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311 cb[i] = ' ' + cb[i]
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312 totallen += len(cb[i])
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313 END
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314 return py3eval('totallen')
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315 endfunc
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316
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317 new
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318 call setline(1, range(100000))
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319 let start = reltime()
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320 echo VimOld()
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321 echo 'Vim old: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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322 bwipe!
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323
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324 new
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325 call setline(1, range(100000))
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326 let start = reltime()
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327 echo Python()
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328 echo 'Python: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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329 bwipe!
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330
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331 new
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332 call setline(1, range(100000))
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333 let start = reltime()
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334 echo Lua()
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335 echo 'Lua: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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336 bwipe!
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337
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338 new
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339 call setline(1, range(100000))
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340 let start = reltime()
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341 echo VimNew()
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342 echo 'Vim new: ' .. reltimestr(reltime(start))
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343 bwipe!
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344 ```