Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/xxd.man @ 17724:76fba68d1c67 v8.1.1859
patch 8.1.1859: timer test sometimes fails on Mac
commit https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/427dddf014fea1326ea7f8c0951b0667dc037409
Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
Date: Fri Aug 16 21:22:41 2019 +0200
patch 8.1.1859: timer test sometimes fails on Mac
Problem: Timer test sometimes fails on Mac.
Solution: Show more info when it fails.
| author | Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Fri, 16 Aug 2019 21:30:03 +0200 |
| parents | 362b27e3f702 |
| children | 2f854597399f |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 6918 | 1 XXD(1) General Commands Manual XXD(1) |
| 7 | 2 |
| 3 | |
| 4 | |
| 5 NAME | |
| 6 xxd - make a hexdump or do the reverse. | |
| 7 | |
| 8 SYNOPSIS | |
| 9 xxd -h[elp] | |
| 10 xxd [options] [infile [outfile]] | |
| 11 xxd -r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]] | |
| 12 | |
| 13 DESCRIPTION | |
| 36 | 14 xxd creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input. It can also |
| 15 convert a hex dump back to its original binary form. Like uuencode(1) | |
| 16 and uudecode(1) it allows the transmission of binary data in a `mail- | |
| 6918 | 17 safe' ASCII representation, but has the advantage of decoding to stan‐ |
| 36 | 18 dard output. Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file patching. |
| 7 | 19 |
| 20 OPTIONS | |
| 6918 | 21 If no infile is given, standard input is read. If infile is specified |
| 22 as a `-' character, then input is taken from standard input. If no | |
| 36 | 23 outfile is given (or a `-' character is in its place), results are sent |
| 24 to standard output. | |
| 7 | 25 |
| 6918 | 26 Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for more than |
| 27 the first option letter, unless the option is followed by a parameter. | |
| 28 Spaces between a single option letter and its parameter are optional. | |
| 36 | 29 Parameters to options can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or octal |
| 30 notation. Thus -c8, -c 8, -c 010 and -cols 8 are all equivalent. | |
| 7 | 31 |
| 32 -a | -autoskip | |
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33 Toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces nul-lines. Default off. |
| 7 | 34 |
| 35 -b | -bits | |
| 36 | 36 Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than hexdump. This |
| 37 option writes octets as eight digits "1"s and "0"s instead of a | |
| 38 normal hexadecimal dump. Each line is preceded by a line number | |
| 6918 | 39 in hexadecimal and followed by an ascii (or ebcdic) representa‐ |
| 36 | 40 tion. The command line switches -r, -p, -i do not work with this |
| 41 mode. | |
| 7 | 42 |
| 43 -c cols | -cols cols | |
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44 Format <cols> octets per line. Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30, -b: |
| 36 | 45 6). Max 256. |
| 7 | 46 |
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47 -C | -capitalize |
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48 Capitalize variable names in C include file style, when using |
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49 -i. |
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50 |
| 7 | 51 -E | -EBCDIC |
| 36 | 52 Change the character encoding in the righthand column from ASCII |
| 53 to EBCDIC. This does not change the hexadecimal representation. | |
| 54 The option is meaningless in combinations with -r, -p or -i. | |
| 7 | 55 |
| 6918 | 56 -e Switch to little-endian hexdump. This option treats byte groups |
| 57 as words in little-endian byte order. The default grouping of 4 | |
| 58 bytes may be changed using -g. This option only applies to hex‐ | |
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59 dump, leaving the ASCII (or EBCDIC) representation unchanged. |
| 6918 | 60 The command line switches -r, -p, -i do not work with this mode. |
| 61 | |
| 7 | 62 -g bytes | -groupsize bytes |
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63 Separate the output of every <bytes> bytes (two hex characters |
| 6918 | 64 or eight bit-digits each) by a whitespace. Specify -g 0 to sup‐ |
| 65 press grouping. <Bytes> defaults to 2 in normal mode, 4 in lit‐ | |
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66 tle-endian mode and 1 in bits mode. Grouping does not apply to |
| 6918 | 67 postscript or include style. |
| 7 | 68 |
| 69 -h | -help | |
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70 Print a summary of available commands and exit. No hex dumping |
| 36 | 71 is performed. |
| 7 | 72 |
| 73 -i | -include | |
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74 Output in C include file style. A complete static array defini‐ |
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75 tion is written (named after the input file), unless xxd reads |
| 36 | 76 from stdin. |
| 7 | 77 |
| 78 -l len | -len len | |
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79 Stop after writing <len> octets. |
| 7 | 80 |
| 6918 | 81 -o offset |
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82 Add <offset> to the displayed file position. |
| 6918 | 83 |
| 7 | 84 -p | -ps | -postscript | -plain |
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85 Output in postscript continuous hexdump style. Also known as |
| 36 | 86 plain hexdump style. |
| 7 | 87 |
| 88 -r | -revert | |
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89 Reverse operation: convert (or patch) hexdump into binary. If |
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90 not writing to stdout, xxd writes into its output file without |
| 6918 | 91 truncating it. Use the combination -r -p to read plain hexadeci‐ |
| 92 mal dumps without line number information and without a particu‐ | |
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93 lar column layout. Additional Whitespace and line-breaks are |
| 36 | 94 allowed anywhere. |
| 7 | 95 |
| 96 -seek offset | |
| 218 | 97 When used after -r: revert with <offset> added to file positions |
| 98 found in hexdump. | |
| 7 | 99 |
| 100 -s [+][-]seek | |
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101 Start at <seek> bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset. + indicates |
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102 that the seek is relative to the current stdin file position |
| 1126 | 103 (meaningless when not reading from stdin). - indicates that the |
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104 seek should be that many characters from the end of the input |
| 1126 | 105 (or if combined with +: before the current stdin file position). |
| 106 Without -s option, xxd starts at the current file position. | |
| 7 | 107 |
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108 -u Use upper case hex letters. Default is lower case. |
| 7 | 109 |
| 110 -v | -version | |
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111 Show version string. |
| 7 | 112 |
| 36 | 113 CAVEATS |
| 114 xxd -r has some builtin magic while evaluating line number information. | |
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115 If the output file is seekable, then the linenumbers at the start of |
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116 each hexdump line may be out of order, lines may be missing, or over‐ |
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117 lapping. In these cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position. If the |
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118 output file is not seekable, only gaps are allowed, which will be |
| 36 | 119 filled by null-bytes. |
| 7 | 120 |
| 36 | 121 xxd -r never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently skipped. |
| 7 | 122 |
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123 When editing hexdumps, please note that xxd -r skips everything on the |
| 36 | 124 input line after reading enough columns of hexadecimal data (see option |
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125 -c). This also means, that changes to the printable ascii (or ebcdic) |
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126 columns are always ignored. Reverting a plain (or postscript) style |
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127 hexdump with xxd -r -p does not depend on the correct number of col‐ |
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128 umns. Here anything that looks like a pair of hex-digits is inter‐ |
| 36 | 129 preted. |
| 7 | 130 |
| 131 Note the difference between | |
| 132 % xxd -i file | |
| 133 and | |
| 134 % xxd -i < file | |
| 135 | |
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136 xxd -s +seek may be different from xxd -s seek, as lseek(2) is used to |
| 36 | 137 "rewind" input. A '+' makes a difference if the input source is stdin, |
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138 and if stdin's file position is not at the start of the file by the |
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139 time xxd is started and given its input. The following examples may |
| 36 | 140 help to clarify (or further confuse!)... |
| 7 | 141 |
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142 Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has already read |
| 36 | 143 to the end of stdin. |
| 810 | 144 % sh -c "cat > plain_copy; xxd -s 0 > hex_copy" < file |
| 7 | 145 |
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146 Hexdump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards. The `+' sign |
| 36 | 147 means "relative to the current position", thus the `128' adds to the 1k |
| 148 where dd left off. | |
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149 % sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +128 > hex_snippet" |
| 36 | 150 < file |
| 7 | 151 |
| 152 Hexdump from file position 0x100 ( = 1024-768) on. | |
| 810 | 153 % sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +-768 > hex_snippet" |
| 36 | 154 < file |
| 7 | 155 |
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156 However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is rarely needed. |
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157 The author prefers to monitor the effect of xxd with strace(1) or |
| 36 | 158 truss(1), whenever -s is used. |
| 7 | 159 |
| 160 EXAMPLES | |
| 810 | 161 Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30 bytes) of file. |
| 7 | 162 % xxd -s 0x30 file |
| 163 | |
| 810 | 164 Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of file. |
| 7 | 165 % xxd -s -0x30 file |
| 166 | |
| 1126 | 167 Print 120 bytes as continuous hexdump with 20 octets per line. |
| 7 | 168 % xxd -l 120 -ps -c 20 xxd.1 |
| 36 | 169 2e54482058584420312022417567757374203139 |
| 170 39362220224d616e75616c207061676520666f72 | |
| 171 20787864220a2e5c220a2e5c222032317374204d | |
| 172 617920313939360a2e5c22204d616e2070616765 | |
| 173 20617574686f723a0a2e5c2220202020546f6e79 | |
| 174 204e7567656e74203c746f6e79407363746e7567 | |
| 7 | 175 |
| 36 | 176 Hexdump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12 octets per line. |
| 7 | 177 % xxd -l 120 -c 12 xxd.1 |
| 36 | 178 0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 2241 .TH XXD 1 "A |
| 179 000000c: 7567 7573 7420 3139 3936 2220 ugust 1996" | |
| 180 0000018: 224d 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765 "Manual page | |
| 181 0000024: 2066 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c for xxd"..\ | |
| 182 0000030: 220a 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d "..\" 21st M | |
| 183 000003c: 6179 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220 ay 1996..\" | |
| 184 0000048: 4d61 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574 Man page aut | |
| 185 0000054: 686f 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020 hor:..\" | |
| 186 0000060: 546f 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420 Tony Nugent | |
| 187 000006c: 3c74 6f6e 7940 7363 746e 7567 <tony@sctnug | |
| 7 | 188 |
| 189 Display just the date from the file xxd.1 | |
| 36 | 190 % xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1 |
| 191 0000036: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 21st May 1996 | |
| 7 | 192 |
| 36 | 193 Copy input_file to output_file and prepend 100 bytes of value 0x00. |
| 7 | 194 % xxd input_file | xxd -r -s 100 > output_file |
| 195 | |
| 196 Patch the date in the file xxd.1 | |
| 810 | 197 % echo "0000037: 3574 68" | xxd -r - xxd.1 |
| 36 | 198 % xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1 |
| 199 0000036: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 25th May 1996 | |
| 7 | 200 |
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201 Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, except for the last one |
| 36 | 202 which is 'A' (hex 0x41). |
| 810 | 203 % echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r > file |
| 7 | 204 |
| 205 Hexdump this file with autoskip. | |
| 206 % xxd -a -c 12 file | |
| 207 0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ............ | |
| 208 * | |
| 209 000fffc: 0000 0000 40 ....A | |
| 210 | |
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211 Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character. The number |
| 36 | 212 after '-r -s' adds to the linenumbers found in the file; in effect, the |
| 213 leading bytes are suppressed. | |
| 810 | 214 % echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r -s -0x10000 > file |
| 7 | 215 |
| 36 | 216 Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to hexdump a region |
| 217 marked between `a' and `z'. | |
| 7 | 218 :'a,'z!xxd |
| 219 | |
| 36 | 220 Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover a binary |
| 221 hexdump marked between `a' and `z'. | |
| 7 | 222 :'a,'z!xxd -r |
| 223 | |
| 36 | 224 Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover one line |
| 225 of a hexdump. Move the cursor over the line and type: | |
| 7 | 226 !!xxd -r |
| 227 | |
| 228 Read single characters from a serial line | |
| 229 % xxd -c1 < /dev/term/b & | |
| 230 % stty < /dev/term/b -echo -opost -isig -icanon min 1 | |
| 231 % echo -n foo > /dev/term/b | |
| 232 | |
| 233 RETURN VALUES | |
| 234 The following error values are returned: | |
| 235 | |
| 236 0 no errors encountered. | |
| 237 | |
| 36 | 238 -1 operation not supported ( xxd -r -i still impossible). |
| 7 | 239 |
| 240 1 error while parsing options. | |
| 241 | |
| 242 2 problems with input file. | |
| 243 | |
| 244 3 problems with output file. | |
| 245 | |
| 246 4,5 desired seek position is unreachable. | |
| 247 | |
| 248 SEE ALSO | |
| 249 uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1) | |
| 250 | |
| 251 WARNINGS | |
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252 The tools weirdness matches its creators brain. Use entirely at your |
| 36 | 253 own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a wizard. |
| 7 | 254 |
| 255 VERSION | |
| 256 This manual page documents xxd version 1.7 | |
| 257 | |
| 258 AUTHOR | |
| 259 (c) 1990-1997 by Juergen Weigert | |
| 260 <jnweiger@informatik.uni-erlangen.de> | |
| 261 | |
| 262 Distribute freely and credit me, | |
| 263 make money and share with me, | |
| 264 lose money and don't ask me. | |
| 265 | |
| 266 Manual page started by Tony Nugent | |
| 267 <tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au> | |
| 36 | 268 Small changes by Bram Moolenaar. Edited by Juergen Weigert. |
| 7 | 269 |
| 36 | 270 Manual page for xxd August 1996 XXD(1) |