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1 *tips.txt* For Vim version 7.0. Last change: 2006 Apr 30
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
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5
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6
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7 Tips and ideas for using Vim *tips*
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8
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9 Don't forget to browse the user manual, it also contains lots of useful tips
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10 |usr_toc.txt|.
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11
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12 Editing C programs |C-editing|
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13 Finding where identifiers are used |ident-search|
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14 Switching screens in an xterm |xterm-screens|
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15 Scrolling in Insert mode |scroll-insert|
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16 Smooth scrolling |scroll-smooth|
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17 Correcting common typing mistakes |type-mistakes|
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18 Counting words, lines, etc. |count-items|
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19 Restoring the cursor position |restore-position|
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20 Renaming files |rename-files|
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21 Speeding up external commands |speed-up|
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22 Useful mappings |useful-mappings|
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23 Compressing the help files |gzip-helpfile|
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24 Hex editing |hex-editing|
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25 Executing shell commands in a window |shell-window|
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26 Using <> notation in autocommands |autocmd-<>|
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27 Highlighting matching parens |match-parens|
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28
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29 ==============================================================================
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30 Editing C programs *C-editing*
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31
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32 There are quite a few features in Vim to help you edit C program files. Here
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33 is an overview with tags to jump to:
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34
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35 |usr_29.txt| Moving through programs chapter in the user manual.
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36 |usr_30.txt| Editing programs chapter in the user manual.
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37 |C-indenting| Automatically set the indent of a line while typing
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38 text.
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39 |=| Re-indent a few lines.
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40 |format-comments| Format comments.
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41
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42 |:checkpath| Show all recursively included files.
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43 |[i| Search for identifier under cursor in current and
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44 included files.
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45 |[_CTRL-I| Jump to match for "[i"
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46 |[I| List all lines in current and included files where
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47 identifier under the cursor matches.
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48 |[d| Search for define under cursor in current and included
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49 files.
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50
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51 |CTRL-]| Jump to tag under cursor (e.g., definition of a
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52 function).
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53 |CTRL-T| Jump back to before a CTRL-] command.
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54 |:tselect| Select one tag out of a list of matching tags.
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55
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56 |gd| Go to Declaration of local variable under cursor.
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57 |gD| Go to Declaration of global variable under cursor.
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58
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59 |gf| Go to file name under the cursor.
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60
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61 |%| Go to matching (), {}, [], /* */, #if, #else, #endif.
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62 |[/| Go to previous start of comment.
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63 |]/| Go to next end of comment.
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64 |[#| Go back to unclosed #if, #ifdef, or #else.
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65 |]#| Go forward to unclosed #else or #endif.
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66 |[(| Go back to unclosed '('
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67 |])| Go forward to unclosed ')'
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68 |[{| Go back to unclosed '{'
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69 |]}| Go forward to unclosed '}'
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70
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71 |v_ab| Select "a block" from "[(" to "])", including braces
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72 |v_ib| Select "inner block" from "[(" to "])"
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73 |v_aB| Select "a block" from "[{" to "]}", including brackets
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74 |v_iB| Select "inner block" from "[{" to "]}"
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75
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76 ==============================================================================
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77 Finding where identifiers are used *ident-search*
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78
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79 You probably already know that |tags| can be used to jump to the place where a
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80 function or variable is defined. But sometimes you wish you could jump to all
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81 the places where a function or variable is being used. This is possible in
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82 two ways:
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83 1. Using the |:grep| command. This should work on most Unix systems,
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84 but can be slow (it reads all files) and only searches in one directory.
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85 2. Using ID utils. This is fast and works in multiple directories. It uses a
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86 database to store locations. You will need some additional programs for
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87 this to work. And you need to keep the database up to date.
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88
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89 Using the GNU id-tools:
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90
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91 What you need:
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92 - The GNU id-tools installed (mkid is needed to create ID and lid is needed to
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93 use the macros).
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94 - An identifier database file called "ID" in the current directory. You can
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95 create it with the shell command "mkid file1 file2 ..".
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96
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97 Put this in your .vimrc: >
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98 map _u :call ID_search()<Bar>execute "/\\<" . g:word . "\\>"<CR>
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99 map _n :n<Bar>execute "/\\<" . g:word . "\\>"<CR>
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100
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101 function! ID_search()
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102 let g:word = expand("<cword>")
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103 let x = system("lid --key=none ". g:word)
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104 let x = substitute(x, "\n", " ", "g")
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105 execute "next " . x
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106 endfun
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107
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108 To use it, place the cursor on a word, type "_u" and vim will load the file
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109 that contains the word. Search for the next occurrence of the word in the
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110 same file with "n". Go to the next file with "_n".
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111
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112 This has been tested with id-utils-3.2 (which is the name of the id-tools
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113 archive file on your closest gnu-ftp-mirror).
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114
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115 [the idea for this comes from Andreas Kutschera]
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116
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117 ==============================================================================
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118 Switching screens in an xterm *xterm-screens* *xterm-save-screen*
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119
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120 (From comp.editors, by Juergen Weigert, in reply to a question)
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121
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122 :> Another question is that after exiting vim, the screen is left as it
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123 :> was, i.e. the contents of the file I was viewing (editing) was left on
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124 :> the screen. The output from my previous like "ls" were lost,
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125 :> ie. no longer in the scrolling buffer. I know that there is a way to
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126 :> restore the screen after exiting vim or other vi like editors,
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127 :> I just don't know how. Helps are appreciated. Thanks.
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128 :
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129 :I imagine someone else can answer this. I assume though that vim and vi do
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130 :the same thing as each other for a given xterm setup.
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131
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132 They not necessarily do the same thing, as this may be a termcap vs.
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236
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133 terminfo problem. You should be aware that there are two databases for
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134 describing attributes of a particular type of terminal: termcap and
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135 terminfo. This can cause differences when the entries differ AND when of
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136 the programs in question one uses terminfo and the other uses termcap
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137 (also see |+terminfo|).
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138
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139 In your particular problem, you are looking for the control sequences
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140 ^[[?47h and ^[[?47l. These switch between xterms alternate and main screen
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141 buffer. As a quick workaround a command sequence like >
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142 echo -n "^[[?47h"; vim ... ; echo -n "^[[?47l"
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236
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143 may do what you want. (My notation ^[ means the ESC character, further down
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144 you'll see that the databases use \E instead).
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145
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146 On startup, vim echoes the value of the termcap variable ti (terminfo:
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236
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147 smcup) to the terminal. When exiting, it echoes te (terminfo: rmcup). Thus
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148 these two variables are the correct place where the above mentioned control
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149 sequences should go.
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150
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151 Compare your xterm termcap entry (found in /etc/termcap) with your xterm
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236
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152 terminfo entry (retrieved with /usr/5bin/infocmp -C xterm). Both should
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153 contain entries similar to: >
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154 :te=\E[2J\E[?47l\E8:ti=\E7\E[?47h:
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155
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156 PS: If you find any difference, someone (your sysadmin?) should better check
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157 the complete termcap and terminfo database for consistency.
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158
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159 NOTE 1: If you recompile Vim with FEAT_XTERM_SAVE defined in feature.h, the
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160 builtin xterm will include the mentioned "te" and "ti" entries.
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161
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162 NOTE 2: If you want to disable the screen switching, and you don't want to
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163 change your termcap, you can add these lines to your .vimrc: >
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164 :set t_ti= t_te=
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165
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166 ==============================================================================
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167 Scrolling in Insert mode *scroll-insert*
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168
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169 If you are in insert mode and you want to see something that is just off the
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170 screen, you can use CTRL-X CTRL-E and CTRL-X CTRL-Y to scroll the screen.
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171 |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-E|
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172
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173 To make this easier, you could use these mappings: >
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174 :inoremap <C-E> <C-X><C-E>
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175 :inoremap <C-Y> <C-X><C-Y>
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176 (Type this literally, make sure the '<' flag is not in 'cpoptions').
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177 You then lose the ability to copy text from the line above/below the cursor
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178 |i_CTRL-E|.
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179
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180 Also consider setting 'scrolloff' to a larger value, so that you can always see
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181 some context around the cursor. If 'scrolloff' is bigger than half the window
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182 height, the cursor will always be in the middle and the text is scrolled when
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183 the cursor is moved up/down.
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184
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185 ==============================================================================
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186 Smooth scrolling *scroll-smooth*
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187
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188 If you like the scrolling to go a bit smoother, you can use these mappings: >
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189 :map <C-U> <C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y>
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190 :map <C-D> <C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E>
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191
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192 (Type this literally, make sure the '<' flag is not in 'cpoptions').
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193
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194 ==============================================================================
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195 Correcting common typing mistakes *type-mistakes*
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196
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197 When there are a few words that you keep on typing in the wrong way, make
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198 abbreviations that correct them. For example: >
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199 :ab teh the
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200 :ab fro for
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201
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202 ==============================================================================
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203 Counting words, lines, etc. *count-items*
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204
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170
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205 To count how often any pattern occurs in the current buffer use the substitute
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206 command and add the 'n' flag to avoid the substitution. The reported number
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207 of substitutions is the number of items. Examples: >
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208
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170
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209 :%s/./&/gn characters
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210 :%s/\i\+/&/gn words
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211 :%s/^//n lines
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212 :%s/the/&/gn "the" anywhere
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213 :%s/\<the\>/&/gn "the" as a word
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214
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215 You might want to reset 'hlsearch' or do ":nohlsearch".
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170
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216 Add the 'e' flag if you don't want an error when there are no matches.
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217
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170
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218 An alternative is using |v_g_CTRL-G| in Visual mode.
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219
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220 If you want to find matches in multiple files use |:vimgrep|.
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221
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222 *count-bytes*
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223 If you want to count bytes, you can use this:
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224
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225 Visually select the characters (block is also possible)
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226 Use "y" to yank the characters
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227 Use the strlen() function: >
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228 :echo strlen(@")
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229 A line break is counted for one byte.
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230
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231 ==============================================================================
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232 Restoring the cursor position *restore-position*
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233
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234 Sometimes you want to write a mapping that makes a change somewhere in the
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235 file and restores the cursor position, without scrolling the text. For
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236 example, to change the date mark in a file: >
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237 :map <F2> msHmtgg/Last [cC]hange:\s*/e+1<CR>"_D"=strftime("%Y %b %d")<CR>p'tzt`s
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238
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239 Breaking up saving the position:
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240 ms store cursor position in the 's' mark
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241 H go to the first line in the window
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242 mt store this position in the 't' mark
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243
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244 Breaking up restoring the position:
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245 't go to the line previously at the top of the window
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246 zt scroll to move this line to the top of the window
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247 `s jump to the original position of the cursor
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248
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249 ==============================================================================
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250 Renaming files *rename-files*
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251
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252 Say I have a directory with the following files in them (directory picked at
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253 random :-):
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254
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255 buffer.c
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256 charset.c
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257 digraph.c
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258 ...
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259
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260 and I want to rename *.c *.bla. I'd do it like this: >
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261
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262 $ vim
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246
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263 :r !ls *.c
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264 :%s/\(.*\).c/mv & \1.bla
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265 :w !sh
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266 :q!
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267
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268 ==============================================================================
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269 Speeding up external commands *speed-up*
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270
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271 In some situations, execution of an external command can be very slow. This
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272 can also slow down wildcard expansion on Unix. Here are a few suggestions to
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273 increase the speed.
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274
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275 If your .cshrc (or other file, depending on the shell used) is very long, you
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276 should separate it into a section for interactive use and a section for
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277 non-interactive use (often called secondary shells). When you execute a
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278 command from Vim like ":!ls", you do not need the interactive things (for
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279 example, setting the prompt). Put the stuff that is not needed after these
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280 lines: >
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281
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282 if ($?prompt == 0) then
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283 exit 0
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284 endif
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285
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286 Another way is to include the "-f" flag in the 'shell' option, e.g.: >
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287
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288 :set shell=csh\ -f
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289
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290 (the backslash is needed to include the space in the option).
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291 This will make csh completely skip the use of the .cshrc file. This may cause
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292 some things to stop working though.
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293
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294 ==============================================================================
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295 Useful mappings *useful-mappings*
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296
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297 Here are a few mappings that some people like to use.
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298
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299 *map-backtick* >
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300 :map ' `
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301 Make the single quote work like a backtick. Puts the cursor on the column of
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302 a mark, instead of going to the first non-blank character in the line.
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303
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304 *emacs-keys*
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305 For Emacs-style editing on the command-line: >
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306 " start of line
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307 :cnoremap <C-A> <Home>
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308 " back one character
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309 :cnoremap <C-B> <Left>
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310 " delete character under cursor
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311 :cnoremap <C-D> <Del>
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312 " end of line
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313 :cnoremap <C-E> <End>
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314 " forward one character
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315 :cnoremap <C-F> <Right>
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316 " recall newer command-line
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317 :cnoremap <C-N> <Down>
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318 " recall previous (older) command-line
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319 :cnoremap <C-P> <Up>
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320 " back one word
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321 :cnoremap <Esc><C-B> <S-Left>
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322 " forward one word
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323 :cnoremap <Esc><C-F> <S-Right>
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324
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325 NOTE: This requires that the '<' flag is excluded from 'cpoptions'. |<>|
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326
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327 *format-bullet-list*
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328 This mapping will format any bullet list. It requires that there is an empty
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329 line above and below each list entry. The expression commands are used to
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330 be able to give comments to the parts of the mapping. >
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331
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332 :let m = ":map _f :set ai<CR>" " need 'autoindent' set
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333 :let m = m . "{O<Esc>" " add empty line above item
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334 :let m = m . "}{)^W" " move to text after bullet
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335 :let m = m . "i <CR> <Esc>" " add space for indent
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336 :let m = m . "gq}" " format text after the bullet
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337 :let m = m . "{dd" " remove the empty line
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338 :let m = m . "5lDJ" " put text after bullet
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339 :execute m |" define the mapping
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340
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341 (<> notation |<>|. Note that this is all typed literally. ^W is "^" "W", not
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342 CTRL-W. You can copy/paste this into Vim if '<' is not included in
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236
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343 'cpoptions'.)
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7
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344
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345 Note that the last comment starts with |", because the ":execute" command
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346 doesn't accept a comment directly.
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347
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348 You also need to set 'textwidth' to a non-zero value, e.g., >
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349 :set tw=70
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350
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351 A mapping that does about the same, but takes the indent for the list from the
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352 first line (Note: this mapping is a single long line with a lot of spaces): >
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353 :map _f :set ai<CR>}{a <Esc>WWmmkD`mi<CR><Esc>kkddpJgq}'mJO<Esc>j
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354 <
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355 *collapse*
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356 These two mappings reduce a sequence of empty (;b) or blank (;n) lines into a
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357 single line >
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358 :map ;b GoZ<Esc>:g/^$/.,/./-j<CR>Gdd
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359 :map ;n GoZ<Esc>:g/^[ <Tab>]*$/.,/[^ <Tab>]/-j<CR>Gdd
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360
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361 ==============================================================================
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362 Compressing the help files *gzip-helpfile*
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363
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364 For those of you who are really short on disk space, you can compress the help
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365 files and still be able to view them with Vim. This makes accessing the help
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366 files a bit slower and requires the "gzip" program.
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367
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368 (1) Compress all the help files: "gzip doc/*.txt".
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369
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370 (2) Edit "doc/tags" and change the ".txt" to ".txt.gz": >
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371 :%s=\(\t.*\.txt\)\t=\1.gz\t=
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372
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373 (3) Add this line to your vimrc: >
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374 set helpfile={dirname}/help.txt.gz
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375
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376 Where {dirname} is the directory where the help files are. The |gzip| plugin
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377 will take care of decompressing the files.
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378 You must make sure that $VIMRUNTIME is set to where the other Vim files are,
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379 when they are not in the same location as the compressed "doc" directory. See
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380 |$VIMRUNTIME|.
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381
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382 ==============================================================================
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383 Executing shell commands in a window *shell-window*
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384
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385 There have been questions for the possibility to execute a shell in a window
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386 inside Vim. The answer: you can't! Including this would add a lot of code to
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387 Vim, which is a good reason not to do this. After all, Vim is an editor, it
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388 is not supposed to do non-editing tasks. However, to get something like this,
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389 you might try splitting your terminal screen or display window with the
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390 "splitvt" program. You can probably find it on some ftp server. The person
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391 that knows more about this is Sam Lantinga <slouken@cs.ucdavis.edu>.
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392 An alternative is the "window" command, found on BSD Unix systems, which
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393 supports multiple overlapped windows. Or the "screen" program, found at
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394 www.uni-erlangen.de, which supports a stack of windows.
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395
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396 ==============================================================================
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397 Hex editing *hex-editing* *using-xxd*
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398
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399 See section |23.4| of the user manual.
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400
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401 If one has a particular extension that one uses for binary files (such as exe,
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402 bin, etc), you may find it helpful to automate the process with the following
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403 bit of autocmds for your <.vimrc>. Change that "*.bin" to whatever
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404 comma-separated list of extension(s) you find yourself wanting to edit: >
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405
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406 " vim -b : edit binary using xxd-format!
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407 augroup Binary
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408 au!
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409 au BufReadPre *.bin let &bin=1
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410 au BufReadPost *.bin if &bin | %!xxd
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411 au BufReadPost *.bin set ft=xxd | endif
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412 au BufWritePre *.bin if &bin | %!xxd -r
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413 au BufWritePre *.bin endif
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414 au BufWritePost *.bin if &bin | %!xxd
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415 au BufWritePost *.bin set nomod | endif
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416 augroup END
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417
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418 ==============================================================================
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419 Using <> notation in autocommands *autocmd-<>*
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420
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421 The <> notation is not recognized in the argument of an :autocmd. To avoid
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422 having to use special characters, you could use a self-destroying mapping to
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423 get the <> notation and then call the mapping from the autocmd. Example:
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424
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425 *map-self-destroy* >
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426 " This is for automatically adding the name of the file to the menu list.
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427 " It uses a self-destroying mapping!
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428 " 1. use a line in the buffer to convert the 'dots' in the file name to \.
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429 " 2. store that in register '"'
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430 " 3. add that name to the Buffers menu list
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431 " WARNING: this does have some side effects, like overwriting the
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432 " current register contents and removing any mapping for the "i" command.
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433 "
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434 autocmd BufNewFile,BufReadPre * nmap i :nunmap i<CR>O<C-R>%<Esc>:.g/\./s/\./\\./g<CR>0"9y$u:menu Buffers.<C-R>9 :buffer <C-R>%<C-V><CR><CR>
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435 autocmd BufNewFile,BufReadPre * normal i
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436
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437 Another method, perhaps better, is to use the ":execute" command. In the
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438 string you can use the <> notation by preceding it with a backslash. Don't
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439 forget to double the number of existing backslashes and put a backslash before
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440 '"'.
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441 >
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442 autocmd BufNewFile,BufReadPre * exe "normal O\<C-R>%\<Esc>:.g/\\./s/\\./\\\\./g\<CR>0\"9y$u:menu Buffers.\<C-R>9 :buffer \<C-R>%\<C-V>\<CR>\<CR>"
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443
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444 For a real buffer menu, user functions should be used (see |:function|), but
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445 then the <> notation isn't used, which defeats using it as an example here.
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446
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667
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447 ==============================================================================
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448 Highlighting matching parens *match-parens*
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449
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450 This example shows the use of a few advanced tricks:
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451 - using the |CursorMoved| autocommand event
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452 - using |searchpairpos()| to find a matching paren
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674
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453 - using |synID()| to detect whether the cursor is in a string or comment
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667
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454 - using |:match| to highlight something
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455 - using a |pattern| to match a specific position in the file.
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456
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457 This should be put in a Vim script file, since it uses script-local variables.
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674
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458 It skips matches in strings or comments, unless the cursor started in string
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459 or comment. This requires syntax highlighting.
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699
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460
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461 A slightly more advanced version is used in the |matchparen| plugin.
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667
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462 >
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463 let s:paren_hl_on = 0
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464 function s:Highlight_Matching_Paren()
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465 if s:paren_hl_on
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466 match none
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467 let s:paren_hl_on = 0
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468 endif
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469
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470 let c_lnum = line('.')
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471 let c_col = col('.')
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472
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473 let c = getline(c_lnum)[c_col - 1]
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474 let plist = split(&matchpairs, ':\|,')
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475 let i = index(plist, c)
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476 if i < 0
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477 return
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478 endif
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479 if i % 2 == 0
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480 let s_flags = 'nW'
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481 let c2 = plist[i + 1]
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482 else
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483 let s_flags = 'nbW'
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484 let c2 = c
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485 let c = plist[i - 1]
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486 endif
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487 if c == '['
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488 let c = '\['
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489 let c2 = '\]'
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490 endif
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674
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491 let s_skip ='synIDattr(synID(line("."), col("."), 0), "name") ' .
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856
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492 \ '=~? "string\\|comment"'
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493 execute 'if' s_skip '| let s_skip = 0 | endif'
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667
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494
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674
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495 let [m_lnum, m_col] = searchpairpos(c, '', c2, s_flags, s_skip)
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667
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496
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497 if m_lnum > 0 && m_lnum >= line('w0') && m_lnum <= line('w$')
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498 exe 'match Search /\(\%' . c_lnum . 'l\%' . c_col .
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499 \ 'c\)\|\(\%' . m_lnum . 'l\%' . m_col . 'c\)/'
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500 let s:paren_hl_on = 1
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501 endif
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502 endfunction
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503
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671
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504 autocmd CursorMoved,CursorMovedI * call s:Highlight_Matching_Paren()
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667
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505 autocmd InsertEnter * match none
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506 <
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507
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7
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508 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
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