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1 *usr_08.txt* For Vim version 8.1. Last change: 2017 Aug 11
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3 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar
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4
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5 Splitting windows
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6
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7
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8 Display two different files above each other. Or view two locations in the
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9 file at the same time. See the difference between two files by putting them
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10 side by side. All this is possible with split windows.
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11
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12 |08.1| Split a window
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13 |08.2| Split a window on another file
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14 |08.3| Window size
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15 |08.4| Vertical splits
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16 |08.5| Moving windows
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17 |08.6| Commands for all windows
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18 |08.7| Viewing differences with vimdiff
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19 |08.8| Various
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4119
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20 |08.9| Tab pages
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21
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22 Next chapter: |usr_09.txt| Using the GUI
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23 Previous chapter: |usr_07.txt| Editing more than one file
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24 Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|
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25
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26 ==============================================================================
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27 *08.1* Split a window
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28
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29 The easiest way to open a new window is to use the following command: >
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30
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31 :split
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32
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33 This command splits the screen into two windows and leaves the cursor in the
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34 top one:
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35
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36 +----------------------------------+
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37 |/* file one.c */ |
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38 |~ |
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39 |~ |
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40 |one.c=============================|
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41 |/* file one.c */ |
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42 |~ |
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43 |one.c=============================|
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44 | |
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45 +----------------------------------+
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46
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47 What you see here is two windows on the same file. The line with "====" is
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48 the status line. It displays information about the window above it. (In
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49 practice the status line will be in reverse video.)
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50 The two windows allow you to view two parts of the same file. For example,
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51 you could make the top window show the variable declarations of a program, and
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52 the bottom one the code that uses these variables.
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53
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54 The CTRL-W w command can be used to jump between the windows. If you are in
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55 the top window, CTRL-W w jumps to the window below it. If you are in the
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56 bottom window it will jump to the first window. (CTRL-W CTRL-W does the same
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57 thing, in case you let go of the CTRL key a bit later.)
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58
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59
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60 CLOSE THE WINDOW
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61
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62 To close a window, use the command: >
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63
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64 :close
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65
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66 Actually, any command that quits editing a file works, like ":quit" and "ZZ".
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67 But ":close" prevents you from accidentally exiting Vim when you close the
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68 last window.
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69
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70
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71 CLOSING ALL OTHER WINDOWS
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72
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73 If you have opened a whole bunch of windows, but now want to concentrate on
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74 one of them, this command will be useful: >
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75
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76 :only
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77
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78 This closes all windows, except for the current one. If any of the other
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79 windows has changes, you will get an error message and that window won't be
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80 closed.
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81
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82 ==============================================================================
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83 *08.2* Split a window on another file
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84
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85 The following command opens a second window and starts editing the given file:
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86 >
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87 :split two.c
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88
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89 If you were editing one.c, then the result looks like this:
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90
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91 +----------------------------------+
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92 |/* file two.c */ |
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93 |~ |
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94 |~ |
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95 |two.c=============================|
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96 |/* file one.c */ |
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97 |~ |
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98 |one.c=============================|
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99 | |
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100 +----------------------------------+
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101
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102 To open a window on a new, empty file, use this: >
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103
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104 :new
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105
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106 You can repeat the ":split" and ":new" commands to create as many windows as
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107 you like.
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108
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109 ==============================================================================
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110 *08.3* Window size
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111
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112 The ":split" command can take a number argument. If specified, this will be
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113 the height of the new window. For example, the following opens a new window
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114 three lines high and starts editing the file alpha.c: >
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115
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116 :3split alpha.c
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117
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118 For existing windows you can change the size in several ways. When you have a
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119 working mouse, it is easy: Move the mouse pointer to the status line that
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120 separates two windows, and drag it up or down.
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121
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122 To increase the size of a window: >
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123
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124 CTRL-W +
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125
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126 To decrease it: >
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127
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128 CTRL-W -
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129
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130 Both of these commands take a count and increase or decrease the window size
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131 by that many lines. Thus "4 CTRL-W +" make the window four lines higher.
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132
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133 To set the window height to a specified number of lines: >
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134
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135 {height}CTRL-W _
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136
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137 That's: a number {height}, CTRL-W and then an underscore (the - key with Shift
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138 on English-US keyboards).
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139 To make a window as high as it can be, use the CTRL-W _ command without a
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140 count.
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141
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142
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143 USING THE MOUSE
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144
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145 In Vim you can do many things very quickly from the keyboard. Unfortunately,
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146 the window resizing commands require quite a bit of typing. In this case,
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147 using the mouse is faster. Position the mouse pointer on a status line. Now
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148 press the left mouse button and drag. The status line will move, thus making
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149 the window on one side higher and the other smaller.
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150
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151
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152 OPTIONS
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153
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154 The 'winheight' option can be set to a minimal desired height of a window and
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155 'winminheight' to a hard minimum height.
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156 Likewise, there is 'winwidth' for the minimal desired width and
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157 'winminwidth' for the hard minimum width.
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158 The 'equalalways' option, when set, makes Vim equalize the windows sizes
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159 when a window is closed or opened.
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160
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161 ==============================================================================
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162 *08.4* Vertical splits
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163
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164 The ":split" command creates the new window above the current one. To make
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165 the window appear at the left side, use: >
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166
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167 :vsplit
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168
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169 or: >
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170 :vsplit two.c
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171
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172 The result looks something like this:
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173
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174 +--------------------------------------+
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175 |/* file two.c */ |/* file one.c */ |
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176 |~ |~ |
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177 |~ |~ |
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178 |~ |~ |
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179 |two.c===============one.c=============|
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180 | |
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181 +--------------------------------------+
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182
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183 Actually, the | lines in the middle will be in reverse video. This is called
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184 the vertical separator. It separates the two windows left and right of it.
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185
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186 There is also the ":vnew" command, to open a vertically split window on a new,
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187 empty file. Another way to do this: >
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188
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189 :vertical new
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190
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191 The ":vertical" command can be inserted before another command that splits a
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192 window. This will cause that command to split the window vertically instead
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193 of horizontally. (If the command doesn't split a window, it works
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194 unmodified.)
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195
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196
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197 MOVING BETWEEN WINDOWS
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198
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199 Since you can split windows horizontally and vertically as much as you like,
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200 you can create almost any layout of windows. Then you can use these commands
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201 to move between them:
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202
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203 CTRL-W h move to the window on the left
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204 CTRL-W j move to the window below
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205 CTRL-W k move to the window above
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206 CTRL-W l move to the window on the right
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207
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208 CTRL-W t move to the TOP window
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209 CTRL-W b move to the BOTTOM window
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210
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211 You will notice the same letters as used for moving the cursor. And the
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212 cursor keys can also be used, if you like.
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213 More commands to move to other windows: |Q_wi|.
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214
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215 ==============================================================================
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216 *08.5* Moving windows
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217
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218 You have split a few windows, but now they are in the wrong place. Then you
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219 need a command to move the window somewhere else. For example, you have three
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220 windows like this:
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221
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222 +----------------------------------+
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223 |/* file two.c */ |
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224 |~ |
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225 |~ |
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226 |two.c=============================|
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227 |/* file three.c */ |
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228 |~ |
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229 |~ |
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230 |three.c===========================|
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231 |/* file one.c */ |
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232 |~ |
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233 |one.c=============================|
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234 | |
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235 +----------------------------------+
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236
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237 Clearly the last one should be at the top. Go to that window (using CTRL-W w)
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238 and the type this command: >
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239
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240 CTRL-W K
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241
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242 This uses the uppercase letter K. What happens is that the window is moved to
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243 the very top. You will notice that K is again used for moving upwards.
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244 When you have vertical splits, CTRL-W K will move the current window to the
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245 top and make it occupy the full width of the Vim window. If this is your
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246 layout:
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247
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248 +-------------------------------------------+
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249 |/* two.c */ |/* three.c */ |/* one.c */ |
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250 |~ |~ |~ |
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251 |~ |~ |~ |
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252 |~ |~ |~ |
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253 |~ |~ |~ |
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254 |~ |~ |~ |
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255 |two.c=========three.c=========one.c========|
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256 | |
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257 +-------------------------------------------+
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258
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259 Then using CTRL-W K in the middle window (three.c) will result in:
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260
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261 +-------------------------------------------+
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262 |/* three.c */ |
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263 |~ |
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264 |~ |
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265 |three.c====================================|
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266 |/* two.c */ |/* one.c */ |
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267 |~ |~ |
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268 |two.c==================one.c===============|
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269 | |
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270 +-------------------------------------------+
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271
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272 The other three similar commands (you can probably guess these now):
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273
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274 CTRL-W H move window to the far left
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275 CTRL-W J move window to the bottom
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276 CTRL-W L move window to the far right
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277
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278 ==============================================================================
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279 *08.6* Commands for all windows
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280
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281 When you have several windows open and you want to quit Vim, you can close
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282 each window separately. A quicker way is using this command: >
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283
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284 :qall
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285
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286 This stands for "quit all". If any of the windows contain changes, Vim will
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287 not exit. The cursor will automatically be positioned in a window with
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288 changes. You can then either use ":write" to save the changes, or ":quit!" to
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289 throw them away.
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290
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291 If you know there are windows with changes, and you want to save all these
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292 changes, use this command: >
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293
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294 :wall
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295
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296 This stands for "write all". But actually, it only writes files with
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297 changes. Vim knows it doesn't make sense to write files that were not
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298 changed.
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299 And then there is the combination of ":qall" and ":wall": the "write and
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300 quit all" command: >
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301
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302 :wqall
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303
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304 This writes all modified files and quits Vim.
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305 Finally, there is a command that quits Vim and throws away all changes: >
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306
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307 :qall!
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308
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309 Be careful, there is no way to undo this command!
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310
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311
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312 OPENING A WINDOW FOR ALL ARGUMENTS
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313
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314 To make Vim open a window for each file, start it with the "-o" argument: >
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315
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316 vim -o one.txt two.txt three.txt
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317
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318 This results in:
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319
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320 +-------------------------------+
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321 |file one.txt |
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322 |~ |
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323 |one.txt========================|
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324 |file two.txt |
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325 |~ |
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326 |two.txt========================|
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327 |file three.txt |
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328 |~ |
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329 |three.txt======================|
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330 | |
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331 +-------------------------------+
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332
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333 The "-O" argument is used to get vertically split windows.
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334 When Vim is already running, the ":all" command opens a window for each
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335 file in the argument list. ":vertical all" does it with vertical splits.
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336
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337 ==============================================================================
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338 *08.7* Viewing differences with vimdiff
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339
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340 There is a special way to start Vim, which shows the differences between two
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341 files. Let's take a file "main.c" and insert a few characters in one line.
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342 Write this file with the 'backup' option set, so that the backup file
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343 "main.c~" will contain the previous version of the file.
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344 Type this command in a shell (not in Vim): >
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345
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346 vimdiff main.c~ main.c
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347
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348 Vim will start, with two windows side by side. You will only see the line
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349 in which you added characters, and a few lines above and below it.
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350
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351 VV VV
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352 +-----------------------------------------+
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353 |+ +--123 lines: /* a|+ +--123 lines: /* a| <- fold
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354 | text | text |
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355 | text | text |
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356 | text | text |
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357 | text | changed text | <- changed line
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358 | text | text |
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359 | text | ------------------| <- deleted line
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360 | text | text |
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361 | text | text |
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362 | text | text |
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363 |+ +--432 lines: text|+ +--432 lines: text| <- fold
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364 | ~ | ~ |
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365 | ~ | ~ |
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366 |main.c~==============main.c==============|
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367 | |
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368 +-----------------------------------------+
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369
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370 (This picture doesn't show the highlighting, use the vimdiff command for a
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371 better look.)
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372
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373 The lines that were not modified have been collapsed into one line. This is
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374 called a closed fold. They are indicated in the picture with "<- fold". Thus
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375 the single fold line at the top stands for 123 text lines. These lines are
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376 equal in both files.
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377 The line marked with "<- changed line" is highlighted, and the inserted
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378 text is displayed with another color. This clearly shows what the difference
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379 is between the two files.
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380 The line that was deleted is displayed with "---" in the main.c window.
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381 See the "<- deleted line" marker in the picture. These characters are not
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382 really there. They just fill up main.c, so that it displays the same number
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383 of lines as the other window.
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384
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385
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386 THE FOLD COLUMN
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387
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388 Each window has a column on the left with a slightly different background. In
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389 the picture above these are indicated with "VV". You notice there is a plus
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390 character there, in front of each closed fold. Move the mouse pointer to that
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391 plus and click the left button. The fold will open, and you can see the text
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392 that it contains.
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393 The fold column contains a minus sign for an open fold. If you click on
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394 this -, the fold will close.
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395 Obviously, this only works when you have a working mouse. You can also use
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396 "zo" to open a fold and "zc" to close it.
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397
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398
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399 DIFFING IN VIM
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400
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401 Another way to start in diff mode can be done from inside Vim. Edit the
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402 "main.c" file, then make a split and show the differences: >
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403
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404 :edit main.c
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405 :vertical diffsplit main.c~
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406
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407 The ":vertical" command is used to make the window split vertically. If you
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408 omit this, you will get a horizontal split.
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409
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410 If you have a patch or diff file, you can use the third way to start diff
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411 mode. First edit the file to which the patch applies. Then tell Vim the name
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412 of the patch file: >
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413
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414 :edit main.c
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415 :vertical diffpatch main.c.diff
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416
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417 WARNING: The patch file must contain only one patch, for the file you are
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418 editing. Otherwise you will get a lot of error messages, and some files might
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419 be patched unexpectedly.
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420 The patching will only be done to the copy of the file in Vim. The file on
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421 your harddisk will remain unmodified (until you decide to write the file).
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422
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423
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424 SCROLL BINDING
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425
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426 When the files have more changes, you can scroll in the usual way. Vim will
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427 try to keep both the windows start at the same position, so you can easily see
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428 the differences side by side.
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429 When you don't want this for a moment, use this command: >
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430
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431 :set noscrollbind
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432
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433
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434 JUMPING TO CHANGES
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435
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436 When you have disabled folding in some way, it may be difficult to find the
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437 changes. Use this command to jump forward to the next change: >
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438
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439 ]c
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440
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441 To go the other way use: >
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442
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443 [c
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444
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445 Prepended a count to jump further away.
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446
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447
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448 REMOVING CHANGES
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449
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450 You can move text from one window to the other. This either removes
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451 differences or adds new ones. Vim doesn't keep the highlighting updated in
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452 all situations. To update it use this command: >
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453
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454 :diffupdate
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455
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456 To remove a difference, you can move the text in a highlighted block from one
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457 window to another. Take the "main.c" and "main.c~" example above. Move the
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458 cursor to the left window, on the line that was deleted in the other window.
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459 Now type this command: >
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460
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461 dp
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462
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463 The change will be removed by putting the text of the current window in the
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464 other window. "dp" stands for "diff put".
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465 You can also do it the other way around. Move the cursor to the right
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466 window, to the line where "changed" was inserted. Now type this command: >
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467
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468 do
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469
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470 The change will now be removed by getting the text from the other window.
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471 Since there are no changes left now, Vim puts all text in a closed fold.
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472 "do" stands for "diff obtain". "dg" would have been better, but that already
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473 has a different meaning ("dgg" deletes from the cursor until the first line).
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474
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475 For details about diff mode, see |vimdiff|.
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476
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477 ==============================================================================
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478 *08.8* Various
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479
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480 The 'laststatus' option can be used to specify when the last window has a
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481 statusline:
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482
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483 0 never
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484 1 only when there are split windows (the default)
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485 2 always
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486
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487 Many commands that edit another file have a variant that splits the window.
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488 For Command-line commands this is done by prepending an "s". For example:
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489 ":tag" jumps to a tag, ":stag" splits the window and jumps to a
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490 tag.
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491 For Normal mode commands a CTRL-W is prepended. CTRL-^ jumps to the
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492 alternate file, CTRL-W CTRL-^ splits the window and edits the alternate file.
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493
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494 The 'splitbelow' option can be set to make a new window appear below the
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495 current window. The 'splitright' option can be set to make a vertically split
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496 window appear right of the current window.
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497
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498 When splitting a window you can prepend a modifier command to tell where the
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499 window is to appear:
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500
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501 :leftabove {cmd} left or above the current window
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502 :aboveleft {cmd} idem
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503 :rightbelow {cmd} right or below the current window
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504 :belowright {cmd} idem
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505 :topleft {cmd} at the top or left of the Vim window
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506 :botright {cmd} at the bottom or right of the Vim window
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507
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685
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508
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509 ==============================================================================
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510 *08.9* Tab pages
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511
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512 You will have noticed that windows never overlap. That means you quickly run
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513 out of screen space. The solution for this is called Tab pages.
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514
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515 Assume you are editing "thisfile". To create a new tab page use this command: >
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516
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517 :tabedit thatfile
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518
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519 This will edit the file "thatfile" in a window that occupies the whole Vim
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520 window. And you will notice a bar at the top with the two file names:
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521
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522 +----------------------------------+
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687
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523 | thisfile | /thatfile/ __________X| (thatfile is bold)
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856
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524 |/* thatfile */ |
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685
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525 |that |
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526 |that |
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856
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527 |~ |
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528 |~ |
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529 |~ |
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685
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530 | |
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531 +----------------------------------+
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532
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533 You now have two tab pages. The first one has a window for "thisfile" and the
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534 second one a window for "thatfile". It's like two pages that are on top of
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6051
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535 each other, with a tab sticking out of each page showing the file name.
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|
685
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536
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537 Now use the mouse to click on "thisfile" in the top line. The result is
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538
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539 +----------------------------------+
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|
687
|
540 | /thisfile/ | thatfile __________X| (thisfile is bold)
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856
|
541 |/* thisfile */ |
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685
|
542 |this |
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543 |this |
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856
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544 |~ |
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545 |~ |
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546 |~ |
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685
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547 | |
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548 +----------------------------------+
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549
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550 Thus you can switch between tab pages by clicking on the label in the top
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551 line. If you don't have a mouse or don't want to use it, you can use the "gt"
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552 command. Mnemonic: Goto Tab.
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553
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554 Now let's create another tab page with the command: >
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|
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555
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556 :tab split
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557
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|
558 This makes a new tab page with one window that is editing the same buffer as
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|
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559 the window we were in:
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560
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|
561 +-------------------------------------+
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|
687
|
562 | thisfile | /thisfile/ | thatfile __X| (thisfile is bold)
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|
856
|
563 |/* thisfile */ |
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|
685
|
564 |this |
|
|
|
565 |this |
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856
|
566 |~ |
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|
|
567 |~ |
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|
|
568 |~ |
|
|
685
|
569 | |
|
|
|
570 +-------------------------------------+
|
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|
571
|
|
|
572 You can put ":tab" before any Ex command that opens a window. The window will
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573 be opened in a new tab page. Another example: >
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|
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574
|
|
|
575 :tab help gt
|
|
|
576
|
|
|
577 Will show the help text for "gt" in a new tab page.
|
|
|
578
|
|
|
579 A few more things you can do with tab pages:
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|
580
|
|
|
581 - click with the mouse in the space after the last label
|
|
856
|
582 The next tab page will be selected, like with "gt".
|
|
685
|
583
|
|
|
584 - click with the mouse on the "X" in the top right corner
|
|
856
|
585 The current tab page will be closed. Unless there are unsaved
|
|
685
|
586 changes in the current tab page.
|
|
|
587
|
|
|
588 - double click with the mouse in the top line
|
|
856
|
589 A new tab page will be created.
|
|
685
|
590
|
|
|
591 - the "tabonly" command
|
|
856
|
592 Closes all tab pages except the current one. Unless there are unsaved
|
|
685
|
593 changes in other tab pages.
|
|
|
594
|
|
|
595 For more information about tab pages see |tab-page|.
|
|
|
596
|
|
7
|
597 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
598
|
|
|
599 Next chapter: |usr_09.txt| Using the GUI
|
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600
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601 Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
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