Mercurial > vim
annotate runtime/doc/vim9.txt @ 19477:2bb0e80fcd32 v8.2.0296
patch 8.2.0296: mixing up "long long" and __int64 may cause problems
Commit: https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/f9706e9df0e37d214fb08eda30ba29627e97a607
Author: Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
Date: Sat Feb 22 14:27:04 2020 +0100
patch 8.2.0296: mixing up "long long" and __int64 may cause problems
Problem: Mixing up "long long" and __int64 may cause problems. (John
Marriott)
Solution: Pass varnumber_T to vim_snprintf(). Add v:numbersize.
author | Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> |
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date | Sat, 22 Feb 2020 14:30:04 +0100 |
parents | b09afbebffee |
children | c27837cbe922 |
rev | line source |
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1 *vim9.txt* For Vim version 8.2. Last change: 2020 Feb 21 |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar |
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5 |
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6 |
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7 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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8 |
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9 Vim9 script commands and expressions. |
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10 |
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11 Most expression help is in |eval.txt|. This file is about the new syntax and |
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12 features in Vim9 script. |
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13 |
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14 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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15 |
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16 |
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17 1 What is Vim9 script? |vim9-script| |
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18 2. Differences |vim9-differences| |
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19 3. New style functions |fast-functions| |
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20 4. Types |vim9-types| |
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21 5. Namespace, Import and Export |vim9script| |
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22 |
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23 9. Rationale |vim9-rationale| |
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24 |
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25 ============================================================================== |
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26 |
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27 1. What is Vim9 script? *vim9-script* |
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28 |
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29 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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30 |
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31 Vim script has been growing over time, while keeping backwards compatibility. |
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32 That means bad choices from the past often can't be changed. Execution is |
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33 quite slow, every line is parsed every time it is executed. |
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34 |
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35 The main goal of Vim9 script is to drastically improve performance. An |
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36 increase in execution speed of 10 to 100 times can be expected. A secondary |
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37 goal is to avoid Vim-specific constructs and get closer to commonly used |
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38 programming languages, such as JavaScript, TypeScript and Java. |
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39 |
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40 The performance improvements can only be achieved by not being 100% backwards |
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41 compatible. For example, in a function the arguments are not available in the |
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42 "a:" dictionary, as creating that dictionary adds quite a lot of overhead. |
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43 Other differences are more subtle, such as how errors are handled. |
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44 |
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45 The Vim9 script syntax and semantics are used in: |
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46 - a function defined with the `:def` command |
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47 - a script file where the first command is `vim9script` |
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48 |
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49 When using `:function` in a Vim9 script file the legacy syntax is used. |
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50 However, this is discouraged. |
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51 |
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52 Vim9 script and legacy Vim script can be mixed. There is no need to rewrite |
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53 old scripts, they keep working as before. |
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54 |
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55 ============================================================================== |
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56 |
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57 2. Differences from legacy Vim script *vim9-differences* |
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58 |
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59 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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60 |
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61 Vim9 functions ~ |
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62 |
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63 `:def` has no extra arguments like `:function` does: "range", "abort", "dict" |
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64 or "closure". A `:def` function always aborts on an error, does not get a |
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65 range passed and cannot be a "dict" function. |
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66 |
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67 In the function body: |
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68 - Arguments are accessed by name, without "a:". |
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69 - There is no "a:" dictionary or "a:000" list. Variable arguments are defined |
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70 with a name and have a list type: > |
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71 def MyFunc(...itemlist: list<type>) |
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72 for item in itemlist |
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73 ... |
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74 |
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75 |
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76 Variable declarations with :let and :const ~ |
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77 |
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78 Local variables need to be declared with `:let`. Local constants need to be |
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79 declared with `:const`. We refer to both as "variables". |
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80 |
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81 Variables can be local to a script, function or code block: > |
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82 vim9script |
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83 let script_var = 123 |
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84 def SomeFunc() |
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85 let func_var = script_var |
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86 if cond |
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87 let block_var = func_var |
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88 ... |
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89 |
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90 The variables are only visible in the block where they are defined and nested |
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91 blocks. Once the block ends the variable is no longer accessible: > |
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92 if cond |
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93 let inner = 5 |
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94 else |
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95 let inner = 0 |
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96 endif |
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97 echo inner " Error! |
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98 |
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99 The declaration must be done earlier: > |
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100 let inner: number |
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101 if cond |
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102 inner = 5 |
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103 else |
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104 inner = 0 |
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105 endif |
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106 echo inner |
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107 |
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108 To intentionally use a variable that won't be available later, a block can be |
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109 used: > |
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110 { |
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111 let temp = 'temp' |
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112 ... |
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113 } |
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114 echo temp " Error! |
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115 |
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117 declaration. An exception is global variables: these can be both used with |
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118 and without `:let`, because there is no rule about where they are declared. |
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119 |
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120 Variables cannot shadow previously defined variables. |
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121 Variables may shadow Ex commands, rename the variable if needed. |
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122 |
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123 Since "&opt = value" is now assigning a value to option "opt", ":&" cannot be |
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124 used to repeat a `:substitute` command. |
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125 |
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126 |
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127 Omitting :call and :eval ~ |
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128 |
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129 Functions can be called without `:call`: > |
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130 writefile(lines, 'file') |
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132 |
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133 A method call without `eval` is possible, so long as the start is an |
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134 identifier or can't be an Ex command. It does not work for string constants: > |
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135 myList->add(123) " works |
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136 g:myList->add(123) " works |
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137 [1, 2, 3]->Process() " works |
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138 #{a: 1, b: 2}->Process() " works |
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139 {'a': 1, 'b': 2}->Process() " works |
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140 "foobar"->Process() " does NOT work |
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141 eval "foobar"->Process() " works |
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142 |
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143 In case there is ambiguity between a function name and an Ex command, use ":" |
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144 to make clear you want to use the Ex command. For example, there is both the |
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145 `:substitute` command and the `substitute()` function. When the line starts |
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146 with `substitute(` this will use the function, prepend a colon to use the |
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147 command instead: > |
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148 :substitute(pattern(replacement( |
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149 |
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150 |
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151 No curly braces expansion ~ |
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152 |
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153 |curly-braces-names| cannot be used. |
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154 |
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155 |
19303 | 156 No :append, :change or :insert ~ |
157 | |
158 These commands are too quickly confused with local variable names. | |
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159 |
19303 | 160 |
161 Comparators ~ | |
162 | |
163 The 'ignorecase' option is not used for comparators that use strings. | |
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164 |
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165 |
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166 White space ~ |
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167 |
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168 Vim9 script enforces proper use of white space. This is no longer allowed: > |
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169 let var=234 " Error! |
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170 let var= 234 " Error! |
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171 let var =234 " Error! |
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172 There must be white space before and after the "=": > |
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173 let var = 234 " OK |
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174 |
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175 White space is required around most operators. |
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176 |
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177 White space is not allowed: |
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178 - Between a function name and the "(": > |
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179 call Func (arg) " Error! |
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180 call Func |
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181 \ (arg) " Error! |
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182 call Func(arg) " OK |
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183 call Func( |
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184 \ arg) " OK |
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185 call Func( |
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186 \ arg " OK |
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187 \ ) |
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188 |
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189 |
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190 Conditions and expressions ~ |
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191 |
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192 Conditions and expression are mostly working like they do in JavaScript. A |
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193 difference is made where JavaScript does not work like most people expect. |
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194 Specifically, an empty list is falsey. |
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195 |
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196 Any type of variable can be used as a condition, there is no error, not even |
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197 for using a list or job. This is very much like JavaScript, but there are a |
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198 few exceptions. |
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199 |
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200 type TRUE when ~ |
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201 bool v:true |
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202 number non-zero |
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203 float non-zero |
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204 string non-empty |
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205 blob non-empty |
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206 list non-empty (different from JavaScript) |
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207 dictionary non-empty (different from JavaScript) |
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208 funcref when not NULL |
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209 partial when not NULL |
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210 special v:true |
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211 job when not NULL |
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212 channel when not NULL |
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213 class when not NULL |
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214 object when not NULL (TODO: when isTrue() returns v:true) |
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215 |
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216 The boolean operators "||" and "&&" do not change the value: > |
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217 8 || 2 == 8 |
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218 0 || 2 == 2 |
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219 0 || '' == '' |
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220 8 && 2 == 2 |
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221 0 && 2 == 0 |
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222 [] && 2 == [] |
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223 |
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224 When using `..` for string concatenation the arguments are always converted to |
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225 string. > |
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226 'hello ' .. 123 == 'hello 123' |
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227 'hello ' .. v:true == 'hello true' |
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228 |
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229 In Vim9 script one can use "true" for v:true and "false" for v:false. |
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230 |
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231 |
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232 ============================================================================== |
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233 |
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234 3. New style functions *fast-functions* |
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235 |
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236 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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237 |
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238 *:def* |
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239 :def[!] {name}([arguments])[: {return-type} |
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240 Define a new function by the name {name}. The body of |
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241 the function follows in the next lines, until the |
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242 matching `:enddef`. |
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243 |
19404 | 244 When {return-type} is omitted the function is not |
245 expected to return anything. | |
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246 |
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247 {arguments} is a sequence of zero or more argument |
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248 declarations. There are three forms: |
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249 {name}: {type} |
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250 {name} = {value} |
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251 {name}: {type} = {value} |
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252 The first form is a mandatory argument, the caller |
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253 must always provide them. |
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254 The second and third form are optional arguments. |
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255 When the caller omits an argument the {value} is used. |
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256 |
19303 | 257 NOTE: It is possible to nest `:def` inside another |
258 `:def`, but it is not possible to nest `:def` inside | |
259 `:function`, for backwards compatibility. | |
260 | |
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261 [!] is used as with `:function`. |
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262 |
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263 *:enddef* |
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264 :enddef End of a function defined with `:def`. |
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265 |
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266 |
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267 If the script the function is defined in is Vim9 script, then script-local |
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268 variables can be accessed without the "s:" prefix. They must be defined |
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269 before the function. If the script the function is defined in is legacy |
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270 script, then script-local variables must be accessed with the "s:" prefix. |
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271 |
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272 |
19404 | 273 *:disa* *:disassemble* |
274 :disa[ssemble] {func} Show the instructions generated for {func}. | |
275 This is for debugging and testing. | |
276 | |
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277 ============================================================================== |
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278 |
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279 4. Types *vim9-types* |
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280 |
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281 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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282 |
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283 The following builtin types are supported: |
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284 bool |
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285 number |
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286 float |
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287 string |
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288 blob |
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289 list<type> |
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290 dict<type> |
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291 (a: type, b: type): type |
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292 job |
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293 channel |
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294 |
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295 Not supported yet: |
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296 tuple<a: type, b: type, ...> |
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297 |
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298 These types can be used in declarations, but no variable will have this type: |
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299 type|type |
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300 void |
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301 any |
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302 |
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303 There is no array type, use list<type> instead. For a list constant an |
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304 efficient implementation is used that avoids allocating lot of small pieces of |
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305 memory. |
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306 |
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307 A function defined with `:def` must declare the return type. If there is no |
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308 type then the function doesn't return anything. "void" is used in type |
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309 declarations. |
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310 |
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311 Custom types can be defined with `:type`: > |
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312 :type MyList list<string> |
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313 {not implemented yet} |
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314 |
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315 And classes and interfaces can be used as types: > |
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316 :class MyClass |
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317 :let mine: MyClass |
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318 |
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319 :interface MyInterface |
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320 :let mine: MyInterface |
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321 |
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322 :class MyTemplate<Targ> |
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323 :let mine: MyTemplate<number> |
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324 :let mine: MyTemplate<string> |
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325 |
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326 :class MyInterface<Targ> |
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327 :let mine: MyInterface<number> |
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328 :let mine: MyInterface<string> |
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329 {not implemented yet} |
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330 |
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331 |
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332 Type inference *type-inference* |
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333 |
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334 In general: Whenever the type is clear it can be omitted. For example, when |
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335 declaring a variable and giving it a value: > |
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336 let var = 0 " infers number type |
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337 let var = 'hello' " infers string type |
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338 |
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339 |
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340 ============================================================================== |
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341 |
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342 5. Namespace, Import and Export |
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343 *vim9script* *vim9-export* *vim9-import* |
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344 |
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345 THIS IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT - ANYTHING CAN BREAK - ANYTHING CAN CHANGE |
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346 |
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347 A Vim9 script can be written to be imported. This means that everything in |
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348 the script is local, unless exported. Those exported items, and only those |
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349 items, can then be imported in another script. |
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350 |
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351 |
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352 Namespace ~ |
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353 *:vim9script* *:vim9* |
19303 | 354 To recognize a file that can be imported the `vim9script` statement must |
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355 appear as the first statement in the file. It tells Vim to interpret the |
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356 script in its own namespace, instead of the global namespace. If a file |
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357 starts with: > |
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358 vim9script |
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359 let myvar = 'yes' |
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360 Then "myvar" will only exist in this file. While without `vim9script` it would |
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361 be available as `g:myvar` from any other script and function. |
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362 |
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363 The variables at the file level are very much like the script-local "s:" |
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364 variables in legacy Vim script, but the "s:" is omitted. |
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365 |
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366 In Vim9 script the global "g:" namespace can still be used as before. |
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367 |
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368 A side effect of `:vim9script` is that the 'cpoptions' option is set to the |
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369 Vim default value, like with: > |
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370 :set cpo&vim |
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371 One of the effects is that |line-continuation| is always enabled. |
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372 The original value of 'cpoptions' is restored at the end of the script. |
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373 |
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374 |
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375 Export ~ |
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376 *:export* *:exp* |
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377 Exporting one item can be written as: > |
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378 export const EXPORTED_CONST = 1234 |
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379 export let someValue = ... |
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380 export def MyFunc() ... |
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381 export class MyClass ... |
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382 |
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383 As this suggests, only constants, variables, `:def` functions and classes can |
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384 be exported. |
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385 |
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386 Alternatively, an export statement can be used to export several already |
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387 defined (otherwise script-local) items: > |
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388 export {EXPORTED_CONST, someValue, MyFunc, MyClass} |
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389 |
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390 |
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391 Import ~ |
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392 *:import* *:imp* |
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393 The exported items can be imported individually in another Vim9 script: > |
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394 import EXPORTED_CONST from "thatscript.vim" |
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395 import MyClass from "myclass.vim" |
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396 |
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397 To import multiple items at the same time: > |
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398 import {someValue, MyClass} from "thatscript.vim" |
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399 |
19303 | 400 In case the name is ambiguous, another name can be specified: > |
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401 import MyClass as ThatClass from "myclass.vim" |
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402 import {someValue, MyClass as ThatClass} from "myclass.vim" |
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403 |
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404 To import all exported items under a specific identifier: > |
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405 import * as That from 'thatscript.vim' |
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406 |
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407 Then you can use "That.EXPORTED_CONST", "That.someValue", etc. You are free |
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408 to choose the name "That", but it is highly recommended to use the name of the |
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409 script file to avoid confusion. |
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410 |
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411 The script name after `import` can be: |
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412 - A relative path, starting "." or "..". This finds a file relative to the |
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413 location of the script file itself. This is useful to split up a large |
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414 plugin into several files. |
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415 - An absolute path, starting with "/" on Unix or "D:/" on MS-Windows. This |
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416 will be rarely used. |
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417 - A path not being relative or absolute. This will be found in the |
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418 "import" subdirectories of 'runtimepath' entries. The name will usually be |
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419 longer and unique, to avoid loading the wrong file. |
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420 |
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421 Once a vim9 script file has been imported, the result is cached and used the |
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422 next time the same script is imported. It will not be read again. |
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423 *:import-cycle* |
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424 The `import` commands are executed when encountered. If that script (directly |
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425 or indirectly) imports the current script, then items defined after the |
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426 `import` won't be processed yet. Therefore cyclic imports can exist, but may |
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427 result in undefined items. |
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428 |
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429 |
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430 Import in an autoload script ~ |
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431 |
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432 For optimal startup speed, loading scripts should be postponed until they are |
19303 | 433 actually needed. A recommended mechanism: |
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434 |
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435 1. In the plugin define user commands, functions and/or mappings that refer to |
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436 an autoload script. > |
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437 command -nargs=1 SearchForStuff call searchfor#Stuff(<f-args>) |
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438 |
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439 < This goes in .../plugin/anyname.vim. "anyname.vim" can be freely chosen. |
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440 |
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441 2. In the autocommand script do the actual work. You can import items from |
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442 other files to split up functionality in appropriate pieces. > |
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443 vim9script |
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444 import FilterFunc from "../import/someother.vim" |
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445 def searchfor#Stuff(arg: string) |
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446 let filtered = FilterFunc(arg) |
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447 ... |
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448 < This goes in .../autoload/searchfor.vim. "searchfor" in the file name |
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449 must be exactly the same as the prefix for the function name, that is how |
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450 Vim finds the file. |
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451 |
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452 3. Other functionality, possibly shared between plugins, contains the exported |
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453 items and any private items. > |
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454 vim9script |
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455 let localVar = 'local' |
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456 export def FilterFunc(arg: string): string |
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457 ... |
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458 < This goes in .../import/someother.vim. |
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459 |
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460 |
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461 Import in legacy Vim script ~ |
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462 |
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463 If an `import` statement is used in legacy Vim script, for identifier the |
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464 script-local "s:" namespace will be used, even when "s:" is not specified. |
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465 |
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466 |
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467 ============================================================================== |
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468 |
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469 9. Rationale *vim9-rationale* |
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470 |
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471 The :def command ~ |
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472 |
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473 Plugin writers have asked for a much faster Vim script. Investigation have |
19303 | 474 shown that keeping the existing semantics of function calls make this close to |
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475 impossible, because of the overhead involved with calling a function, setting |
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476 up the local function scope and executing lines. There are many details that |
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477 need to be handled, such as error messages and exceptions. The need to create |
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478 a dictionary for a: and l: scopes, the a:000 list and several others add too |
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479 much overhead that cannot be avoided. |
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480 |
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481 Therefore the `:def` method to define a new-style function had to be added, |
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482 which allows for a function with different semantics. Most things still work |
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483 as before, but some parts do not. A new way to define a function was |
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484 considered the best way to separate the old-style code from Vim9 script code. |
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485 |
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486 Using "def" to define a function comes from Python. Other languages use |
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487 "function" which clashes with legacy Vim script. |
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488 |
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489 |
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490 Type checking ~ |
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491 |
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492 When compiling lines of Vim commands into instructions as much as possible |
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493 should be done at compile time. Postponing it to runtime makes the execution |
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494 slower and means mistakes are found only later. For example, when |
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495 encountering the "+" character and compiling this into a generic add |
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496 instruction, at execution time the instruction would have to inspect the type |
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497 of the arguments and decide what kind of addition to do. And when the |
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498 type is dictionary throw an error. If the types are known to be numbers then |
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499 an "add number" instruction can be used, which is faster. The error can be |
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500 given at compile time, no error handling is needed at runtime. |
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501 |
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502 The syntax for types is similar to Java, since it is easy to understand and |
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503 widely used. The type names are what was used in Vim before, with some |
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504 additions such as "void" and "bool". |
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505 |
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506 |
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507 JavaScript/TypeScript syntax and semantics ~ |
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508 |
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509 Script writers have complained that the Vim script syntax is unexpectedly |
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510 different from what they are used to. To reduce this complaint popular |
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511 languages will be used as an example. At the same time, we do not want to |
19303 | 512 abandon the well-known parts of legacy Vim script. |
19181
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513 |
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514 Since Vim already uses `:let` and `:const` and optional type checking is |
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515 desirable, the JavaScript/TypeScript syntax fits best for variable |
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516 declarations. > |
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517 const greeting = 'hello' " string type is inferred |
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518 let name: string |
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519 ... |
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520 name = 'John' |
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521 |
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522 Expression evaluation was already close to what JavaScript and other languages |
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523 are doing. Some details are unexpected and can be fixed. For example how the |
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524 || and && operators work. Legacy Vim script: > |
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525 let result = 44 |
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526 ... |
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527 return result || 0 " returns 1 |
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528 |
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529 Vim9 script works like JavaScript, keep the value: > |
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530 let result = 44 |
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531 ... |
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532 return result || 0 " returns 44 |
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533 |
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534 On the other hand, overloading "+" to use both for addition and string |
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535 concatenation goes against legacy Vim script and often leads to mistakes. |
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536 For that reason we will keep using ".." for string concatenation. Lua also |
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537 uses ".." this way. |
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538 |
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539 |
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540 Import and Export ~ |
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541 |
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542 A problem of legacy Vim script is that by default all functions and variables |
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543 are global. It is possible to make them script-local, but then they are not |
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544 available in other scripts. |
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545 |
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546 In Vim9 script a mechanism very similar to the Javascript import and export |
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547 mechanism is supported. It is a variant to the existing `:source` command |
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548 that works like one would expect: |
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549 - Instead of making everything global by default, everything is script-local, |
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550 unless exported. |
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551 - When importing a script the symbols that are imported are listed, avoiding |
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552 name conflicts and failures if later functionality is added. |
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553 - The mechanism allows for writing a big, long script with a very clear API: |
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554 the exported function(s) and class(es). |
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555 - By using relative paths loading can be much faster for an import inside of a |
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556 package, no need to search many directories. |
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557 - Once an import has been used, it can be cached and loading it again can be |
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558 avoided. |
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559 - The Vim-specific use of "s:" to make things script-local can be dropped. |
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560 |
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561 |
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562 Classes ~ |
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563 |
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564 Vim supports interfaces to Perl, Python, Lua, Tcl and a few others. But |
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565 these have never become widespread. When Vim 9 was designed a decision was |
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566 made to phase out these interfaces and concentrate on Vim script, while |
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567 encouraging plugin authors to write code in any language and run it as an |
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568 external tool, using jobs and channels. |
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569 |
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570 Still, using an external tool has disadvantages. An alternative is to convert |
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571 the tool into Vim script. For that to be possible without too much |
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572 translation, and keeping the code fast at the same time, the constructs of the |
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573 tool need to be supported. Since most languages support classes the lack of |
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574 class support in Vim is then a problem. |
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575 |
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576 Previously Vim supported a kind-of object oriented programming by adding |
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577 methods to a dictionary. With some care this could be made to work, but it |
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578 does not look like real classes. On top of that, it's very slow, because of |
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579 the use of dictionaries. |
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580 |
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581 The support of classes in Vim9 script is a "minimal common functionality" of |
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582 class support in most languages. It works mostly like Java, which is the most |
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583 popular programming language. |
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584 |
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585 |
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586 |
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587 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |