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1 *pattern.txt* For Vim version 7.0. Last change: 2006 Apr 30
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
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7 Patterns and search commands *pattern-searches*
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8
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9 The very basics can be found in section |03.9| of the user manual. A few more
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10 explanations are in chapter 27 |usr_27.txt|.
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11
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12 1. Search commands |search-commands|
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13 2. The definition of a pattern |search-pattern|
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14 3. Magic |/magic|
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15 4. Overview of pattern items |pattern-overview|
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16 5. Multi items |pattern-multi-items|
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17 6. Ordinary atoms |pattern-atoms|
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18 7. Ignoring case in a pattern |/ignorecase|
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19 8. Composing characters |patterns-composing|
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20 9. Compare with Perl patterns |perl-patterns|
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21 10. Highlighting matches |match-highlight|
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22
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23 ==============================================================================
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24 1. Search commands *search-commands* *E486*
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25
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26 */*
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27 /{pattern}[/]<CR> Search forward for the [count]'th occurrence of
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28 {pattern} |exclusive|.
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29
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30 /{pattern}/{offset}<CR> Search forward for the [count]'th occurrence of
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31 {pattern} and go |{offset}| lines up or down.
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32 |linewise|.
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33
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34 */<CR>*
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35 /<CR> Search forward for the [count]'th latest used
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36 pattern |last-pattern| with latest used |{offset}|.
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37
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38 //{offset}<CR> Search forward for the [count]'th latest used
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39 pattern |last-pattern| with new |{offset}|. If
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40 {offset} is empty no offset is used.
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41
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42 *?*
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43 ?{pattern}[?]<CR> Search backward for the [count]'th previous
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44 occurrence of {pattern} |exclusive|.
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45
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46 ?{pattern}?{offset}<CR> Search backward for the [count]'th previous
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47 occurrence of {pattern} and go |{offset}| lines up or
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48 down |linewise|.
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49
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50 *?<CR>*
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51 ?<CR> Search backward for the [count]'th latest used
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52 pattern |last-pattern| with latest used |{offset}|.
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53
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54 ??{offset}<CR> Search backward for the [count]'th latest used
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55 pattern |last-pattern| with new |{offset}|. If
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56 {offset} is empty no offset is used.
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57
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58 *n*
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59 n Repeat the latest "/" or "?" [count] times.
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60 |last-pattern| {Vi: no count}
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61
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62 *N*
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63 N Repeat the latest "/" or "?" [count] times in
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64 opposite direction. |last-pattern| {Vi: no count}
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65
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66 *star* *E348* *E349*
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67 * Search forward for the [count]'th occurrence of the
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68 word nearest to the cursor. The word used for the
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69 search is the first of:
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70 1. the keyword under the cursor |'iskeyword'|
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71 2. the first keyword after the cursor, in the
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72 current line
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73 3. the non-blank word under the cursor
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74 4. the first non-blank word after the cursor,
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75 in the current line
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76 Only whole keywords are searched for, like with the
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77 command "/\<keyword\>". |exclusive| {not in Vi}
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78 'ignorecase' is used, 'smartcase' is not.
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79
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80 *#*
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81 # Same as "*", but search backward. The pound sign
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82 (character 163) also works. If the "#" key works as
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83 backspace, try using "stty erase <BS>" before starting
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84 Vim (<BS> is CTRL-H or a real backspace). {not in Vi}
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85
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86 *gstar*
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87 g* Like "*", but don't put "\<" and "\>" around the word.
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88 This makes the search also find matches that are not a
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89 whole word. {not in Vi}
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90
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91 *g#*
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92 g# Like "#", but don't put "\<" and "\>" around the word.
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93 This makes the search also find matches that are not a
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94 whole word. {not in Vi}
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95
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96 *gd*
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97 gd Goto local Declaration. When the cursor is on a local
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98 variable, this command will jump to its declaration.
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99 First Vim searches for the start of the current
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100 function, just like "[[". If it is not found the
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101 search stops in line 1. If it is found, Vim goes back
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102 until a blank line is found. From this position Vim
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103 searches for the keyword under the cursor, like with
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104 "*", but lines that look like a comment are ignored
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105 (see 'comments' option).
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106 Note that this is not guaranteed to work, Vim does not
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107 really check the syntax, it only searches for a match
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108 with the keyword. If included files also need to be
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109 searched use the commands listed in |include-search|.
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110 After this command |n| searches forward for the next
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111 match (not backward).
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112 {not in Vi}
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113
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114 *gD*
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115 gD Goto global Declaration. When the cursor is on a
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116 global variable that is defined in the file, this
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117 command will jump to its declaration. This works just
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118 like "gd", except that the search for the keyword
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119 always starts in line 1. {not in Vi}
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120
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121 *1gd*
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122 1gd Like "gd", but ignore matches inside a {} block that
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123 ends before the cursor position. {not in Vi}
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124
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125 *1gD*
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126 1gD Like "gD", but ignore matches inside a {} block that
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127 ends before the cursor position. {not in Vi}
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128
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129 *CTRL-C*
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130 CTRL-C Interrupt current (search) command. Use CTRL-Break on
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131 MS-DOS |dos-CTRL-Break|.
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132 In Normal mode, any pending command is aborted.
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133
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134 *:noh* *:nohlsearch*
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135 :noh[lsearch] Stop the highlighting for the 'hlsearch' option. It
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136 is automatically turned back on when using a search
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137 command, or setting the 'hlsearch' option.
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138 This command doesn't work in an autocommand, because
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139 the highlighting state is saved and restored when
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140 executing autocommands |autocmd-searchpat|.
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141
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142 While typing the search pattern the current match will be shown if the
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143 'incsearch' option is on. Remember that you still have to finish the search
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144 command with <CR> to actually position the cursor at the displayed match. Or
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145 use <Esc> to abandon the search.
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146
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147 All matches for the last used search pattern will be highlighted if you set
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148 the 'hlsearch' option. This can be suspended with the |:nohlsearch| command.
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149
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150 *search-offset* *{offset}*
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151 These commands search for the specified pattern. With "/" and "?" an
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152 additional offset may be given. There are two types of offsets: line offsets
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153 and character offsets. {the character offsets are not in Vi}
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154
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155 The offset gives the cursor position relative to the found match:
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156 [num] [num] lines downwards, in column 1
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157 +[num] [num] lines downwards, in column 1
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158 -[num] [num] lines upwards, in column 1
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159 e[+num] [num] characters to the right of the end of the match
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160 e[-num] [num] characters to the left of the end of the match
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161 s[+num] [num] characters to the right of the start of the match
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162 s[-num] [num] characters to the left of the start of the match
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163 b[+num] [num] identical to s[+num] above (mnemonic: begin)
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164 b[-num] [num] identical to s[-num] above (mnemonic: begin)
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667
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165 ;{pattern} perform another search, see |//;|
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166
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167 If a '-' or '+' is given but [num] is omitted, a count of one will be used.
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168 When including an offset with 'e', the search becomes inclusive (the
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169 character the cursor lands on is included in operations).
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170
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171 Examples:
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172
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173 pattern cursor position ~
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174 /test/+1 one line below "test", in column 1
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175 /test/e on the last t of "test"
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176 /test/s+2 on the 's' of "test"
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177 /test/b-3 three characters before "test"
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178
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179 If one of these commands is used after an operator, the characters between
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180 the cursor position before and after the search is affected. However, if a
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181 line offset is given, the whole lines between the two cursor positions are
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182 affected.
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183
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184 An example of how to search for matches with a pattern and change the match
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185 with another word: >
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186 /foo<CR> find "foo"
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187 c//e change until end of match
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188 bar<Esc> type replacement
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189 //<CR> go to start of next match
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190 c//e change until end of match
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191 beep<Esc> type another replacement
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192 etc.
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193 <
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194 *//;* *E386*
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195 A very special offset is ';' followed by another search command. For example: >
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196
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197 /test 1/;/test
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198 /test.*/+1;?ing?
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199
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200 The first one first finds the next occurrence of "test 1", and then the first
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201 occurrence of "test" after that.
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202
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203 This is like executing two search commands after each other, except that:
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204 - It can be used as a single motion command after an operator.
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205 - The direction for a following "n" or "N" command comes from the first
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206 search command.
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207 - When an error occurs the cursor is not moved at all.
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208
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209 *last-pattern*
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210 The last used pattern and offset are remembered. They can be used to repeat
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211 the search, possibly in another direction or with another count. Note that
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212 two patterns are remembered: One for 'normal' search commands and one for the
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213 substitute command ":s". Each time an empty pattern is given, the previously
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214 used pattern is used.
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215
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216 The 'magic' option sticks with the last used pattern. If you change 'magic',
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217 this will not change how the last used pattern will be interpreted.
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218 The 'ignorecase' option does not do this. When 'ignorecase' is changed, it
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219 will result in the pattern to match other text.
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220
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221 All matches for the last used search pattern will be highlighted if you set
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222 the 'hlsearch' option.
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223
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224 To clear the last used search pattern: >
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225 :let @/ = ""
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226 This will not set the pattern to an empty string, because that would match
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227 everywhere. The pattern is really cleared, like when starting Vim.
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228
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133
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229 The search usually skips matches that don't move the cursor. Whether the next
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230 match is found at the next character or after the skipped match depends on the
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231 'c' flag in 'cpoptions'. See |cpo-c|.
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232 with 'c' flag: "/..." advances 1 to 3 characters
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233 without 'c' flag: "/..." advances 1 character
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234 The unpredictability with the 'c' flag is caused by starting the search in the
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235 first column, skipping matches until one is found past the cursor position.
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236
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133
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237 When searching backwards, searching starts at the start of the line, using the
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238 'c' flag in 'cpoptions' as described above. Then the last match before the
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239 cursor position is used.
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240
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241 In Vi the ":tag" command sets the last search pattern when the tag is searched
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242 for. In Vim this is not done, the previous search pattern is still remembered,
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243 unless the 't' flag is present in 'cpoptions'. The search pattern is always
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244 put in the search history.
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245
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246 If the 'wrapscan' option is on (which is the default), searches wrap around
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247 the end of the buffer. If 'wrapscan' is not set, the backward search stops
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248 at the beginning and the forward search stops at the end of the buffer. If
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249 'wrapscan' is set and the pattern was not found the error message "pattern
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250 not found" is given, and the cursor will not be moved. If 'wrapscan' is not
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251 set the message becomes "search hit BOTTOM without match" when searching
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252 forward, or "search hit TOP without match" when searching backward. If
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253 wrapscan is set and the search wraps around the end of the file the message
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254 "search hit TOP, continuing at BOTTOM" or "search hit BOTTOM, continuing at
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255 TOP" is given when searching backwards or forwards respectively. This can be
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256 switched off by setting the 's' flag in the 'shortmess' option. The highlight
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257 method 'w' is used for this message (default: standout).
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258
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259 *search-range*
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625
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260 You can limit the search command "/" to a certain range of lines by including
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261 \%>l items. For example, to match the word "limit" below line 199 and above
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262 line 300: >
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263 /\%>199l\%<300llimit
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264 Also see |/\%>l|.
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265
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266 Another way is to use the ":substitute" command with the 'c' flag. Example: >
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267 :.,300s/Pattern//gc
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268 This command will search from the cursor position until line 300 for
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269 "Pattern". At the match, you will be asked to type a character. Type 'q' to
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270 stop at this match, type 'n' to find the next match.
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271
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272 The "*", "#", "g*" and "g#" commands look for a word near the cursor in this
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273 order, the first one that is found is used:
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274 - The keyword currently under the cursor.
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275 - The first keyword to the right of the cursor, in the same line.
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276 - The WORD currently under the cursor.
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277 - The first WORD to the right of the cursor, in the same line.
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278 The keyword may only contain letters and characters in 'iskeyword'.
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279 The WORD may contain any non-blanks (<Tab>s and/or <Space>s).
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280 Note that if you type with ten fingers, the characters are easy to remember:
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281 the "#" is under your left hand middle finger (search to the left and up) and
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282 the "*" is under your right hand middle finger (search to the right and down).
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283 (this depends on your keyboard layout though).
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284
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285 ==============================================================================
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286 2. The definition of a pattern *search-pattern* *pattern* *[pattern]*
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287 *regular-expression* *regexp* *Pattern*
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190
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288 *E76* *E383* *E476*
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289
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290 For starters, read chapter 27 of the user manual |usr_27.txt|.
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291
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292 */bar* */\bar* */pattern*
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293 1. A pattern is one or more branches, separated by "\|". It matches anything
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294 that matches one of the branches. Example: "foo\|beep" matches "foo" and
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295 matches "beep". If more than one branch matches, the first one is used.
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296
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297 pattern ::= branch
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298 or branch \| branch
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299 or branch \| branch \| branch
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300 etc.
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301
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302 */branch* */\&*
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303 2. A branch is one or more concats, separated by "\&". It matches the last
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304 concat, but only if all the preceding concats also match at the same
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305 position. Examples:
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306 "foobeep\&..." matches "foo" in "foobeep".
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307 ".*Peter\&.*Bob" matches in a line containing both "Peter" and "Bob"
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308
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309 branch ::= concat
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310 or concat \& concat
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311 or concat \& concat \& concat
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312 etc.
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313
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314 */concat*
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315 3. A concat is one or more pieces, concatenated. It matches a match for the
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316 first piece, followed by a match for the second piece, etc. Example:
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317 "f[0-9]b", first matches "f", then a digit and then "b".
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318
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319 concat ::= piece
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320 or piece piece
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321 or piece piece piece
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322 etc.
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323
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324 */piece*
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325 4. A piece is an atom, possibly followed by a multi, an indication of how many
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326 times the atom can be matched. Example: "a*" matches any sequence of "a"
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327 characters: "", "a", "aa", etc. See |/multi|.
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328
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329 piece ::= atom
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330 or atom multi
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331
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332 */atom*
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333 5. An atom can be one of a long list of items. Many atoms match one character
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334 in the text. It is often an ordinary character or a character class.
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335 Braces can be used to make a pattern into an atom. The "\z(\)" construct
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336 is only for syntax highlighting.
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337
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338 atom ::= ordinary-atom |/ordinary-atom|
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339 or \( pattern \) |/\(|
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340 or \%( pattern \) |/\%(|
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341 or \z( pattern \) |/\z(|
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342
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343
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344 ==============================================================================
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840
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345 3. Magic */magic*
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346
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347 Some characters in the pattern are taken literally. They match with the same
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348 character in the text. When preceded with a backslash however, these
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349 characters get a special meaning.
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350
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351 Other characters have a special meaning without a backslash. They need to be
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352 preceded with a backslash to match literally.
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353
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354 If a character is taken literally or not depends on the 'magic' option and the
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355 items mentioned next.
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356 */\m* */\M*
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357 Use of "\m" makes the pattern after it be interpreted as if 'magic' is set,
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358 ignoring the actual value of the 'magic' option.
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359 Use of "\M" makes the pattern after it be interpreted as if 'nomagic' is used.
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360 */\v* */\V*
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361 Use of "\v" means that in the pattern after it all ASCII characters except
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362 '0'-'9', 'a'-'z', 'A'-'Z' and '_' have a special meaning. "very magic"
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363
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364 Use of "\V" means that in the pattern after it only the backslash has a
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365 special meaning. "very nomagic"
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366
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367 Examples:
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368 after: \v \m \M \V matches ~
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369 'magic' 'nomagic'
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370 $ $ $ \$ matches end-of-line
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371 . . \. \. matches any character
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372 * * \* \* any number of the previous atom
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373 () \(\) \(\) \(\) grouping into an atom
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374 | \| \| \| separating alternatives
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375 \a \a \a \a alphabetic character
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376 \\ \\ \\ \\ literal backslash
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377 \. \. . . literal dot
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378 \{ { { { literal '{'
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379 a a a a literal 'a'
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380
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381 {only Vim supports \m, \M, \v and \V}
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382
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383 It is recommended to always keep the 'magic' option at the default setting,
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384 which is 'magic'. This avoids portability problems. To make a pattern immune
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385 to the 'magic' option being set or not, put "\m" or "\M" at the start of the
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386 pattern.
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387
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388 ==============================================================================
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7
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389 4. Overview of pattern items *pattern-overview*
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390
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391 Overview of multi items. */multi* *E61* *E62*
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392 More explanation and examples below, follow the links. *E64*
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393
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394 multi ~
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395 'magic' 'nomagic' matches of the preceding atom ~
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396 |/star| * \* 0 or more as many as possible
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397 |/\+| \+ \+ 1 or more as many as possible (*)
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398 |/\=| \= \= 0 or 1 as many as possible (*)
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399 |/\?| \? \? 0 or 1 as many as possible (*)
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400
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401 |/\{| \{n,m} \{n,m} n to m as many as possible (*)
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402 \{n} \{n} n exactly (*)
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403 \{n,} \{n,} at least n as many as possible (*)
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404 \{,m} \{,m} 0 to m as many as possible (*)
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405 \{} \{} 0 or more as many as possible (same as *) (*)
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406
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407 |/\{-| \{-n,m} \{-n,m} n to m as few as possible (*)
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408 \{-n} \{-n} n exactly (*)
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409 \{-n,} \{-n,} at least n as few as possible (*)
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410 \{-,m} \{-,m} 0 to m as few as possible (*)
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411 \{-} \{-} 0 or more as few as possible (*)
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412
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413 *E59*
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414 |/\@>| \@> \@> 1, like matching a whole pattern (*)
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415 |/\@=| \@= \@= nothing, requires a match |/zero-width| (*)
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416 |/\@!| \@! \@! nothing, requires NO match |/zero-width| (*)
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417 |/\@<=| \@<= \@<= nothing, requires a match behind |/zero-width| (*)
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418 |/\@<!| \@<! \@<! nothing, requires NO match behind |/zero-width| (*)
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419
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420 (*) {not in Vi}
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421
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422
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423 Overview of ordinary atoms. */ordinary-atom*
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424 More explanation and examples below, follow the links.
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425
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426 ordinary atom ~
|
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|
427 magic nomagic matches ~
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428 |/^| ^ ^ start-of-line (at start of pattern) |/zero-width|
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|
429 |/\^| \^ \^ literal '^'
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430 |/\_^| \_^ \_^ start-of-line (used anywhere) |/zero-width|
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431 |/$| $ $ end-of-line (at end of pattern) |/zero-width|
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432 |/\$| \$ \$ literal '$'
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433 |/\_$| \_$ \_$ end-of-line (used anywhere) |/zero-width|
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434 |/.| . \. any single character (not an end-of-line)
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435 |/\_.| \_. \_. any single character or end-of-line
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436 |/\<| \< \< beginning of a word |/zero-width|
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437 |/\>| \> \> end of a word |/zero-width|
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|
438 |/\zs| \zs \zs anything, sets start of match
|
|
|
439 |/\ze| \ze \ze anything, sets end of match
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440 |/\%^| \%^ \%^ beginning of file |/zero-width| *E71*
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|
441 |/\%$| \%$ \%$ end of file |/zero-width|
|
|
640
|
442 |/\%V| \%V \%V inside Visual area |/zero-width|
|
|
7
|
443 |/\%#| \%# \%# cursor position |/zero-width|
|
|
640
|
444 |/\%'m| \%'m \%'m mark m position |/zero-width|
|
|
7
|
445 |/\%l| \%23l \%23l in line 23 |/zero-width|
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|
|
446 |/\%c| \%23c \%23c in column 23 |/zero-width|
|
|
|
447 |/\%v| \%23v \%23v in virtual column 23 |/zero-width|
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448
|
|
20
|
449 Character classes {not in Vi}: */character-classes*
|
|
7
|
450 |/\i| \i \i identifier character (see 'isident' option)
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|
|
451 |/\I| \I \I like "\i", but excluding digits
|
|
|
452 |/\k| \k \k keyword character (see 'iskeyword' option)
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|
|
453 |/\K| \K \K like "\k", but excluding digits
|
|
|
454 |/\f| \f \f file name character (see 'isfname' option)
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|
455 |/\F| \F \F like "\f", but excluding digits
|
|
|
456 |/\p| \p \p printable character (see 'isprint' option)
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|
|
457 |/\P| \P \P like "\p", but excluding digits
|
|
|
458 |/\s| \s \s whitespace character: <Space> and <Tab>
|
|
|
459 |/\S| \S \S non-whitespace character; opposite of \s
|
|
|
460 |/\d| \d \d digit: [0-9]
|
|
|
461 |/\D| \D \D non-digit: [^0-9]
|
|
|
462 |/\x| \x \x hex digit: [0-9A-Fa-f]
|
|
|
463 |/\X| \X \X non-hex digit: [^0-9A-Fa-f]
|
|
|
464 |/\o| \o \o octal digit: [0-7]
|
|
|
465 |/\O| \O \O non-octal digit: [^0-7]
|
|
|
466 |/\w| \w \w word character: [0-9A-Za-z_]
|
|
|
467 |/\W| \W \W non-word character: [^0-9A-Za-z_]
|
|
|
468 |/\h| \h \h head of word character: [A-Za-z_]
|
|
|
469 |/\H| \H \H non-head of word character: [^A-Za-z_]
|
|
|
470 |/\a| \a \a alphabetic character: [A-Za-z]
|
|
|
471 |/\A| \A \A non-alphabetic character: [^A-Za-z]
|
|
|
472 |/\l| \l \l lowercase character: [a-z]
|
|
|
473 |/\L| \L \L non-lowercase character: [^a-z]
|
|
|
474 |/\u| \u \u uppercase character: [A-Z]
|
|
|
475 |/\U| \U \U non-uppercase character [^A-Z]
|
|
|
476 |/\_| \_x \_x where x is any of the characters above: character
|
|
|
477 class with end-of-line included
|
|
|
478 (end of character classes)
|
|
|
479
|
|
|
480 |/\e| \e \e <Esc>
|
|
|
481 |/\t| \t \t <Tab>
|
|
|
482 |/\r| \r \r <CR>
|
|
|
483 |/\b| \b \b <BS>
|
|
|
484 |/\n| \n \n end-of-line
|
|
|
485 |/~| ~ \~ last given substitute string
|
|
|
486 |/\1| \1 \1 same string as matched by first \(\) {not in Vi}
|
|
|
487 |/\2| \2 \2 Like "\1", but uses second \(\)
|
|
|
488 ...
|
|
|
489 |/\9| \9 \9 Like "\1", but uses ninth \(\)
|
|
|
490 *E68*
|
|
|
491 |/\z1| \z1 \z1 only for syntax highlighting, see |:syn-ext-match|
|
|
|
492 ...
|
|
|
493 |/\z1| \z9 \z9 only for syntax highlighting, see |:syn-ext-match|
|
|
|
494
|
|
|
495 x x a character with no special meaning matches itself
|
|
|
496
|
|
|
497 |/[]| [] \[] any character specified inside the []
|
|
24
|
498 |/\%[]| \%[] \%[] a sequence of optionally matched atoms
|
|
7
|
499
|
|
|
500 |/\c| \c \c ignore case
|
|
|
501 |/\C| \C \C match case
|
|
|
502 |/\m| \m \m 'magic' on for the following chars in the pattern
|
|
|
503 |/\M| \M \M 'magic' off for the following chars in the pattern
|
|
|
504 |/\v| \v \v the following chars in the pattern are "very magic"
|
|
|
505 |/\V| \V \V the following chars in the pattern are "very nomagic"
|
|
|
506 |/\Z| \Z \Z ignore differences in Unicode "combining characters".
|
|
|
507 Useful when searching voweled Hebrew or Arabic text.
|
|
|
508
|
|
24
|
509 |/\%d| \%d \%d match specified decimal character (eg \%d123
|
|
|
510 |/\%x| \%x \%x match specified hex character (eg \%x2a)
|
|
|
511 |/\%o| \%o \%o match specified octal character (eg \%o040)
|
|
|
512 |/\%u| \%u \%u match specified multibyte character (eg \%u20ac)
|
|
|
513 |/\%U| \%U \%U match specified large multibyte character (eg
|
|
|
514 \%U12345678)
|
|
7
|
515
|
|
|
516 Example matches ~
|
|
|
517 \<\I\i* or
|
|
|
518 \<\h\w*
|
|
|
519 \<[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*
|
|
|
520 An identifier (e.g., in a C program).
|
|
|
521
|
|
|
522 \(\.$\|\. \) A period followed by <EOL> or a space.
|
|
|
523
|
|
|
524 [.!?][])"']*\($\|[ ]\) A search pattern that finds the end of a sentence,
|
|
|
525 with almost the same definition as the ")" command.
|
|
|
526
|
|
|
527 cat\Z Both "cat" and "càt" ("a" followed by 0x0300)
|
|
|
528 Does not match "cà t" (character 0x00e0), even
|
|
|
529 though it may look the same.
|
|
|
530
|
|
|
531
|
|
|
532 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
533 5. Multi items *pattern-multi-items*
|
|
|
534
|
|
|
535 An atom can be followed by an indication of how many times the atom can be
|
|
|
536 matched and in what way. This is called a multi. See |/multi| for an
|
|
|
537 overview.
|
|
|
538
|
|
|
539 */star* */\star* *E56*
|
|
|
540 * (use \* when 'magic' is not set)
|
|
|
541 Matches 0 or more of the preceding atom, as many as possible.
|
|
|
542 Example 'nomagic' matches ~
|
|
|
543 a* a\* "", "a", "aa", "aaa", etc.
|
|
|
544 .* \.\* anything, also an empty string, no end-of-line
|
|
|
545 \_.* \_.\* everything up to the end of the buffer
|
|
|
546 \_.*END \_.\*END everything up to and including the last "END"
|
|
|
547 in the buffer
|
|
|
548
|
|
|
549 Exception: When "*" is used at the start of the pattern or just after
|
|
|
550 "^" it matches the star character.
|
|
|
551
|
|
|
552 Be aware that repeating "\_." can match a lot of text and take a long
|
|
|
553 time. For example, "\_.*END" matches all text from the current
|
|
|
554 position to the last occurrence of "END" in the file. Since the "*"
|
|
|
555 will match as many as possible, this first skips over all lines until
|
|
|
556 the end of the file and then tries matching "END", backing up one
|
|
|
557 character at a time.
|
|
|
558
|
|
|
559 */\+* *E57*
|
|
|
560 \+ Matches 1 or more of the preceding atom, as many as possible. {not in
|
|
|
561 Vi}
|
|
|
562 Example matches ~
|
|
|
563 ^.\+$ any non-empty line
|
|
|
564 \s\+ white space of at least one character
|
|
|
565
|
|
|
566 */\=*
|
|
|
567 \= Matches 0 or 1 of the preceding atom, as many as possible. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
568 Example matches ~
|
|
|
569 foo\= "fo" and "foo"
|
|
|
570
|
|
|
571 */\?*
|
|
|
572 \? Just like \=. Cannot be used when searching backwards with the "?"
|
|
|
573 command. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
574
|
|
|
575 */\{* *E58* *E60* *E554*
|
|
|
576 \{n,m} Matches n to m of the preceding atom, as many as possible
|
|
|
577 \{n} Matches n of the preceding atom
|
|
|
578 \{n,} Matches at least n of the preceding atom, as many as possible
|
|
|
579 \{,m} Matches 0 to m of the preceding atom, as many as possible
|
|
|
580 \{} Matches 0 or more of the preceding atom, as many as possible (like *)
|
|
|
581 */\{-*
|
|
|
582 \{-n,m} matches n to m of the preceding atom, as few as possible
|
|
|
583 \{-n} matches n of the preceding atom
|
|
|
584 \{-n,} matches at least n of the preceding atom, as few as possible
|
|
|
585 \{-,m} matches 0 to m of the preceding atom, as few as possible
|
|
|
586 \{-} matches 0 or more of the preceding atom, as few as possible
|
|
|
587 {Vi does not have any of these}
|
|
|
588
|
|
168
|
589 n and m are positive decimal numbers or zero
|
|
7
|
590
|
|
|
591 If a "-" appears immediately after the "{", then a shortest match
|
|
|
592 first algorithm is used (see example below). In particular, "\{-}" is
|
|
|
593 the same as "*" but uses the shortest match first algorithm. BUT: A
|
|
|
594 match that starts earlier is preferred over a shorter match: "a\{-}b"
|
|
|
595 matches "aaab" in "xaaab".
|
|
|
596
|
|
|
597 Example matches ~
|
|
|
598 ab\{2,3}c "abbc" or "abbbc"
|
|
|
599 a\{5} "aaaaa".
|
|
|
600 ab\{2,}c "abbc", "abbbc", "abbbbc", etc
|
|
|
601 ab\{,3}c "ac", "abc", "abbc" or "abbbc".
|
|
|
602 a[bc]\{3}d "abbbd", "abbcd", "acbcd", "acccd", etc.
|
|
|
603 a\(bc\)\{1,2}d "abcd" or "abcbcd"
|
|
|
604 a[bc]\{-}[cd] "abc" in "abcd"
|
|
|
605 a[bc]*[cd] "abcd" in "abcd"
|
|
|
606
|
|
|
607 The } may optionally be preceded with a backslash: \{n,m\}.
|
|
|
608
|
|
|
609 */\@=*
|
|
|
610 \@= Matches the preceding atom with zero width. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
611 Like "(?=pattern)" in Perl.
|
|
|
612 Example matches ~
|
|
|
613 foo\(bar\)\@= "foo" in "foobar"
|
|
|
614 foo\(bar\)\@=foo nothing
|
|
|
615 */zero-width*
|
|
|
616 When using "\@=" (or "^", "$", "\<", "\>") no characters are included
|
|
|
617 in the match. These items are only used to check if a match can be
|
|
|
618 made. This can be tricky, because a match with following items will
|
|
|
619 be done in the same position. The last example above will not match
|
|
|
620 "foobarfoo", because it tries match "foo" in the same position where
|
|
|
621 "bar" matched.
|
|
|
622
|
|
|
623 Note that using "\&" works the same as using "\@=": "foo\&.." is the
|
|
|
624 same as "\(foo\)\@=..". But using "\&" is easier, you don't need the
|
|
|
625 braces.
|
|
|
626
|
|
|
627
|
|
|
628 */\@!*
|
|
|
629 \@! Matches with zero width if the preceding atom does NOT match at the
|
|
|
630 current position. |/zero-width| {not in Vi}
|
|
|
631 Like '(?!pattern)" in Perl.
|
|
|
632 Example matches ~
|
|
|
633 foo\(bar\)\@! any "foo" not followed by "bar"
|
|
|
634 a.\{-}p\@! "a", "ap", "app", etc. not followed by a "p"
|
|
|
635 if \(\(then\)\@!.\)*$ "if " not followed by "then"
|
|
|
636
|
|
|
637 Using "\@!" is tricky, because there are many places where a pattern
|
|
|
638 does not match. "a.*p\@!" will match from an "a" to the end of the
|
|
|
639 line, because ".*" can match all characters in the line and the "p"
|
|
|
640 doesn't match at the end of the line. "a.\{-}p\@!" will match any
|
|
|
641 "a", "ap", "aap", etc. that isn't followed by a "p", because the "."
|
|
|
642 can match a "p" and "p\@!" doesn't match after that.
|
|
|
643
|
|
|
644 You can't use "\@!" to look for a non-match before the matching
|
|
|
645 position: "\(foo\)\@!bar" will match "bar" in "foobar", because at the
|
|
|
646 position where "bar" matches, "foo" does not match. To avoid matching
|
|
|
647 "foobar" you could use "\(foo\)\@!...bar", but that doesn't match a
|
|
237
|
648 bar at the start of a line. Use "\(foo\)\@<!bar".
|
|
7
|
649
|
|
|
650 */\@<=*
|
|
|
651 \@<= Matches with zero width if the preceding atom matches just before what
|
|
|
652 follows. |/zero-width| {not in Vi}
|
|
|
653 Like '(?<=pattern)" in Perl, but Vim allows non-fixed-width patterns.
|
|
|
654 Example matches ~
|
|
|
655 \(an\_s\+\)\@<=file "file" after "an" and white space or an
|
|
|
656 end-of-line
|
|
|
657 For speed it's often much better to avoid this multi. Try using "\zs"
|
|
|
658 instead |/\zs|. To match the same as the above example:
|
|
|
659 an\_s\+\zsfile
|
|
|
660
|
|
|
661 "\@<=" and "\@<!" check for matches just before what follows.
|
|
|
662 Theoretically these matches could start anywhere before this position.
|
|
|
663 But to limit the time needed, only the line where what follows matches
|
|
|
664 is searched, and one line before that (if there is one). This should
|
|
|
665 be sufficient to match most things and not be too slow.
|
|
|
666 The part of the pattern after "\@<=" and "\@<!" are checked for a
|
|
|
667 match first, thus things like "\1" don't work to reference \(\) inside
|
|
|
668 the preceding atom. It does work the other way around:
|
|
|
669 Example matches ~
|
|
|
670 \1\@<=,\([a-z]\+\) ",abc" in "abc,abc"
|
|
|
671
|
|
|
672 */\@<!*
|
|
|
673 \@<! Matches with zero width if the preceding atom does NOT match just
|
|
|
674 before what follows. Thus this matches if there is no position in the
|
|
|
675 current or previous line where the atom matches such that it ends just
|
|
|
676 before what follows. |/zero-width| {not in Vi}
|
|
|
677 Like '(?<!pattern)" in Perl, but Vim allows non-fixed-width patterns.
|
|
|
678 The match with the preceding atom is made to end just before the match
|
|
|
679 with what follows, thus an atom that ends in ".*" will work.
|
|
|
680 Warning: This can be slow (because many positions need to be checked
|
|
|
681 for a match).
|
|
|
682 Example matches ~
|
|
|
683 \(foo\)\@<!bar any "bar" that's not in "foobar"
|
|
|
684 \(\/\/.*\)\@\<!in "in" which is not after "//"
|
|
|
685
|
|
|
686 */\@>*
|
|
|
687 \@> Matches the preceding atom like matching a whole pattern. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
688 Like '(?>pattern)" in Perl.
|
|
|
689 Example matches ~
|
|
|
690 \(a*\)\@>a nothing (the "a*" takes all the "a"'s, there can't be
|
|
|
691 another one following)
|
|
|
692
|
|
|
693 This matches the preceding atom as if it was a pattern by itself. If
|
|
|
694 it doesn't match, there is no retry with shorter sub-matches or
|
|
|
695 anything. Observe this difference: "a*b" and "a*ab" both match
|
|
|
696 "aaab", but in the second case the "a*" matches only the first two
|
|
|
697 "a"s. "\(a*\)\@>ab" will not match "aaab", because the "a*" matches
|
|
|
698 the "aaa" (as many "a"s as possible), thus the "ab" can't match.
|
|
|
699
|
|
|
700
|
|
|
701 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
702 6. Ordinary atoms *pattern-atoms*
|
|
|
703
|
|
|
704 An ordinary atom can be:
|
|
|
705
|
|
|
706 */^*
|
|
|
707 ^ At beginning of pattern or after "\|", "\(", "\%(" or "\n": matches
|
|
|
708 start-of-line; at other positions, matches literal '^'. |/zero-width|
|
|
|
709 Example matches ~
|
|
|
710 ^beep( the start of the C function "beep" (probably).
|
|
|
711
|
|
|
712 */\^*
|
|
|
713 \^ Matches literal '^'. Can be used at any position in the pattern.
|
|
|
714
|
|
|
715 */\_^*
|
|
|
716 \_^ Matches start-of-line. |/zero-width| Can be used at any position in
|
|
|
717 the pattern.
|
|
|
718 Example matches ~
|
|
|
719 \_s*\_^foo white space and blank lines and then "foo" at
|
|
|
720 start-of-line
|
|
|
721
|
|
|
722 */$*
|
|
|
723 $ At end of pattern or in front of "\|" or "\)" ("|" or ")" after "\v"):
|
|
|
724 matches end-of-line <EOL>; at other positions, matches literal '$'.
|
|
|
725 |/zero-width|
|
|
|
726
|
|
|
727 */\$*
|
|
|
728 \$ Matches literal '$'. Can be used at any position in the pattern.
|
|
|
729
|
|
|
730 */\_$*
|
|
|
731 \_$ Matches end-of-line. |/zero-width| Can be used at any position in the
|
|
|
732 pattern. Note that "a\_$b" never matches, since "b" cannot match an
|
|
|
733 end-of-line. Use "a\nb" instead |/\n|.
|
|
|
734 Example matches ~
|
|
|
735 foo\_$\_s* "foo" at end-of-line and following white space and
|
|
|
736 blank lines
|
|
|
737
|
|
|
738 . (with 'nomagic': \.) */.* */\.*
|
|
|
739 Matches any single character, but not an end-of-line.
|
|
|
740
|
|
|
741 */\_.*
|
|
|
742 \_. Matches any single character or end-of-line.
|
|
|
743 Careful: "\_.*" matches all text to the end of the buffer!
|
|
|
744
|
|
|
745 */\<*
|
|
|
746 \< Matches the beginning of a word: The next char is the first char of a
|
|
|
747 word. The 'iskeyword' option specifies what is a word character.
|
|
|
748 |/zero-width|
|
|
|
749
|
|
|
750 */\>*
|
|
|
751 \> Matches the end of a word: The previous char is the last char of a
|
|
237
|
752 word. The 'iskeyword' option specifies what is a word character.
|
|
7
|
753 |/zero-width|
|
|
|
754
|
|
|
755 */\zs*
|
|
|
756 \zs Matches at any position, and sets the start of the match there: The
|
|
|
757 next char is the first char of the whole match. |/zero-width|
|
|
|
758 Example: >
|
|
|
759 /^\s*\zsif
|
|
|
760 < matches an "if" at the start of a line, ignoring white space.
|
|
|
761 Can be used multiple times, the last one encountered in a matching
|
|
237
|
762 branch is used. Example: >
|
|
7
|
763 /\(.\{-}\zsFab\)\{3}
|
|
|
764 < Finds the third occurrence of "Fab".
|
|
|
765 {not in Vi} {not available when compiled without the +syntax feature}
|
|
|
766 */\ze*
|
|
|
767 \ze Matches at any position, and sets the end of the match there: The
|
|
|
768 previous char is the last char of the whole match. |/zero-width|
|
|
|
769 Can be used multiple times, the last one encountered in a matching
|
|
|
770 branch is used.
|
|
|
771 Example: "end\ze\(if\|for\)" matches the "end" in "endif" and
|
|
|
772 "endfor".
|
|
|
773 {not in Vi} {not available when compiled without the +syntax feature}
|
|
|
774
|
|
|
775 */\%^* *start-of-file*
|
|
|
776 \%^ Matches start of the file. When matching with a string, matches the
|
|
|
777 start of the string. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
778 For example, to find the first "VIM" in a file: >
|
|
|
779 /\%^\_.\{-}\zsVIM
|
|
|
780 <
|
|
|
781 */\%$* *end-of-file*
|
|
|
782 \%$ Matches end of the file. When matching with a string, matches the
|
|
|
783 end of the string. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
784 Note that this does NOT find the last "VIM" in a file: >
|
|
|
785 /VIM\_.\{-}\%$
|
|
|
786 < It will find the next VIM, because the part after it will always
|
|
|
787 match. This one will find the last "VIM" in the file: >
|
|
|
788 /VIM\ze\(\(VIM\)\@!\_.\)*\%$
|
|
|
789 < This uses |/\@!| to ascertain that "VIM" does NOT match in any
|
|
|
790 position after the first "VIM".
|
|
|
791 Searching from the end of the file backwards is easier!
|
|
|
792
|
|
640
|
793 */\%V*
|
|
|
794 \%V Match inside the Visual area. When Visual mode has already been
|
|
|
795 stopped match in the area that |gv| would reselect.
|
|
|
796 Only works for the current buffer.
|
|
|
797
|
|
7
|
798 */\%#* *cursor-position*
|
|
|
799 \%# Matches with the cursor position. Only works when matching in a
|
|
|
800 buffer displayed in a window. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
801 WARNING: When the cursor is moved after the pattern was used, the
|
|
|
802 result becomes invalid. Vim doesn't automatically update the matches.
|
|
|
803 This is especially relevant for syntax highlighting and 'hlsearch'.
|
|
|
804 In other words: When the cursor moves the display isn't updated for
|
|
|
805 this change. An update is done for lines which are changed (the whole
|
|
|
806 line is updated) or when using the |CTRL-L| command (the whole screen
|
|
|
807 is updated). Example, to highlight the word under the cursor: >
|
|
|
808 /\k*\%#\k*
|
|
|
809 < When 'hlsearch' is set and you move the cursor around and make changes
|
|
|
810 this will clearly show when the match is updated or not.
|
|
|
811
|
|
640
|
812 */\%'m* */\%<'m* */\%>'m*
|
|
|
813 \%'m Matches with the position of mark m.
|
|
|
814 \%<'m Matches before the position of mark m.
|
|
|
815 \%>'m Matches after the position of mark m.
|
|
|
816 Example, to highlight the text from mark 's to 'e: >
|
|
|
817 /.\%>'s.*\%<'e..
|
|
|
818 < Note that two dots are required to include mark 'e in the match. That
|
|
|
819 is because "\%<'e" matches at the character before the 'e mark, and
|
|
|
820 since it's a |/zero-width| match it doesn't include that character.
|
|
|
821 {not in Vi}
|
|
|
822 WARNING: When the mark is moved after the pattern was used, the result
|
|
|
823 becomes invalid. Vim doesn't automatically update the matches.
|
|
651
|
824 Similar to moving the cursor for "\%#" |/\%#|.
|
|
640
|
825
|
|
7
|
826 */\%l* */\%>l* */\%<l*
|
|
|
827 \%23l Matches in a specific line.
|
|
625
|
828 \%<23l Matches above a specific line (lower line number).
|
|
|
829 \%>23l Matches below a specific line (higher line number).
|
|
7
|
830 These three can be used to match specific lines in a buffer. The "23"
|
|
|
831 can be any line number. The first line is 1. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
832 WARNING: When inserting or deleting lines Vim does not automatically
|
|
|
833 update the matches. This means Syntax highlighting quickly becomes
|
|
|
834 wrong.
|
|
|
835 Example, to highlight the line where the cursor currently is: >
|
|
|
836 :exe '/\%' . line(".") . 'l.*'
|
|
|
837 < When 'hlsearch' is set and you move the cursor around and make changes
|
|
|
838 this will clearly show when the match is updated or not.
|
|
|
839
|
|
|
840 */\%c* */\%>c* */\%<c*
|
|
|
841 \%23c Matches in a specific column.
|
|
|
842 \%<23c Matches before a specific column.
|
|
|
843 \%>23c Matches after a specific column.
|
|
|
844 These three can be used to match specific columns in a buffer or
|
|
|
845 string. The "23" can be any column number. The first column is 1.
|
|
|
846 Actually, the column is the byte number (thus it's not exactly right
|
|
|
847 for multi-byte characters). {not in Vi}
|
|
|
848 WARNING: When inserting or deleting text Vim does not automatically
|
|
|
849 update the matches. This means Syntax highlighting quickly becomes
|
|
|
850 wrong.
|
|
|
851 Example, to highlight the column where the cursor currently is: >
|
|
|
852 :exe '/\%' . col(".") . 'c'
|
|
|
853 < When 'hlsearch' is set and you move the cursor around and make changes
|
|
|
854 this will clearly show when the match is updated or not.
|
|
|
855 Example for matching a single byte in column 44: >
|
|
|
856 /\%>43c.\%<46c
|
|
|
857 < Note that "\%<46c" matches in column 45 when the "." matches a byte in
|
|
|
858 column 44.
|
|
|
859 */\%v* */\%>v* */\%<v*
|
|
|
860 \%23v Matches in a specific virtual column.
|
|
|
861 \%<23v Matches before a specific virtual column.
|
|
|
862 \%>23v Matches after a specific virtual column.
|
|
|
863 These three can be used to match specific virtual columns in a buffer
|
|
|
864 or string. When not matching with a buffer in a window, the option
|
|
|
865 values of the current window are used (e.g., 'tabstop').
|
|
|
866 The "23" can be any column number. The first column is 1.
|
|
|
867 Note that some virtual column positions will never match, because they
|
|
|
868 are halfway a Tab or other character that occupies more than one
|
|
|
869 screen character. {not in Vi}
|
|
|
870 WARNING: When inserting or deleting text Vim does not automatically
|
|
283
|
871 update highlighted matches. This means Syntax highlighting quickly
|
|
|
872 becomes wrong.
|
|
7
|
873 Example, to highlight the all characters after virtual column 72: >
|
|
|
874 /\%>72v.*
|
|
|
875 < When 'hlsearch' is set and you move the cursor around and make changes
|
|
|
876 this will clearly show when the match is updated or not.
|
|
|
877 To match the text up to column 17: >
|
|
|
878 /.*\%17v
|
|
|
879 < Column 17 is not included, because that's where the "\%17v" matches,
|
|
|
880 and since this is a |/zero-width| match, column 17 isn't included in
|
|
|
881 the match. This does the same: >
|
|
|
882 /.*\%<18v
|
|
|
883 <
|
|
|
884
|
|
|
885 Character classes: {not in Vi}
|
|
|
886 \i identifier character (see 'isident' option) */\i*
|
|
|
887 \I like "\i", but excluding digits */\I*
|
|
|
888 \k keyword character (see 'iskeyword' option) */\k*
|
|
|
889 \K like "\k", but excluding digits */\K*
|
|
|
890 \f file name character (see 'isfname' option) */\f*
|
|
|
891 \F like "\f", but excluding digits */\F*
|
|
|
892 \p printable character (see 'isprint' option) */\p*
|
|
|
893 \P like "\p", but excluding digits */\P*
|
|
|
894
|
|
|
895 NOTE: the above also work for multi-byte characters. The ones below only
|
|
|
896 match ASCII characters, as indicated by the range.
|
|
|
897
|
|
|
898 *whitespace* *white-space*
|
|
|
899 \s whitespace character: <Space> and <Tab> */\s*
|
|
|
900 \S non-whitespace character; opposite of \s */\S*
|
|
|
901 \d digit: [0-9] */\d*
|
|
|
902 \D non-digit: [^0-9] */\D*
|
|
|
903 \x hex digit: [0-9A-Fa-f] */\x*
|
|
|
904 \X non-hex digit: [^0-9A-Fa-f] */\X*
|
|
|
905 \o octal digit: [0-7] */\o*
|
|
|
906 \O non-octal digit: [^0-7] */\O*
|
|
|
907 \w word character: [0-9A-Za-z_] */\w*
|
|
|
908 \W non-word character: [^0-9A-Za-z_] */\W*
|
|
|
909 \h head of word character: [A-Za-z_] */\h*
|
|
|
910 \H non-head of word character: [^A-Za-z_] */\H*
|
|
|
911 \a alphabetic character: [A-Za-z] */\a*
|
|
|
912 \A non-alphabetic character: [^A-Za-z] */\A*
|
|
|
913 \l lowercase character: [a-z] */\l*
|
|
|
914 \L non-lowercase character: [^a-z] */\L*
|
|
|
915 \u uppercase character: [A-Z] */\u*
|
|
|
916 \U non-uppercase character [^A-Z] */\U*
|
|
|
917
|
|
|
918 NOTE: Using the atom is faster than the [] form.
|
|
|
919
|
|
|
920 NOTE: 'ignorecase', "\c" and "\C" are not used by character classes.
|
|
|
921
|
|
|
922 */\_* *E63* */\_i* */\_I* */\_k* */\_K* */\_f* */\_F*
|
|
|
923 */\_p* */\_P* */\_s* */\_S* */\_d* */\_D* */\_x* */\_X*
|
|
|
924 */\_o* */\_O* */\_w* */\_W* */\_h* */\_H* */\_a* */\_A*
|
|
|
925 */\_l* */\_L* */\_u* */\_U*
|
|
|
926 \_x Where "x" is any of the characters above: The character class with
|
|
|
927 end-of-line added
|
|
|
928 (end of character classes)
|
|
|
929
|
|
|
930 \e matches <Esc> */\e*
|
|
|
931 \t matches <Tab> */\t*
|
|
|
932 \r matches <CR> */\r*
|
|
|
933 \b matches <BS> */\b*
|
|
|
934 \n matches an end-of-line */\n*
|
|
|
935 When matching in a string instead of buffer text a literal newline
|
|
|
936 character is matched.
|
|
|
937
|
|
|
938 ~ matches the last given substitute string */~* */\~*
|
|
|
939
|
|
|
940 \(\) A pattern enclosed by escaped parentheses. */\(* */\(\)* */\)*
|
|
|
941 E.g., "\(^a\)" matches 'a' at the start of a line. *E51* *E54* *E55*
|
|
|
942
|
|
|
943 \1 Matches the same string that was matched by */\1* *E65*
|
|
|
944 the first sub-expression in \( and \). {not in Vi}
|
|
|
945 Example: "\([a-z]\).\1" matches "ata", "ehe", "tot", etc.
|
|
|
946 \2 Like "\1", but uses second sub-expression, */\2*
|
|
|
947 ... */\3*
|
|
|
948 \9 Like "\1", but uses ninth sub-expression. */\9*
|
|
|
949 Note: The numbering of groups is done based on which "\(" comes first
|
|
|
950 in the pattern (going left to right), NOT based on what is matched
|
|
|
951 first.
|
|
|
952
|
|
|
953 \%(\) A pattern enclosed by escaped parentheses. */\%(\)* */\%(* *E53*
|
|
|
954 Just like \(\), but without counting it as a sub-expression. This
|
|
|
955 allows using more groups and it's a little bit faster.
|
|
|
956 {not in Vi}
|
|
|
957
|
|
|
958 x A single character, with no special meaning, matches itself
|
|
|
959
|
|
|
960 */\* */\\*
|
|
|
961 \x A backslash followed by a single character, with no special meaning,
|
|
|
962 is reserved for future expansions
|
|
|
963
|
|
|
964 [] (with 'nomagic': \[]) */[]* */\[]* */\_[]* */collection*
|
|
|
965 \_[]
|
|
237
|
966 A collection. This is a sequence of characters enclosed in brackets.
|
|
7
|
967 It matches any single character in the collection.
|
|
|
968 Example matches ~
|
|
|
969 [xyz] any 'x', 'y' or 'z'
|
|
|
970 [a-zA-Z]$ any alphabetic character at the end of a line
|
|
|
971 \c[a-z]$ same
|
|
|
972
|
|
|
973 With "\_" prepended the collection also includes the end-of-line.
|
|
|
974 The same can be done by including "\n" in the collection. The
|
|
|
975 end-of-line is also matched when the collection starts with "^"! Thus
|
|
|
976 "\_[^ab]" matches the end-of-line and any character but "a" and "b".
|
|
|
977 This makes it Vi compatible: Without the "\_" or "\n" the collection
|
|
|
978 does not match an end-of-line.
|
|
484
|
979 *E769*
|
|
481
|
980 When the ']' is not there Vim will not give an error message but
|
|
484
|
981 assume no collection is used. Useful to search for '['. However, you
|
|
|
982 do get E769 for internal searching.
|
|
481
|
983
|
|
7
|
984 If the sequence begins with "^", it matches any single character NOT
|
|
|
985 in the collection: "[^xyz]" matches anything but 'x', 'y' and 'z'.
|
|
|
986 - If two characters in the sequence are separated by '-', this is
|
|
|
987 shorthand for the full list of ASCII characters between them. E.g.,
|
|
|
988 "[0-9]" matches any decimal digit.
|
|
|
989 - A character class expression is evaluated to the set of characters
|
|
|
990 belonging to that character class. The following character classes
|
|
|
991 are supported:
|
|
|
992 Name Contents ~
|
|
|
993 *[:alnum:]* [:alnum:] letters and digits
|
|
|
994 *[:alpha:]* [:alpha:] letters
|
|
|
995 *[:blank:]* [:blank:] space and tab characters
|
|
|
996 *[:cntrl:]* [:cntrl:] control characters
|
|
|
997 *[:digit:]* [:digit:] decimal digits
|
|
|
998 *[:graph:]* [:graph:] printable characters excluding space
|
|
|
999 *[:lower:]* [:lower:] lowercase letters (all letters when
|
|
|
1000 'ignorecase' is used)
|
|
|
1001 *[:print:]* [:print:] printable characters including space
|
|
|
1002 *[:punct:]* [:punct:] punctuation characters
|
|
|
1003 *[:space:]* [:space:] whitespace characters
|
|
|
1004 *[:upper:]* [:upper:] uppercase letters (all letters when
|
|
|
1005 'ignorecase' is used)
|
|
|
1006 *[:xdigit:]* [:xdigit:] hexadecimal digits
|
|
|
1007 *[:return:]* [:return:] the <CR> character
|
|
|
1008 *[:tab:]* [:tab:] the <Tab> character
|
|
|
1009 *[:escape:]* [:escape:] the <Esc> character
|
|
|
1010 *[:backspace:]* [:backspace:] the <BS> character
|
|
|
1011 The brackets in character class expressions are additional to the
|
|
|
1012 brackets delimiting a collection. For example, the following is a
|
|
|
1013 plausible pattern for a UNIX filename: "[-./[:alnum:]_~]\+" That is,
|
|
|
1014 a list of at least one character, each of which is either '-', '.',
|
|
|
1015 '/', alphabetic, numeric, '_' or '~'.
|
|
|
1016 These items only work for 8-bit characters.
|
|
168
|
1017 */[[=* *[==]*
|
|
|
1018 - An equivalence class. This means that characters are matched that
|
|
|
1019 have almost the same meaning, e.g., when ignoring accents. The form
|
|
|
1020 is:
|
|
856
|
1021 [=a=]
|
|
853
|
1022 Currently this is only implemented for latin1. Also works for the
|
|
168
|
1023 latin1 characters in utf-8 and latin9.
|
|
|
1024 */[[.* *[..]*
|
|
|
1025 - A collation element. This currently simply accepts a single
|
|
|
1026 character in the form:
|
|
856
|
1027 [.a.]
|
|
7
|
1028 */\]*
|
|
|
1029 - To include a literal ']', '^', '-' or '\' in the collection, put a
|
|
|
1030 backslash before it: "[xyz\]]", "[\^xyz]", "[xy\-z]" and "[xyz\\]".
|
|
|
1031 (Note: POSIX does not support the use of a backslash this way). For
|
|
|
1032 ']' you can also make it the first character (following a possible
|
|
|
1033 "^"): "[]xyz]" or "[^]xyz]" {not in Vi}.
|
|
|
1034 For '-' you can also make it the first or last character: "[-xyz]",
|
|
|
1035 "[^-xyz]" or "[xyz-]". For '\' you can also let it be followed by
|
|
|
1036 any character that's not in "^]-\bertn". "[\xyz]" matches '\', 'x',
|
|
|
1037 'y' and 'z'. It's better to use "\\" though, future expansions may
|
|
|
1038 use other characters after '\'.
|
|
|
1039 - The following translations are accepted when the 'l' flag is not
|
|
|
1040 included in 'cpoptions' {not in Vi}:
|
|
|
1041 \e <Esc>
|
|
|
1042 \t <Tab>
|
|
|
1043 \r <CR> (NOT end-of-line!)
|
|
|
1044 \b <BS>
|
|
24
|
1045 \d123 decimal number of character
|
|
|
1046 \o40 octal number of character up to 0377
|
|
|
1047 \x20 hexadecimal number of character up to 0xff
|
|
|
1048 \u20AC hex. number of multibyte character up to 0xffff
|
|
|
1049 \U1234 hex. number of multibyte character up to 0xffffffff
|
|
7
|
1050 NOTE: The other backslash codes mentioned above do not work inside
|
|
|
1051 []!
|
|
|
1052 - Matching with a collection can be slow, because each character in
|
|
|
1053 the text has to be compared with each character in the collection.
|
|
|
1054 Use one of the other atoms above when possible. Example: "\d" is
|
|
|
1055 much faster than "[0-9]" and matches the same characters.
|
|
|
1056
|
|
|
1057 */\%[]* *E69* *E70* *E369*
|
|
24
|
1058 \%[] A sequence of optionally matched atoms. This always matches.
|
|
7
|
1059 It matches as much of the list of atoms it contains as possible. Thus
|
|
|
1060 it stops at the first atom that doesn't match. For example: >
|
|
|
1061 /r\%[ead]
|
|
|
1062 < matches "r", "re", "rea" or "read". The longest that matches is used.
|
|
|
1063 To match the Ex command "function", where "fu" is required and
|
|
|
1064 "nction" is optional, this would work: >
|
|
|
1065 /\<fu\%[nction]\>
|
|
|
1066 < The end-of-word atom "\>" is used to avoid matching "fu" in "full".
|
|
|
1067 It gets more complicated when the atoms are not ordinary characters.
|
|
|
1068 You don't often have to use it, but it is possible. Example: >
|
|
|
1069 /\<r\%[[eo]ad]\>
|
|
|
1070 < Matches the words "r", "re", "ro", "rea", "roa", "read" and "road".
|
|
|
1071 {not available when compiled without the +syntax feature}
|
|
|
1072
|
|
140
|
1073 */\%d* */\%x* */\%o* */\%u* */\%U* *E678*
|
|
24
|
1074
|
|
|
1075 \%d123 Matches the character specified with a decimal number. Must be
|
|
|
1076 followed by a non-digit.
|
|
|
1077 \%o40 Matches the character specified with an octal number up to 0377.
|
|
|
1078 Numbers below 040 must be followed by a non-octal digit or a non-digit.
|
|
|
1079 \%x2a Matches the character specified with up to two hexadecimal characters.
|
|
|
1080 \%u20AC Matches the character specified with up to four hexadecimal
|
|
|
1081 characters.
|
|
|
1082 \%U1234abcd Matches the character specified with up to eight hexadecimal
|
|
|
1083 characters.
|
|
7
|
1084
|
|
|
1085 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
1086 7. Ignoring case in a pattern */ignorecase*
|
|
|
1087
|
|
|
1088 If the 'ignorecase' option is on, the case of normal letters is ignored.
|
|
|
1089 'smartcase' can be set to ignore case when the pattern contains lowercase
|
|
|
1090 letters only.
|
|
|
1091 */\c* */\C*
|
|
|
1092 When "\c" appears anywhere in the pattern, the whole pattern is handled like
|
|
|
1093 'ignorecase' is on. The actual value of 'ignorecase' and 'smartcase' is
|
|
|
1094 ignored. "\C" does the opposite: Force matching case for the whole pattern.
|
|
|
1095 {only Vim supports \c and \C}
|
|
|
1096 Note that 'ignorecase', "\c" and "\C" are not used for the character classes.
|
|
|
1097
|
|
|
1098 Examples:
|
|
|
1099 pattern 'ignorecase' 'smartcase' matches ~
|
|
|
1100 foo off - foo
|
|
|
1101 foo on - foo Foo FOO
|
|
|
1102 Foo on off foo Foo FOO
|
|
|
1103 Foo on on Foo
|
|
|
1104 \cfoo - - foo Foo FOO
|
|
|
1105 foo\C - - foo
|
|
|
1106
|
|
|
1107 Technical detail: *NL-used-for-Nul*
|
|
|
1108 <Nul> characters in the file are stored as <NL> in memory. In the display
|
|
|
1109 they are shown as "^@". The translation is done when reading and writing
|
|
|
1110 files. To match a <Nul> with a search pattern you can just enter CTRL-@ or
|
|
|
1111 "CTRL-V 000". This is probably just what you expect. Internally the
|
|
|
1112 character is replaced with a <NL> in the search pattern. What is unusual is
|
|
|
1113 that typing CTRL-V CTRL-J also inserts a <NL>, thus also searches for a <Nul>
|
|
|
1114 in the file. {Vi cannot handle <Nul> characters in the file at all}
|
|
|
1115
|
|
|
1116 *CR-used-for-NL*
|
|
|
1117 When 'fileformat' is "mac", <NL> characters in the file are stored as <CR>
|
|
|
1118 characters internally. In the display they are shown as "^M". Otherwise this
|
|
|
1119 works similar to the usage of <NL> for a <Nul>.
|
|
|
1120
|
|
|
1121 When working with expression evaluation, a <NL> character in the pattern
|
|
|
1122 matches a <NL> in the string. The use of "\n" (backslash n) to match a <NL>
|
|
|
1123 doesn't work there, it only works to match text in the buffer.
|
|
|
1124
|
|
|
1125 *pattern-multi-byte*
|
|
|
1126 Patterns will also work with multi-byte characters, mostly as you would
|
|
|
1127 expect. But invalid bytes may cause trouble, a pattern with an invalid byte
|
|
|
1128 will probably never match.
|
|
|
1129
|
|
|
1130 ==============================================================================
|
|
714
|
1131 8. Composing characters *patterns-composing*
|
|
|
1132
|
|
|
1133 */\Z*
|
|
|
1134 When "\Z" appears anywhere in the pattern, composing characters are ignored.
|
|
|
1135 Thus only the base characters need to match, the composing characters may be
|
|
|
1136 different and the number of composing characters may differ. Only relevant
|
|
|
1137 when 'encoding' is "utf-8".
|
|
|
1138
|
|
|
1139 When a composing character appears at the start of the pattern of after an
|
|
|
1140 item that doesn't include the composing character, a match is found at any
|
|
|
1141 character that includes this composing character.
|
|
|
1142
|
|
|
1143 When using a dot and a composing character, this works the same as the
|
|
|
1144 composing character by itself, except that it doesn't matter what comes before
|
|
|
1145 this.
|
|
|
1146
|
|
|
1147 The order of composing characters matters, even though changing the order
|
|
|
1148 doen't change what a character looks like. This may change in the future.
|
|
|
1149
|
|
|
1150 ==============================================================================
|
|
|
1151 9. Compare with Perl patterns *perl-patterns*
|
|
7
|
1152
|
|
|
1153 Vim's regexes are most similar to Perl's, in terms of what you can do. The
|
|
|
1154 difference between them is mostly just notation; here's a summary of where
|
|
|
1155 they differ:
|
|
|
1156
|
|
|
1157 Capability in Vimspeak in Perlspeak ~
|
|
|
1158 ----------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
1159 force case insensitivity \c (?i)
|
|
|
1160 force case sensitivity \C (?-i)
|
|
714
|
1161 backref-less grouping \%(atom\) (?:atom)
|
|
7
|
1162 conservative quantifiers \{-n,m} *?, +?, ??, {}?
|
|
|
1163 0-width match atom\@= (?=atom)
|
|
|
1164 0-width non-match atom\@! (?!atom)
|
|
|
1165 0-width preceding match atom\@<= (?<=atom)
|
|
|
1166 0-width preceding non-match atom\@<! (?<!atom)
|
|
|
1167 match without retry atom\@> (?>atom)
|
|
|
1168
|
|
|
1169 Vim and Perl handle newline characters inside a string a bit differently:
|
|
|
1170
|
|
|
1171 In Perl, ^ and $ only match at the very beginning and end of the text,
|
|
|
1172 by default, but you can set the 'm' flag, which lets them match at
|
|
|
1173 embedded newlines as well. You can also set the 's' flag, which causes
|
|
|
1174 a . to match newlines as well. (Both these flags can be changed inside
|
|
|
1175 a pattern using the same syntax used for the i flag above, BTW.)
|
|
|
1176
|
|
|
1177 On the other hand, Vim's ^ and $ always match at embedded newlines, and
|
|
|
1178 you get two separate atoms, \%^ and \%$, which only match at the very
|
|
|
1179 start and end of the text, respectively. Vim solves the second problem
|
|
|
1180 by giving you the \_ "modifier": put it in front of a . or a character
|
|
|
1181 class, and they will match newlines as well.
|
|
|
1182
|
|
|
1183 Finally, these constructs are unique to Perl:
|
|
|
1184 - execution of arbitrary code in the regex: (?{perl code})
|
|
|
1185 - conditional expressions: (?(condition)true-expr|false-expr)
|
|
|
1186
|
|
|
1187 ...and these are unique to Vim:
|
|
|
1188 - changing the magic-ness of a pattern: \v \V \m \M
|
|
|
1189 (very useful for avoiding backslashitis)
|
|
|
1190 - sequence of optionally matching atoms: \%[atoms]
|
|
|
1191 - \& (which is to \| what "and" is to "or"; it forces several branches
|
|
|
1192 to match at one spot)
|
|
|
1193 - matching lines/columns by number: \%5l \%5c \%5v
|
|
714
|
1194 - setting the start and end of the match: \zs \ze
|
|
7
|
1195
|
|
|
1196 ==============================================================================
|
|
714
|
1197 10. Highlighting matches *match-highlight*
|
|
7
|
1198
|
|
|
1199 *:mat* *:match*
|
|
|
1200 :mat[ch] {group} /{pattern}/
|
|
|
1201 Define a pattern to highlight in the current window. It will
|
|
|
1202 be highlighted with {group}. Example: >
|
|
|
1203 :highlight MyGroup ctermbg=green guibg=green
|
|
|
1204 :match MyGroup /TODO/
|
|
|
1205 < Instead of // any character can be used to mark the start and
|
|
|
1206 end of the {pattern}. Watch out for using special characters,
|
|
|
1207 such as '"' and '|'.
|
|
699
|
1208
|
|
7
|
1209 {group} must exist at the moment this command is executed.
|
|
699
|
1210
|
|
|
1211 The {group} highlighting still applies when a character is
|
|
|
1212 to be highlighted for 'hlsearch'.
|
|
|
1213
|
|
7
|
1214 Note that highlighting the last used search pattern with
|
|
|
1215 'hlsearch' is used in all windows, while the pattern defined
|
|
|
1216 with ":match" only exists in the current window. It is kept
|
|
|
1217 when switching to another buffer.
|
|
699
|
1218
|
|
|
1219 'ignorecase' does not apply, use |/\c| in the pattern to
|
|
|
1220 ignore case. Otherwise case is not ignored.
|
|
|
1221
|
|
819
|
1222 Also see |matcharg()|, it returns the highlight group and
|
|
|
1223 pattern of a previous :match command.
|
|
|
1224
|
|
7
|
1225 Another example, which highlights all characters in virtual
|
|
|
1226 column 72 and more: >
|
|
|
1227 :highlight rightMargin term=bold ctermfg=blue guifg=blue
|
|
|
1228 :match rightMargin /.\%>72v/
|
|
|
1229 < To highlight all character that are in virtual column 7: >
|
|
|
1230 :highlight col8 ctermbg=grey guibg=grey
|
|
|
1231 :match col8 /\%<8v.\%>7v/
|
|
|
1232 < Note the use of two items to also match a character that
|
|
|
1233 occupies more than one virtual column, such as a TAB.
|
|
|
1234
|
|
|
1235 :mat[ch]
|
|
|
1236 :mat[ch] none
|
|
|
1237 Clear a previously defined match pattern.
|
|
|
1238
|
|
699
|
1239
|
|
819
|
1240 :2mat[ch] {group} /{pattern}/ *:2match*
|
|
699
|
1241 :2mat[ch]
|
|
|
1242 :2mat[ch] none
|
|
819
|
1243 :3mat[ch] {group} /{pattern}/ *:3match*
|
|
699
|
1244 :3mat[ch]
|
|
|
1245 :3mat[ch] none
|
|
|
1246 Just like |:match| above, but set a separate match. Thus
|
|
|
1247 there can be three matches active at the same time. The match
|
|
|
1248 with the lowest number has priority if several match at the
|
|
|
1249 same position.
|
|
|
1250 The ":3match" command is used by the |matchparen| plugin. You
|
|
|
1251 are suggested to use ":match" for manual matching and
|
|
|
1252 ":2match" for another plugin.
|
|
|
1253
|
|
|
1254
|
|
7
|
1255 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
|
